CLASSIFICATION OF FEEDSTUFFS

Dept of Animal Nutrition,

CoVSc & AH, Jabalpur
ROUGHAGES
• Feed consisting of bulky and course plants or plant
parts, containing a high fiber content and low total
digestible nutrients, arbitrarily defined as feed with
over 18% C.F. and 60% TDN.
Succulent roughages :
• A condition of plants characterized by juiciness,
freshness and tenderness, making them appetizing
to animals.
Dry roughages:
• Feeds in dry state that are bulky and low in weight
per unit volume ; usually they contain more than
18% CF and relatively low in energy
CONCENTRATES
A broad classification of feed stuffs which are high
in NFE and TDN but low in crude fiber (under 18%)

Energy feeds:
Feeds that are high in energy and low in fiber (under
18% ), and that generally contain less than 20%
protein.

Protein supplements:
Products that contain more than 20% protein or
protein equivalent.
 Roughase
• Three types
 maintenance type: DCP-3-5% : non legumes,
cereal crops and their hay.
Non maintenance type: DCP below -3% :
straws & stover
Productive type: DCP more than 5% : legumes
fodder and their hay
PASTURE
Land where grasses and other plants grow for animals to graze.
• Natural pastureland includes rough and hilly grazing
land
• Cultivated pastureland may be sub divided into
permanent or temporary depending upon its usage.
• Natural pastureland includes large number of
species whereas cultivated pasture land contain
fewer number of chosen species.
• NUTRIENTS IN PASTURE
• The nutrient composition is extremely variable; CP range:3 % in
mature herbage to 30 % in young heavily fertilized grass.

• The CF content: inversely related: CP content and range 20% in

young grass to 40 % in mature grass.
• Digestibility declines as the plant matures.

• In early stages of growth, moisture content is high about 75 to 85%

and as the plant mature, it falls to about 60 per cent.
• The pasture lipid content rarely exceeds 4 per cent of the dry
matter.

• Based on the stage of growth, soil type, amount of fertiliser

applied etc the mineral content varies with species.

• Green herbage is rich in carotene, precursor of vitamin A and

quantities as high as 55 mg per 100 grams of dry matter of young
green crops.
• The nutritive value of temperate grass varies from
tropical grass.

• Tropical grasses sp. contains low protein content

compared to temperate grasses.

• Legumes: ability of nitrogen fixing. Ex. – cowpea,

berseem, lucerne etc,.

• Legumes: superior to grasses in protein and

mineral content, particularly calcium, phosphorus,
magnesium, copper and cobalt.
Grasses
• Grasses are the best and cheapest bulk feed for the livestock.

• In natural pastures and grazing area of the country: different

kinds of native grasses : Bracharia, Anjan, Hariyali, Giant star,
Marvel, Spear, etc. grow under rainfed conditions.

• Under irrigated conditions, grasses like Napier-Bajra hybrids,

Guinea grass and Deenanath grass are suitable for cultivation.

• Non legume forages contain 5-10 % crude protein, 0.3-0.5 %

calcium and 0.2-0.3 % phosphorus.

• while legume forages like Cow pea, Leucern and Sesbania

contain 20-25% crude protein, 1.4-1.6 % calcium and 0.1-3 %
phosphorus on dry matter basis.
CULTIVATED GRASSES
• Cultivated grasses includes Bajra Napier, Guinea grass,
para grass.
• On DMB the crude protein content ranges from 6-10%
with calcium content of 0.4-0.6% and phosphorus content
of 0.2-0.4%.
• Grass fodders are perennial in nature and have to be
harvested at the recommended intervals.
• First harvest of Hybrid Napier, Guinea grass and Para grass
is done at 75 days after planting and the subsequent
cuttings are done at 45 days interval.
• Bajra Napier hybrid yields 400 tonnes/ hectare; Guinea
grass yields 300 tonnes/hectare; Para grass yields 80-100
tonnes/hectare.
• Cenchrus is suitable for rain fed areas and yields about 40
tonnes/hectare. Intercropping legumes improves the
nutritive value of the harvested fodder.
 NUTRITIONAL DIS ORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH GRASSES
Nitrate
• Nitrate : NPN present in forages.
• Itself is not toxic to animals.
• The toxic effect on ruminants is caused by the reduction of nitrate
to nitrite in the rumen.
• Fertilized plants have higher nitrate levels.
• Grazing herbage: >700 ppm of nitrate N / kg DM is considered to
produce toxic effect by converting to nitrite.

• Nitrite is absorbed into red blood cells and combines with

hemoglobin (oxygen carrying molecule) to form brown pigment
called methaemoglobin.

• Methaemoglobin cannot transport O2 and hence animal's heart

rate and respiration increases, the blood and tissues of the animal
take on a blue to chocolate brown tinge, muscle tremors can
develop, staggering occurs, and the animal eventually suffocates
and die.
BLOAT
• Occurs in grazing land with predominant legumes like lucerne
and clover.
• Ruminants carry an active population of microorganisms that
generate large volumes of gas during the normal process of
digestion.
• This gas either is belched up or passes through the
gastrointestinal tract.
• Bloat occurs when eructation of gas is interfered.
• Natural foaming agents (Saponin) in legumes cause stable
foam to form in the rumen.
• Gas is trapped in small bubbles in this foam in the rumen and
the animal cannot belch up the gas.
• Pressure builds up in the rumen causing an obvious swelling
on the left side of the body.
• Vegetable oils are effective for preventing and treating
pasture bloat because they break down the frothy condition
in the rumen contents.
PHYTO-ESTROGENS
• Pasture plants like subterranean clover, red clover and Lucerne contain
Oestrogenic activity.

• Oestrogenic hormones may be produced either by pasture legumes

(plant oestrogens or phytoestrogens), or by soil-borne fungi that live on
pasture plants or on dead and decomposing organic matter at the base
of pasture.

• Phyto-estrogen causes infertility, dystocia and other reproductive

problems.

GOITROGENIC SUBSTANCE
• The genus Brassica includes cabbages, turnips and cauliflower.
• They contain goitrogenic substance – thiocyanate which interferes with
the uptake of iodine by thyroid gland leading to goiter.

• Forage brassica also cause haemolytic anaemia in ruminants.

CULTIVATED FODDER: NONLEGUME FODDER CROPS

• Cereal crops cultivated for fodder includes sorghum, maize, oats and
bajra.

• On dry matter basis the crude protein content ranges from 8-12%
with calcium content of 0.4-0.6% and phosphorus content of 0.2-
0.5%.

• Cereal fodders are annual crops and the fodder should be harvested
at 2/3rd or 50 % flowering stage (around 45 to 60 days for most of the
crops) .

• Intercropping with legumes improves the nutritive value of the

harvested fodder.
• Fodder sorghum as well a fodder maize under irrigated conditions
yield about 40-45 tonnes per hectare while fodder bajra and oats
yields 25-30 tonnes per hectare.

• One may get 50 % of these yields under rainfed conditions

CULTIVATED LEGUME FODDER CROPS
• Berseem, cowpea, lucerne, desmanthus and stylo are the common
leguminous crops grown in India.
• On dry matter basis, they contain from 15-25 per cent crude
protein with 1-2% calcium and 0.2-0.4% phosphorus leading to
wide calcium to phosphorus ratio.
• Legumes yields 75-100 tonnes per hectare but cowpea yields only
20 tonnes per hectare.
• Legume fodders are liable to produce “bloat” if given in large
quantities and thus it is advisable that they should always be given
along with some dry fodder (not exceeding a maximum of 1/3rd of
total green roughages).
• Perennial legume fodders such as Lucerne are harvested at 75
days after sowing and subsequently at 30 days interval
• Annual fodders such as Berseem and Cowpea should be harvested
at 50% flowering stage and are ready by 50-60 days.
• Intercropping with cereal or grasses increases the total green
fodder yield per unit of land and thereby avoids overfeeding of
legume alone that may lead to bloating in animals. CP: 15-25%
SILAGE
• Silage is the preserved material produced by the
controlled fermentation of crop under anaerobic
conditions in a structure known as silo.
• Ensilage is the name given to the silage making
process.
• The main purpose of silage making is to preserve
succulent fodders for usage at the time of
scarcity.
• Silage making involves natural fermentation in
anaerobic condition with due care to discourage
activities of undesirable bacteria.
TREE FODDERS
• Tree fodders form the staple fodder for small and large ruminants
in most parts of our country.
• They enhance animal productivity by overcoming seasonal
nutritional deficits.
• Further, trees can tolerate varied climatic and environmental
conditions, propagate readily and can serve as a valuable source
of protein and minerals.
• The non-leguminous tree fodders include leaves of neem, banyan
and fig while leguminous tree fodders include leaves of gliricidia,
subabool, acacia, sesbania.
• The crude protein content ranges from 7-9% in non-leguminous
tree fodders to 19-22% in leguminous tree fodders.
• The calcium content ranges from 1-3 % and phosphorus ranges
from 0.3-0.5%. The major constraint in the use of tree fodders is
the presence of anti-nutritional factors.
Subabool – Mimosine:
• In subabool, Mimosine is a toxic non-protein free
amino acid otherwise chemically similar to tyrosine.
• Mimosine can cause problems when the forage is eaten
in large quantities for a long period.
• Mimosine is degraded to Dihydroxypyridone (DHP) in
the rumen.
• DHP reaches thyroid gland and inhibits biosynthesis of
the hormone thyroxine.
• Symptoms includes reduced growth, excessive
salivation, loss of hair, eroded gums, enlarged thyroid
gland and poor reproductive efficiency.
• Certain strains of rumen microbes at Australia that are
capable of detoxifying mimosine have been identified
and are now being inoculated to livestock of other
nations to overcome mimosine toxicity.
ROOTS AND TUBERS

• Roots are underground parts of plant e.g., Turnip, beet

root, carrot etc.,
• Tubers are thickened stem usually formed in
underground e.g., potatoes, Cassava, Sweet potatoes.
• Roots contain sucrose while tubers contain starch or
fructan as carbohydrate.
• Feeding livestock with roots and tubers are common
in Europe.
• However, Cassava is widely fed to livestock in India.
• Cassava contains two cyanogenicglycosides, which
liberates hydrocyanic acid (HCN).
• HCN poisoning leads to death and wilting reduces HCN
content to safe level
 DRY FODDERS
Hay:
• Reducing the moisture content of the green crop
to a level low enough (12-14%) to inhibit the
action of plant and microbial enzymes is the aim of
hay making.
• The harvested crop can be dried either by natural
drying or through artificial drying, but natural
drying is preferred as there it can be done without
incurring expenditure towards electricity.
• Hay can be stored satisfactorily in a stack or bale.
CROP RESIDUES:
• Crop Residues are the left over portion of the crop after the main
crop is harvested for human consumption.
• Crop residues may be grouped under the following headings
Straws Stover Aerial portion of Others
other crops
Wheat Maize Sugarcane tops Corn cobs
Paddy Sorghum Groundnut Bagasse
Oats haulms Peanut hull
Barley Soyabean Rice hull
Millets haulms
Nutritional quality of crop residues
•Crop residues are generally low in crude protein, energy and
micronutrients.
•They are usually high in cell wall constituents like lignin and silica.
•Hence their palatability is low leading to low voluntary intake.
•Their digestibility is also low and bulky in nature.
Straws
• Straws are produced from most cereal crops and from
some legumes.
• They consist of the stem and leaves of plants after the
removal of the ripe seeds by threshing.
• They are fibrous, rich in lignin and of extremely low
nutritive value.
• Straw feeding is not recommended for pig and poultry.
Paddy straw
• The Paddy straw consist of lignin, about 6-7% dry
matter is however lower than that of other cereals
straw.
• But it has an exceptionally high ash content (17% of dry
matter) having high silica level.
• In contrast to other straws, the stems are more
digestible than the leaves.
The poor nutritive values of straws may be attributed to the
following facts:
• Straw digestion is limited due to the formation of strong physical
and/or chemical bonds between lignin and the structural
polysaccharides (Cellulose and Hemicellulose).

• Cellulose itself has a highly ordered crystalline structure: very

strong association with lignin, which even the most potent
cellulosic enzymes cannot have access to the cellulose unless the
bondage between lignin and cellulose is broken.
• Crystalline structure of cellulose is also responsible for low
digestibility of cellulose.
• Highly deficient in other nutrients like minerals, vitamins, fatty
acids and in proteins.
• High silica content of straw is known to depress organic matter
digestibility.
• It is economical to increase the nutritive values of all types of poor
quality roughages by physical, chemical or biological treatment.
Legume straws
• The husks of the pods with leaves and tender stems are
remaining as byproducts after harvesting the seeds of pulses.
• These products can be utilised as nutritious cattle feeds.
• Most common pulse are
– Urad (Phaseolusmungo),
– Moong (Phaseolusradiatus),
– Moth (P.aconitifolius),
– Cow peas (Vignacatiang ) etc.
• The energy value of these straws is comparable with those of
cereal straws but they are a fairly good source of digestible
protein.
• Supplementation with energy-rich feeds like cereal grains will,
however will be necessary in the case of high milk producing
cattle.
• Other straws (Cereals) that are commonly fed to animals are
Wheat straw, Rye straw and Oat straw.
Stovers
• Consists of the leaves and stalks of corn (maize), sorghum or
soybean plants that are left in a field after harvest.
• It can be directly grazed by cattle or dried for use as fodder
(forage).
• Its nutritive value is similar to straw.
Sugarcane tops
• It is the top portion that has been removed from the highest
fully formed node in sugarcane.
• It includes the green leaves, bundle leaf sheath and variable
amounts of immature cane.
• At the time of sugarcane harvest, abundant quantities of
sugarcane tops are available.
• Though sugarcane tops serve as green fodder, it has low
nutritive value (4 % crude protein and 48 per cent TDN), dries
up quickly and hence wasted.
• To preserve sugarcane tops in succulent form, ensiling with
one percent urea, molasses and salt is beneficial.
Haulms
• The stems of peas, beans etc., are called as haulms.
• The aerial portion of groundnut plant (groundnut haulms)
and Soybean plant (Soybean haulms) can serve as a potential
source of fodder for livestock.
• Haulms contain about 15 percent crude protein and 30 %
crude fibre and have better nutritive value than stovers.
Others
• A corncob is the left over portion after removal of maize
grain.
• Corncobs can be used as fibre source in ruminant feeding.
• Bagasse is the fibrous residue remaining after sugarcane is
crushed to extract their juice. It has very low palatability.
• Hulls are outer shell of pods and are fibrous in nature with
low nutritive value.
•
 CONCENTRATES
CEREAL GRAINS
• (Maize, Barley, Oats, Wheat, Rice, Rye, Millets, Sorghum and Bajra)
• Cereal grains are rich in starch containing 8-12% of CP with low lysine
and methionine, 2-5% fats, less than 0.15% of calcium and relatively
higher phosphorus to the extent of 0.3-0.5%.

• Phosphorus in cereals is present in the form of phytates, which has

the ability to immobilize dietary calcium.

• Cereal grains are rich source of thiamine and vitamin E but deficient
in vitamin A and riboflavin except yellow maize, which is rich in
provitamin A.
Nutritive value:
• CP: 8-12%
• TDN: 68-72%
• Fat: 2-5%
• Low in lysine, Methionine.
• P in the form of phytates
• Ca; 0.15%; P 0.3 –5.0%
Maize or Corn (Zea maize):

• Maize has high metabolisable energy value with low

fibre content and 8-13% of crude protein.
• The maize kernel contains two main proteins Zein and
Glutelin.
• Recently, new variety of maize (Opaque 2,Floury 2) was
produced at UK with high methionine and lysine.
• Farm animals are fed with crushed maize.
• Flaked maize decreases the acetic acid to propionic acid
proportion in rumen and hence depresses the butterfat
content of milk.
• Improperly stored maize having higher moisture
content is prone to aspergillusflavus infestation and
produce aflatoxin.
Barley (Hordeumvulgare):
• Barley has high fibre content with 6-14% of crude
protein having low lysine and less than 2% of oil
content.
• Barley is a main concentrate food for fattening pigs in
UK.
• The awns of barley should be removed, crimped or
coarsely ground before feeding poultry or swine.
• Veriety “Notch 2” developed at UK is rich in lysine.
Oats (Avena sativa):
• Oats has highest crude fibre of 12 - 16% with 7-15% of
crude protein.
• Methionine, histidine and tryptophan are deficient in
oats but abundant in glutamic acid.
• Cattle and sheep are fed with crushed or bruised oats
whereas pigs and poultry are fed with ground oats.
Wheat (Triticumaestivum):
• Wheat contains 6-12% of crude protein.

• The endosperm contains prolamin (gliadin) and glutelin (glutenin) protein

mixture, which is referred as gluten.

• Wheat gluten decides whether the flour is suitable for bread or biscuit
making.

• Strong gluten is preferred for bread making since it form dough, which traps
the gasses, produced during yeast fermentation.

• Finely milled wheat is unpalatable to animals because it forms the pasty

mass in the mouth and may lead to digestive upset.
Rice (Oryza sativa):
• The crude protein and energy values are comparable to maize.
• It is widely used for human consumption
Millets :
• Millets are cereals having high percent of fibre and produce small grains and
are mostly grown in tropics. e.g. Sorghum, Bajra, etc.
•
Sorghum /Jowar / Milo (Sorghum vulgare):
• Sorghum is similar to maize in chemical composition
but they have higher protein and low fat than
maize.
• Pig and poultry can be fed with cracked grain
whereas cattle are fed with ground sorghum.
Bajra / Cumbu (Pennensetumtyphoides):
• Nutritive value of bajra is similar to sorghum with 8-
12% of crude protein and rich tannin content.
• Seeds are hard so they have to be ground or
crushed before feeding to cattle.
 MILLING BYPRODUCTS
Bran:
• It is the outer coarse coat of the grain separated during processing.
E.g. rice bran, wheat bran, maize bran.
Rice bran:
• Rice bran is a valuable product with 12-14% of protein and 11-18% oil
mostly with unsaturated fatty acids and hence it becomes rancid
• The oil removed rice bran is available as deoiled rice bran in the
market for livestock feeding.
Wheat bran:
• Wheat bran is an excellent food for horses with more fibre content.
• It is laxative when mashed with warm water but tends to counteract
scouring when it was given dry.
• It is not commonly fed to pigs and poultry because of the fibrous
nature and low digestibility.
Gluten:
• Gluten is a tough substance obtained after the removal of starch from
flour.
• This is not usually given as a feed to non- ruminants due to poor
quality protein, bulkiness, unpalatability.
Middling:
• A byproduct from flour milling industry comprising
several grades of granular particles of bran,
endosperm and germ.
• Middlings contain 15-20% protein and deficient in
calcium.
Polishing:
• During rice polishing this byproduct accumulates to
contain 10-15% protein, 12% fat and 3-4% crude
fibre.
• It is rich in B- complex and good source of energy.
• Due to high fat content rancidity may occur
Molasses:
• Byproduct during juice / extract prepared from selected plant
material.
• Concentrated water solution of sugars, hemicellulose and minerals.
• Four varieties of molasses are commonly available :
Cane molasses, Beet molasses, Citrus molasses and Wood molasses
• Cane molasses is a product of sugar industry, contains 3% CP,10% ash.
• Beet molasses: product during production of beet sugar and 6%CP
• Citrus molasses is bitter in taste with highest protein (14%) and
produced when oranges or grapes are processed for juice.
• Wood molasses is a product of paper industry with 2% protein and
palatable to cattle.
• Molasses is a good source of energy and an appetizer.
• It reduces dustiness in ration and is very useful as binder in pellet
making.
• Molasses can be included upto 15% in cattle ration and upto 5% in
poultry ration.
• The molasses quality in terms of sweetness is indicated in Brix unit.
• Cane molasses usually have 80.0 degree Brix unit.
ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE FAT
• To increase energy density in diet.
• A higher level of energy in the ration :increasing cereal grains.
• Higher levels of grain: negative effects on rumen metabolism.
• Fats :potential source of energy in the rations.
• Protected fat gained considerable importance.
• High growth rate in broilers :requires high energy density in diet
• Fat provides 2.25% more energy than carbohydrate or protein.
• Oil and fat reduces the dustiness in feed
• Vegetable oils like corn oil, Groundnut oil, sunflower oil and animal
fat like lard, tallow are extensively used in livestock / poultry feeding.

• Animal fat contains saturated as well as unsaturated fatty acids of

C20, C22, C24.
• Vegetable fats contain greater proportion of linoleic acid.

• Higher level PUFAS :rancidity :anti oxidants :Butylatedhydroxytoluene

(BHT) or Ethoxyquin included in high fat diet.
•
 Protein supplements
can be obtained from animal origin or plant origin
• Other sources from which protein supplements can
be obtained include NPN compounds, single cell
protein etc.
• Animal Origin Plant Origin
• Mostly over 47% CP Mostly under 47%
CP
• Mostly over 1.0% Ca Mostly under 1.0%
Ca
• Mostly over 1.5% P Mostly under 1.5% P
• Mostly under 2.5% fibre Mostly over 2.5%
fibre
PLANT ORIGINPROTEIN CONCENTRATES
OIL SEED CAKE / MEAL
• The byproducts left after extraction of oil from oil seeds
are used for feeding all kinds of livestock.
• Oil content and protein content varies according to the
method of processing.
• Three main processes are used for removing oil from oil
seeds.
– Use pressure to force out oil (ghani and expeller).
– Use of an organic solvent to dissolve the oil from the seed.
• Material of higher oil content undergoes modified
screw pressing to lower the oil content to a suitable
level followed by solvent extraction.

• Only material with oil content of less than 35% is

suitable for solvent extraction.
OIL SEED CAKE / MEAL: Cont……
Nutritive value
Protein:
• Oil seed proteins: low cysteine and methionine and lysine.
• Cannot provide adequate supplementation to the cereal proteins
with which they are commonly used.
• They should be used in conjunction with an animal protein when
given to simple stomached animal.
• 95% of the nitrogen in oil seeds meals is present as true protein with
digestibility of 75-90%.

Fat:
• When oil content is high in the oil seed cakes, it makes a significant
contribution to the energy content of the diet.
• This purely depends upon the process employed in extracting oil and
its efficiency.
• Digestive disturbances may occur from uncontrolled use of cakes rich
in oil.
• Milk or body fat may be soft and carcass quality is lowered when the
oil is unsaturated.
OIL SEED CAKE / MEAL: Cont……
Micronutrients:
• The oil seed meals usually have high phosphorus
content, which generally tend to aggravate their low
calcium content.
• They may provide useful amount of B vitamins but
poor sources of carotene and vitamin E.
• Commonly used oil cake / meals in livestock feed
are groundnut or peanut oil meal, soybean oil meal,
linseed meal, coconut meal, cotton seed meal,
safflower meal, sunflower meal, mustard cake,
sesame seed meal, rape seed meal, palm kernel
meal etc.
GROUNDNUT CAKE
• Contains about 45% CP: deficient in cysteine, methionine and lysine,
but good source of Vitamin B12 and calcium.
• In rainy season: contain mycotoxin: – Aflatoxins : Aspergillus flavus.
• There are four Aflatoxins, B1, G1, B2, G2 out of which B1 is most
toxic.
SOYBEAN MEAL
• Soybean meal: 44 -46% CP: Rich in all EAAS except cysteine,
methionine
• Protein inhibitors : Kunitz anti-trypsin inhibitor and Bowman-
Birk chymotrypsin inhibitors are practically significant.
– Trypsin inhibitors especially interferes the protein digestion in
monogastric animals.
– Protein indigestibility affects growth rate, egg production and feed
efficiency and also may lead to hypertrophy of pancreas and
excess endogenous loss of essential amino acids.
SOYBEAN MEAL Cont……
Antinutritional factors in soybean meal
Haemogglutinin (Lectin): ANF agglutinates red blood cells of rats, rabbits
and human except sheep and calves.
– Lectins are proteins capable of binding carbohydrate moieties in
the epithelial cell lining of small intestine, disrupting the brush
boarder and reducing the efficiency of absorption.
Genistein: a plant estrogen in soybean
• Saponins :inactivated by proper heat treatment during processing.
SUNFLOWER CAKE
• 40% CP with low lysine and twice the amount of methionine than soy
protein.
• It has very short shelf-life.
• The expeller variety of SFmeal or cake has high content PUFAS:
produce soft pork in pigs and soft butter in cows when fed in large
amount.
• It can be fed to cattle ration up to 20% level and 10% to poultry
ration.
• Sunflower cake is not recommended for calves, lambs, chicks and
young pigs.
COTTONSEED MEAL
• Protein :low content of cysteine, methionine and lysine.
• The calcium : phosphorus is 1:6, so calcium deficiency may
occur.
• Lactating cows fed large amount: milk become hard and firm,
butter from such milk fat: difficult to churn
• Decorticated/ undecorticated cottonseed oilcake are available
• Cottonseed meal contains 0.3-20g/kg DM: yellow pigment
(ANF) known as Gossypol, a polyphenolic aldehyde.
• It is an antioxidant and polymerization inhibitor.
• It is toxic to simple-stomached animals and the symptoms
include depressed appetite, loss of weight and even lead to
death due to cardiac failure.
• Gossypol toxicity can be reduced by the addition of calcium
hydroxide and iron salts.
LINSEED MEAL
• Form: viscous slime due to 3-10% of mucilage.
• Cyanogenetic glycoside, linamarin and an
associated enzyme, linase in immature linseed
hydrolyses it with the evolution of hydrocyanic acid.
• HCN is a potent respiratory inhibitor and hence,
depending on the species the minimum lethal dose
taken orally has been estimated as 0.5-3.5 mg/kg of
body weight.
• Proper water washing, drying and storage can
reduce glycosides in the feedstuffs.
LINSEED MEAL Cont…….
• Protein: low methionine and lysine content
• Rich in P which is present as phytase
• Good source of vitamins like riboflavin, nicotinamide,
pantothenic acid and choline.
• Linseed cake/meal is not suitable to poultry but good
feed to horses and ruminants.
MUSTARD CAKE
• It is widely used in cattle feed in Northern India.
• Its nutritive value is lesser than groundnut cake.
• D.C.P and T.D.N values are 27% and 74 % respectively.
• Up to 10% of the ration, it can be fed to poultry and for
pigs it may be up to 20%.
• It has rich calcium and phosphorus content of about
0.6% and 0.1% respectively.
SESAME SEED MEAL / GINGELLY OIL CAKE / TIL OILCAKE
• It contains 40% protein rich in leucine, arginine and
methionine but low lysine.
• It was produced from the residues of sesame meal after
removal of oil from sesame seed.
• There are three verities – red, black, white.
• White is of high nutritive value than red.
• It has high phytic acid, which make phosphorus
unavailable to monogastric animals.
• Sesame seed meal has laxative action and can be
included in the cattle ration upto 15%.
• Sesame seed meal is not suitable to young pigs and
poultry
RAPESEED MEAL / CANOLA MEAL
• It contains low protein content than soybean meal
with balanced essential amino acids.
• It also contain 14% fibre with low ME.
• It has favourable calcium phosphorus ratio.
• Rapeseed meal contains tannins and consequently
lowers the digestibility
• ANF: glucosinolates accompanied by thioglucosidase
(myrosinase) may lead to goiter and liver and kidney
dysfunction in some animals.
• Canadian produced a variety of rapeseed:referred as
canola: meal derived from canola : Canola meal.
• Canola meal is low in glucosinates and warrants lysine
supplementation.
 ANIMAL PROTEIN CONCENTRATES
• Animal protein concentrates @15% in the ration.
• Included mainly to makeup the deficiency in EAAS
content.
• Animal protein concentrates are expensive.
• Animal protein concentrates should be free from
pathogens like salmonella and E.coli.

• Protein supplements from animal origin are Fish

meal, Meat meal, Blood meal, Hatchery waste, Milk
products
FISH MEAL
• Fishes can be used as a fishmeal after they have been dried
or ground.

• Cooking fish and pressing to remove water and oil is :

sterilizes fishmeal produced by drying the cooked fish.

• High levels lysine, methionine and tryptophan and Ca , P

• Rich in vitamin B complex and Animal Protein Factor (APF).

• Fishmeal should be tested for salt toxicity, E.coli bacteria.

• Feeding: simple-stomached animals due to high quality

• Diets may include up to 10% of fishmeal.

MEAT AND BONE MEAL
• Rendering is a process that converts waste animal
tissue into stable, value-added materials.
• The carcasses of animals can be used as meat meals
after drying or grinding.
• The product must be substantially free of hooves,
horns, bristle, hair and feathers, skin and contents of
stomach and viscera.
• CP : 60-70% useful as lysine supplement but less
amount of amino acids like methionine and tryptophan
affect their protein quality.
• It has fat level upto 9%.
• The enteric factor from the intestinal tract of swine, the
‘Ackerman’ factor and growth factor in ash are
important in meat meal.
HATCHERY WASTE
• It is otherwise known as Incubator waste or Hatchery By
Product Meal (HBPM).
• The mixture of infertile, unhatched eggs and eggshells have
been cooked, dried, and powdered to produce this kind of
meal.
• It is found to replace 33% of fishmeal especially in Broiler
chicks to enhance weight gain.
POULTRY LITTER
• Dried poultry excreta has been used as ruminant feed.
• A single layer hen weighing 1.8kg can generate up to
113.4g/day of manure. About 75% of this amount is water, so
we’re left with 28.35g dry manure per hen per day.
• Generally, the total digestible nutrient (TDN) value of poultry
litter approximates 50 percent and crude protein averages 21
to 28 percent
SINGLE CELL PROTEIN(SCP)
• Nowadays, single cell organisms like yeast and bacteria are
exploited in various fields.
• They can grow very rapidly and double their cell mass in large-
scale fermentors.
• A range of nutrient substrates can be used including cereal grains,
sugar beet, sugar cane, and its byproducts, waste products from
food manufacture to culture bacteria
• SCP has high levels of nucleic acids of 5-12% DM in yeast and 8-
16% DM in bacteria.
• Some of the purine and pyrimidine bases in these acids can be
used for nucleic acid biosynthesis.
• Uric acid or allantoins, the end products of nucleic acid catabolism,
are excreted in the urine of animals consuming SCP.
• SCP does contain a crude fibre fraction and lacks cellulose,
hemicellulose and lignin, it contains glucans, mannans and chitin.

• Dietary SCP for broilers is 2-5% concentration and nearly 10% is

recommended for laying hens.
 NON PROTEIN NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
• NPN is an important source of nitrogen for ruminant animals.
• Its use depends upon the ability of the rumen microbes to
use them in the synthesis of their own cellular tissues and
thus supply animal protein in the form of microbial protein.
UREA
• It is a nitrogen rich (46%), white, crystalline compound with
the formula NH2-C=O-NH2.
• Rumen microbes hydrolyze urea with the help of urease
enzyme and produce ammonia.
• The wastage of nitrogen may occur with excessive absorption
of ammonia from the rumen leading to ammonia toxicity
which cause ataxia, muscular twitching, tetany, excessive
salivation, bloat and respiratory disorders.
• Urea should be given in such a way as to slow down its rate of
breakdown and enhance NH3 utilization for protein synthesis.
• Rumen microbes require readily available source of
carbohydrate to serve as energy for capturing ammonia
and therefore urea diet should contain readily available
carbohydrate so that the animal can satisfy the needs
of its rumen microorganisms.
• One gram of urea should be given along with 0.13g of
anhydrous sodium sulfate at the N:S ratio of 15:1 thus
minimize sulfur containing amino acids deficiency.
• Urea does not provide energy, minerals, or vitamins to
animals so adequate supplementation of these
nutrients in diet is necessary.
• To avoid the danger of toxicity, frequent, small intake of
urea is preferable.
•