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ICIRMCT 2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1091 (2021) 012056 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1091/1/012056

Evaluation of correlation between compressive and splitting

tensile strength of concrete using alccofine and nano silica

K Ashwini and P Srinivasa Rao

K Ashwini, Research scholar, Department of civil engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University
Hyderabad, (Telangana State) - 500085, India

P Srinivasa Rao, Professor, Department of civil engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University
Hyderabad, (Telangana State) - 500085, India

Abstract. In the present study correlation between compressive and splitting tensile strength
of concrete was studied using both experimental and analytically predicted results. Three
grades of concrete M40, M50, and M60 were considered by replacing its cement content with
alccofine and nano-silica. Experimental results of compressive and splitting tensile strength
were evaluated using 150mm cubes and cylinders of diameter 150mm and height 300mm for
28 days of curing in water. An equation was proposed for correlation between compressive and
splitting tensile strength from experimental data using regression analysis and analytical results
were predicted. Accuracy of empirical equations reported by researchers and the proposed
equation was analyzed employing Root Mean Square Error, Integral Absolute Error, Normal
Efficiency and Mean Absolute Error statistical parameters. Good compliance between
experimental and analytical results was observed.

Key words: alccofine, cement, concrete, mechanical properties, nano silica,

1. Introduction
Concrete is one of the utmost versatile and durable construction materials as it is strong and
economical. High-performance concrete(HPC) is found to be cost-effective, regardless of its high
initial cost as compared to conventional concrete as it increases the service life of the structure and
thereby reduces overall costs. HPC produced by replacing cement with one or more additives like
GGBS, flyash, microsilica, etc. improves the fresh, mechanical, and durability properties to a large
extent. Nowadays researchers taking a keen interest in producing high-performance concrete using
micro and nano particular size additives.
Alccofine is an ultrafine material showing high reactivity and controlled particle size
distribution [11] is being used as an additive to produce high-performance concrete. Use of
alccofine in concrete results in denser pore structure and high strength because maximum SiO 2 and
CaO content in it enables it to react both in the pozzolanic and hydraulic manner [10,12]. It
enhances the mechanical properties like split tensile strength, compressive strength, and
flexural strength [13] and durable against acidic environment [14] and also chloride
penetration, chances of corrosion [15]. Nano particular sized nano-silica is progressively
attracting the consideration of researchers to boost the strength and durability of high -
performance concrete. The compressive strength and bond strength of concrete using nano -

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ICIRMCT 2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1091 (2021) 012056 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1091/1/012056

silica is much greater than control concrete mixes [16]. Nano silica fills up the pores and
increases the hydration process [18].
Compressive and split tensile strength is the most essential properties of concrete. As the direct
tensile test is difficult to execute, therefore indirect tensile strength tests namely split and flexural
strength are performed [7]. Split tensile strength is one of the crucial properties of concrete and is used
to design structural elements of concrete subjected to transverse shear, torsion, shrinkage, etc. [21]. As
a matter of comport, square root functions are used mostly to find tensile strength from compressive
strength(fck) [2]. But many research studies were conducted to determine the correlation between
compressive and splitting tensile strength for conventional concrete, geopolymer concrete, self-
compacting concrete, roller-compacted concrete, etc. using power-type equations and found that the
power of compressive strength varies [1-6]. Error analysis using statistical parameters of Root Mean
Square Error, Integral Absolute Error, Normal Efficiency, and Mean Absolute Error are used to
determine the accuracy of these power-type equations developed from experimental results [2, 9].
Hence in this research, an effort is made to determine a correlation between the compressive and
splitting tensile strength of alccofine and nano silica-based concrete.

2. Research significance
Mostly many researches investigated the behavior of concrete and very few researches are
there on the correlation between split tensile and compressive strength of concrete. Therefore the
present study investigates the correlation between split tensile and compressive strength of concrete
using alccofine and nano-silica by considering analytical and experimental results for 28 days of
curing.

3. Experimental Programme
Alccofine and Nano silica was procured from Ambuja cement Pvt. Ltd. and Astrra Chemicals
Chennai. The particular size, fineness, and specific gravity of Alccofine and Nano silica are 4-6µm,
12000 cm2 /gm, 2.86 and 17nm, 202 m2/g, 2.2-2.4 as provided by suppliers. KPC cement grade 53
conforming to IS 12269-1987 used for the study was obtained from local suppliers. Locally available
sand having the density of 1520 Kg/m3, confirming to Zone-II, having fineness modulus 3.18 was
used. Coarse aggregate of density 1416 Kg/m3 having fineness modulus 7.6 and size 20mm was used.
Locally available tap water was used.
All the concrete mixes of grade M40, M50, and M60 were designed as per IS10262:2019 and IS
456:2005. In the present research, all the grades of concrete were partially replaced by 15%
Alccofine(Al) and 15+3% (Al) Alccofine and nano-silica (Ns) by weight of cement. Mix proportions
for all the grades of concrete are given in table 1.

Table 1. Mix proportions for all the grades of concrete (Kg/m3)

Concrete Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate

Cement w/c
grades (FA) (CA)

M40 400 667 1248 0.4

M50 440 642 1243 0.36

M60 527 596 1218 0.3

Evaluation of experimental results of compressive strength was done using 150mm cubes and
split tensile strength using cylinders of diameter 150mm and height 300mm for 28 days of curing in
water using standard test methods confirming to IS:516-1959 and IS:5816-1999. Regression analysis
was used to develop a proposed power-type equation to determine the correlation between

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ICIRMCT 2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1091 (2021) 012056 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1091/1/012056

compressive and splitting tensile strength. The predicted results of split tensile strength from the
proposed power-type equation are compared with experimental results. A proposed power-type
equation was compared with the equations developed by other researchers and the accuracy of the
equations was measured using statistical parameters of Root Mean Square Error, Integral Absolute
Error, Normal Efficiency, and Mean Absolute Error.

Table 2. Tests results of the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength(Mpa).

Compressive strength Split tensile strength

Concrete grade Additives
(fck) (ft)

0 51.2 4.18
M40 Al 62.7 5.26
Al+Ns 66 5.65
0 58.7 4.91
M50 Al 67.6 6.05
Al+Ns 70.7 6.43
0 68.5 5.61
M60 Al 80.1 6.68
Al+Ns 82.69 7.08

4. Results and discussions

Experimental results of compressive and splitting tensile strength of concrete using alccofine
and alccofine + nano-silica as additives for concrete grades of M40, M50, and M60 are given in table 2.
Experimental results given in the table are average values of three specimens tested. It was observed
that compressive and splitting tensile results using (Al+Ns) were greater than control mixes for all the
grades of concrete. Using regression analysis a power-type equation was developed to determine the
correlation between compressive and splitting tensile strength considering all the grades of concrete.
From figure 1 it was observed that split tensile strength for all grades of concrete increases with an
increase in compressive strength.

8.00 Ei Pi
8.00
Split tensile strength (ft) Mpa

7.00
Split tensile strength

7.00
6.00
6.00
5.00
ft= 0.059fck 1.087 5.00
4.00
R2 = 0.9545 4.00
3.00 3.00
2.00 2.00
1.00 1.00

0.00 0.00
40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 51.2 58.7 62.7 66.0 67.6 68.5 70.7 80.1 82.7

Compressive strength (fck) Mpa Compressive strength

Figure 1 Correlation between compressive and Figure 2 Compressive strength Vs Experimental &
splitting tensile strength Predicted results of split tensile strength

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ICIRMCT 2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1091 (2021) 012056 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1091/1/012056

Equation 1 given below is the proposed power-type equation adopted for the correlation
between compressive and splitting tensile strength of concrete considering all the grades of concrete at
28 days of curing obtained from figure 1 using regression analysis. R2=0.9545 acquired from
experimental results and power-type regression equation justifies that 95.45% of experimental results
were correlated to the power-type regression equation and a good relation between compressive and
splitting tensile strength was observed.

ft = 0.059fck1.087………………………………………..……..1

ft = Split tensile strength

fck = Compressive strength

Table 3. Split tensile strength calculated from different equations

Predicted values
Experimental
results Proposed ACI318- Selim et al. Lavanya et Smadi et Carino et Oluokun
Equation 14[1] [6] al. [2] al. [5] al. [3] et al. [4]

Split
tensile
Comp. 0.059fck1.087 0.56√𝒇𝒄𝒌 0.106fck0.948 0.249fck0.772 0.46√𝒇𝒄𝒌 0.272fck0.71 0.294fck0.69
strength
strength
(ft)
(fck)
Ei Pi E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6

51.2 4.18 4.25 4.01 4.42 5.20 3.29 4.45 4.44

58.7 4.91 4.94 4.29 5.03 5.78 3.52 4.90 4.88

62.7 5.26 5.30 4.43 5.36 6.08 3.64 5.14 5.11

66.0 5.65 5.61 4.55 5.63 6.32 3.74 5.33 5.29

67.6 6.05 5.75 4.60 5.76 6.44 3.78 5.42 5.38

68.5 5.61 5.84 4.63 5.83 6.51 3.81 5.47 5.43

70.70 6.43 6.04 4.71 6.01 6.67 3.87 5.59 5.55

80.1 6.68 6.92 5.01 6.76 7.34 4.12 6.11 6.05

82.69 7.08 7.16 5.09 6.97 7.52 4.18 6.25 6.19

Split tensile strength values calculated from the proposed power-type equation and other
equations are given in table 3. From figure 2 it can be concluded that experimental results and results
predicted from the proposed equation are almost similar. Not much information regarding the validity
and accuracy of the equations utilized for determining split tensile strength from compressive strength
is available in the literature [2]. Error analysis was done using statistical parameters of Root Mean
Square Error, Integral Absolute Error, Normal Efficiency, and Mean Absolute Error [2, 9, 19] to
analyze the accuracy of the proposed power-type equation as compared to the equations developed by
other researchers are given below.

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ICIRMCT 2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1091 (2021) 012056 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1091/1/012056

1
Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) =√𝑛 ∑𝑛𝑖=1(𝐸𝑖 − 𝑃𝑖 )2 …………………………………….2
√(𝐸𝑖 −𝑃𝑖 )2
Integral Absolute Error (IAE) = ∑𝑛𝑖=0∑ 𝐸𝑖
× 100……………………………………….3
1 |𝑃 −𝐸 |
Normal Efficiency (NEF) = (1 − 𝑛 ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑖𝐸 𝑖 ) × 100……………………………………...4
𝑖
1
Mean Absolute Error (MAE) = ∑𝑛𝑖=1|𝑃𝑖 − 𝐸𝑖 |……………………………………….……..5
𝑛

Ei= Experimental results

Pi=Predicted results from proposed equations

Table 4: Results of error analysis from statistical parameters

Source Equations RMSE IAE NEF MAE
Proposed Equation 0.059fck1.087 0.201 2.74 99.77 0.158

ACI318-14[1] 0.56√fck 1.29 20.28 98.35 0.158

Selim et al. [6] 0.106fck0.948 0.215 3.12 99.75 0.18

Lavanya et al. [2] 0.249fck0.772 0.711 11.57 98.96 0.667

Smadi et al. [5] 0.46√fck 2.07 34.51 97.12 1.988

Carino et al. [3] 0.272fck0.71 0.507 7.196 99.42 0.414

Oluokun et al. [4] 0.294fck0.69 0.544 7.79 99.37 0.449

From the error analysis values shown in table 4 split tensile strength calculated from the
proposed equation based on experimental results is much accurate compared to those calculated using
design codes and other equations obtained by researchers. The split tensile results calculated from the
equation obtained from Selim et al. [6] were almost similar to predicted results. It can be concluded
that the equation having power other than square root can also be used to calculate split tensile strength
from compressive strength and this is in agreement with many other researchers [2-7]. As the
regression equation is acceptable if the IAE value ranges within the limit of 0 to 10% [20], the
proposed equation showed the lowest value of IAE i.e. 2.74 as compared to other equations. Equations
showing the least value of Root Mean Square Error, Integral Absolute Error, Normal Efficiency, and
Mean Absolute Error can be considered as best [2, 9, 19]. From table 4 RMSE, IAE, NEF, MAE
values of proposed equation are 0.201, 2.74, 99.77, 0.158. Hence proposed equation can be used to
predicted split tensile results from compressive strength results.

5. Conclusion

⚫ Good compliance between experimental and analytical results was observed.

⚫ R2=0.9545 acquired from experimental results and power-type regression equation justifies that
95.45% of experimental results were correlated to the power-type regression equation
⚫ The split tensile results calculated from the equation obtained from Selim Pul [6] were almost
similar to predicted results.
⚫ Equation having power other than square root can also be used to calculate split tensile strength
from compressive strength

5
ICIRMCT 2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1091 (2021) 012056 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1091/1/012056

⚫ From error analysis using statistical parameters the proposed equation ft = 0.059fck1.087 is accurate,
as it showed least value as compared to other equations and can be used to calculate split tensile
results from compressive strength results.

Acknowledgement
The authors are grateful to the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad (India) for
providing the necessary laboratory facilities to carry out the research work discussed in the present
paper.

Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

References
[1] ACI Committee 318, 2014. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary.
American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, pp. 107.
[2] Lavanya, G and Jegan, J., 2015. Evaluation of relationship between split tensile strength and
compressive strength for geopolymer concrete of varying grades and molarity. Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res.
Vol. 10 (15), pp 35523–27.
[3] Carino, N.J., Lew, H.S., 1982. Re-examination of the relation between splitting tensile and
compressive strength of normal weight concrete. ACI Mater. J. Vol.79 (3), pp 214–219.
[4] Oluokun, F.A., Burdette, E.G., Deatherage, J.H., 1991. Splitting tensile strength and compressive
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and tensile strengths of roller-compacted concrete. J. Traffic Transp. Eng. (Engl. Ed.). Vol. 5 (3), pp
215-223.
[8] Mutiu A. Akinpelu, Samson O. Odeyemi, Oladipupo S. Olafusi, and Fatimah Z. Muhammed, 2019
Evaluation of splitting tensile and compressive strength relationship of self-compacting concrete
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ICIRMCT 2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1091 (2021) 012056 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1091/1/012056

[17] Ye Qing, Zhang Zenan, Kong Deyu and Chen Rongshen, 2007 Influence of nano-SiO2 addition on
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AUTHORS PROFILE

K Ashwini is currently pursuing Ph.D in Structural Engineering from Jawaharlal Nehru

Technological University Hyderabad, Telangana, India. She completed her M.E in Structural
Engineering from AISSMSCOE Pune. She has published three research articles in international
journals.

Dr. P Srinivasa Rao is currently working as a Professor in the department of civil engineering
at JNTUH college of engineering Hyderabad, Telangana, India. He has been associated with
number of design projects, for numbers of organizations and involved as a key person in
quality control and mix designs. He has guided 8 Ph.D students, guiding 10 Ph.D students and
guided more than 200 M. tech projects. He is the member of ISTE, ICI and Institute of
Engineers and has delivered invite lectures in many organizations and institutions. He was
recipient of best teacher award of 2015 govt. of Telangana and also outstanding concrete
engineer of Telangana-2015 (ICI). He specialized in structural engineering and his research
interest are concrete technology, structural design, high performance concrete, prefabricating
structures, special concretes and use of micro silica, fly ash building materials.