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    Behaviorism

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    Kendaljenner
    The document discusses behaviorist theories of learning. It covers classical conditioning by Pavlov, Watson's "Little Albert Experiment", Thorndike's laws of effect and exercise, and Skinner's operant conditioning. It then discusses neo-behaviorism, including Tolman's purposive behaviorism about goal-oriented learning and cognitive maps, and Bandura's social learning theory about learning through observation and modeling of behaviors. Students are assessed on their understanding through multiple choice questions and creating a Venn diagram comparing Tolman and Bandura's theories.

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    Behaviorism

    Uploaded by

    Kendaljenner
    58 views6 pages
    The document discusses behaviorist theories of learning. It covers classical conditioning by Pavlov, Watson's "Little Albert Experiment", Thorndike's laws of effect and exercise, and Skinner's operant conditioning. It then discusses neo-behaviorism, including Tolman's purposive behaviorism about goal-oriented learning and cognitive maps, and Bandura's social learning theory about learning through observation and modeling of behaviors. Students are assessed on their understanding through multiple choice questions and creating a Venn diagram comparing Tolman and Bandura's theories.

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    The document discusses behaviorist theories of learning. It covers classical conditioning by Pavlov, Watson's "Little Albert Experiment", Thorndike's laws of effect and exercise, and Skinner's operant conditioning. It then discusses neo-behaviorism, including Tolman's purposive behaviorism about goal-oriented learning and cognitive maps, and Bandura's social learning theory about learning through observation and modeling of behaviors. Students are assessed on their understanding through multiple choice questions and creating a Venn diagram comparing Tolman and Bandura's theories.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    58 views6 pages

    Behaviorism

    Uploaded by

    Kendaljenner
    The document discusses behaviorist theories of learning. It covers classical conditioning by Pavlov, Watson's "Little Albert Experiment", Thorndike's laws of effect and exercise, and Skinner's operant conditioning. It then discusses neo-behaviorism, including Tolman's purposive behaviorism about goal-oriented learning and cognitive maps, and Bandura's social learning theory about learning through observation and modeling of behaviors. Students are assessed on their understanding through multiple choice questions and creating a Venn diagram comparing Tolman and Bandura's theories.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    of 6

    MODULE 5: BEHAVIORIST PERSPECTIVE

    Learning may be defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from practice.

    The Behaviorist Perspective emphasizes the role of environmental factors influencing behavior. This
    theory states that we can learn all behaviors through interaction in the environment. This asserts that
    human beings have no free will and actions and personality traits are the result of person’s
    environmental and cultural forces that shapes it. This theory mainly focuses on the study of observable
    and measurable behavior.

    Two Categories:
    • Behaviorism
    • Neo-behaviorism

    LESSON 1: BEHAVIORISM

    Learning Objectives:
    At the end of this lesson, the learners are expected to:
    1. Identify the theories of Pavlov, Watson, Thorndike, and Skinner on the behaviorist perspective;
    and
    2. Create a concept map of the behaviorist theory.

    I. Activity

    Direction: Read the questions carefully. Write TRUE before the number if the statement is correct, and
    FALSE if it is incorrect.

    ____1. The behaviorist perspective emphasizes the role of environmental factors influencing behavior.
    ____2. Stimulus is how a human or animal responds to a behavior.
    ____3. Watson conducted the “Little Albert Experiment”.
    ____4. Skinner conducted the Connectionism Theory.
    ____5. Law of Effect, Exercise, and Attitude are the primary laws of Thorndike’s Theory.

    • CLASSICAL CONDITIONING (Ivan Pavlov)

    - Studied by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist in 1890.


    - Is a learning process by which a subject comes to respond in a specific way to a previously neutral
    stimulus together with another stimulus that elicits the response.

    Stimulus- is something that exist of presented to someone or something.


    Response- is how a human or animal responses to stimulus.
    Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
    - Any stimulus that has the ability to elicit a response without previous training.

    Conditioned Stimulus (CS)


    - A stimulus which initially does not elicit response under study but comes to do so by being paired with
    the unconditioned stimulus.

    Unconditioned Response (UR)


    - Original response to an unconditioned stimulus.

    Conditioned Response (CR)


    - Learned response to a conditioned stimulus.

    Pavlov’s Findings:

    Acquisition – refers to the time where there is a constant increase in responsiveness.

    Discrimination – when an organism learns to make a particular response to some stimuli


    but not others.

    Extinction – also known as unlearning. A procedure in which a conditioned stimulus is


    repeatedly presented without the conditioned stimulus, as a result, the conditioned stimulus no longer
    elicit the conditioned response.

    Generalization – the tendency to respond in the same manner but similar stimuli.

    Higher-order Conditioning – refers to a situation which a stimulus that was previously


    neutral is paired with a conditioned stimulus.

    • JOHN B. WATSON

    - An American psychologist who worked with Pavlov’s ideas.


    - He considers that human are born with few reflexes and the emotional reactions of love
    and rage. All other behavior is learned through stimulus-response associations.
    - Conducted the “Little Albert Experiment”.
    - Watson believed that we can instill behaviors that were not inherited.

    • CONNECTIONISM THEORY (Edward Thorndike)

    - Father of modern educational psychology and founder of behavioral psychology.


    - He believes that humans should not be used as a guinea pig for an experiment.
    - He came up with positive and negative stimulus. So if you know that it is not good for
    you, you will avoid doing a such thing and learn to promote an appropriate behavior, and that is the
    connection.
    CONNECTIONISM THEORY

    - Learning connection or association of an increasing number of habits.


    - Studied increasing a behavior with the use of rewards, reinforcement and practice.
    - Represents the original S-R framework of behavioral psychology. Learning is the result of
    associations forming between stimuli and responses. Such associations or “habits” becomes
    strengthened or weakened by the nature and frequency of the S-R pairings. By trial and error, animals
    identify connections between a stimulus and a satisfying consequence. These connections are stamped
    because of its pleasure.

    Thorndike came up with three primary laws:

    1. Law of Effect- Responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely
    to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce an unsatisfactory effect becomes less likely
    to occur again in that situation.

    2. Law of Exercise- Behaviour is more strongly established through frequent connections of stimulus and
    response.

    3. Law of Readiness- A satisfying state of affairs results when an individual is ready to learn and is
    allowed to do so.

    • OPERANT CONDITIONING (Burrhus Frederic Skinner)

    - Born on 1904, he was a professor of psychology and subscribed to behaviorism. Like other
    behaviorist, he believes that you can only study behavior that is visible and anything happening within
    the mind is either a misconception or irrelevant to science.

    Reinforcer- anything that strengthens the desired response.

    Positive reinforcer- any stimulus that results in the increased frequency of a response
    when it is withdrawn or removed. A negative reinforcer is not a punishment, in fact, it is
    a reward.

    Skinner also looked into extinction or non-reinforcement responses that are not
    reinforced are not likely to be repeated.

    - Shaping Behavior
    - Behavioral Chaining
    - Reinforcement Schedules
    - Fixed Interval Schedules
    - Variable Interval Schedules
    - Fixed Ratio Schedules
    - Variable Ratio Schedules
    Lesson 1 Assessment: ESSAY

    Direction: In at least two paragraphs, elaborate the essence and application of the neo-behaviorist
    theory in understanding various behaviors to people, particularly to psychologists. 15 points
    LESSON 2: NEO-BEHAVIORISM

    Learning Objectives:
    At the end of the lesson, the learners are expected to:
    1. Differentiate Tolman and Bandura’s Neo-Behaviorism theories.
    2. Create a comparative analysis of Tolman and Bandura’s theory.

    I. Activity
    Direction: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

    1. A psychologist who emphasizes that learning is always purposive and goal-oriented.


    a. Skinner b. Thorndike c. Tolman d. Bandura
    2. An imitated behavior itself leads to reinforcing consequences.
    a. Modeling b. Principles c. Law of Effect d. Law of Readiness
    3. Neo-Behaviorism believes that we learn behaviors through observation and imitation.
    a. True b. False c. Law of Effect d. Law of Readiness
    4. Who proposed the Social Learning Theory?
    a. Skinner b. Bandura c. Watson d. Tolman
    5. This type of learning stays with an individual until needed.
    a. Perception b. Wisdom c. Latent d. Learning

    The Neo-Behaviorism theory bases on the idea that people learn their behaviors by watching others and
    then imitating them.

    PURPOSIVE BEHAVIORISM (Edward Chace Tolman)

    1. Learning is always purposive and goal-oriented.


    2. Cognitive maps help students perform well. Organisms select the shortest or easiest
    path to achieve goal.
    3. Latent learning stays with the individual until needed.
    4. Learning is influenced by expectations, perceptions and representations, needs and
    other internal variables like hunger.

    SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY (Albert Bandura)


    1. Principles: People can learn by observing the behavior of others and the outcomes of those behaviors.
    2. Modeling: The imitated behavior itself leads to reinforcing consequences.
    3. Four Conditions for Effective Modelling: Motivation-the learners must want to
    demonstrate what they have learned.

    Lesson 2 Assessment: Venn Diagram


    Direction: Create a Venn Diagram of Tolman and Bandura’s theories. Each sections must contain at least
    five key points. 15 points

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