Air Pollution Characteristics

The Environmental Protection Agency estimates air pollution and

particulate matter cause 60,000 deaths each year. There are natural
factors that contribute to air pollution, but modernization and the
transportation industry drastically increase the levels of toxic fumes.

Plant Life
Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and other air pollutants can enter the pores of
developing plants and break down the waxy coating that protects them from disease
and excess water loss.

Carbon Monoxide
The internal combustion engines of cars and other vehicles produce carbon monoxide,
which is a highly poisonous gas. According to the American Heart Association,
breathing this form of air pollution over a long period of time can cause serious
respiratory problems.

Aerial Transport
The effects of air pollution can be felt thousands of miles from its original source.
China's industrial pollution can be felt in Western parts of the United States. Aerial
transport has also caused pesticides from farms in South America to arrive in
Antarctica.

Natural Causes
Volcanic activity can be one of the most significant natural sources of air pollution.
When volcanoes erupt, they spew large amounts of ash and toxic chemicals into the
air.

Other Natural Causes

Desert areas create dust storms that contribute to particulate matter in the
atmosphere. Forest and grass fires also produce smoke that causes chemical
pollutants to enter the air.

Industrial Modernization
The quality of air is being reduced by industrial modernization. Cement factories,
mines, steel manufacturers and thermal-power plants are among some of the leading
producers of air pollution.

https://sciencing.com/difference-between-human-natural-air-pollution-23687.html

The air around us is getting more and more polluted. Find out why and what we
can do about it.

http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/air/airintro.htm

What is air pollution?

‘I’ll go out for a breath of fresh air’ is an often-heard phrase. But how many of us realize that this
has become irrelevant in today’s world, because the quality of air in our cities is anything but
fresh.

The moment you step out of the house and are on the road you can
actually see the air getting polluted; a cloud of smoke from the exhaust of a
bus, car, or a scooter; smoke billowing from a factory
chimney, flyash generated by thermal power plants, and speeding cars
causing dust to rise from the roads. Natural phenomena such as the
eruption of a volcano and even someone smoking a cigarette can also
cause air pollution.

The gaseous composition of unpolluted air

 
The Gases Parts per
million (vol)
Nitrogen 756,500
Oxygen 202,900
Water 31,200
Argon 9,000
Carbon Dioxide 305
Neon 17.4
Helium 5.0
 Methane 0.97-1.16
Krypton 0.97
Nitrous oxide 0.49
Hydrogen 0.49
Xenon 0.08
Organic vapours ca.0.02

Air pollution is aggravated because of four developments: increasing traffic, growing cities, rapid
economic development, and industrialization. The Industrial Revolution in Europe in the 19th century saw
the beginning of air pollution as we know it today, which has gradually become a global problem.

Learn more about indoor air pollution, the air and its major pollutants, what you can do, and the problem
of acid rain and smog.

Air and its major pollutants

One of the formal definitions of air pollution is as follows – ‘The
presence in the atmosphere of one or more contaminants in such
quality and for such duration as is injurious, or tends to be injurious, to
human health or welfare, animal or plant life.’ It is the contamination of
air by the discharge of harmful substances. Air pollution can cause
health problems and it can also damage the environment and property.
It has caused thinning of the protective ozone layer of the atmosphere,
which is leading to climate change.

Modernization and progress have led to air getting more and more polluted over the years.
Industries, vehicles, increase in the population, and urbanization are some of the major factors
responsible for air pollution. The following industries are among those that emit a great deal of
pollutants into the air: thermal power plants, cement, steel, refineries, petro chemicals, and
mines.

Air pollution results from a variety of causes, not all of which are within human control. Dust
storms in desert areas and smoke from forest fires and grass fires contribute to chemical and
particulate pollution of the air. The source of pollution may be in one country but the impact of
pollution may be felt elsewhere. The discovery of pesticides in Antarctica, where they have
never been used, suggests the extent to which aerial transport can carry pollutants from one
place to another. Probably the most important natural source of air pollution is volcanic activity,
which at times pours great amounts of ash and toxic fumes into the atmosphere. The eruptions
of such volcanoes as Krakatoa in Indonesia, Mt. St. Helens in Washington, USA and Katmai in
Alaska, USA, have been related to measurable climatic changes.

National Ambient Air Quality Standards

 POLLUTANTS AVERAGE TIME   CONCENTRATION  
     
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) Annual average 60 µg/m3
  24 hour 80 µg/m3
         
Oxides of Nitrogen (NO2) A.A 60 µg /m3
  24H 80 µg /m3
        
Suspended Particulate Matter
A.A 140 µg/m3
(SPM)
  24H 200 µg/m3
        
Lead A.A 0.75 µg/m3
   24H 1.0 µg/m3
        
Carbon Monoxide A.A 2.0 µg/m3
   24H 4.0 µg/m3
      
Respirable Particulate Matter
A.A 60 µg/m3
(RPM)
   24H 100 µg/m3
        

Listed below are the major air pollutants and their sources.

Carbon monoxide (CO)is a colourless, odourless gas that is produced by the

incomplete burning of carbon-based fuels including petrol, diesel, and wood. It is also produced
from the combustion of natural and synthetic products such as cigarettes. It lowers the amount
of oxygen that enters our blood . It can slow our reflexes and make us confused and sleepy.

Carbon dioxide (CO2)is the principle greenhouse gas emitted as a

result of human activities such as the burning of coal, oil, and natural
gases.

Chloroflorocarbons (CFC) are gases that are released mainly

from air-conditioning systems and refrigeration. When released into the air,
CFCs rise to the stratosphere, where they come in contact with few other
gases, which leads to a reduction of the ozone layer that protects the earth from the harmful
ultraviolet rays of the sun.

Leadis present in petrol, diesel, lead batteries, paints, hair dye products, etc. Lead affects
children in particular. It can cause nervous system damage and digestive problems and, in
some cases, cause cancer.
Ozone occur naturally in the upper layers of the atmosphere. This important gas shields the
earth from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun. However, at the ground level, it is a pollutant
with highly toxic effects. Vehicles and industries are the major source of ground-level ozone
emissions. Ozone makes our eyes itch, burn, and water. It lowers our resistance to colds and
pneumonia.

Nitrogen oxide (Nox) causes smog and acid rain. It is produced from burning fuels
including petrol, diesel, and coal. Nitrogen oxides can make children susceptible to respiratory
diseases in winters.

Suspended particulate matter (SPM) consists of solids in the air in the form of

smoke, dust, and vapour that can remain suspended for extended periods and is also the main
source of haze which reduces visibility. The finer of these particles, when breathed in can lodge
in our lungs and cause lung damage and respiratory problems.

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is a gas produced from burning coal, mainly in thermal power
plants. Some industrial processes, such as production of paper and smelting of metals, produce
sulphur dioxide. It is a major contributor to smog and acid rain. Sulfur dioxide can lead to lung
diseases.

More on air pollutant

Smog
The term smog was first used in 1905 by Dr H A Des Voeux to describe
the conditions of fog that had soot or smoke in it. Smog is a
combination of various gases with water vapour and dust. A large part
of the gases that form smog is produced when fuels are burnt. Smog
forms when heat and sunlight react with these gases and fine particles
in the air. Smog can affect outlying suburbs and rural areas as well as
big cities. Its occurrences are often linked to heavy traffic, high
temperatures, and calm winds. During the winter, wind speeds are low
and cause the smoke and fog to stagnate; hence pollution levels can increase near ground level. This
keeps the pollution close to the ground, right where people are breathing. It hampers visibility and harms
the environment. Heavy smog is greatly decreases ultraviolet radiation. In fact, in the early part of the
20th century, heavy smog in some parts of Europe resulted in a decrease in the production of natural
vitamin D leading to a rise in the cases of rickets. Smog causes a misty haze similar to fog, but very
different in composition. In fact the word smog has been coined from a combination of the words fog and
smoke. Smog refers to hazy air that causes difficult breathing conditions.

The most harmful components of smog are ground-level ozone and fine airborne particles. Ground-level
ozone forms when pollutants released from gasoline and diesel-powered vehicles and oil-based solvents
react with heat and sunlight. It is harmful to humans, animals, and plants.

The industrial revolution in the 19th century saw the beginning of air pollution in Europe on a large scale
and the presence of smog mainly in Britain. The industries and the households relied heavily on coal for
heating and cooking. Due to the burning of coal for heat during the winter months, emissions of smoke
and sulphur dioxide were much greater in urban areas than they were during the summer months. Smoke
particles trapped in the fog gave it a yellow/black colour and this smog often settled over cities for many
days.

The effects of smog on human health were evident, particularly when smog persisted for several days.
Many people suffered respiratory problems and increased deaths were recorded, notably those relating to
bronchial causes. A haze of dense harmful smog would often cover the city of London. The first smog-
related deaths were recorded in London in 1873, when it killed 500 people. In 1880, the toll was 2000.
London had one of its worst experiences with smog in December 1892. It lasted for three days and
resulted in about 1000 deaths. London became quite notorious for its smog. By the end of the 19th
century, many people visited London to see the fog. Despite gradual improvements in air quality during
the 20th century, another major smog occurred in London in December 1952. The Great London Smog
lasted for five days and resulted in about 4000 more deaths than usual. In response to the Great London
Smog, the government passed its first Clean Air Act in 1956, which aimed to control domestic sources of
smoke pollution by introducing smokeless zones. In addition, the introduction of cleaner coals led to a
reduction in sulphur dioxide pollution. In the 1940s, severe smog began covering the city of Los Angeles
in the USA.

Relatively little was done to control any type of pollution or to promote environmental protection until the
middle of the 20th century. Today, smoke and sulphur dioxide pollution in cities is much lower than in the
past, as a result of legislation to control pollution emissions and cleaner emission technology.

Ground-level ozone

Ground-level ozone is formed through a complex reaction involving hydrocarbons,

nitrogen oxides, and sunlight. Ground-level ozone is especially harmful for seniors,
children, asthmatics, and people with heart and lung conditions. It aggravates
respiratory symptoms and further impairs the ability of these individuals to perform
normal activities. It can inflame breathing passages, decreasing the lung's working
capacity, and causing shortness of breath, pain when inhaling deeply, wheezing,
and coughing. It can cause eye and nose irritation and dry out the protective
membranes of the nose and throat and interfere with the body's ability to fight
infection, increasing susceptibility to illness.

Acid rain
Another effect of air pollution is acid rain. The phenomenon occurs when
sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from the burning of fossil fuels such as,
petrol, diesel, and coal combine with water vapour in the atmosphere and fall
as rain, snow or fog. These gases can also be emitted from natural sources like
volcanoes. Acid rain causes extensive damage to water, forest, soil resources
and even human health. Many lakes and streams have been contaminated and
this has led to the disappearance of some species of fish in Europe, USA and
Canada as also extensive damage to forests and other forms of life. It is said
that it can corrode buildings and be hazardous to human health. Because the contaminants are carried
long distances, the sources of acid rain are difficult to pinpoint and hence difficult to control. For example,
the acid rain that may have damaged some forest in Canada could have originated in the industrial areas
of USA. In fact, this has created disagreements between Canada and the United States and among
European countries over the causes of and solutions to the problem of acid rain. The international scope
of the problem has led to the signing of international agreements on the limitation of sulphur and nitrogen
oxide emissions.

Flyash
With the boom in population and industrial growth, the need for power has
increased manifold. Nearly 73% of India’s total installed power generation
capacity is thermal, of which 90% is coal-based generation, with diesel, wind,
gas, and steam making up the rest. Thermal power generation through coal
combustion produces minute particles of ash that causes serious
environmental problems.

Commonly known as fly ash, these ash particles consist of silica, alumina, oxides of iron, calcium, and
magnesium and toxic heavy metals like lead, arsenic, cobalt, and copper.

The 80-odd utility thermal power stations in India use bituminous coal and produce large quantities of fly
ash. According to one estimate, up to 150 million tonnes of fly ash will be produced in India in the year
2000, primarily by thermal power plants and, to a lesser extent, by cement and steel plants and railways.
This poses problems in the form of land use, health hazards, and environmental dangers. Both in disposal
and in utilization utmost care has to be taken to safeguard the interest of human life, wild life, and such
other considerations.

The prevalent practice is to dump fly ash on wastelands, and this has lain to waste thousands of hectares
all over the country. To prevent the fly ash from getting airborne, the dumping sites have to be constantly
kept wet by sprinkling water over the area. The coal industry in USA spends millions of dollars on lining fly
ash dumping grounds. But in India, these sites are not lined and it leads to seepage, contaminating
groundwater and soil. It lowers soil fertility and contaminates surface and ground water as it can leach
into the subsoil. When fly ash gets into the natural draining system, it results in siltation and clogs the
system. It also reduces the pH balance and portability of water. Fly ash interferes with the process of
photosynthesis of aquatic plants and thus disturbs the food chain. Besides, fly ash corrodes exposed
metallic structures in its vicinity.

In Delhi, the problem of fly ash is particularly severe as three power stations are located here. Being very
minute, fly ash tends to remain airborne for a very long period leading to serious health problems as the
airborne ash can enter the body. It causes irritation to eyes, skin, and nose, throat, and respiratory tract.
Repeated inhalation of fly ash dust containing crystalline silica can cause bronchitis and lung cancer.

            
Tackling the problem of fly ash

Fly ash management has taken considerable strides over the past few years. Researches have been
attempting to convert this waste into wealth by exploring viable avenues for fly ash management. Fly ash
is oxide-rich and can be used as the raw material for different industries.

Today, fly ash bricks can be used as a building material. The American Embassy in India has used fly ash
bricks in some of its recent construction. Use of fly ash as a part replacement of cement in mortar and
concrete has started with the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi taking the lead. Use of fly ash in the
construction of roads and embankments has been successfully demonstrated in the country and it is
gaining acceptance. The NTPC (National Thermal Power Corporation) is setting up two fly ash brick
manufacturing plants at Badarpur and Dadri near Delhi.
At TERI, researchers have proven that fly ash dumps can be reclaimed by suitable addition of organic
matter and symbiotic fungi, making it commercially viable for activities like floriculture and silviculture.
TERI researchers have successfully reclaimed a part of an ash pond at the Badarpur Thermal Power
Station by introducing a mycorrhizal fungi-based organic bio-fertilizer. As the fungus germinates, it
sustains on the partner plant and quickly spreads to the roots and beyond. It improves the plant's water
and nutrient uptake, helps in the development of roots and soil-binding, stores carbohydrates and oils for
use when needed, protects the plants from soil-borne diseases, and detoxifies contaminated soils. This
helps in keeping both air and water pollution under control. It also helps revive wastelands and saves
millions of litres of precious water from going down the fly ash slurries. Marigold, tuberose, gladiolus,
carnation, sunflower, poplar, sheesham, and eucalyptus now grow at the demonstration site of the power
station.

Use of fly ash in agricultural applications has been well demonstrated and has been accepted by a large
number of farmers.

The National Capital Power Station of the NTPC has come up with an innovative technology for
commercial utilization of this by-product. Known as the dry ash technology, it is considered environment-
friendly. Under the dry ash technology, the fly ash is collected in huge mounds with a filter bed provided at
the bottom of the mound. Grass is planted on the slopes of the fly ash mounds and polymer layering is
also done to prevent the ash from being blown by the wind. Fly ash treated by this method develops
certain physical properties that make it more suitable for commercial purposes.

Indoor air pollution

It refers to the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of air in the indoor environment within a
home, building, or an institution or commercial facility. Indoor air pollution is a concern in the developed
countries, where energy efficiency improvements sometimes make houses relatively airtight, reducing
ventilation and raising pollutant levels. Indoor air problems can be subtle and do not always produce
easily recognized impacts on health. Different conditions are responsible for indoor air pollution in the
rural areas and the urban areas.

In the developing countries, it is the rural areas that face the greatest threat
from indoor pollution, where some 3.5 billion people continue to rely on
traditional fuels such as firewood, charcoal, and cowdung for cooking and
heating. Concentrations of indoor pollutants in households that burn traditional
fuels are alarming. Burning such fuels produces large amount of smoke and
other air pollutants in the confined space of the home, resulting in high
exposure. Women and children are the groups most vulnerable as they spend
more time indoors and are exposed to the smoke. In 1992, the World Bank
designated indoor air pollution in the developing countries as one of the four most critical global
environmental problems. Daily averages of pollutant level emitted indoors often exceed current WHO
guidelines and acceptable levels. Although many hundreds of separate chemical agents have been
identified in the smoke from biofuels, the four most serious pollutants are particulates, carbon monoxide,
polycyclic organic matter, and formaldehyde. Unfortunately, little monitoring has been done in rural and
poor urban indoor environments in a manner that is statistically rigorous.

In urban areas, exposure to indoor air pollution has increased due to a variety of
reasons, including the construction of more tightly sealed buildings, reduced
ventilation, the use of synthetic materials for building and furnishing and the use of
chemical products, pesticides, and household care products. Indoor air pollution
can begin within the building or be drawn in from outdoors. Other than nitrogen
dioxide, carbon monoxide, and lead, there are a number of other pollutants that affect the air quality in an
enclosed space.

Volatile organic compounds originate mainly from solvents and chemicals. The main indoor
sources are perfumes, hair sprays, furniture polish, glues, air fresheners, moth repellents, wood
preservatives, and many other products used in the house. The main health effect is the imitation of the
eye, nose and throat. In more severe cases there may be headaches, nausea and loss of coordination. In
the long term, some of the pollutants are suspected to damage to the liver and other parts of the body.

Tobacco smoke generates a wide range of harmful chemicals and is known to

cause cancer. It is well known that passive smoking causes a wide range of
problems to the passive smoker (the person who is in the same room with a smoker
and is not himself/herself a smoker) ranging from burning eyes, nose, and throat
irritation to cancer, bronchitis, severe asthma, and a decrease in lung function .

Pesticides , if used carefully and the manufacturers, instructions followed carefully they do not cause
too much harm to the indoor air.

Biological pollutants include pollen from plants, mite, hair from pets, fungi, parasites, and some
bacteria. Most of them are allergens and can cause asthma, hay fever, and other allergic diseases.

Formaldehyde is a gas that comes mainly from carpets, particle boards, and insulation foam. It
causes irritation to the eyes and nose and may cause allergies in some people.

Asbestos is mainly a concern because it is suspected to cause cancer.

Radon is a gas that is emitted naturally by the soil. Due to modern houses having poor ventilation, it is
confined inside the house causing harm to the dwellers.

 What you can do to reduce air pollution

Encourage your family to walk to the neighbourhood market.

Whenever possible take your bicycle.

As far as possible use public forms of transport.

Don’t let your father drop you to school, take the school bus.

Encourage your family to form a car pool to office and back.

Reduce the use of aerosols in the household.

Look after the trees in your neighbourhood.

Begin a tree-watch group to ensure that they are well tended and cared for.
 Switch-off all the lights and fans when not required.

If possible share your room with others when the airconditioner, cooler or fan is
on.

Do not burn leaves in your garden, put them in a compost pit.

Make sure that the pollution check for your family car is done at regular
intervals

Cars should, as far as possible, be fitted with catalytic converters.

Use only unleaded petrol.

 
 

Health impacts of air Common atmospheric pollution sources and their

pollution pollutants
Category Source Emitting pollutants
Since the onset of the industrial revolution, Agriculture Open burning Suspended
there has been a steady change in the particulate matter,
composition of the atmosphere mainly due to carbon monoxide,
the combustion of fossil fuels used for the volatile organic
generation of energy and transportation. compounds
Mining and Coal mining; crude Suspended
Air pollution is a major environmental health
quarrying oil and gas particulate matter,
problem affecting the developing and the
production; stone sulphur dioxide,
developed countries alike. The effects of air
quarrying oxides of nitrogen,
pollution on health are very complex as there
volatile organic
are many different sources and their
compounds
individual effects vary from one to the other.
It is not only the ambient air quality in the Power Electricity; gas; Suspended
cities but also the indoor air quality in the generation steam particulate matter,
rural and the urban areas that are causing sulphur dioxide,
concern. In fact in the developing world the oxides of nitrogen,
highest air pollution exposures occur in the carbon monoxide,
indoor environment. Air pollutants that are volatile organic
inhaled have serious impact on human compounds, sulphur
health affecting the lungs and the respiratory trioxide, lead
system; they are also taken up by the blood
Transport Combustion Suspended
and pumped all round the body. These
engines particulate matter,
pollutants are also deposited on soil, plants,
sulphur dioxide,
and in the water, further contributing to
oxides of nitrogen,
human exposure. As you read on you can
carbon monoxide,
learn about health impacts of specific air
volatile organic
pollutants.
compounds, lead
Community Municipal Suspended
  service incinerators particulate matter,
sulphur dioxide,
Sources of air pollution oxides of nitrogen,
carbon monoxide,
volatile organic
compounds, lead
Air pollutants consist of gaseous pollutants, odours, and SPM, (suspended particulate matter) such as
dust, fumes, mist, and smoke. The concentration of these in and near the urban areas causes severe
pollution to the surroundings. The largest sources of human-created air pollution are energy generation,
transportation, and industries that use a great deal of energy sources. Depending on their source and
interactions with other components of the air, they can have different chemical compositions and health
impacts. Since these pollutants are generally concentrated in and around urban areas, the outdoor urban
pollution levels are far higher than in the rural areas.

Fires are another major source of air pollution and can lead to severe problems if the smoke is inhaled for
a period of time. These fires can either be forest fires, oil well fires, burning of leaves in the backyard or
as in the case of rural areas, large-scale burning of agricultural waste. Other sources include industries
and power plants located in these areas.

 
Impact of air pollution on health

The magnitude of the London fog of 1952, which affected such a large number of people, was the first
incident that made people aware of the damage done to the atmosphere due to industrialization. The
SPM levels increased manifold and resulted in over 4000 deaths.

Indoor air pollution can be particularly hazardous to health as it is released in

close proximity to people. It is stated that a pollutant released indoors is many
times more likely to reach the lung than that released outdoors. In the
developing countries a fairly large portion of the population is dependent on
biomass for their energy requirements. These include wood, charcoal,
agricultural residue, and animal waste. Open fires used for cooking and heating
are commonly found in the household both in the rural and the urban areas.
The stove is often at floor level, adding to the risk of accident and the hygiene
factor. In addition, they are often not fitted with a chimney to remove the
pollutants. In such households the children and women are most likely to be
affected, as they are the group that spends more time indoors. The main
pollutant in this environment is the SPM. In fact, death due to indoor air pollution, mainly particulate
matters, in the rural areas of India are one of the highest in the world. Many of the deaths are due to
acute respiratory infections in children; others are due to cardiovascular diseases, lung cancer, and
chronic respiratory diseases in adults. If emissions are high and ventilation is poor, household use of coal
and biomass can severely affect the indoor air quality.

Pollutant emissions per meal are also very high compared to those of other fuels. Household use of fossil
fuel is also fairly common in the developing countries, particularly coal—both bituminous and lignite.
These are particularly damaging as they burn inefficiently and emit considerable quantities of air
pollutants. If emissions are high and ventilation poor, then the exposure levels to the gases emitted are
far higher. The most harmful of the gases and agents that are emitted are particulate matter, carbon
dioxide, polycyclic organic matter, and formaldehyde. The indoor concentrations of these are far higher
than the acceptable levels and is cause for concern in rural areas.

Health impact of specific air pollutants

Some of these gases can seriously and adversely affect the health of the population and should be given
due attention by the concerned authority. The gases mentioned below are mainly outdoor air pollutants
but some of them can and do occur indoor depending on the source and the circumstances.

Tobacco smoke. Tobacco smoke generates a wide range of harmful chemicals and is a major cause of
ill health, as it is known to cause cancer, not only to the smoker but affecting passive smokers too. It is
well-known that smoking affects the passive smoker (the person who is in the vicinity of a smoker and is
not himself/herself a smoker) ranging from burning sensation in the eyes or nose, and throat irritation, to
cancer, bronchitis, severe asthma, and a decrease in lung function.
Biological pollutants. These are mostly allergens that can cause asthma, hay fever, and other allergic
diseases.
Volatile organic compounds. Volatile compounds can cause irritation of the eye, nose and throat. In
severe cases there may be headaches, nausea, and loss of coordination. In the longer run, some of them
are suspected to cause damage to the liver and other parts of the body.
Formaldehyde. Exposure causes irritation to the eyes, nose and may cause allergies in some people.
Lead. Prolonged exposure can cause damage to the nervous system, digestive problems, and in some
cases cause cancer. It is especially hazardous to small children.
Radon. A radioactive gas that can accumulate inside the house, it originates from the rocks and soil
under the house and its level is dominated by the outdoor air and also to some extent the other gases
being emitted indoors. Exposure to this gas increases the risk of lung cancer.
Ozone. Exposure to this gas makes our eyes itch, burn, and water and it has also been associated with
increase in respiratory disorders such as asthma. It lowers our resistance to colds and pneumonia.
Oxides of nitrogen. This gas can make children susceptible to respiratory diseases in the winters.
Carbon monoxide. CO (carbon monoxide) combines with haemoglobin to lessen the amount of oxygen
that enters our blood through our lungs. The binding with other haeme proteins causes changes in the
function of the affected organs such as the brain and the cardiovascular system, and also the developing
foetus. It can impair our concentration, slow our reflexes, and make us confused and sleepy.
Sulphur dioxide. SO2 (sulphur dioxide) in the air is caused due to the rise in combustion of fossil fuels. It
can oxidize and form sulphuric acid mist. SO2 in the air leads to diseases of the lung and other lung
disorders such as wheezing and shortness of breath. Long-term effects are more difficult to ascertain as
SO2 exposure is often combined with that of SPM.
SPM (suspended particulate matter). Suspended matter consists of dust, fumes, mist and smoke. The
main chemical component of SPM that is of major concern is lead, others being nickel, arsenic, and those
present in diesel exhaust. These particles when breathed in, lodge in our lung tissues and cause lung
damage and respiratory problems. The importance of SPM as a major pollutant needs special emphasis
as a) it affects more people globally than any other pollutant on a continuing basis; b) there is more
monitoring data available on this than any other pollutant; and c) more epidemiological evidence has been
collected on the exposure to this than to any other pollutant.

Air quality monitoring and awareness buliding programme for schools

Keeping in mind the importance of sensitizing teachers and, through them, the Data represetnation
school children in Delhi, about increasing air pollution in the city and the related  Graphical
problems , TERI implemented hands-on methods of monitoring and analysis,  Tabular
workshops, development of resource material, seminars, training programmes,
etc.

.
 Air quality monitoring equipment

The study was phased and in the initial phase, 50 schools in Delhi were selected, and grouped together in
5 clusters. One school in each cluster was identified as a nodal school and air-sampling equipment was
installed here so that it was accessible to 9 other schools in the cluster. Air quality monitoring of criteria of
pollutants such as RSPM (respirable suspended particulate matter) , SO2 (sulphur dioxide), and NO2
(nitrogen dioxide) at all the 5 locations was carried out on a seasonal basis.
The next phase of the project included training and interactive workshops for the schools.
The air quality data thus collected was disseminated through the website.

Graphical Data Representation
Winter data
Post monsoon data

Tabular Data Representation

Monthly
Winter data
Post monsoon data

Seasonal
Winter data
Post monsoon data
 Air pollution has become
serious threat in
Philippines
"To be honest with you, the fight for clean air is something personal to me.
My son has asthma, and this happened so many years ago, and you can
probably imagine how much worse pollution is right now in the country."

"From there on I said to myself, we should do something for the environment

to avoid aggravation of such illnesses. Indeed, loss of life is enough reason
for us to drive for an environmentally sustainable public transport system
here in the Philippines."

This is an excerpt (along with the other quoted paragraphs here in this article)
from the speech by Department of Transportation Secretary Art Tugade
delivered during a recent forum in Quezon CIty.

Mr. Tugade's reasons to push for cleaner air may be personal but whether we
like it or not, the air we breathe is one of the basic needs we cannot live
without. The quality of our air is crucial for human life to also live in quality.

However, air pollution has become a serious threat. Our modern day
activities are altering our atmosphere at an unprecedented scale. This has an
impact on air quality and is affecting people's health not only here in Metro
Manila, but the entire country, and the world as well.

Data even show that at least 90 percent in the urbanized regions of the
population is exposed to harmful levels of air pollution.

According to a World Health Organization (WHO) study, adverse air quality

is responsible for around 2.2 million of the world's seven million premature
deaths.
In the Philippines, air pollution has become one of the biggest health
emergencies, recording a total of 45.3 deaths for every 100,000 people due to
air pollution-the third-highest in the world, based on the 2018 WHO study.

Those deaths are tied to fine particulate matter in polluted air that penetrate
deep into our lungs and cardiovascular systems, increasing the risk of heart
disease, stroke, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, like
asthma, and respiratory infections, such as pneumonia, and also impacting
our cognitive abilities in one way or another.

Recent studies have also shown that even relatively low levels of air pollution
can affect people's health, and this is also very alarming.

Here's one major cause of pollution. Based on data provided by the

Department of Transportation, more than 70 percent of pollutants come from
mobile sources-the car you drive, or the jeepney or bus you ride every day to
and from work, compared to those sources that are stationary such as a
building or facility that emits air pollutant, showing that the current transport
sector is a major contributor for the pollution in our atmosphere.

Of this number, roughly 17 percent of ambient air pollution comes from the
iconic jeepney plying tirelessly along the streets of Metro Manila.

"Let's face it, pollution is a silent killer. We go on with our daily lives
commuting not fully aware that we are filling our lungs with toxic
chemicals."

"Shouldn't we do something about this now so that the next generation will
have a clean place to live in?"

In order to better address this problem and find viable, sustainable solutions,
government has partnered with the United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP) and embarked on mainstreaming the Low Carbon Urban Transport
System in the Philippines Project.

Proponents say this will help create an enabling environment for the
commercialization of low carbon urban transport systems in the country
through effective enforcement of policies and support provided for the
promotion of low carbon modes of transport; the adoption and
implementation of low carbon transport plans and programs in major cities;
and increasing private sector participation and investments in the widespread
deployment and commercialization of low carbon transport systems.

"For President Rodrigo Roa Duterte, pollution from our public transport is a
clear obstacle towards the goal of making every Filipino life comfortable.
That is why when we assume position in 2016, we launched the Duterte
administration infrastructure flagship program, the now famous public utility
vehicle modernization program."

"Under the PUVMP, we are giving everyone a new way of life when it comes
to public transport. We are changing the commuting experience for the riding
the public, and we're also giving our drivers and operators a stable livelihood.
But let's not forget its ripple effect."

"By modernizing our public transportation system, we are also curbing the
pollution that it contributes thereby."

Consider this, lesser vehicles would always mean lesser pollution, right?

For this reason, government has ongoing construction of multiple railway

projects across the country.

The Philippines' first hybrid train developed by the Department of Science

and Technology will have a maximum capacity of 880 passengers. The train
is similar to hybrid electric cars because it makes use of a hybrid diesel-
powered generator and batteries.

On the other hand, an electric bus travelling for a year can help reduce the
consumption of around 30 thousand liters of diesel; and 40 thousand
kilograms of carbon dioxide and 65 thousand kilograms of particulate matter
from being released in the atmosphere.

"Why is it that railways are important for our country and the environment?
Is because it is one of the best strategies for mobility management by taking
people out of their private vehicles and putting them in higher capacities
vehicles. We're able to reduce the demand on our streets."

But not only that, through our National Transport Policy, government now
recognizes the need for the establishment of people-friendly and alternative
modes of transportation for others, such as walking and cycling, for instance.

Government is also promoting green spaces in the National Capital Region

thru the Metro Manila Greenways Project. Under this initiative, the public
will be given elevated walkways that serve as alternative form of transport-
ways to facilitate movement from various forms.

Again, the key is awareness on how important it is for transport to be

properly managed to also impact the environment.

Citing the Philippines has one of the worst traffic on Earth, one company,
GET Comet believes that we need less cars and more public transport. It
manufactures electric vehicles that have zero emissions.

On top of that, their high capacity, latest generation electric buses offer air-
conditioning, free Wi-Fi, and access for people with mobility disabilities.

Ms. Kyle Tinga, a sustainable transport specialist there also presented their
proprietary mobile app that provides real-time travel schedules making
transport more efficient and organized.

Lastly, to allay fears that this kind of conveyance technology will displace
current drivers and owners of public utilities, the company re-introduced a
more resourceful and more profitable opportunity for everyone-crowdfunding
the fleet.

For us new to the concept, it is the practice of funding a project or venture by

raising many small amounts of money from a large number of people,
typically via online or other networking means.
Crowdfunding has been a potentially powerful "bottom-up" tool to help
economic development and create jobs through access to capital, and provide
the guidance and mentorship businesses need to find revenue growth.

Mr. Robert Cang of the Lagao Drivers Operators Transport Cooperative

based in General Santos City said their drivers save around P420 per day in
fuel cost just by shifting to the use of e-Jeepneys or electrically propelled
jeepneys compared to the traditional multicabs. He said the e-Jeepneys also
carry more passengers per trip that also add up to their total earnings.

"Just imagine how much we can achieve if we compile all our best ideas and
work together to curb pollution."

"If we took all these projects and initiatives together, we'll be contributing to
the campaign for the environment. Change has indeed begun, and we can
further push for the deployment of modern vehicles that are environmentally
sustainable. Let us come together and empower our country's low carbon
systems. Today, let us embrace the idea of an environment-friendly
transportation system and turn it into reality, so that the future sons and
daughters of this generation will live in a clean environment." (PIA NCR)

https://www.bignewsnetwork.com/news/263670053/air-pollution-has-become-
serious-threat-in-philippines#:~:text=In%20the%20Ph

A primer on air pollution

Based on 2016 statistics from the World Health Organization (WHO),
91% of the world’s population reside in locations that don’t meet WHO’s
imposed air quality standards. According to WHO’s estimates,
approximately 4.2 million deaths worldwide in 2016 were caused by
outdoor air pollution.

Before we delve into this further, it helps to ask: What is air pollution?

Air quality in Philippines

Air quality index (AQI) and PM2.5 air pollution in Philippines
2019 AQI COUNTRY RANKING

How does Philippines rank globally in air pollution?

57/ 98 countries ranked in 2019

POPULATION AVG. US AQI
COUNTRY

57 106'512'074 63
Philippines

Effects of Air Pollution In The Philippines

Air pollution has been one of the most prominent problems here
in the Philippines. This environmental problem has been
escalating over the years and continues to affect our country’s
environment negatively. It has been recognized by the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) that
air pollution levels have become higher when in comparison to
the acceptable levels that are set by the law. (Yap, 2014). This
environmental problem is a problem to millions of Filipinos due
to our many fellow citizens because majority are regular
commuters. As frequent commuters, many Filipinos are exposed
to the pollutant-containing air caused by the smoke that belch out
from numerous cars, buses, jeepneys, and other modes of
transportation here in the Philippines. (Lowe, 2014).
A major contributor to our country’s environmental problem, air
pollution, are the dark-colored fumes that belch out from the
jeepneys. (Lorenzo, I). It has also been recognized in a
worldwide view that 2 million cars in our country cause 80% of
air pollution. (Anonymous, 2014). Constantino (2010) says that
this is due to the fact that jeepneys are all diesel-fed thus
contributing to such environmental problem. (France-Presse,
2010). Diesel fuel is the mix of hydrocarbons through crude oil
distillation. (Majewski, 2013). This causes dirty emissions,
making it an unclean fuel.
Diesel fuel also produces carcinogens, soot, and NOx. These
substances are both harmful to the environment and to people’s
health.

WHAT IS THE CLEAN AIR ACT?

Republic Act No. 8749, otherwise known as the Philippine Clean Air Act, is a comprehensive air quality management policy and
program which aims to achieve and maintain healthy air for all Filipinos. 

WHAT CAN YOU DO TO HELP CLEAN THE AIR?

For vehicle owners/motorist:

 Maintain your vehicle by changing oil regularly (every 5,000 kilometers).

 Keep the engine well-tuned following the owner’s manual.
 Keep tires properly inflated.
 Plan trips and observe proper driving habits.
 Remove unnecessary things from the trunk. Don’t overload and travel only at speed required by traffic regulations
and road conditions.

For commuters:

 Try talking to the jeep/bus/tricycle driver about the high health risks of poor vehicle maintenance and improper
driving practices.
 Patronize mass railway transit (i.e., MRT, LRT)

For office workers:

 Reduce use of air conditioning and ensure that rooms are sealed.
 Make sure that lights are energy-efficient.
  Use company vehicles wisely and make sure that they are well-maintained.
 Use natural lighting by opening window curtains at daytime.

At home:

 Use low watt bulbs or energy-saving lights.

 Limit the use of air conditioning units and keep the temperature a few degrees higher.
 Don’t burn garbage.
 Avoid using aerosols.
 Properly dispose of refrigerant, refrigeration equipment, and used coolant.

For everyone:

 Talk to people on what they can do about air pollution.

 Report smoke-belchers to LTO, MMDA, and/or the appropriate local government units.
 Walk or ride your bike to places.
 Take the bus or mass rail transit whenever you can.
 Work with residential associations to stop burning of garbage.
 Plant trees.
 Spread the word about the ban on smoking in public places.

_________________________

Lifted from:

Department of Environment and Natural Resources. (2003, August). Primer on the Clean Air Act. Diliman: DENR-Public Affairs
Office. 

Clean Air Act (CAA)

How will air quality in the country be
managed?
Designation of air sheds

   The Secretary of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR),

upon recommendation of the Environmental Management Bureau (EMB), will divide
the country into different air sheds. Air sheds are to be designated based on climate,
weather, meteorology and topology, which affect the mixture and diffusion of
pollutants in the air, share common interests or face similar development problems.
DENR Administrative Order No. 2002-05 and Memorandum Circular No. 2002-1
dated January 23, 2002 provided initial designation of the Metro Manila air shed
(NCR, Region III, and Region IV-A) and the creation of its interim governing board.

Management of air sheds

   Air sheds are to be managed by multi-sectoral Governing Boards chaired by the
Secretary of the DENR with representatives from the local government’s concerned
(province/city/municipality), the private sector, people’s organizations, NGOs and
concerned government agencies.

Functions of Governing Boards

   Each Governing Board shall:

 Formulate policies and standards subject to national laws;

 Prepare a common action plan;
 Coordinate its members;
 Submit and publish an annual Air Quality Status Report for their airshed.

Support Groups

   To carry out the day-to-day work of the board, a nine-member Executive Committee
is to be elected at large by the members of the Governing Board. Technical Working
Groups are also to be formed to ensure broader participation of all stakeholders. The
EMB will serve as the technical secretariat of each Governing Board.

Air Quality Management Fund

   An Air Quality Management Fund (AQMF), to be administered by the DENR,

through the Bureau, as a special account in the National Treasury, shall be established
to finance containment, removal and cleanup operations of the government in air
pollution cases, guarantee restoration of ecosystems and rehabilitate areas affected by
violations to the Act, support research, enforcement and monitoring activities of the
relevant agencies. Such fund may likewise be allocated per air shed for the
undertakings herein stated.

   Sources for the AQMF shall include: air emission charges from industries and motor
vehicles; fines and penalties for non-compliance with air pollution standards; grants
from both private sector and donor organizations; and a limited percentage (5 to 10%)
of the proceeds of the Program Loan for the Metro Manila Air Quality Improvement
Sector Development Program.  

_______________

Lifted from:
Department of Environment and Natural Resources. (2003, August). Primer on the
Clean Air Act. Diliman: DENR-Public Affairs Office. 

How will good air quality be ensured?

The National Ambient Air Quality Guideline Values, in order to protect health, safety,
and the general welfare, have been set in law. These are to be routinely reviewed by
the DENR, through the EMB, in coordination with other concerned agencies and
sectors. 

_______________

Lifted from:

Department of Environment and Natural Resources. (2003, August). Primer on the

Clean Air Act. Diliman: DENR-Public Affairs Office. 

What about fuels?

Clean fuels are needed to achieve clean air. The CAA thus provides for:

 The complete phase out of leaded gasoline before the end of the year 2000;
 The lowering of the sulfur content of industrial and automotive diesel,
respectively, from 0.5% to 0.3% and from 0.2% to 0.05%.
 The lowering of aromatics in unleaded gasoline from 45% maximum to 35%
maximum; and the lowering of benzene in unleaded gasoline from 4%
maximum to 2% maximum.

   Further improvement on the fuel quality, excluding cleaner alternative fuels, will be
spearheaded by the Department of Energy.

_______________

Lifted from:

Department of Environment and Natural Resources. (2003, August). Primer on the

Clean Air Act. Diliman: DENR-Public Affairs Office. 

 
What about other sources of air pollution?
Smoking is banned beginning May 25, 2001, in any of the following locations:

 Inside a public building;

 Enclosed public places including public vehicles and other means of transport;
 In any enclosed area outside of one’s private residence, private place of work;
or
 Any duly designated area which will be enclosed.

    The local government units are mandated to implement this provision of the law.

   Penalty to violation of this provision is six months and one day to one year
imprisonment, or a fine of ten thousand pesos (P10,000). 

_______________

Lifted from:

Department of Environment and Natural Resources. (2003, August). Primer on the

Clean Air Act. Diliman: DENR-Public Affairs Office. 

What are covered by the Clean Air Act?

All potential sources of air pollution (mobile, point and area sources) must comply
with the provisions of the law. All emissions must be within the air quality standards.

   Mobile sources refer to vehicles like cars, trucks, buses, jeepneys, tricycles,
motorcycles, and vans.

   Point sources refer to stationary sources such as industrial firms and the
smokestacks of power plants, hotels, and other establishments.

   Area sources refer to sources of emissions other than the above. These include
smoking, burning of garbage, and dust from construction, unpaved grounds, etc. 

_______________

Lifted from:
Department of Environment and Natural Resources. (2003, August). Primer on the
Clean Air Act. Diliman: DENR-Public Affairs Office. 

What are the compliance mandates for

industrial sources of air pollution?
All stationary sources must comply with the National Emission Standards for Source
Specific Air Pollutants (NESSAP) and National Ambient Air Quality Standards
(NAAQS) and must secure their permit to operate, prior to operation.

   For new or modified sources, the permit to operate shall be converted to authority to
Construct.

   The Act also provides for the maintenance of attainment and non-attainment areas,
in respective specifications as would be described shortly. Attainment areas are such
where the existing ambient air quality complies with the National Ambient Air
Quality Guideline Values.

   For existing sources or those established prior to the effectivity date (November 25,
2000) of the Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR), in attainment areas, the
following must be observed:

 Must comply with the NESSAP and the NAAQS, or submission of compliance
program in case of non-compliance;
 May use emission trading and/or averaging as part of compliance plan;
 Must comply within 18 months if found non-compliant;
 Must pay mass emission fees.

   For new modified sources of air pollution, in attainment areas, the following must
be observed:

  Must comply with the NESSAP and NAAQS;

  Must have an “Authority to Construct,” which is converted to Permit to
Operate;
 Must apply “Best Available Control Technology,” or such approaches,
techniques or equipment which when used, result in lower air emissions, but in
a cost-effective manner;
 Emissions averaging is not allowed, but may generate emission credits for
selling;
  Must pay mass emission fees;
 Must install continuous monitoring system (CEMS) for sources with potential
to emit greater than or equal to 100 tons per year.

   For existing stationary sources in non-attainment areas, the following must be

observed:

 Must comply with the NESSAP and NAAQS;

 In case of non-compliance, compliance plan to meet the standards within 12
months is required;
 Must pay a higher fee for the mass rate of emissions (50% surcharge);
 Must pay a 100% surcharge (i.e., 200% of base) for any penalties and fines
relating to a violation of the non-attainment provisions.

   For new or modified sources in non-attainment areas, the following must be

observed:

 Must comply with the NESSAP and NAAQS;

 Must install Lowest Achievable Emission Rate (LAER) control technology, or
such technology or combination of technologies and process controls that result
in the lowest possible emissions of a given air pollutant. The technical
feasibility, rather than the cost, is the consideration, in determining the
applicable LAER for a given source;
 Must not use emissions averaging and trading for compliance;
 Must install CEMS;
 Must pay 50% surcharge on mass emission fees;
 Must pay a 100% surcharge (i.e., 200% of base) for any penalties and fines
relating to a violation of the non-attainment provisions.

_______________

Lifted from:

Department of Environment and Natural Resources. (2003, August). Primer on the

Clean Air Act. Diliman: DENR-Public Affairs Office. 

What are the compliance mandates for

mobile sources of air pollution?
 Exhaust emission standards for various mobile sources that are either in-use, new,
rebuilt, and imported second-hand have been set.

   All new motor vehicles classified under the Philippine National Standards 1891 of
the Bureau of Product Standards of the Department of Trade and Industry, whether
locally assembled/manufactured or imported are to be covered by a Certificate of
Conformity (COC). The COC is to be issued by the DENR to the motor vehicle
manufacturer, assembler or importer.

   In-use motor vehicles will only be allowed renewal of their registration upon proof
of compliance with emission standards through actual testing by the Motor Vehicle
Inspection System (MVIS) of the DOTC/LTO, and authorized private emission
testing centers.

   On the other hand, rebuild motor vehicles or imported second-hand completely

built-up or pre-regulated vehicles retrofitted with secondhand engines will only be
allowed registration or renewal of registration upon submission of a valid Certificate
of Compliance to Emission Standards (CCES) issued by the DOTC. The CCES will
only be issued if the exhaust emission standard for that specific motor vehicle is met,
as verified by actual testing through the MVIS. 

_______________

Lifted from:

Department of Environment and Natural Resources. (2003, August). Primer on the

Clean Air Act. Diliman: DENR-Public Affairs Office. 

What are the guiding principles of the Clean

Air Act?
The CAA provides that the State shall:

 Protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology
in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature;
 Promote and protect the global environment while recognizing the primary
responsibility of local government units to deal with environmental problems;
 Recognize that the responsibility of cleaning the habitat and environment is
primarily area-based;
  Recognize that "polluters must pay";
 Recognize that a clean and healthy environment is for the good of all and
should therefore be the concern of all. 

_______________

Lifted from:

Department of Environment and Natural Resources. (2003, August). Primer on the

Clean Air Act. Diliman: DENR-Public Affairs Office. 

What can you do to help clean the air?

For vehicle owners/motorist:

 Maintain your vehicle by changing oil regularly (every 5,000 kilometers).

 Keep the engine well-tuned following the owner’s manual.
 Keep tires properly inflated.
 Plan trips and observe proper driving habits.
 Remove unnecessary things from the trunk. Don’t overload and travel only at
speed required by traffic regulations and road conditions.

For commuters:

 Try talking to the jeep/bus/tricycle driver about the high health risks of poor
vehicle maintenance and improper driving practices.
 Patronize mass railway transit (i.e., MRT, LRT)

For office workers:

 Reduce use of air conditioning and ensure that rooms are sealed.
 Make sure that lights are energy-efficient.
 Use company vehicles wisely and make sure that they are well-maintained.
 Use natural lighting by opening window curtains at daytime.

At home:

 Use low watt bulbs or energy-saving lights.

 Limit the use of air conditioning units and keep the temperature a few degrees
higher.
  Don’t burn garbage.
 Avoid using aerosols.
 Properly dispose of refrigerant, refrigeration equipment, and used coolant.

For everyone:

 Talk to people on what they can do about air pollution.

 Report smoke-belchers to LTO, MMDA, and/or the appropriate local
government units.
 Walk or ride your bike to places.
 Take the bus or mass rail transit whenever you can.
 Work with residential associations to stop burning of garbage.
 Plant trees.
 Spread the word about the ban on smoking in public places.

_________________________

Lifted from:

Department of Environment and Natural Resources. (2003, August). Primer on the

Clean Air Act. Diliman: DENR-Public Affairs Office. 

What is the Clean Air Act?

Republic Act No. 8749, otherwise known as the Philippine Clean Air Act, is a
comprehensive air quality management policy and program which aims to achieve
and maintain healthy air for all Filipinos. 

_______________

Lifted from:

Department of Environment and Natural Resources. (2003, August). Primer on the

Clean Air Act. Diliman: DENR-Public Affairs Office. 

What will be done to polluting industries?

A fine of not more than P100,000 for every day of violation shall be charged against
the owner of a stationary source, until such time that standards have been met.

   For gross violation, the penalty is imprisonment of not less than six years but not
more than 10 years upon the discretion of the court. At the same time, the Pollution
Adjudication Board (PAB) could close the firm through the issuance of a Cease and
Desist Order.

  There is gross violation of the law or its rules when any of the following occurs:

1.       Three or more specific offenses within a period of one year.

2.       Three or more offenses within three consecutive years.

3.       Blatant disregard of the orders of the PAB, such as, but not limited to the
breaking of seals, padlocks and other similar devices, or operating despite the
existence of an order for closure, discontinuance or cessation of operation.

4.       Irreparable or grave damage to the environment as a consequence of any

violation or omission of the provisions of the Act or its IRR.

_______________

Lifted from:

Department of Environment and Natural Resources. (2003, August). Primer on the

Clean Air Act. Diliman: DENR-Public Affairs Office. 

What will be done to smoke belching vehicles

on the road?
 Smoke belching vehicles on the road shall be subjected to emission testing by
properly equipped enforcement teams from the DOTC/LTO or its duly deputized
agents. Violators will be subject to the following fines/penalties:

                1st offense          P1,000

                2nd offense         P3,000

                3rd offense          P5,000 plus a seminar on pollution management

_______________

Lifted from:

Department of Environment and Natural Resources. (2003, August). Primer on the

Clean Air Act. Diliman: DENR-Public Affairs Office. 

Who should implement the Clean Air Act?

The implementation of the Act is a multi-sectoral undertaking to be spearheaded by
the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). The institutions
involved in the implementation of the various components of the Act are as follows:

A. Mitigation of air pollution from mobile sources

  Motor Vehicle Inspection System:

 Land Transportation Office (LTO)

 Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC)
 private sector groups

  Private Emission Testing Centers:

 DOTC-LTO
 Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)
 DENR
 private sector groups

B. Reduction of emissions from vehicular use

  Introduction of emission control technologies:

 DENR
 DOTC
 DTI
 Department of Science and Technology (DOST)
 Automotive industry
  Regulation in the importation of second-hand vehicles:

 Bureau of Customs-DOF
 Bureau of Import Services-DTI
 DOTC-LTFRB-LTO

C.Mitigation of air pollution from stationary sources

  Stack monitoring and related permitting:

 EMB and its regional offices

 authorized/recognized private sector groups

  Adjudication of air pollution cases:

  - Pollution Adjudication Board (PAB)

  Funds for the Installation of Air Pollution control Facility:

 Land Bank of the Philippines

 Development Bank of the Philippines

D. Strengthening of ambient air monitoring, reporting ad management

 EMB in cooperation with concerned government agencies

 EMB Regional Offices

E. Improvement of fuel quality

  Change in composition of fuel quality:

 Department of energy (DOE)

 DENR
 DTI-Bureau of Product Standards
 DOST
 Chamber of automotive Manufacturers of the Philippines, Inc.
 Oil companies
 NGOs

  Examination of potential for alternative fuels:

 DOE
 DOST
  private sector groups

F. Reduction in traffic congestion and improvement in traffic flow

  Road rehabilitation Program:

 Department of Public Works and Highways

  Traffic engineering and Management:

 DOTC
 MMDA
 LGUs
 concerned government agencies

  Transport Policy Studies:

 MMDA
 DOTC-Light Railway Transport Authority
 Philippine National Railway
 LGUs

G.Increasing public awareness

 DENR Public Affairs Office and the Environmental Education and Information
Division-EMB, with Partnership for Clean Air
 relevant government agencies
 Private sector
 Civil society

_______________

Lifted from:

Department of Environment and Natural Resources. (2003, August). Primer on the

Clean Air Act. Diliman: DENR-Public Affairs Office. 

https://static.vecteezy.com/system/resources/thumbnails/000/151/305/small/stop-
pollution-air-background-vector.jpg
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dreamstime.com
%2Fillustration-air-pollution-industrial-enterprises-plant-rescue-women-stairs-water-
tree-against-backdrop-image181331501&psig=AOvVaw2nOZOtDFZnydAGa-
YCD8te&ust=1604714657656000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoT
CPDx4s7q7OwCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAT

https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2012/04/25/00/14/ozone-41306__340.png

https://static.thenounproject.com/png/2588008-200.png