Chapter 1

Bahir Dar Institute of Technology
Faculty of mechanical and industrial

engineering
Gas turbine & Jet Propulsion

(MEng5231)
By Atrsaw Jejaw 1
CONTENT
Chapter 1. Introduction to the principles of
operation of jet propulsion engines
Chapter 2: Components of aircraft gas turbine
engine and A brief review of compressible flow
through nozzles, compressors and gas turbines
Chapter 3. Aircraft gas turbine engine
Chapter 4. Parametric analysis of ideal cycles of
the engines
Chapter 5. Parametric analysis of real cycles of
the engines
Chapter 6. Analysis of overall performance of the
engines
2
Jet propulsion(thrust)
 Propulsion: the word propulsion comes from two
Latin words pro forward and pellere to drive
 So propulsion means to push forward or drive an object
forward
 A propulsion system is a machine that produce a thrust
to push an object forward.
3
 Propulsion Goal: Create a Force to Propel a
Vehicle
a. Rocket Propulsion
Take mass stored in a vehicle and throw it backwards →
Use reaction force to propel vehicle
♦ All fuel and oxidizer are carried onboard vehicle
b. Air-Breathing Propulsion
Capture mass from environment and set that mass in
motion backwards → Use reaction force to propel vehicle
♦ Only fuel is carried onboard
♦ Oxidizer (air) is ‘harvested’ continuously during flight
Airplanes are very sensitive to environment in which they
operate
Rockets are highly insensitive to operational environment
HOW ALL ROCKET WORKS
F
Chemical Rocket Propulsion: Produces
Energy
thrust by ejecting stored matter
 Propellants combined in
combustion chamber where
Thermal chemically react to form high
Energy
T&P gas
 Gases accelerated and ejected at

Kinetic
Energy high velocity through nozzle,
imparting momentum to engine
 Thrust force is reaction

F  m eVe  Pe  Pa Ae experienced by structure due to
F  m eVe ejection of high velocity matter
HOW AN AIRCRAFT ENGINE WORKS
Chemical Thermal Kinetic
Energy Energy Energy
F  m eVe  m oVo  Pe  Pa Ae

F  m Ve  Vo 
where m is the mass flow rate of gases, Vexit is the exit
velocity of the exhaust gases, and Vinlet is the inlet
velocity of the air, both relative to the aircraft
• Flow through engine is conventionally called THRUST
– Composed of net change in momentum of inlet and exit air
• Fluid that passes around engine is conventionally called DRAG
ESTIMATES FOR THRUST
F  m Ve Rocket
F  m Ve  Vo  Air-Breathing Engine
 Mass flow for rocket is propellant carried onboard (fuel + oxidizer)

 Mass for air-breathing engine is fuel carried onboard and air harvested
from environment as airplane flies
 Rockets usually require far higher thrust levels than airplanes

 Airplanes usually fly for far greater durations than rockets
 Gas-turbine engines are widely used to power aircraft
because they are light and compact and have a high
power-to-weight ratio.
 Type of Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines

 Turbojet, Turbofan, Turboprop, Turboshaft and Ram Jet
 Aircraft are propelled by accelerating a fluid. This is

accomplished by either
 Greatly accelerating a small mass of fluid ( jet or
turbojet engine)
 Slightly accelerating a large mass of fluid ( propeller-
driven engine)
 Or both turboprop engine.
8
A. Turbojet
 These were the first jet engines.
 The fans in the front does the work of compressor. The
compressed air is then forced into the combustion
chamber.
 As the air is already at high pressure and high temperature,
fuel is injected into it. Combustion takes place into the
chamber & high amount of exhaust gases are produced.
 These hot expanding gases are then made to flow through
turbine which causes the blade to rotate. The turning of
turbine also helps to run the compressor as they are
connected to the same drive shaft.
9
The discharged gases are then allowed to exit
through nozzle at high speed which produces
thrust & propels the aircraft.
10
The thrust developed in a turbojet engine is the unbalanced
force that is caused by the difference in the momentum of
the low-velocity air entering the engine and the high
velocity exhaust gases leaving the engine
11
B. Turbofan
The most widely used engine in aircraft propulsion is the
turbofan (or fanjet) engine
Mechanical power generated by the turbine is used to
drive the compressor & the fan, and the auxiliary
equipment
12
 A turbofan engine is a engine very similar to the
jet engine. Like the turbojet, it uses the same gas
generator core i.e compressor, combustor, turbine,
to produce thrust & turbine is used to run the
compressor as well as the fan.
 Turbofans differ from the turbojets in the way
they have an additional component – a fan.
The fan sucks in air & then further gets
compressed & combustion takes place in the
burner.
 Instead of burning the whole fresh charge, only
some part of it is used for combustion & the rest
of the air just bypasses (goes around) the engine.
13
 The air that goes around the engine has a slight
more velocity than the free stream.
 So a turbofan gets some of its thrust from the
core and some of its thrust from the fan. The
ratio of the air that goes around the engine to
the air that goes through the core is called the
bypass ratio.
If the fuel flow rate is same for the turbojet &
turbofan engine, the turbofan will generate
more thrust because the flow of discharged
gases gets accelerated by the bypassed air.
 This means that turbofan engines are more fuel
efficient than turbojets. 14
15
C. Turboprop
drive the compressor & the propeller, and the auxiliary
equipment
16
 Many low speed transport & small aircrafts use
turboprop engines. Turboprop engines use a gas
turbine core to turn the propeller.
 The core is similar to the turbojet or turbofan engine
as discussed above.
 The difference is instead of expanding all the gases
through the nozzle to produce thrust, most of the
energy is used to drive the turbine. The turbine then
turns the drive shaft which rotates the propeller.
 The exhaust velocity of a turboprop is low and
contributes little thrust because most of the energy
of the core exhaust has gone into turning the drive
shaft 17
18
D. Turbo shaft
drive the compressor & the shaft (as in the case of
helicooplter), and the auxiliary equipment
19
 Turbo shaft are a special type of jet engines which
are used in helicopters.
 Just like the turboprops, turbo shaft engines are
used to produce shaft power rather than thrust.
 Similar to all above ones, fresh air is sucked and
compressed with the help of a multi-stage axial
compressor. Fuel is added to air on its way to
combustion chamber through nozzles.
 The ignitor ignites the mixture which produces
huge amount of exhaust gases and are passed
through set of turbine blades leading to power
generation.
20
 An additional turbine expansion is used to extract
heat energy from the exhaust and convert it into
output shaft power.
 The shaft power is the transmitted via bevel gear
arrangement and gear reduction systems to the
rotor mast and blades
21
E. Ram jet
Has only a diffuser, a combustion chamber and a
nozzle
 used for high-speed propulsion of missiles and aircraft22

 Ramjets are very different type of jet engines
from design point of view.
 The front side of a ramjet has a conical part
which compresses the intake air.
 At the exit of the inlet, the air is at a much
higher pressure than free stream conditions.Fuel
is injected for combustion & produces thrust by
expelling the hot gases through the nozzle.
 These types of engines have no moving parts yet
they are able to achieve speed of Mach 5 (5
times the speed of sound).
23
 These engines don’t develop ant static thrust;
hence a ramjet vehicle need some type of
assisted takeoff such as another aircraft.
 Ramjets are mainly used in guided missile
systems.
24
Lift and Drag
Lift -is the force that directly opposes the weight of an
airplane and holds the airplane in the air
PU
PL
L= (PL-P )S
U W
25
Drag (sometimes called air resistance) fluid resistance acting
opposite to the thrust of aircraft.
Sw
26
Airfoil geometric parameters
27

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Bahir Dar Institute of Technology

Faculty of mechanical and industrial

Gas turbine & Jet Propulsion

 Gases accelerated and ejected at

 Thrust force is reaction

F  m eVe  m oVo  Pe  Pa Ae

F  m Ve  Vo  Air-Breathing Engine

 Mass flow for rocket is propellant carried onboard (fuel + oxidizer)

 Rockets usually require far higher thrust levels than airplanes

 Type of Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines

 Aircraft are propelled by accelerating a fluid. This is

 used for high-speed propulsion of missiles and aircraft22

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