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    Soil Compaction: Standard Proctor Method & Modified Proctor Test Method

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    Kenneth Peña Javier
    The document discusses soil compaction methods including the standard Proctor and modified Proctor test methods. It describes how compaction increases soil density by pressing particles closer together and expelling air. Factors that affect compaction include soil type, compaction effort, and moisture content. Higher compaction effort increases maximum dry unit weight but decreases optimum moisture content. The modified Proctor test uses a higher compaction effort than the standard method. Compaction impacts soil properties such as structure, permeability, swelling, and shear strength. Field compaction methods include tampers, rollers, and vibratory compactors.

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    Soil Compaction: Standard Proctor Method & Modified Proctor Test Method

    Uploaded by

    Kenneth Peña Javier
    84 views32 pages
    The document discusses soil compaction methods including the standard Proctor and modified Proctor test methods. It describes how compaction increases soil density by pressing particles closer together and expelling air. Factors that affect compaction include soil type, compaction effort, and moisture content. Higher compaction effort increases maximum dry unit weight but decreases optimum moisture content. The modified Proctor test uses a higher compaction effort than the standard method. Compaction impacts soil properties such as structure, permeability, swelling, and shear strength. Field compaction methods include tampers, rollers, and vibratory compactors.

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    The document discusses soil compaction methods including the standard Proctor and modified Proctor test methods. It describes how compaction increases soil density by pressing particles closer together and expelling air. Factors that affect compaction include soil type, compaction effort, and moisture content. Higher compaction effort increases maximum dry unit weight but decreases optimum moisture content. The modified Proctor test uses a higher compaction effort than the standard method. Compaction impacts soil properties such as structure, permeability, swelling, and shear strength. Field compaction methods include tampers, rollers, and vibratory compactors.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    84 views32 pages

    Soil Compaction: Standard Proctor Method & Modified Proctor Test Method

    Uploaded by

    Kenneth Peña Javier
    The document discusses soil compaction methods including the standard Proctor and modified Proctor test methods. It describes how compaction increases soil density by pressing particles closer together and expelling air. Factors that affect compaction include soil type, compaction effort, and moisture content. Higher compaction effort increases maximum dry unit weight but decreases optimum moisture content. The modified Proctor test uses a higher compaction effort than the standard method. Compaction impacts soil properties such as structure, permeability, swelling, and shear strength. Field compaction methods include tampers, rollers, and vibratory compactors.

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    SOIL COMPACTION

    STANDARD PROCTOR METHOD &


    MODIFIED PROCTOR TEST METHOD

    BANZUELA
    CUETO
    JAVIER
    MARGATE
    ROMERO
    TY
    Lab#8 Compaction Test
    (Standard Proctor Method C)

    Lab#9 Compaction Test (Modified


    Proctor Test Method D)
    What is Compaction of Soil?

    Pressing of soil particles close to each other by


    mechanical methods. Air during compaction of soil is
    01
    expelled from the void space in the soil mass and
    therefore the mass density is increased.

    Compaction of soil is done to improve the engineering


    02 properties of the soil. Compaction of soil is required
    for the construction of earth dams, canal
    embankments, highways, runways and many other
    structures..
    DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOIL
    COMPACTION EQUIPMENTS
    LIGHT SOIL COMPACTING HEAVY SOIL COMPACTING
    EQUIPMENTS EQUIPMENTS
    LIGHT SOIL COMPACTING EQUIPMENTS
    RAMMERS VIBRATING PLATE VIBRO TAMPERS
    COMPACTORS

    used for compacting small used for compaction of coarse used for compaction of small
    areas by providing impact soils with 4 to 8% fines. areas in confined space.
    load to the soil.
    HEAVY SOIL COMPACTING EQUIPMENTS
    SMOOTH WHEELED VIBRATING SMOOTH SHEEPSFOOT
    ROLLERS WHEELED ROLLERS ROLLER

    used for compacting fine


    used on soils which does not require used on soils which does not require
    grained soils such as heavy
    great pressure for compaction. great pressure for compaction.
    clays and silty clays.
    HEAVY SOIL COMPACTING EQUIPMENTS
    PNEUMATIC TYRED GRID ROLLERS PAD FOOT/TAMPING
    ROLLERS ROLLERS

    Used for compaction of coarse Used for compaction of weathered Similar to sheepsfoot rollers
    grained soils with some fines. rocks, well graded coarse soils. with lugs of larger area than
    sheepsfoot rollers.
    METHOD OF TESTING
    COMPACTION OF SOIL
    STANDARD PROCTOR’S TEST
    MODIFIED PROCTOR TEST
    STANDARD PROCTOR’S TEST
    LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED
    STANDARD PROCTOR’S TEST
    MOLD

    VOLUME OF MOLD = 944 cm^3 (130 ft^3)

    DIAMETER OF MOLD = 101.6 mm (4 in.)


    STANDARD PROCTOR’S TEST
    HAMMER

    MASS OF HAMMER = 2.5 kg (5.5 lb)


    STANDARD PROCTOR’S TEST
    MOIST UNIT WEIGHT OF COMPACTION
    WHERE:

    W = weight of the compacted soil in the mold


    V(m) = volume of the mold [944 cm3 (130 ft3)]

    DRY UNIT WEIGHT (known moisture content)


    WHERE:

    w (%)= percentage of moisture content


    The values of d determined from the previous equation can be plotted
    against the corresponding moisture contents to obtain the maximum
    dry unit weight and the optimum moisture content for the soil. The
    procedure for the standard Proctor test is elaborated in ASTM Test
    Designation D-698 (ASTM, 2007) and AASHTO Test Designation T-99
    (AASHTO, 1982).
    DRY UNIT WEIGHT (known moisture content w/ degree of saturation)
    WHERE:

    Gs = specific gravity of soil solids


    w = unit weight of water
    e = void ratio

    DRY UNIT WEIGHT (known moisture content w/ degree of saturation)


    WHERE:

    Se= GsW

    e= GsW/S
    MAXIMUM DRY UNIT WEIGHT

    WHERE:
    (Zero air voids & Degree of saturation = 100%)

    𝛄 zav = zero-air-void unit weight.


    To obtain the variation of 𝛄zav with moisture content, use the
    following procedure:

    1. Determine the specific gravity of soil solids.


    2. Know the unit weight of water (w).
    3. Assume several values of w, such as 5%, 10%, 15%, and so on.
    4. Use Eq. (6.4) to calculate 𝛄zav for various values of w.
    FACTORS AFFECTING COMPACTION

    1. SOIL TYPE
    - - Grain-size distribution
    - - Shape of the soil grains
    - - Specific gravity of soil solids
    - - Amount and type of clay minerals
    present
    TYPES OF COMPACTION CURVES

    A - C

    Description: Bell Shaped - Description: Double Peak

    LL: Between 30-70 LL: Less than 30 and those


    greater than 70

    B - D

    Description: 1-½ peak - Description: Odd Shaped

    LL: Less than 30 LL: Greater than 70


    FACTORS AFFECTING COMPACTION

    2. COMPACTION EFFORT
    COMPACTION ENERGY PER UNIT VOLUME

    (SI units)

    (English units)
    NOTE:
    - If the compaction effort per unit volume of soil is changed, the moisture–unit
    weight curve also changes.

    1. As the compaction effort is


    increased, the maximum dry unit
    weight of compaction is also
    increased
    2. As the compaction effort is
    increased, the optimum moisture
    content is decreased to some extent.

    - The degree of compaction is not directly proportional to the compaction effort


    MODIFIED PROCTOR TEST
    - Revised version of Standard Proctor Test

    STANDARD MODIFIED

    MOLD 944 cm^3 (130 ft^3) 944 cm^3 (130 ft^3)

    LAYERS 3 (25 blows) 5 (25 blows)

    DROP OF HAMMER 30.5 mm (12 in.) 457 mm (18 in.)

    MASS OF HAMMER 2.5 kg (6.5 lb) 4.54 kg (10 lb

    - The compaction energy for this type of compaction test can be calculated as 2700
    kN-m/m3 (56,000 ft-lb/lb3).
    - Because it increases the compactive effort, the Modified Proctor test results in an
    increase in the maximum dry unit weight of the soil.
    RESULTS OF MODIFIED PROCTOR COMPACTION TEST OF 311 SOIL SAMPLES
    Developed Correlations:
    Developed Correlations: (With the Plastic Limit (PL) of Cohesive Soils

    Optimum Moisture Content

    Since CE = 2700;

    Maximum Dry Unit Weight

    Since CE = 2700;
    EFFECTS OF COMPACTION ON PROPERTIES OF SOIL

    01 Effect of Compaction on Soil Structure

    Soils compacted at a water content less than the optimum generally have a flocculated
    structure. Soils compacted at water content more than the optimum usually have a
    dispersed structure.

    02 Effect of Compaction of Soil on Permeability

    The permeability of a soil depends upon the size of voids. The permeability of a soil
    decreases with an increase in water content on the dry side of optimum water content.
    EFFECTS OF COMPACTION ON PROPERTIES OF SOIL

    03 SWELLING 06 COMPRESSIBILITY

    04 PORE WATER PRESSURE 07 STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP

    05 SHRINKAGE 08 SHEAR STRENGTH


    METHODS OF COMPACTION USED IN THE FIELD

    01 TAMPERS
    02 ROLLERS
    03 VIBRATORY COMPACTORS

    THE COMPACTION DEPENDS UPON THE FOLLOWING FACTORS

    ● CONTACT PRESSURE
    ● NUMBER OF PASSES
    ● LAYER THICKNESS
    ● SPEED OF ROLLER
    METHODS OF COMPACTION USED IN THE FIELD

    TYPES OF ROLLERS

    ● SMOOTH WHEEL ROLLERS


    ● PNEUMATIC TYRED ROLLERS
    ● SHEEPSFOOT ROLLERS
    REMOVING OR CONTROLLING COMPACTION

    01 USE OF PLOUGHING
    When avoiding the use of heavy machinery on wet clay soils is not feasible, crop
    growers or scientist resort to either curing the soil of compaction or reducing the
    damaging effects of this process.
    02 USE CONTROLLED TRAFFIC
    This method minimizes compaction on soils. The farmer confines the traffic of
    heavy-drawn machinery to certain lanes of the field on a yearly basis. This way,
    only the traffic lanes are at risk of compaction. The soil around the lanes remains
    undisturbed. The success of this approach depends on careful matching of
    machine equipments used on the farm, so that compaction caused by all
    equipments is restricted to a given area.
    REMOVING OR CONTROLLING COMPACTION

    03 USE THE RIGHT EQUIPMENTS AND MACHINERY


    Choosing the right equipment will minimize compaction. For example, choose
    machines with less axle weight, choose machines with wider tires and dual tires,
    use low tire inflation pressure, choose track wheels or tires accordingly.

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