University of Santo Tomas CHE 2112L: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY FOR

Faculty of Engineering ENGINEERS 2 LABORATORY

Department of Chemical Engineering Data Treatment and Answers to Questions

Name(s): BERNADOS, Aivannie P.; CASTILLO, Carlo J.; Date Performed: 10/23/2020
CASUGBO, Jacob M. Date Submitted: 12/09/2020
Section: 3CHEA Group No: 4 Instructor: Engr. Rose Mardie Pacia

Experiment 4: THERMOCHEMISTRY

I. DATA SHEET
A. DETERMINATION OF WATER EQUIVALENT OF CALORIMETER
Mass of hot water (m1) = 50 g
Mass of cold water (m2) = 50 g
Temperature of cold water (t1) = 47 ℃
Temperature of hot water (t2) = 27 ℃
Temperature after mixing (t3) = 36 ℃
Water equivalent of calorimeter (W) = 11.11 g

B. DETERMINATION OF ENTHALPIES OF DISSOLUTION

Table 1. Calculated Enthalpy of Dissolution of each sample
Molar Temperature Temperature
Mass of Enthalpy of
Mass of the Mass of of cold after mixing
Sample cold Dissolution
Sample (g) Sample
water (g) water (℃) (℃) (kJ/mol)
(g/mol)
NH4Cl 5 53.49 50 27 22 13.73
KCl 4.5 74.55 50 27 23 17.01
KNO3 4.5 101.1 50 27 21 34.60
CuSO4∙ 5H2O 6 249.68 50 27 26 10.68

II. DATA TREATMENT

A. Calculating the water equivalent of the calorimeter
𝑡2 − 𝑡3
Using Eq. 1: 𝑊 = (𝑚1 )( ) − 𝑚2
𝑡3 − 𝑡1

1𝑔
𝑚1 = 50 𝑚𝐿 ( ) = 50 𝑔
1 𝑚𝐿
1𝑔
𝑚2 = 50 𝑚𝐿 ( ) = 50 𝑔
1 𝑚𝐿
47 ℃ − 36 ℃
𝑊 = (50𝑔)( ) − 50𝑔 = 11.11 𝑔
36 ℃ − 27 ℃

B. Calculating Enthalpies of Dissolution of the samples

Sample Calculations using Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl)
From the online simulator for the experiment, the formula for Enthalpy of Dissolution was given:
(𝑊+𝑚1 )(𝑡1 −𝑡2 )(4.2)(𝑀)
𝐸=[ 𝑤
] Eq. 2
 Experiment 4: Thermochemistry

Where:
• Mass of cold water (m1)
• Mass of sample (w)
• Temperature of cold water (t1)
• Temperature after mixing (t2)
• Water equivalent of calorimeter
(W) = 11.11 g
• Molar mass of sample (M)
• Enthalpy of dissolution (E)
• Specific heat of H2O = 4.2 J/g℃
𝑔
(11.11 𝑔 + 50 𝑔)(27℃ − 22℃)(4.2 J/g ℃)(53.49 ) 1 𝑘𝐽
𝐸 = [ 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ]( ) = 13.73
5𝑔 1000 𝑚𝑜𝑙

By substituting the known values as seen on Table 1 in Eq. 2, the Enthalpies of Dissolution for the
other samples were also obtained.

C. Chemical reaction equations inside the calorimeter

For Ammonium Chloride:

𝑘𝐽
NH4Cl(s) + H2O(l) → NH4+(aq) + Cl-(aq) ∆H = 13.73
𝑚𝑜𝑙

For Potassium Chloride:

𝑘𝐽
KCl(s) + H2O(l) → K+(aq) + Cl-(aq) ∆H = 17.01
𝑚𝑜𝑙

For Potassium Nitrate:

𝑘𝐽
KNO3(s) + H2O(l) → K+(aq) + NO3-(aq) ∆H = 34.60
𝑚𝑜𝑙

For Copper (II) Sulphate Pentahydrate:

𝑘𝐽
CuSO4∙ 5H2O(s) + H2O(l) → Cu2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) ∆H = 10.68
𝑚𝑜𝑙

III. ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS

1. What are the characteristics of a calorimeter? What is a good substitute for the used calorimeter in the
VLE?
- Basically, a calorimeter comprises of insulating walls so that no heat can transfer between the
calorimeter and the surroundings. To measure accurately the temperature change before and after
some change, a calorimeter is used [1]. The simplest calorimeter is called the coffee-cup calorimeter.
Not only it is easily accessible but it is also an example of a constant-pressure calorimeter, perfect
for measuring ∆H, since change in enthalpy is defined as the heat flow at constant pressure. This
means that we can get ∆H directly for the experiment. Other alternatives for the wooden box
calorimeter in the VLE are commercial calorimeters which operate at smaller volumes of solution,
have better insulation, and it can also detect the smallest temperature change as low as 10−6 °C [2].

BERNADOS, CASTILLO, CASUGBO 2

Experiment 4: Thermochemistry

2. Define thermo insulators and where are these commonly used?

- Thermo insulators are materials with very low thermal conductivity. Thus, they are poor conductors
of heat and good thermal insulators. Examples of these materials are the following: wool, fiberglass,
rock wool, polystyrene, polyurethane, and goose feather [3]. Thermal insulators are often used in
clothing. For example, wool functions by having a large number of gas-filled pockets so it would
prevent convection. Another application of thermo insulators is in building insulations to minimize the
total heat transfer coefficient by adding materials with low thermal conductivity [4].

3. What is calibration? How is it applicable in the experiment?

- In a calorimeter, calibration is defined as the determination of how many moles of energy are required
to raise the temperature of the contents by 1 degree Celsius [5]. In real life, each calorimeter is not
ideal. Even if it’s well insulated, heat can also be transferred to the objects touching the solution such
as the calorimeter itself. Thus, to obtain reliable results, calibration of the calorimeter is needed to
know how much heat is exchanged with the calorimeter and/or the surroundings [6]. That’s why in
the VLE, the calorimeter constant or the water equivalent of the calorimeter was obtained. It serves
as the correction factor to obtain reliable results in the determination of Enthalpies of Dissolution of
salts. The calorimeter was calibrated by adding 50 mL cold water in the calorimeter and mixing it with
50 mL hot water.

4. Explain the importance of water equivalent calorimeter?

- The calorimeter constant or water equivalent of calorimeter is important to know how much heat is
generated by combustion of the sample [7]. As stated in the previous question, it serves as a
correction factor since some of the heat is exchanged in the calorimeter. By knowing this correction
factor or the heat capacity of the calorimeter, the calorimeter can now be used to calculate the specific
heat of an unknown substance [8].

5. What is heat of solution? What is the importance or application of evaluating heat of solution?
- The heat of dissolution or enthalpy of solution, also known as enthalpy of dissolution, is defined as
the enthalpy change from the dissolution of a solute in a solvent at constant pressure. This results in
infinite dilution [9]. Hot packs and cold packs are examples of application of heat of solution. Because
of the chemicals inside them, upon squeezing the bags, an inner pouch will burst allowing the
chemicals to dissolve in water. An endothermic reaction occurs in the cold pack and an exothermic
reaction happens in the hot pack [10].

BERNADOS, CASTILLO, CASUGBO 3

 Experiment 4: Thermochemistry

IV. REFERENCES
1. What are calorimeters made of?: Socratic. (2015, May 18). Retrieved November 02, 2020, from
https://socratic.org/questions/what-are-calorimeters-made-
of#:~:text=1%20Answer&text=A%20calorimeter%20is%20simply%20a%20container%20with%20in
sulating%20walls.&text=The%20Styrofoam%20coffee%20cup%20is,measures%20the%20change
%20in%20temperature.
2. Libretexts. (2020, August 25). 6.7: Constant Pressure Calorimetry- Measuring ΔH for Chemical
Reactions. Retrieved November 02, 2020, from
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map:_A_Molecular_Approach_(Tro)/06
:_Thermochemistry/6.07:_Constant_Pressure_Calorimetry-
_Measuring_H__for_Chemical_Reactions
3. Connor, N. (2019, June 04). What is Thermal Insulation - Thermal Insulator - Definition. Retrieved
November 02, 2020, from https://www.thermal-engineering.org/what-is-thermal-insulation-thermal-
insulator-definition/
4. Connor, N. (2019, June 04). What is Application of Thermal Insulators - Definition. Retrieved
November 02, 2020, from https://www.thermal-engineering.org/what-is-application-of-thermal-
insulators-definition/
5. The Calorimeter. (n.d.). Retrieved November 02, 2020, from
http://www.dynamicscience.com.au/tester/solutions1/chemistry/energy/calorimeter.htm
6. Background. (n.d.). Retrieved November 02, 2020, from
https://www.chem.fsu.edu/chemlab/chm1045lmanual/calorimetry/background.html
7. Finding the Calorimeter Constant. (n.d.). Retrieved November 02, 2020, from
http://sites.science.oregonstate.edu/~gablek/CH362/bare_calorim2.htm
8. Deziel, C. (2019, March 02). How to Calculate Calorimeter Constant. Retrieved November 02, 2020,
from https://sciencing.com/how-to-calculate-calorimeter-constant-13710547.html
9. Mott, V. (n.d.). Introduction to Chemistry. Retrieved November 02, 2020, from
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/heat-of-solution/
10. Intermediate, C. (n.d.). Chemistry for Non-Majors. Retrieved November 02, 2020, from
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/cheminter/chapter/heat-of-solution/

APPENDIX
DETERMINATION OF ENTHALPIES OF DISSOLUTION
a. Ammonium chloride (NH3Cl)
Mass of cold water (m1) = 50 g
Mass of sample (w) =5g
Temperature of cold water (t1) = 27 ℃
Temperature after mixing (t2) = 22 ℃
Water equivalent of calorimeter (W) = 11.11 g
Molar mass of sample (M) = 53.49 g/mol

BERNADOS, CASTILLO, CASUGBO 4

Experiment 4: Thermochemistry

Enthalpy of dissolution (E) = 13.73 kJ/mol

Observations: The temperature decreases linearly during the mixing of the solution.
Calculations:
1𝑔
𝑚1 = 50 𝑚𝐿 ( ) = 50 𝑔
1 𝑚𝐿
(𝑊 + 𝑚1 )(𝑡1 − 𝑡2 )(4.2)(𝑀)
𝐸=[ ]
𝑤
𝑔
(11.11 𝑔 + 50 𝑔)(27℃ − 22℃)(4.2 J/g ℃)(53.49 )
= [ 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ]( 1 ) = 13.73 𝑘𝐽
5𝑔 1000 𝑚𝑜𝑙

b. Potassium Chloride (KCl)

Mass of cold water (m1) = 50 g
Mass of sample (w) = 4.5 g
Temperature of cold water (t1) = 27 ℃
Temperature after mixing (t2) = 23℃
Water equivalent of calorimeter (W) = 11.11 g
Molar mass of sample (M) = 74.55 g/mol
Enthalpy of dissolution (E) = 17.01 kJ/mol

Observations: The temperature decreases linearly during the mixing of the solution.
Calculations:
1𝑔
𝑚1 = 50 𝑚𝐿 ( ) = 50 𝑔
1 𝑚𝐿
(𝑊 + 𝑚1 )(𝑡1 − 𝑡2 )(4.2)(𝑀)
𝐸=[ ]
𝑤
𝑔
(11.11 𝑔 + 50 𝑔)(27℃ − 23℃)(4.2 J/g ℃)(74.55 )
= [ 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ]( 1 ) = 17.01 𝑘𝐽
4.5 𝑔 1000 𝑚𝑜𝑙

c. Potassium Nitrate (KNO3)

Mass of cold water (m1) = 50 g
Mass of sample (w) = 4.5 g
Temperature of cold water (t1) = 27 ℃
Temperature after mixing (t2) = 21 ℃
Water equivalent of calorimeter (W) = 11.11 g
Molar mass of sample (M) = 101.1 g/mol
Enthalpy of dissolution (E) = 34.60 kJ/mol

Observations: The temperature decreases linearly during the mixing of the solution.

BERNADOS, CASTILLO, CASUGBO 5

Experiment 4: Thermochemistry

Calculations:
1𝑔
𝑚1 = 50 𝑚𝐿 ( ) = 50 𝑔
1 𝑚𝐿
(𝑊 + 𝑚1 )(𝑡1 − 𝑡2 )(4.2)(𝑀)
𝐸=[ ]
𝑤
𝑔
(11.11 𝑔 + 50 𝑔)(27℃ − 21℃)(4.2 J/g ℃)(101.1 ) 1 𝑘𝐽
=[ 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ]( ) = 34.60
4.5 𝑔 1000 𝑚𝑜𝑙

d. Copper (II) Sulphate Pentahydrate (CuSO4∙ 5H2O)

Mass of cold water (m1) = 50 g
Mass of sample (w) =6g
Temperature of cold water (t1) = 27
Temperature after mixing (t2) = 26
Water equivalent of calorimeter (W) = 11.11 g
Molar mass of sample (M) = 249.68 g/mol
Enthalpy of dissolution (E) = 10.68 kJ/mol

Observations: There is minimal change in temperature.

Calculations:
1𝑔
𝑚1 = 50 𝑚𝐿 ( ) = 50 𝑔
1 𝑚𝐿
(𝑊 + 𝑚1 )(𝑡1 − 𝑡2 )(4.2)(𝑀)
𝐸=[ ]
𝑤
𝑔
(11.11 𝑔 + 50 𝑔)(27℃ − 26℃)(4.2 J/g ℃)(249.68 )
= [ 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ]( 1 ) = 10.68 𝑘𝐽
6𝑔 1000 𝑚𝑜𝑙

BERNADOS, CASTILLO, CASUGBO 6