11 - PHYSICS

HIGHER SECONDARY FIRST REVISION EXAM - 2022

(UNIT – 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6)
Time – 3 : 00 hours Total - 70 Marks
PART – I 15 X 1 = 15
Note : (i) Answer all the questions
(ii) Choose the best answer and write the option code and corresponding answer
1. If the error in the measurement of radius is 2%, then the error in the determination of volume of the sphere
will be
(a) 8% (b) 2% (c) 4% (d) 6%
2. If π = 3.14, then the value of π2 is
(a) 9.8596 (b) 9.860 (c) 9.86 (d) 9.9
3. Planck’s constant (h), speed of light in vacuum (c) and Newton’s gravitational constant (G) are taken as three
fundamental constants. Which of the following combinations of these has the dimension of length?
√𝒉 𝑮 √ℎ 𝐺 ℎ𝑐 𝐺𝑐
(a) (b) (c) √ (d) √
𝒄𝟑/𝟐 𝑐 5/2 𝐺 ℎ 3/2
4. Identify the unit vector in the following.
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝒊̂+ 𝒋̂
(a) 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ (b) (c) 𝑘̂ − (d)
√2 √2 √𝟐
5. If the velocity is 𝒗 ̂ , then the magnitude of acceleration at t = 0.5 s is
⃗ = 𝟐 𝒊̂ + 𝒕𝟐 𝒋̂ − 𝟗 𝒌
(a) 1m s -2 (b) 2 m s-2 (c) zero (d) -1 m s-2
6. An object is dropped in an unknown planet from height 50 m, it reaches the ground in 2 s . The acceleration due
to gravity in this unknown planet is
(a) g = 20 m s-2 (b) g = 25 m s-2 (c) g = 15 m s-2 (d) g = 30 m s-2
𝒂
7. Two masses m1 and m2 are experiencing the same force where m1 < m2. The ratio of their acceleration 𝟏 is
𝒂𝟐
(a) 1 (b) less than 1 (c) greater than 1 (d) all the three cases
8. An object of mass m begins to move on the plane inclined at an angle θ . The coefficient of static friction of
inclined surface is 𝝁𝑺 . The maximum static friction experienced by the mass is
(a) mg (b) 𝜇𝑺 mg (c) 𝜇𝑺 mg sinθ (d) 𝝁𝑺 mg cos θ
9. If a person moving from pole to equator, the centrifugal force acting on him
(a) increases (b) decreases
(c) remains the same (d) increases and then decreases
10. A uniform force of (𝟐 𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂) N acts on a particle of mass 1 kg. The particle displaces from position (𝟑 𝒋̂ + 𝒌 ̂ ) m to
(𝟓 𝒊̂ + 𝟑 𝒋̂) m. The work done by the force on the particle is
(a) 9 J (b) 6 J (c) 10 J (d) 12 J
𝜷
11. If the potential energy of the particle is 𝜶 − 𝒙𝟐 , then force experienced by the particle is
𝟐
𝛽 2 𝛽
(a) 𝐹 = 𝑥 (b) 𝑭 = 𝜷 𝒙 (c) 𝐹 = −𝛽 𝑥 (d) 𝐹 = − 𝑥 2
2 2
12. A rope is wound around a hollow cylinder of mass 3 kg and radius 40 cm. What is the angular acceleration of
the cylinder if the rope is pulled with a force 30 N?
(a) 0.25 rad s–2 (b) 25 rad s–2 (c) 5 m s–2 (d) 25 m s–2
13. A round object of mass M and radius R rolls down without slipping along an inclined plane. The frictional force,
(a) dissipates kinetic energy as heat. (b) decreases the rotational motion.
(c) decreases the rotational and transnational motion (d) converts transnational energy into rotational energy
14. The linear momentum and position vector of the planet is perpendicular to each other at
(a) perihelion and aphelion (b) at all points (c) only at perihelion (d) no point
15. If the acceleration due to gravity becomes 4 times its original value, then escape speed
(a) remains same (b) 2 times of original value
(c) becomes halved (d) 4 times of original value

PART - II 6 X 2 = 12
Note : (i) Answer any 6 of the following questions .
(ii) Question No. 24 is compulsory
16. Define dimensional variables.
17. Explain the principle of homogeneity of dimensions.
18. How will you prove that two vector are orthogonal?
19. What are the steps followed in developing the free body diagram.
20. Define work - energy theorem.
21. Define couple. Give examples.
22. State Newton’s universal law of gravitation.
23. Define escape speed.
24. Two vectors are given as 𝑟 = 2 𝑖̂ + 3 𝑗̂ + 5 𝑘̂ and 𝐹 = 3 𝑖̂ − 2 𝑗̂ + 4 𝑘̂ . Find the resultant vector 𝜏 = 𝑟 𝑋 𝐹

victory R.SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed, PG ASST (PHYSICS), GBHSS. PARANGIPETTAI – 608 502
 PART – III 6 X 3 = 18
Note : (i) Answer any 6 of the following questions .
(ii) Question No.33 is compulsory
25. Explain the determination of distance of Moon from Earth using Parallax method.
26. Give the applications and limitations of the method of dimensional analysis.
27. Obtain an expression for tangential acceleration experienced by the object in circular motion.
28. State Lami’s theorem.
29. Define angle of repose. Show that in an inclined plane, angle of friction is equal to angle of repose.
30. Compare elastic collision and inelastic collision.
31. State principle of moments.
32. State and explain Kepler’s laws of planetary motion.
33. Two objects of masses 2 kg and 4 kg are moving with the same momentum of 20 kg m s-1
(a) Will they have same kinetic energy? (b) Will they have same speed?

PART - IV 5 X 5 = 25
Note : (i) Answer all the questions

34. (a) Write a note on triangulation method and radar method to measure larger distances
(or)
(b) Discuss the properties of scalar product.
35. (a) Explain the motion of blocks connected by a string in Vertical motion
(or)
(b) Derive an expression for elastic collision in one dimension and discuss its cases.
36. (a) Derive the expression for moment of inertia of a rod about its centre and perpendicular to the rod.
(or)
(b) Explain the variation of acceleration due to gravity “g” with altitude
37. (a) Derive the kinematic equations of motion for constant acceleration.
(or)
(b) Using free body diagram, show that it is easy to pull an object than to push it.
38. (a) Explain the propagation of errors in (i)Multiplication and (ii) Division.
(or)
(b) Discuss the apparent weight of man standing inside the elevators.

victory R.SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed, PG ASST (PHYSICS), GBHSS. PARANGIPETTAI – 608 502
 FIRST REVISION EXAM - 2022 ANSWERS
PART – I
4
Volume of the sphere ; 𝑉 =
3
𝜋 𝑟3
1 (d) 6% ∆𝑉 ∆𝑟
So error in the measurement ; = 3 ( 𝑟 ) = 3 (2%) = 6%
𝑉
𝜋 2 = 3.14 𝑋 3.14 = 9.8596
2 (c) 𝟗. 𝟖𝟔 As the input data (3.14) has 3 significant figure, the answer should be
restricted to 3 significant figure by rounding off as ; 𝜋 2 = 9.86
Given that, 𝑙 ∝ ℎ 𝑥 𝑐 𝑦 𝐺 𝑧 By substituting their dimensions,
[𝐿] = [𝑀 𝐿2 𝑇 −1 ]𝑥 [𝐿 𝑇 −1 ]𝑦 [𝑀−1 𝐿3 𝑇 −2 ] 𝑧
[𝑀 𝐿 𝑇 0 ] = [𝑀 𝑥−𝑧 𝐿2𝑥+𝑦+3𝑧 𝑇 −𝑥−𝑦−2𝑧 ]
0 1

Comparing the powers on both sides, we get

3 (a)
√𝒉 𝑮 𝑥 − 𝑧 = 0 − − − − − (1)
𝒄𝟑/𝟐 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 1 − − − − − (2)
− 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0 − − − − − (3)
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
By Solving we get, , 𝒙 = ; 𝑦=− ; 𝒛=
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
− √𝒉 𝑮
Hence, , 𝒍∝ 𝒉 𝒄 𝟐 𝟐 𝑮 𝟐 (or) 𝒍 ∝
𝒄𝟑/𝟐
Unit vector is one which has magnitude equal to 1
𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ Magnitude of vector is given by ; |⃗⃗⃗𝐴| = √𝐴𝑥2 + 𝐴𝑦2 + 𝐴𝑧2
4 (d)
√𝟐 𝑖̂+ 𝑗̂ 1 2 1 2 1 1
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 | | = √( ) + ( ) + 0 = √ + = 1
√2 √2 √2 2 2
⃗
𝑑𝒗 𝑑
Acceleration ; 𝑎 = = (2 𝑖̂ + 𝑡 𝑗̂ − 9 𝑘̂) = 2 𝑡 𝑗̂
2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
5 (a) 𝟏 𝒎 𝒔−𝟐 Its magnitude ; 𝑎 = 2 𝑡
𝐼𝑓 𝑡 = 0.5 𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 = 2 (0.5) = 1 𝑚 𝑠 −2
1
By equation of motion ; ℎ = 𝑢 𝑡 + g 𝑃 𝑡 2
2
6 (b) 𝐠 = 𝟐𝟓 𝒎 𝒔−𝟐 For freely falling bodies, 𝑢 = 0 Hence,
1 100
50 = g 𝑃 (2)2 ⟹ g 𝑃 = = 25 𝑚 𝑠 −2
2 4
Let F1 and F2 be the two forces, then given that,
𝑎1 𝑚2
𝐹1 = 𝐹2 (or) 𝑚1 𝑎1 = 𝑚2 𝑎2 (or) =
𝑎2 𝑚1
7 (c) greater than 1 𝑎1
Since, 𝑚1 < 𝑚2 , we have ; >1
𝑎2

For maximum static friction,

𝑓𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑁 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝜃
8 (d) 𝝁𝒔 𝒎𝒈 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽

The centrifugal force at the pole is zero. As the person moving from pole
9 (a) Increases to equator, there will be a centrifugal force. Hence centrifugal force
increases.
Displacement ; ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑆 = (𝟓 𝒊̂ + 𝟑 𝒋̂) − (𝟑 𝒋̂ + 𝒌 ̂ ) = (𝟓 𝒊̂ − 𝒌
̂)
10 (c) 𝟏𝟎 𝑱
Workdone ; 𝑊 = 𝐹 . 𝑑𝑆 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (𝟐 𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂) . (𝟓 𝒊̂ − 𝒌
̂ ) = 10 (𝒊̂ . 𝒊̂ ) = 𝟏𝟎 𝑱
Potential energy is the work done stored by the particle, which is given
11 (b) 𝑭= 𝜷𝒙 by, 𝑑𝑈 = 𝑑𝑊 = −𝐹. 𝑑𝑥 Hence the force ;
𝑑𝑈 𝑑 𝛽 𝛽
𝐹= − 𝑑𝑥
=− 𝑑𝑥
[𝛼 − 2 𝑥2] = 0 + 2
( 2𝑥) = 𝛽𝑥
M.I of the hollow cylinder about its axis ;
𝐼 = 𝑀 𝑅2 = 3 𝑋 0.42 = 0.48 𝑘𝑔 𝑚2
12 (b) 𝟐𝟓 𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒔−𝟏 By definition, torque ; 𝜏 = 𝐹 𝑅 = 30 𝑋 0.4 = 12 𝑁 𝑚
𝜏 12
Hence angular acceleration ; 𝛼 = = = 25 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑠 −1
𝐼 0.48
Here the component 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃
causes displacement, whereas the
frictional force (f) opposed this
converts translational
displacement and produces
13 (d) energy in to rotational
torque.
energy
Thus the frictional force converts
translational energy in to
rotational energy

victory R.SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed, PG ASST (PHYSICS), GBHSS. PARANGIPETTAI – 608 502
 perihelion and
14 (a)
aphelion

Escape velocity ; 𝑣e𝑠𝑐 = √2 𝑔 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ

15 (b) 2 times of original value 𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑔 → 4 𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑐 = √2( 4 𝑔) 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ = 2 √2 𝑔 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ = 2 𝑣e𝑠𝑐
PART – II
16. Define dimensional variables.
• Physical quantities which possess dimensions and have variable values are called dimensional variables.
(e.g) length, velocity, acceleration etc.,
17. Define the principle of homogeneity of dimensions with example.
• It states that the dimensions of all the terms in a physical expression should be the same.
• For example, consider the following expression 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2 𝑎 𝑆
• By substituting the dimensions, [L T −1 ]2 = [L T −1 ]2 + [L T −2 ][L]
[𝐋𝟐 𝐓 −𝟐 ] = [𝐋𝟐 𝐓 −𝟐 ] + [𝐋𝟐 𝐓 −𝟐 ]
• Thus the dimensions of terms in both LHS and RHS are same and equal. This is called principle of homogeneity of
dimensions,
18. How will you prove that two vector are orthogonal?
• If two vectors ⃗⃗⃗𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 ⃗ are orthogonal (perpendicular) to each other, then their scalar product is zero [⃗⃗⃗𝐴. 𝐵 ⃗ =0]
⃗⃗⃗ ⃗
or vector product is maximum [ 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚]
19. What are the steps followed in developing the free body diagram.
• Identify the forces acting on the object
• Represent the forces acting as a point
• Draw the vectors representing the forces action on the object
20. Define work - energy theorem.
• According to work - energy theorem, the work done by the force on the body changes the kinetic energy of the
body. (i.e) work done = change in kinetic energy
21. Define couple. Give examples.
• A pair of forces which are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction and separated by a perpendicular distance
so that their lines of action do not coincide that causes a turning effect is called a couple.
Examples : (1) steering wheel of a car , (2) Opening and closing of water tap
22. State Newton’s universal law of gravitation.
• Newton’s law of gravitation states that a particle of mass M 1 attracts any other particle of mass M2 in the universe
with an attractive force. The strength of this force of attraction was found to be directly proportional to the product
of their masses and is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
𝐺 𝑀1 𝑀2
⃗⃗⃗ = −
𝐹 𝑟̂
𝑟2
• Here,, 𝐺 − 6.67 𝑋 10−11 𝑁 𝑚2 𝐶 −2 −→ universal gravitational constant
23. Define escape speed.
• The escape speed is defined as the minimum speed required by an object to escape Earth’s gravitational field.
(𝑣𝑒 = √2 𝑔 𝑅𝑒)
• For Earth, 𝑔 = 9.8 𝑚 𝑠 −2 and 𝑅𝑒 = 6400 𝑘𝑚. So 𝒗𝒆 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐 𝒌𝒎 𝒔−𝟏
24. Two vectors are given as 𝒓 ̂ and ⃗𝑭 = 𝟑 𝒊̂ − 𝟐 𝒋̂ + 𝟒 𝒌
⃗ = 𝟐 𝒊̂ + 𝟑 𝒋̂ + 𝟓 𝒌 ̂ . Find the resultant vector 𝝉 ⃗ 𝑿 ⃗𝑭
⃗ = 𝒓
Solution :-
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝜏 = 𝑟 𝑋 𝐹 = |2 3 5| = 𝑖̂ [12 − (−10)] + 𝑗̂ [15 − 8] + 𝑘̂ [−4 − 9] = 𝟐𝟐 𝒊̂ + 𝟕 𝒋̂ − 𝟏𝟑 𝒌 ̂
3 −2 4
PART – III
25. Explain the determination of distance of Moon from Earth using Parallax method.
Parallax method.
• Parallax is the name given to the object with respect to the background, when the object
is seen from two different positions.
• The distance between the two positions is called basis (b)
• Diameter of Earth = AB = b
Centre of Earth =C
Stars = S1 and S2
Moon =M
Distance of Moon from Earth= MC
Parallax angles between Stars and Moon = 1 and 2
Total Parallax of the Moon subtended on Earth = AMB =  = 1 + 2
victory R.SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed, PG ASST (PHYSICS), GBHSS. PARANGIPETTAI – 608 502
 • Hence,
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐵
𝜃= = [∵ 𝐴𝑀 ≈ 𝑀𝐶]
𝐴𝑀 𝑀𝐶
𝑨𝑩
𝑴𝑪 =
𝜽
26. Give the applications and limitations of the method of dimensional analysis.
Applications :
• To convert a physical quantity from one system of units to another.
• To check the dimensional correctness of a given physical equation.
• To establish the relation among various physical quantities.
Limitations :
• This method gives no information about the dimensional constants in the formula like numbers, , e, etc
• This method cannot decide, whether the given quantity is a vector or scalar.
• This method is not suitable to derive relations involving trigonometric, exponential, logarithmic functions.
27. Obtain an expression for tangential acceleration experienced by the object in circular motion.
Tangential acceleration (𝒂𝑻 ) :
• Radius of the circular path = 𝒓
In time ∆𝒕 , displacement on the object = ∆𝒔
∆𝑠
• Then angular displacement is ; ∆𝜃 = (𝑜𝑟) ∆𝑠 = 𝑟 ∆𝜃
𝑟
• Divide both sides by ∆𝒕
∆𝑠 ∆𝜃
=𝑟
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝜃
• If ∆𝒕 → 𝟎 ,then =𝑟
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝒗 = 𝒓𝝎 − − − − − − (𝟏)
• Differentiate equation (1) w.r.to time. we get
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝜔
=𝑟
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝒂𝒕 = 𝒓 𝜶 − − − − − − − (𝟑)
• This is the expression for tangential acceleration and it is in direction of linear velocity
28. State Lami’s theorem.
Lami’s theorem :
• Lami’s theorem states that, if a system of three concurrent and coplanar forces
is in equilibrium, then each force is directly proportional to sine of angle
between the other two forces
|⃗𝐹1 | ∝ sin 𝛼
⃗ 2 | ∝ sin 𝛽
|𝐹
⃗ 3 | ∝ sin 𝛾
|𝐹
|𝐹1 | |𝐹2 | |𝐹3 |
Hence, = = = 𝐾 (𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕)
sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽 sin 𝛾
29. Define angle of repose. Show that in an inclined plane, angle of friction is equal to angle of repose.
Angle of repose – Definition :
• The angle of repose is the angle of inclined plane with the horizontal such that an object placed on it begins to slide.
Proof :
• Let us consider the various forces in action here.
(1) The gravitational force 𝑚𝑔 acts vertically downwards
(2) Normal force N acts perpendicular to the inclined plane upwards
(3) The maximum static force 𝑓𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 acts along the inclined plane upwards
• Here gravitational force is resolved into components parallel (mg sinθ ) and
perpendicular (mg cosθ ) to the inclined plane
• When the object just begins to move,
𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝜃 − − − − − (1)
and 𝑓𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃 − − − − − (2)
• Divide equation (2) by (1),
𝑓𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃
= = tan 𝜃 − − − − − (3)
𝑁 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝜃
• We know that,, 𝑓𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 𝜇𝑠 𝑁 , Thus
𝝁𝒔 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 − − − − − (𝟒)
• From the definition of angle of friction, we have 𝜇𝑠 = tan 𝜃 in which 𝜃 is the angle of friction. Thus the angle of
repose is the same as angle of friction.

victory R.SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed, PG ASST (PHYSICS), GBHSS. PARANGIPETTAI – 608 502
30. Compare elastic collision and inelastic collision.
Comparision between elastic collision and inelastic collision :
Elastic collision Inelastic collision
Total momentum conserved Total momentumconserved
Total kinetic energy is conserved Total kinetic energy is not conserved
Forces involved are conservative forces Forces involved are non conservative forces
Mechanical energy is not dissipated Mechanical energy is dissipated into heat, light, sound etc.,
31. State principle of moments.
Principle of Moments :
• Consider a light rod of negligible mass which is pivoted at a point along its
length. Let two parallel forces F1 and F2 act at the two ends at distances
d1 and d2 from the point of pivot and the normal reaction force N at the
point of pivot as shown in Figure
• If the rod has to remain stationary in horizontal position, it should be in
translational and rotational equilibrium. Then, both the net force and net
torque must be zero.
• For translational equilibrium, net force has to be zero (i.e.)
−𝐹1 + 𝑁 − 𝐹2 = 0
𝑵 = 𝑭𝟏 + 𝑭𝟐 − − − − − (𝟏)
• For rotational equilibrium, net torque has to be zero(i.e.)
𝐹1 𝑑1 − 𝐹2 𝑑2 = 0
𝑭𝟏 𝒅𝟏 = 𝑭𝟐 𝒅𝟐 − − − − − − (𝟐)
• The above equation represents the principle of moments.
32. State and explain Kepler’s laws of planetary motion.
Law 1 - Law of orbits:
• Each planet moves around the Sun in an elliptical orbit with the Sun one
of the foci
• The closest point of approach of the planet to sun is called “perihelion”
and the farthest point is called “aphelion”
Law 2 - Law of areas :
• The radial vector (i.e.) the line joining the Sun to a planet sweeps equal
areas in equal intervals of time.
• If the time period is equal (1 month), then, area A1 = area A2
• Thus the planets travel faster when they are nearer to the Sun and slower
when they are farther from it to cover equal area in equal intervals of
time.
Law 3 - Law of periods :
• The square of the time period of revolution of a planet around the Sun in its elliptical orbit is directly proportional
to the cube of the semi-major axis of the ellipse.
• Let “T” be the time period and “a” be the semi major axis, then
𝑻𝟐
𝑇 2 ∝ 𝑎3 (𝑜𝑟) = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝒂𝟑
33. Two objects of masses 2 kg and 4 kg are moving with the same momentum of 20 kg m s-1
(a) Will they have same kinetic energy?
(b) Will they have same speed?
Solution
(a) The kinetic energy of the mass is given by,
1 1 𝑚2 𝑣 2 𝑝2
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚 𝑣 2 = =
2 2 𝑚 2𝑚
For the object of mass 2 kg, kinetic energy is given by,
𝑝2 202 400
𝐾𝐸1 = = = = 100 J
2 𝑚1 2𝑋2 4
For the object of mass 4 kg, kinetic energy is given by,
𝑝2 202 400
𝐾𝐸2 = = = = 50 J
2 𝑚2 2𝑋4 8
• Note that 𝐾𝐸1 > 𝐾𝐸2
𝑝
(b) As the momentum, 𝑝 = 𝑚 𝑣 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑣 =
𝑚
For the object of mass 2 kg, velocity is given by,
𝑝 20
𝑣1 = = = 10 𝑚 𝑠 −1
𝑚1 2
For the object of mass 4 kg, velocity is given by,
𝑝 20
𝑣2 = = = 5 𝑚 𝑠 −1
𝑚2 4
• Note that 𝑣1 > 𝑣2

victory R.SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed, PG ASST (PHYSICS), GBHSS. PARANGIPETTAI – 608 502
 PART - IV 5 X 5 = 25
34. (a) Write a note on triangulation method and radar method to measure larger distances
Measuring larger distances :
(i) Triangulation method :
• Point of observation of tree = C
• Height of tree or tower = AB = h
Distance of tree from C = BC = x
Angle of elevation of tree = ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 = 𝜃
• In ABC,
𝐴𝐵 ℎ
tan 𝜃 = =
𝐵𝐶 𝑥
(𝑜𝑟) 𝒉 = 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽
• Knowing the distane ‘𝒙’, the height (𝒉) of the tree or tower can be determined.
(ii) Radar method :
• The word RADAR stands for RAdio Detection And Ranging.
• In this method, radio waves are sent from transmitters which reflected by
distant object (planets) are detected by receiver.
• By measuring the time interval (t) between sent and received instants the
distance of the planet is determined. Here,
Speed of radio waves = Distance travelled/ time interval
𝟐𝑫
𝒗 =
𝒕
• Thus, the distance of the object (target)
𝒗𝑿𝒕
𝑫 =
𝟐
where, v = 3 X 108 m s −1 → 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑜 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑠
𝒕 → 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 by the radio waves to covering the distance during the forward and backward path
(or)
(b) Discuss the properties of scalar product.
Properties of Scalar Product :
• The product ⃗⃗⃗𝐴 . ⃗⃗⃗
𝐵 is always a scalar
• The scalar product is commutative. (i.e.) ⃗⃗⃗𝑨 . ⃗⃗⃗𝑩 = ⃗⃗⃗𝑩 . ⃗⃗⃗𝑨
• They obey distributive law. (i.e.) ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗
𝑨 . (𝑩 𝑪 ) = ⃗𝑨⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗𝑩 + ⃗𝑨
⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
𝑪
⃗⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
𝑨 𝑩
• The angle between the two vectors, 𝜽 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 [ ]
𝑨𝑩
• The scalar product is maximum when the two vectors are parallel (i.e.) 𝜽 = 𝟎°
⃗⃗⃗
𝑨 . 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑨 𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟎° = 𝑨𝑩 = 𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎
• The scalar product is minimum when two vectors are anti parallel (i.e.) 𝜽 =𝟏𝟖𝟎°
⃗⃗⃗
𝑨 . ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑩 = 𝑨 𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟏𝟖𝟎° = − 𝑨 𝑩 = 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎
• When two vectors are perpendicular to each other (i.e.) 𝜽=𝟗𝟎° , their scalar product becomes zero
⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑩
(i.e.) 𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑨 𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟗𝟎° = 𝟎
Then the two vectors are said to be orthogonal
• In self dot product, ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑨 . ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑨 = 𝑨 𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟎° = 𝑨𝟐
• In case of orthogonal unit vectors,
̂ .𝒌
𝒊̂ . 𝒊̂ = 𝒋̂ . 𝒋̂ = 𝒌 ̂= 𝟏
& ̂= 𝒌
𝒊̂ . 𝒋̂ = 𝒋̂ . 𝒌 ̂ . 𝒊̂ = 𝟎
• In term of components, ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑨 . 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑨𝒙 𝑩𝒙 + 𝑨𝒚 𝑩𝒚 + 𝑨𝒛 𝑩𝒛
35. (a) Explain the motion of blocks connected by a string in Vertical motion
Vertical motion :

victory R.SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed, PG ASST (PHYSICS), GBHSS. PARANGIPETTAI – 608 502
 • Consider two blocks of masses 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 (𝑚1 > 𝑚2 ) connected by a light and inextensible string that passes over a
pulley as shown.
• Forces acting on block 𝑚1 ,
(i) Gravitational force acting vertically downwards (𝑚1 𝑔)
(ii) Tension along the string acting vertically upwards (T)
• Forces acting on block 𝑚2 ,
(i) Gravitational force acting vertically downwards (𝑚2 𝑔)
(ii) Tension along the string acting vertically upwards (T)
• When the system is released, both the blocks start moving, 𝑚2 vertically upward and 𝑚1 downward with same
acceleration a.
• From the free body diagram of block 𝑚1 ,
𝑇 𝑗̂ − 𝑚1 𝑔 𝑗̂ = − 𝑚1 𝑎 𝑗̂
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑇 − 𝑚1 𝑔 = − 𝑚1 𝑎
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑚1 𝑎 = 𝑚1 𝑔 − 𝑇 − − − − − − − (1)
• From the free body diagram of block 𝑚2 ,
𝑇 𝑗̂ − 𝑚2 𝑔 𝑗̂ = 𝑚2 𝑎 𝑗̂
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑇 − 𝑚2 𝑔 = 𝑚 2 𝑎
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑚2 𝑎 = 𝑇 − 𝑚2 𝑔 − − − − − − − − (2)
• (1) + (2) ⇒
𝑚1 𝑎 + 𝑚2 𝑎 = 𝑚1 𝑔 − 𝑇 + 𝑇 − 𝑚2 𝑔
(𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) 𝑎 = (𝑚1 − 𝑚2 )𝑔
𝒎 𝟏 − 𝒎𝟐
𝒂= [ ] 𝒈 − − − − − − (𝟑)
𝒎 𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐
• If 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 then, 𝑎 = 0 . This shows that if the masses are equal, there is no acceleration and the system as a
whole will be at rest.
• The acceleration vector for mass 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 is
𝒎𝟏 − 𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝟏 − 𝒎𝟐
⃗⃗⃗ = − [
𝒂 ] 𝒈 𝑗̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗ = [
𝒂 ] 𝒈 𝑗̂
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐
• The tension acting on the string, can be calculated by substitution the acceleration from the equation (3) into the
equation (1)
𝑚1 − 𝑚2
𝑚1 [ ] 𝑔 = 𝑚1 𝑔 − 𝑇
𝑚1 + 𝑚2
𝑚1 − 𝑚2
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑇 = 𝑚1 𝑔 − 𝑚1 [ ]𝑔
𝑚1 + 𝑚2
𝑚1 − 𝑚2
𝑇 = 𝑚1 𝑔 [1 − ]
𝑚1 + 𝑚2
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 − 𝑚1 + 𝑚2
𝑇 = 𝑚1 𝑔 [ ]
𝑚1 + 𝑚2
𝟐 𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐
𝑻= [ ]𝒈 − − − − − − − (𝟒)
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐
(or)
(b) Derive an expression for elastic collision in one dimension and discuss its cases.
Elastic collision in one dimension :
• Consider two elastic bodies of masses m1 and m2 moving in
a straight line (along positive x- direction) on a frictionless
horizontal surface.
• In order to have collision, we assume that the mass m1
moves faster than mass m2 i.e., 𝒖𝟏 > 𝒖𝟐 .
• For elastic collision, the total linear momentum and kinetic
energies of the two bodies before and after collision must
remain the same.

Linear Kinetic Total linear

Body mass velocity
momentum Total kinetic energy
energy momentum
1
1
collision
Before

𝑚1 𝑢1 𝑚1 𝑢1 𝑚 𝑢2 𝟏 𝟏
2 1 1 𝒎𝟏 𝒖 𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒖 𝟐 𝒎𝟏 𝒖𝟐𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒖𝟐𝟐
1 𝟐 𝟐
2 𝑚2 𝑢2 𝑚2 𝑢2 𝑚 𝑢2
2 2 2
1
1 𝑚 𝑣2
collision

𝑚1 𝑣1 𝑚1 𝑣1 𝟏 𝟏
2 1 1
After

𝒎𝟏 𝒗 𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒗 𝟐 𝒎𝟏 𝒗𝟐𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒗𝟐𝟐
s

1 𝟐 𝟐
2 𝑚2 𝑣2 𝑚2 𝑣2 𝑚 𝑣2
2 2 2
• Form law of conservation of linear momentum,
𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2
𝑚1 𝑢1 − 𝑚1 𝑣1 = 𝑚2 𝑣2 − 𝑚2 𝑢2
𝑚1 (𝑢1 − 𝑣1 ) = 𝑚2 (𝑣2 − 𝑢2 ) − − − − − − − (1)
victory R.SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed, PG ASST (PHYSICS), GBHSS. PARANGIPETTAI – 608 502
 • For elastic collision ,
1 1 1 1
𝑚1 𝑢12 + 𝑚2 𝑢22 = 𝑚1 𝑣12 + 𝑚2 𝑣22
2 2 2 2
𝑚1 𝑢12 + 𝑚2 𝑢22 = 𝑚1 𝑣12 + 𝑚2 𝑣22
𝑚1 𝑢12 − 𝑚1 𝑣12 = 𝑚2 𝑣22 − 𝑚2 𝑢22
𝑚1 ( 𝑢12 − 𝑣12 ) = 𝑚2 (𝑣22 − 𝑢22 )
𝑚1 (𝑢1 − 𝑣1 )(𝑢1 + 𝑣1 ) = 𝑚2 (𝑣2 − 𝑢2 )(𝑣2 + 𝑢2 ) − − − − − (2)
• Divide equation (2) by (1),
𝑚1 (𝑢1 − 𝑣1 )(𝑢1 + 𝑣1 ) 𝑚2 (𝑣2 − 𝑢2 )(𝑣2 + 𝑢2 )
=
𝑚1 (𝑢1 − 𝑣1 ) 𝑚2 (𝑣2 − 𝑢2 )
𝑢1 + 𝑣1 = 𝑣2 + 𝑢2
• Rewriting the above equation
𝒗𝟏 = 𝒗𝟐 + 𝒖 𝟐 − 𝒖 𝟏 − − − − − − − (𝟒)
𝒗𝟐 = 𝒖 𝟏 + 𝒗𝟏 − 𝒖 𝟐 − − − − − − − (𝟓)
• Put equation (5) in (1),
𝑚1 (𝑢1 − 𝑣1 ) = 𝑚2 (𝑢1 + 𝑣1 − 𝑢2 − 𝑢2 )
𝑚1 (𝑢1 − 𝑣1 ) = 𝑚2 (𝑢1 + 𝑣1 − 2 𝑢2 )
𝑚1 𝑢1 − 𝑚1 𝑣1 = 𝑚2 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑣1 − 2 𝑚2 𝑢2
𝑚1 𝑢1 − 𝑚2 𝑢1 + 2 𝑚2 𝑢2 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣1
(𝑚1 − 𝑚2 ) 𝑢1 + 2 𝑚2 𝑢2 = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) 𝑣1
(𝑚1 − 𝑚2 ) 𝑢1 + 2 𝑚2 𝑢2
∴ 𝑣1 =
(𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )
𝒎𝟏 − 𝒎𝟐 𝟐 𝒎𝟐
(𝑜𝑟) 𝒗𝟏 = [ ] 𝒖𝟏 + [ ]𝒖 − − − (6)
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝟐
• Simillarly put equation (4) in (1),
𝟐 𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐 − 𝒎𝟏
𝒗𝟐 = [ ]𝒖 + [ ]𝒖 − − − (7)
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝟏 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝟐
Special cases :
1) When 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 equation (6) and (7) becomes 𝒗𝟏 = 𝒖𝟐 & 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒖𝟏
This show that in one dimensional elastic collision, when two bodies of equal mass collide after the collision their
velocities are exchanged.
2) When , 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 & 𝑢2 = 0 equation (6) and (7) becomes 𝒗𝟏 = 𝟎 & 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒖𝟏
This show that when the first body comes to rest the second body moves with the initial velocity of the first body.
3) When, 𝑚1 ≪ 𝑚2 & 𝑢2 = 0 then 𝑚1 ≈ 0 and equation (6) and (7) becomes 𝒗𝟏 = − 𝒖𝟏 & 𝒗𝟐 = 𝟎
Thus first lighter body returns back (rebounds) in the opposite direction with the same initial velocity and the
second body which is heavier in mass continues to remain at rest even after collision.
4) When, 𝑚2 ≪ 𝑚1 & 𝑢2 = 0 then, 𝑚2 ≈ 0 and equation (6) and (7) becomes 𝒗𝟏 = 𝒖𝟏 & 𝒗𝟐 = 𝟐 𝒖𝟏
Thus the first body which is heavier continues to move with the same initial velocity and the second body which is
lighter will move with twice the initial velocity of the first body.
36. (a) Derive the expression for moment of inertia of a rod about its centre and perpendicular to the rod.
Moment of Inertia of a Uniform Rod :
• Let us consider a uniform rod.Let us find an expression for moment of
inertia of this rod about an axis that passes through the centre of mass
and perpendicular to the rod.
• Mass of the rod =𝑀
Length of the rod =𝑙 G
Position of centre of mass = 𝐺
Distance of infinitesimally small mass 𝑑𝑚 from centre =𝑥
Length of infinitesimally small mass 𝑑𝑚 = 𝑑𝑥
The mass per unit length of the rod =𝜆
• The Moment of inertia of the small mass (𝑑𝑚) about the perpendicular axis ; 𝑑𝐼𝐺 = (𝑑𝑚) 𝑥 2 − − − − (1)
𝑀
• As the mass is uniformly distributed 𝑀 = 𝜆 𝑙 (𝑜𝑟) 𝜆 =
𝑙
𝑀
• Hence the mass of the infinitesimally small length as, 𝑑𝑚 = 𝜆 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑙
• Put this in equation (1)
𝑀
𝑑𝐼𝐺 = ( 𝑑𝑥) 𝑥 2 − − − − − − − (2)
𝑙
• Thus the moment of inertia (𝐼𝐺 ) of the entire rod about the perpendicular axis passes through its centre is,
𝑙⁄ 𝑙
2 𝑀 2
𝑀 ⁄2 2
𝐼𝐺 = ∫ ( 𝑑𝑥) 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−𝑙⁄ 𝑙 𝑙 −𝑙⁄
2 2
𝑙⁄
𝑀 𝑥3 2 𝑀 𝑙3 𝑙3 𝑀 𝑀
𝐼𝐺 = [ ] = [ − (− )] = (𝑙 3 + 𝑙 3 ) = (2 𝑙 3 )
𝑙 3 −𝑙⁄ 3𝑙 8 8 24 𝑙 24 𝑙
2
𝟏
𝑰𝑮 = 𝑴 𝒍𝟐
𝟏𝟐
victory R.SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed, PG ASST (PHYSICS), GBHSS. PARANGIPETTAI – 608 502
 (or)
(b) Explain the variation of acceleration due to gravity “g” with altitude
Variation of “g” with altitude :
• Mass of Earth = 𝑀𝑒
Radius of Earth = 𝑅𝑒
Mass of the object =𝑚
Height above the surface =ℎ
Height from the centre of Earth = 𝑟
• Acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Earth,
𝐺 𝑀𝑒
𝑔 = − − − − − (1)
𝑅𝑒 2
• At height “h” above the earth surface,
𝐺 𝑀𝑒 𝐺 𝑀𝑒 𝐺 𝑀𝑒 ℎ −2
𝒈 = = 2 = 2 (1 + )
(𝑅𝑒 + ℎ)2 ℎ 𝑅𝑒 𝑅𝑒
𝑅𝑒 (1 + )
𝑅𝑒
• If ℎ ≪ 𝑅𝑒 , and using Binomial expansion, we get
𝐺 𝑀𝑒 2ℎ
𝒈 = 2 (1 − )
𝑅𝑒 𝑅𝑒
• Put equation (1), we get
2ℎ
𝒈 = 𝑔 (1 − )
𝑅𝑒

• Thus, we find that 𝒈 < 𝑔 . This means that as altitude “h” increases the acceleration due to gravity (g)
decreases.
37. (a) Derive the kinematic equations of motion for constant acceleration.
Equations of motion :
• Consider a particle moves in a straight line.
• Its initial velocity =𝑢
• At time “t” its final velocity =𝑣
• Acceleration =𝑎
1) Velocity – time relation :
𝑑𝑣
• Rate of change of velocity is called acceleration. (i.e.) 𝑎 = (𝑜𝑟) 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑎 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
• Integrate on both sides, we get
𝑣 𝑡
∫ 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑢 0
[𝑣]𝑣𝑢 = 𝑎 [𝑡]𝑡0
𝑣 − 𝑢 = 𝑎 (𝑡 − 0)
𝑣 − 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑡
𝒗 = 𝒖 + 𝒂𝒕 − − − − − − (𝟏)
2) Displacement – time relation :
𝑑𝑠
• Rate of change of displacement is called velocity. (i.e,) 𝑣 = (𝑜𝑟) 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑣 𝑑𝑡 = (𝒖 + 𝒂𝒕) 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
• Integrate on both sides, we get
𝑠 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
∫ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ (𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 𝑎 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0 0 0 0
𝑡
𝑡2
[𝑠]0𝑠 = 𝑢 [𝑡]𝑡0 + 𝑎 [ ]
2 0
1
(𝑠 − 0) = 𝑢 (𝑡 − 0) + 𝑎 (𝑡 2 − 0)
2
𝟏 𝟐
𝒔= 𝒖𝒕+ 𝒂𝒕 − − − − − − − (𝟐)
𝟐
3) Velocity – displacement relation :
• We know, acceleration is first derivative of velocity and velocity is first derivative of displacement. Hence,
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑣 1
𝑎= = = 𝑣 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑣𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑠 𝑎
• Integrate on both sides, we get
𝑠
1 𝑣
∫ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑣
0 𝑎 𝑢
𝑣
1 𝑣2
[𝑠]0𝑠 = [ ]
2𝑎 2 𝑢
1
𝑠= (𝑣 2 − 𝑢2 )
2𝑎
2 𝑎 𝑠 = 𝑣 2 − 𝑢2
𝒗𝟐 = 𝒖𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒂 𝒔 − − − − − − (𝟑)
victory R.SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed, PG ASST (PHYSICS), GBHSS. PARANGIPETTAI – 608 502
 4) Displacement – velocity relation :
• From equantion (1) , 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎 𝑡 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑎 𝑡 = 𝑣 − 𝑢
• Put this in equation (2), we get
1 1
𝑠 = 𝑢 𝑡 + 𝑎 𝑡 2 = 𝑢 𝑡 + (𝑣 − 𝑢) 𝑡
2 2
𝑣𝑡 𝑢𝑡 𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑡
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡+ − = +
2 2 2 2
(𝒖 + 𝒗)𝒕
𝒔 = − − − − − − − (𝟒)
𝟐
(or)
(b) Using free body diagram, show that it is easy to pull an object than to push it.
Object pushed at an angle :
• Let a body is pushed at an arbitrary angle ‘’ by the applied force F
• This force can be resolved into two components as,
(1) 𝐹 sin 𝜃 − component parallel to the surface (left side)
(2) 𝐹 cos 𝜃 − component perpendicular to the surface
(downwards)
• The total downward force acting on the body is (𝑚𝑔 + 𝐹 cos 𝜃)
• Since there is no acceleration along the vertical direction the normal
force N is ; 𝑵𝒑𝒖𝒔𝒉 = 𝒎𝒈 + 𝑭 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
• It implies that the normal force increases. As a result the maximal static friction also increases and it is given by,
𝒇𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝒔 = 𝝁𝒔 𝑵𝒑𝒖𝒔𝒉 = 𝝁𝒔 ( 𝒎𝒈 + 𝑭 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 ) − − − − − (𝟏)
• Equation (1) shows that a greater force needs to be applied to push the object into motion.
Object pulled at an angle :
• When an object is pulled at an angle θ, the applied force ‘F’ is
resolved into two components as ,
(1) 𝐹 sin 𝜃 − component parallel to the surface (right side)
(2) 𝐹 cos 𝜃 − component perpenicular to the surface (upwards)
• The total upward force acting on the body is (𝑵𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒍 + 𝐹 cos 𝜃 )
• Since there is no acceleration along the vertical direction the
normal force N is ; 𝑁𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙 + 𝐹 cos 𝜃 = 𝑚𝑔
(𝒐𝒓) 𝑵𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒍 = 𝑚 𝑔 − 𝐹 cos 𝜃
• Thus the normal force decreases and hence the maximum static friction also decreases which is given by,
𝒇𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝒔 = 𝝁𝒔 𝑵𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒍 = 𝝁𝒔 ( 𝒎𝒈 − 𝑭 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 ) − − − − − (𝟐)
• Equation (2) shows that a lesser force needs to be applied to pull the object into motion.
Result :
• Since 𝑵𝒑𝒖𝒔𝒉 > 𝑵𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒍 , it is easier to pull an object than to push to make it move.
38. (a) Explain the propagation of errors in (i)Multiplication and (ii) Division.
Propagation errors in multiplication :
• Error in A = A and Error in B = B
• Measured value of A = A  A and Measured value of B = B  B
• Consider the product ; Z = A B
• Let Z be the error in Z, then
Z  Z = (A  A)(B  B)
Z  Z = AB  (A B )  (B A )  (A B)
• Divide by Z (= A B) on both sides,
Z B A A B A B
1 ± = 1± ± ± [∵ ≈ 0]
𝑍 𝐵 𝐴 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵
Z B A
∴ 1 ± = 1± ±
𝑍 𝐵 𝐴
𝐙 𝑨 𝐁
(𝑜𝑟) = +
𝒁 𝑨 𝑩
• The maximum fractional error in the product of two quantities is equal to the sum of the fractional errors in the
individual quantities.
Propagation errors in division or quotient :
• Error in A = A and Error in B = B
• Measured value of A = A  A and Measured value of B = B  B
𝐴
• Consider the product ; 𝑍 =
𝐵
• Let Z be the error in Z, then
A
(A  A) A (1 ±
A =
) 𝐴 A B −1
Z  Z = = (1 ± ) (1 ± )
(B  B) B 𝐵 A B
B (1 ± )
B
A B
Z  Z = 𝑍 (1 ± ) (1 ∓ ) [∵ (1 + 𝑥)−𝑛 ] ≈ (1 − 𝑛𝑥)]
A B
victory R.SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed, PG ASST (PHYSICS), GBHSS. PARANGIPETTAI – 608 502
 • Divide by Z on both sides,
Z A B A B A B
1 ± =1 ± ∓ ∓ [∵ ≈ 0]
𝑍 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵
𝐙 𝑨 𝐁
∴ = +
𝒁 𝑨 𝑩
• The maximum fractional error in the division (quotient) of two quantities is equal to the sum of the fractional errors
in the individual quantities.
(or)
(b) Discuss the apparent weight of man standing inside the elevators.
Apparent weight in Elevators :
• There are two forces acting on a man standing on the elevator,
1) Gravitational force (weight) acting downwards (⃗⃗⃗𝐹𝑔 = − 𝑚 𝑔 𝑗̂ )
2) Normal force exerted by the floor on the man acts vertically upwards (𝑁 ⃗ = 𝑁𝑗̂ )
Case (1) - Elevator is at rest :
• In this case, the acceleration of the man is zero, therefore ⃗⃗⃗𝐹𝑔 + 𝑁⃗ =0 (𝑜𝑟) − 𝑚 𝑔 𝑗̂ + 𝑁𝑗̂ = 0
• By comparing the components,
−𝑚𝑔 +𝑁 =0
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑵 =𝒎𝒈=𝑾
Hence the apparent weight of the man is equal to his actual weight (N = W)
Case (2) - Elevator moving uniformly in the upward or downward direction
• In uniform motion (constant velocity) the net force on the man is still zero.
• Hence the apparent weight of the man is equal to his actual weight (N = W)
Case (3) - Elevator is accelerating in the upward direction :
• Let upward acceleration be, ⃗⃗⃗𝑎 = 𝑎 𝑗̂ with respect to ground, then ⃗⃗⃗𝐹𝑔 + 𝑁 ⃗ = 𝑚 ⃗⃗⃗𝑎 (𝑜𝑟) − 𝑚 𝑔 𝑗̂ + 𝑁𝑗̂ = 𝑚 𝑎 𝑗̂
• By comparing the components,
−𝑚𝑔 +𝑁 =𝑚𝑎
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑵 = 𝒎 𝒈 + 𝒎 𝒂 = 𝒎 (𝒈 + 𝒂)
• Hence, apparent weight is greater than his actual weight (𝑁 > 𝑊)
Case (4) - Elevator is accelerating in the downward direction :
• Let downward acceleration be, ⃗⃗⃗𝑎 = − 𝑎 𝑗̂ with respect to ground, then ⃗⃗⃗𝐹𝑔 + 𝑁
⃗ = − 𝑚 ⃗⃗⃗𝑎 (𝑜𝑟) − 𝑚 𝑔 𝑗̂ + 𝑁𝑗̂ = − 𝑚 𝑎 𝑗̂
• By comparing the components,
−𝑚𝑔 +𝑁 = −𝑚𝑎
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑵 = 𝒎 𝒈 − 𝒎 𝒂 = 𝒎 (𝒈 − 𝒂)
• Hence apparent weight is lesser than his actual weight (𝑁 < 𝑊)

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victory R.SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed, PG ASST (PHYSICS), GBHSS. PARANGIPETTAI – 608 502