Epidemiological Triad of HIV/AIDS: Agent
Epidemiological Triad of HIV/AIDS: Agent
Epidemiological Triad of HIV/AIDS: Agent
AIDS, the acquired immune-deficiency syndrome (sometimes called “Slim disease”) is a fatal illness
caused by a retrovirus known as the human immune-deficiency virus (HIV) which breaks down the
body’s immune system, leaving the victim vulnerable to a host of life – threatening opportunistic
infections, neurological disorders, or unusual malignancies. The term Aids refers only to the last stage
of the HIV infection.
There are at least two types of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is
responsible for most cases world-wide.
Age: Most cases have occurred among sexually active persons aged 20-45 years.
Incubation period: From few months to 10 years or even more.
Source of infection: Blood, semen, Vaginal and other body secretions, CSF, breast milk.
Some bodily fluids, such as saliva and tears, do not transmit HIV.
Transmission: The basic method of transmission are-
i. Mucosal:
a) Sexual intercourse (vaginal or anal)
b) Perinatal - From mother to fetus while in utero, during delivery or postnatally by
breast feeding
ii. Parenteral:
a) Infected blood or blood products.
b) Contaminated needles.
Host
HIV
Agent Environment
According to the latest UNIAIDS report 2017, globally 36.9 million and 5.1 million people in
the Asia Pacific region are living with HIV while only 2.4 million of Asian’s have access to
treatment. Bangladesh stands at the 10th position in HIV deaths among Asian countries and it
lost around 1,000 people in 2016 due to AIDS, says the report.
Source: http://www.searo.who.int/entity/health_situation_trends/data/mdg/hiv_prevalence/en/
Preventive Measures for HIV infection
i. Testing The first – and most
important – step in
1) Pharmaceutical preventing HIV infection is
stratigies to know one’s status.
ii. Taking Pre-exposure prophylaxis Pre-exposure prophylaxis,
(PrEP). is a medication that people
without HIV can take daily
to prevent infection. When
combined with other HIV
prevention methods, such
as regular testing and
condom use, it’ll
significantly reduce one’s
risk of HIV infection.
iii. Taking Post-exposure prophylaxis It is also an effective
(PEP). measure to limit HIV
infection
iv. Circumcision Male circumcision reduces
the risk of HIV
transmission from women
to men
v. Condoms HIV is spread through
bodily fluids like blood,
semen, and vaginal fluids.
When used properly,
condoms are an effective
way to prevent HIV
infection.
2) Social Sex education will concern
strategies i. Sex education the young adults, men and
women of reproductive age
about the mode of
transmission of HIV
infections, benefits of using
condoms, harm of having
multiple sex partners and
drug abuse etc. Which will
conclusively prevent HIV
infection in a great way.
o Avoidance of
ii. Safe sex indiscriminate sex.
o Avoidance of
penetrative sex &
o Use of condoms
can prevent HIV
infection.
This isn’t easy for most
iii. Sexual abstinence people, but it’s the one way
of making absolutely sure
that one doesn’t become
HIV positive as a result of
sexual contact.
Sex isn’t the only way HIV
is transmitted. Intravenous
3) Not to share drug use also puts you at
needles, razors risk, since HIV can be
and tooth spread through blood.
brushes Avoid injecting drugs and
never share needles.
Persuasive messages
delivered through health
advertising and social
5) Advertising and marketing campaigns which
campaigns are designed to educate
people about the danger of
HIV/AIDS and simple
prevention strategies are
also an important way of
preventing HIV/AIDS.
6) Regular venerological screening for high risk groups, e.g. prostitutes.
7) Targeting safe sex methods at sex works.
8) Control of STD.
9) Screening of donated blood, blood products and reduction of unnecessary blood
transfusions.
Management of HIV/AIDS
The management of HIV/AIDS normally includes the use of multiple antiretroviral drugs in an
attempt to control HIV infection. The use of multiple drugs that act on different viral targets is known
as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). HAART decreases the patient's total burden of HIV,
maintains function of the immune system, and prevents opportunistic infections.
Management of HIV/AIDS
Management Maintains and improves nutritional
status of a person with AIDS.
Good nutrition Delays the progression from HIV to
Good nutrition AIDS related disease.
Management HIV related complications Management of diarrhea, metabolic
A Management of HIV
disorder, malabsorption, lack of
appetite, weight loss etc.
I relate complications
Strengthening of the immune system Ability to fight HIV infection by
D maintaining healthy life style.
S Strengthening of Increased resistance of infection Diarrhea, Tuber Culosis,
the immune system respiratory infections.
Increased resistance
of infection
.
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