Scribd
Upload
763 views

Maths Notes (Graphing Techniques)

The document discusses various techniques for graphing functions including: 1) Sketching based on the power of factored equations 2) Common equations for circles, ellipses, parabolas, hyperbolas, and rectangular hyperbolas 3) Linear transformations like translation, scaling, and reflection 4) Non-linear transformations including modulus, reciprocal, square root, and y-squared functions. Special rules are provided for graphing transformed functions at roots and intercepts.

Uploaded by

Teo Jia Ming Nickolas
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
763 views

Maths Notes (Graphing Techniques)

The document discusses various techniques for graphing functions including: 1) Sketching based on the power of factored equations 2) Common equations for circles, ellipses, parabolas, hyperbolas, and rectangular hyperbolas 3) Linear transformations like translation, scaling, and reflection 4) Non-linear transformations including modulus, reciprocal, square root, and y-squared functions. Special rules are provided for graphing transformed functions at roots and intercepts.

Uploaded by

Teo Jia Ming Nickolas
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

Graphing techniques

Rough sketching
1. Factorize the equation
2. Depending on the power of the factorized equation, sketch the graph
a. If the factorized part is to the power of 1, the graph passes through the root (of the
equation)
b. If the factorized part is to the power of 2, the graph rebounds after touching the root
c. If the factorized part is to the power of 1, the graph has a point of inflection at the root

Circles

The general equation is ( x−a )2+ ( y −b )2=r 2

 Where r =radius, ( a , b )=center of ¿˚

For the equation of the semicircle (lower and upper half): y=∓ √ r 2 −x2

Ellipses

(x−c)2 ( y −d )2
The general equation is + =1
a2 b2

 Where ( c , d )=center of ¿˚
 Horizontal radius of the ellipse=a
 Vertical radius of theellipse=b

Parabola
The general equation is y 2=cx OR x 2=cy OR y=c x 2, where c is a constant

In the case of ( y−a )2=c ( x−b ) , ( b , a )=turning point , axis of symmetery is y=a

In the case of ( x−a )2=c ( y−b ) ,( a , b )=turning point ,axis of symmetery is x=a

Hyperbola

(x−c)2 ( y−d)2 ( y−c)2 (x−d)2


The general equation is − =1 OR − =1
a2 b2 a2 b2

b a
The asymptotes are y−d=± (x−c) OR y−c=± ( x−d)
a b

Done by Nickolas Teo Jia Ming, CG 12/11


Note that these can be drawn with the CONICS app in the GC

Rectangular Hyperbola
ax+ b B
The general equation is ¿ = A+ , where A∧B are constants
cx +d cx +d

−d a
The vertical asymptote is x= , while the horizontal asymptote is y= A=
c c

Hyperbolic curves

a x 2 +bx+ c r
The general equation is y= =px +q + , where p , q , r are constants
dx+ e cx+ d

−e
The vertical asymptote is x= , while the oblique asymptote is y= px +q
d

Linear transformation
1. Translation
a. Replacing x with ( x−a ) results in the graph moving a units in the direction of the
positive x-axis (shift right or left)
b. Replacing y with ( y −a ) results in the graph moving a units in the direction of the
positive y-axis (shift up or down)
c. Negative translation will occur if a< 0
2. Scaling
x
a. Replacing x with results in all the x-coordinate of the points in the graph being
a
multiplied by a (Expand or shrink the graph horizontally)
y
b. Replacing y with results in all the y-coordinate of the points in the graph being
a
multiplied by a (Expand or shrink the graph horizontally too)
3. Reflection
a. Replacing x with−x results in all the x-coordinate of the points in the graph being
multiplied by −1 (Reflecting the graph about the y-axis)
b. Replacing y with− y results in all the y-coordinate of the points in the graph being
multiplied by −1 (Reflecting the graph about the x-axis)

When doing transformations, remember to do translation first for changes made to x, and last for
changes made to y

Non-linear Transformation

Done by Nickolas Teo Jia Ming, CG 12/11


1. Modulus
a. When is f (x) replaced by |f ( x)| , there is a reflection of the parts of the graph below
the x-axis only.
b. When is f (x) replaced by (|x|) , there is a reflection of the parts of the graph behind the
y-axis only. (The graph is symmetrical about the y-axis)
2. Reciprocal
1
a. When f (x) replaced by , there are various changes to the graph
f (x )
i.The points where the graph cuts the x-axis become the vertical asymptotes
ii.The vertical asymptotes become the points where the graph cuts the x-axis
iii.The minimum point becomes the maximum point and vice-versa.
iv. The y-coordinate of all the points (and asymptotes) on the graph become their
reciprocal. I.e. small points (less than 1) become big, big points become small
v. The x-coordinate of all the points on the graph remains unchanged
vi. The original and reciprocal graphs intersect at y=± 1
3. Square root
a. When f (x) replaced by √ f ( x) , there are various changes to the graph
i. All the points below the x-axis become undefined and are removed
ii. There are no changes to the roots of the graph
iii. The y-coordinate of all the points (and asymptotes) on the graph gets rooted.
I.e. small points (less than 1) become biger (still less than 1), big points become
smaller
iv. The x-coordinate of all the points on the graph remains unchanged
v. The original and rooted graphs intersect at y=± 1
vi. The rooted graph is greater than the original when 0< f ( x )<1, but smaller when
f ( x ) >1
2
4. y
a. When y is replaced by y 2, there are various changes to the graph. (It is equivalent to
± √f (x) )
i. The changes are similar to that of the rooted graph (see above)
ii. After rooting the graph (as shown above), reflect the rooted graph about the x-
axis
iii. At the x-intercepts, there are special rules to be applied
1) If the original graph just passes through the root, the rooted graph
needs to be vertical at the root (i.e. have an “r” shape)
2) If the original graph is reflected at the root, the rooted graph needs to
have a ‘¿ ⋀ ’ shape at the root
3) If the original graph has a point of inflection at the root, the rooted
graph needs to have a ‘≺∨≻’ shape at the root.

Done by Nickolas Teo Jia Ming, CG 12/11

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy