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Classification Feed and Fodder

VISIT DRY DECIDUOUS AND THORN FORESTS TO STUDY THE FACTORS GOVERNING THE LOCALITY AND SPECIES COMPOSITION

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365 views

Classification Feed and Fodder

VISIT DRY DECIDUOUS AND THORN FORESTS TO STUDY THE FACTORS GOVERNING THE LOCALITY AND SPECIES COMPOSITION

Uploaded by

mathi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Classification feed and fodder

General classification of feeding stuff

Roughages

Dry
Total Dry matter
roughages,
straws, hay
etc.
1/3 concentrates 2/3 roughages

Leguminou
berseem
lucerne,
cowpea, e

Antibiotic

1/3 Green roughage 2/3 dry

¼ Legumes ¾ grass

Sl.No Concentrate Roughage


1. 10 % Moisture and 90% Dry Dry fodder--10 % Moisture and 90% Dry
matter matter
Green Fodder---80-90 % Moisture and
10% Dry Matter
2. Highly Digestible Comparatively less digestible
3. Crude fibre less than 18% More than 18%
4. Nutritive Value/unit mass is high Low
5. Compact in Nature Bulky
6. Keeping quality -High Variable : Dry Fodder – High, Green
fodder- Less/low
Common feed ingredients
Carbohydrate rich Protein rich Fibre rich concentrates
concentrates concentrates
Maize or Corn Groundnut cake Wheat bran
Barley Soyabean meal Raw rice bran
Oats Linseed meal De-oiled rice bran
Sorghum Mustrad cake
Bajra Coconut cake
Mill by-products like flour, Cottonseed cake
polishings
Molasses Sesame meal
Roots and tubers Pulse protein
Sunflower meal
Unconventional plant
proteins
Meat meal
Meat and Bone meal
Fish meal
Blood meal
Feather meal
Hatchery by-product meal

MODEL COMPOSITION OF CONCENTRATE MIXTURE OF YOUNG AND ADULT STOCK

IMPORTANCE OF GREEN FODDER PRODUCTION

India has about 15% of world livestock population with only 2% of world’s geographical
area. The current feed and fodder resources in India can meet only less than 50% of the
requirement of its livestock population. The grazing intensity is very high viz., 2.6 cattle unit per
ha as against 0.8 cattle unit per ha in developed countries. We are highly deficient in various
livestock products, though we have about one-fourth of the total cattle population of the world.
The analysis of this situation reveals that one of the main reasons for the low productivity of our
livestock is malnutrition, under-nutrition or both, besides the low genetic potential of the animals.
IMPORTANCE OF GREEN FODDER
 Green fodder is the primary only source of vitamin A for lactation and vitamin A is
present in the form of precursor.
 Maintenance& function of the mucous membrane
 is directly related to vision.
 is essential reproduction a. conception, b. early embryonic mortality, c. maintenance of
pregnancy, d.shedding of placenta.
 is essential for the respiratory tract
 is essential in the Gastro intestinal tract/ digestive tract-deficiency causes diarrhoea, mal
absorption of nutrients etc.,
 is essential for the urinary tract –deficiency causes stones in the kidney , ureter ,
bladder.
 During lactation 2000 I.U. of Vitamin ‘A’ is eliminated in every litre of milk-It is to
replenished
 laxative in action
 cheap source of Vitamin’A’
 source of minerals ,Crude protein, Total digestible nutrients and dry matter
 unidentified factors.
 Carotene Content of some fodder
a. Agathi 18.3 mg / 100 dry matter
b. Lucerne 15.6 mg / 100 dry matter
c. Guinea grass-14.2 mg / 100 dry matter
d. Desmodium 7.09 mg / 100 dry matter
 Feed should be available to cows at least 20 hours / day.
 Feed at least 60 % of ration during night in the hot weather (Summer)
 Cows will reduce feed intake by about 3.3% for every 2.2 rise in temperature over 240 C
 High producing cows will eat up to 12 meals / day each averaging 23 minutes.
 Water should be available At libitum.

NUTRITIVE VALUE OF FODDER CROPS


These are highly digestible (55 – 65%) mostly when harvested at a proper time. The
crude protein may range from as little as 3% in very mature forages to over 30% in young
heavily fertilized grass (on DM basis). The soluble carbohydrate of grasses ranges in the dry
matter from 4-30%. The cellulose and hemicellulose are generally within the range of 20-30%
and 10-30% of the dry matter respectively. Grass proteins are particularly rich in arginine,
glutamic acid and lysine. Green forages are excellent source of carotene 250mg/kg), the
precursor of vitamin A.
Generally leguminous fodder contain 8-12% DCP and 45-60% TDN. The phosphorus
content of leguminous fodder are poor. It is advisable to supplement a ration containing a large
amount of leguminous fodder with a limited quantity of wheat or rice bran, which is rich in
phosphorus. The non-leguminous fodder are having 2.5% DCP and 45-60% TDN on dry matter
basis. Green fodder is the primary source of vitamin A. Vit.A is present in the form of precursor.
Green fodder contains 100 mg carotenes /Kg when compared with about 20 mg /Kg in silage.
Carotene requirement of milch animals is 60 mg for production,30 mg for pregnancy, for growth
requirement is 11 mg carotene per 100 Kg live weight.
Vit A is directly related to vision, maintenance and function of mucous membrane,
essential for reproduction (for conception, maintenance of pregnancy, shedding of placenta),
deficiency leads to diarrhoea, mal absorbtion of nutrients, incidence of stone in the kidney,
ureter & bladder. During lactation 2000 I.U. of Vit.A is eliminated in milk.
VALUE OF TREE FODDER
Trees, which can be grown either in combination with agricultural crops or on separate
land usually not fit for agriculture, offer opportunity of producing green nutritious fodder for the
livestock. It is seldom realised that in some parts of our country, probably more animals feed on
shrubs and trees than on grass or grass legume pasture.
 Trees can produce as much, if not more, green fodder per unit area as agricultural
fodder crops. The more important desirable agronomic features of a tree species are
 Be reasonably easily and reliably established
 Exhibit a good competitive ability against weeds
 Remain regally productive under repeated ability or grazing and browsing.
 Be well adopted to the particular climatic and edaphic features of the environment
 Require, no or little fertilizer
 Be resistant to local pests and diseases
 Have adequate forage production or be reliably vegetatively propagated and
 Have good nutritive value and reasonable palatability and acceptability to animals.

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