1. Etika mak saida? Objetivo Etika nian?

Etika hanesan Moral?

Etika housi istoria hahu sempre hamutuk ho

ema. Ema sempre hanoin buat ruma ema halo mak
di’ak no buat ruma ema halo mak a’at. Buat bene
di’ak husu ema atu halo no keta halo buat a’at.

Ethics has accompanied men and women

from the beginning of history. Certain actions were
– and are - considered good and to be done, while
others are judged as evil and to be avoided. Let us
define now ethics and point out the different kinds
of ethics.

Etika mak saida? Lia ¨etica¨ mai housi lia grego

¨ethos¨ nebe significa lisan(costume) no ema nia
norma atu halo. Nomos etika sinifica bu’at nebe
ema sente tenke halo (São Tomás Aquinas).
Karacter ou modo atu hela ou moris.
Diccionario Filosofia hakerek: Etika ne’e parte filosofia nian nebe koalia konaba toman (kostume),
moral no deber ema nian, principio moral no obrigasaun nebe ema halao iha nia moris no nia servisu.)
What is the meaning of ethics”? The word “ethics” is a translation of the Greek word “ethos,”
which means, basically, customs, or rules of human conduct. It also may mean “a certain inclination to
act” (St. Thomas Aquinas), “a way of being,” or character.

Iha lia tan ¨moralis¨mai housi lia latin, no mak tradusaun housi lia grego ba ¨etica¨. Dala ruma lia
rua hanesan. Maibe dala ruma la hanesan. ¨Etika¨mak buat nebe ema los tenke halo, no ¨moral¨mak
buat nebe halo di’ak tuir religiaun. Maibe dala barak ema usa lia rua ho sinificado hanesan.

Diccionario Filosofia hakerek:

1.Moral ne’e estuda kona ba norma lubun ida mundo tomak nian nebe hatuur ema nia lalaok di’ak iha
sociedade laran, hanesan ho regra no conduta sira nian nebe sai hanesan considerasaun universal.

2.Hahalok di’ak lubun ida nebe grupo social ka doutrina hanourin, lisaun ka hanourin nebe hasai hosi
ainanoik ka acontecimento ruma, lubun ka conjunto housi principio sira nebe sai hanesan matadalan atu
orienta ema ida nia hahalok no nia hanoin.

The word “moralis” (morals) is the Latin translation of ethos. Etymologically, then, ethics and morals
are usually understood as synonyms. In modern times, however, the two words may signify partly
different things: While ethics refers to “the rational science that studies the rectitude of the conduct

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 of man, morals points exclusively to the good conduct as determined by religions.” Thus, ethics may
mean philosophical ethics and morals, theological ethics. Still both terms – ethics and morals - are
usually considered and used as synonymous words, as interchangeable terms.

Etika mak materia ida nebe hatudu dalan atu moris hamutuk ho ema iha sociedade. Mak dalan loos
atu moris. Tratadu kona ba ” Di’ak”(Moore), dalan atu hela lolos (L. Wittgenstein). Estudu kona ba
buat ne’e di’ak liu (Julian Marias).

Generally, ethics is understood by many people as standards of behavior that point us what to do and
not to do as decent or ethical persons. It tells us how we should act and live with others and in society.
Ethics is “the treatise of the good” (Moore), “the right way of living” (L. Wittgenstein), “the study of what
is best” (Julian Marías).

Materia Etika koko atu estuda ema umano nia hahalok nu’udar ema étiku, katak nebe iha
kapasidade natural ho ema nebe iha razaun

Ethics or morals is the study of the conduct of the human person as an ethical being, based on nature
and developed by human reason.

“Siensia ida katak buka compreende hahalok los ho sala, hahalok nebe bele hahi ou hahalok nebe
tenke kondena” (Paul Ramsey) It is, then, “the science of right and wrong conduct, praise or
blameworthy behavior” (Paul Ramsey).

“Etika ne’e siensia katak usa fakultade razaun atu eduka ema atu sai ema nebe di’ak” (Marc
Oraison.

With moralist Marc Oraison, we may define ethics as “the science of what man ought to be by reason
of what he is.” Morals is a science (systematic reflection), a normative science of what man ought to be
(man is an unfinished project, a becoming), by reason of what he is (a rational being, an autonomous
and rational animal, a creature of God).

Etika mak materia nebe estuda oinsa ema atu moris los hanesan ema. Ema bele deit sai ema étiko
tan ema deit bele hanoin. Animal la bele. Pindar wrote: “Become what you are.” Interesting point: “Man
is the only creature capable of not wanting to be what he is” (A. Camus). Someone said:

Pesoa umana de’it animal úniku nebe hemu maibe la hamrook, han maibe la hamlaha, koalia maibe
la iha bu’at ida ba koalia. The human person is the only animal in the whole creation that drinks when
not thirsty, eats when not hungry, and talks when he has nothing to say (Steinbeck).

Pergunta básiku ema atu halo mak ida ne’e: ema tenke halo saida atu sai ema los?

Etika mak materia nebe estuda ema nia hahalok, ema nia hahalok los. Etika tulu ema bele hatan
pergunta importante liu: Tan sá ha’u moris?. Se ema moris maibe la iha sentido, ema nia moris la ksolok.
Etika hatudu dalan atu moris ho sentido. (Nietzsche)

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 The basic question of any kind of ethics is: What must I do to become more human? Ethics is, indeed,
the science of human praxis, of correct human doing. Paul Ricouer says that the three things that define
“ethos” or an ethical life are: the desire of an accomplished life, with and for others, and in just
institutions. Ethics helps us find an answer to the most radical question (“magna quaestio,” of St.
Augustine) for all humans: What is the meaning of life? A life without meaning or purpose would be
utterly unbearable: “He who has a why to live for can bear with almost any how (Nietzsche). In truth,
ethics points to us the general meaning of life, which is to be good.

Etika ne’e eleksaun ida. Ema hili método ou dalan atu moris, hili halo saida, hili tenke koalia oinsa,
hili ema tenke fiar saida. Hili atu hahalok di’ak valor bo’ot liu. As Julia Darcey says:

Life is ultimately a choice, of how you will live, what you will do, what you will say, what you will
believe…; to choose to be good is worth infinitely more than the most saintly goodness of a choice-less
robot”.

Etika nia objetivu saida?

Tuir etika di’ak bele tulun ema moris ksolok. Ema bele moris ksolok se ema tuir dalan los, etika
nia dalan. Another point we like to underline is this: true ethics or morals helps us be happy. Some

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people are scared of the word morality as if it were a burden, a kill-joy. Certainly not: every moral quest,
as St. Thomas Aquinas tells us, is a quest for happiness. This happiness is not just a place we are going
but the way of going there (Carlos Díaz). True happiness is only possible by the path of goodness – the
moral path.

. We speak of ethics and of different kinds of ethics. Ethics is usually divided into two main parts:
general or fundamental ethics, and special or applied ethics. From the perspective of globalization, we
speak today of global ethics, or the ethics focused on the planetary ethical values, principles, and virtues
of our common humanity. On the other hand, there is cultural ethics, or the ethics that underlines the
cultural values and traits of a particular culture. Global and cultural ethics ought not to be substantially
opposed. Different cultural ethics enrich global ethics and vice versa. In this context, the distinction
between difference and fragmentation is truly illuminating: while cultural differences respect human
dignity and rights, fragmentation does not. In fragmentation “a group, or a race, or a nationality will end
up demanding rights, but without taking the others groups into account. It annuls the notion of human
rights.”

Iha etika tolu: fundamental, especial no aplicada. Ohin ita mos koalia konaba etika global. Ida ne’e
nia centro mak mundo nian, diak nebe los ba ema hotu. Iha mos étika cultural, ida nee mak hosi cultura
ida rasik. Etika la tenke hasouru malu, sira tenke tulun malu. Bainhira koalia konaba étika cultural la bele
haluha respeta ema seluk. Se la respeta ema seluk hanesan ida nee nia lakon nia hun fundamental:
respeita ema nebe nia hanoin la hanesan.

Etika ou moral filosofika koko atu supera ou ultrapassa obstakulo bo’ot ema hotu enfrenta :
egoismu. On our way to become more what we are, there is always a threatening obstacle: our
selfishness. Writes Iris Murdoch:

La bele estuda material ne’e permanese neutral. Nia tenke sente bu’at ida. Tenke reflete kona
ba nia moris pesoal atual. To say this is of course also to deny that moral philosophy should aim at being
neutral.”

Etika los la tuir maioria, tuir buat nebe los tuir ema nebe los. La bele tamba ema barak liu hakarak
halo sala halo norma atu ema tuir dalan sala nian. Moreover, ethical decisions are not a question of
majorities but of making the right decision according to our nature as human beings. As the holy book
tells us: “You must not take the side of the greater number in the cause of wrong doing” (Ex 23:2).

Iha mos etika religiaun nian, cristiano nian, etika ida ne’e mak hakribit sala ba lia loos, justisa,
solidaridade no dame. Fiar tulun etika hetan resposta ba pergunta básica nian: ema lolos mak saida?
Moris, susar no mate sira nia sentidu mak saida? Tan sá ita tenke hadomi ema nia funu balu?

In a deeper sense, religious ethics, including Christian ethics, takes up sin, or better, conversion from sin
as main commitment, to the point of making it its journey: the journey of continuing conversion – to
honesty, justice, solidarity and peace. Faith helps our reason (ethics) find a fully satisfying answer to the
basic questions of life: What or who is the human person? What is the meaning of life and suffering and
death? Why should I love my enemies?

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 After discussing ethics briefly, we are now ready to proceed with the first major concrete point,
namely, the human person as the basic foundation of ethics.

Agora ita bele continua ho primer punto: ema umano mak base ba étika.

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Slogans kona ba Etika do trabalho

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