WHOLE BRAIN LEARNING SYSTEM

OUTCOME – BASED EDUCATION

SCIENCE GRADE
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1 11

4
LEARNING QUARTER
MODULE WEEK 5

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module General Chemistry 2

0
 MODULE IN
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1

QUARTER 4
WEEK 5

The Properties and Reactivities of

Common Functional Groups

Development Team

Writer: Preciousa F. Ramos

Editors/Reviewers: Elizabeth H. Domingo Hamilton C. Remigio

Flenie A. Galicinao Lourdes B. Arucan

Lay-out Artist: Flenie A. Galicinao

Management Team:
Vilma D. Eda, CESO V
Arnel S. Bandiola Lourdes B. Arucan

Juanito V. Labao Flenie A. Galicinao

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module General Chemistry 1 1

 What I Need to Know

This module helps you understand the properties and reactivities of common functional
groups. In your journey through the discussions and assigned tasks, you are expected to:

Most Essential Learning Competency (MELC):

1. describe the different functional groups; (STEM_GC11OCIIg-j-87)

2. describe structural isomerism; give examples; and (STEM_GC11OCIIg-j-89)
3. describe some simple reactions of organic compounds; combustion of organic fuels,
addition, condensation, and saponification of fats. (STEM_GC11OCIIg-j-90)

Learning Objectives:

The learners should be able to:

1. identify functional groups and differentiate between the various organic compounds;
2. describe and give examples of isomers; and
3. describe some simple reactions of organic compounds; combustion of organic fuels,
addition, condensation, and saponification of fats

Lesson 1 – Different Functional Groups

Note: All answers to assessments/activities must be written on a separate sheet of paper.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module General Chemistry 1 2

 What I Know

Directions: Read the question/statement carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer
on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What kind of hydrocarbon is C6H14?

A. alkane C. alkyne
B. alkene D. alcohol
2. Which is an example of an alkyl halide?
A. CH3OH C. CH3CH2COOCH3
B. CH3CH2CH2Cl D. CH3CH2OCH2CH3
3. When a hydrocarbon chain replaces the hydrogen atom in the carboxyl group of a
carboxylic acid, the compound is known as an ________.
A. alcohol C. esters
B. amine D. ethers
4. An aldehyde contains what functional group that is located at the end of a carbon chain?
A. ammonia group C. carboxyl group
B. carbonyl group D. hydroxyl group
5. What is the simplest organic compound?
A. acetone C. ethanol
B. ethane D. methane
6. Alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons are all considered to be _______.
A. homologous C. saturated
B. polar D. unsaturated
7. Which of the following is the general formula of an amine?
A. R - X C. R – O – R’
B. R - OH D. R – N – R”
R’
8. Which of the following organic compounds has a functional group of a hydroxyl group?
A. alkyl halide C. ketone
B. alcohol D. amine
9. Compounds with the same molecular formula but with different structural formula is
called ____________.
A. compounds C. isomers
B. isotopes D. functional groups
10. What is the IUPAC name for the compound shown below?

A. 3,3-diethyl-pentanone C. 2-ethyl-propanone
B. 3-pentanal D. 3-pentanone

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module General Chemistry 1 3

 Lesson
Different Functional Groups
1
In this module, you will learn about the different organic compounds defined by the
functional groups they contain. It further discusses the properties of each functional group and
how they are named. It also presents the concept of structural isomerism.

What’s In

Directions: Identify the following hydrocarbons as alkanes, alkenes or alkynes.

1. C6H10 ______________________________
2. C8H18 ______________________________
3. C4H8 ______________________________
4. C20H42 ______________________________________________
5. C7H14 ______________________________

What’s New

Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing molecules known as organic

compounds. Organic compounds can be isolated and purified from plants and animals. Some
organic compounds can also be prepared in the laboratory.

The chemical reactions that sustain life processes in living organisms involve mainly
carbon-containing compounds, usually in very large molecules with hundreds or even
thousands of carbon atoms. Aside from carbon, organic compounds also contain hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen and other elements.

Since there are numerous compounds of carbon, it is convenient to organize them into
groups that exhibit structural similarities. The organic compounds are related to each other by
a common feature involving a certain arrangement of atoms called functional groups.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module General Chemistry 1 4

 What is It

Hydrocarbons

The simplest and most commonly encountered class of organic compounds is the
hydrocarbons, made up of carbon and hydrogen only. Hydrocarbons where all carbon atoms
are linked by single bonds are called saturated hydrocarbons while those where at least a
carbo-carbon double or triple bond is present are called unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Hydrocarbons serve as fuels, lubricants, and raw materials for the synthesis of plastics, fibers,
rubbers, solvents, explosives and other industrial chemicals.

• Alkanes. Alkanes are also called paraffins (meaning ‘low affinity’), are hydrocarbons
that contain only single bonds. The general formula is C nH2n+2, where n refers to the
numbers of carbon atoms. The simplest alkane is methane, CH 4, a major component
of natural gas which is used for home heating in cold countries.
• Alkenes. Alkenes are called olefins, which contain one or more double bonds. The
general formula is CnH2n. The simplest alkene is ethene, C2H4, a plant hormone that
plays important roles in seed germination and ripening of fruits.
• Alkynes. Alkynes contain one or more triple bonds with a general formula C nH2n-2.
The simplest alkyne is acetylene or ethyne, C2H2, a highly reactive gas used in
oxyacetylene torches.
• Aromatic Hydrocarbons. The word ‘aromatic’ referred to the aromas of these
compounds. Examples of aromatic hydrocarbons are benzene (a good solvent for fats
and paints but is toxic), naphthalene, and anthracene (used in making color designs
in fabrics). Benzene, C6H6, is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon. It is a compound of
six carbons joined together to form a ring. There are three alternating double bonds
that undergo resonance.

Other Functional Groups

The ability f organic compounds to react is attributed to particular atoms or groups of

atoms within the molecules. The site of reactivity of an organic compound is referred to as a
functional group because it controls how the molecule behaves or functions. The table below
shows the common functional groups of hydrocarbon derivatives.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module General Chemistry 1 5

 Systematic
Type of Name
General Formula Example
Compound (Common
Name)
Alcohol
Ethanol (ethyl
alcohol)

Ether
Diethyl ether

Aldehyde
Ethanal
(acetaldehyde)

Ketone
Propanone
(acetone)

Carboxylic
Acid Ethanoic acid
(acetic acid)

Ester Ethylacetate
(Ethyl
Ethanoate)
Amine

Ethylamine

Amide
Ethanamide
(acetamide)

Halide
Chloromethane
(Methyl
chloride)

• Alcohols. Alcohols contain the hydroxyl (OH) as the functional group and are
considered derivatives of water. Simple alcohols are named by changing the last letter
in the name of the corresponding hydrocarbon to -ol. When needed, the location of the
OH group is indicated by numerical prefix that indicates the number pf the C atom
bearing the OG group. For example,

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module General Chemistry 1 6

 In some compounds, more than one OH group is present like the structure
below. Since there are three OH groups, the alcohol is named as 1,2,3-propanetriol, or
glycerol.

1,2,3-propanetriol or glycerol

• Ethers. Ethers are compounds in which two hydrocarbon groups that can be aliphatic or
aromatic are attached to one oxygen atom. In naming ethers, the word ether is always
added to the names of the two alkyl groups attached to the oxygen. For example:

dimethyl ether diethyl ether ethyl methyl ether

(methoxymethane) (ethoxyethane) (methoxyethane)

• Aldehydes. Aldehydes are characterized by the presence of a carbon atom that is

doubly bonded to an oxygen atom and located at the terminal portion of the carbon
chain. In naming an aldehyde, the suffix-aldehyde or -al is always added. For example:

methanal ethanal propanal butanal

(formaldehyde) (acetaldehyde) (propionaldehyde) (butyraldehyde)

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module General Chemistry 1 7

• Ketones. Ketones have carbonyl group found at the interior of a carbon chain and is
bonded to two alkyl or aromatic groups. Ketones are less reactive than aldehydes
and are used extensively as solvents. The carbonyl functional group imparts polarity
to the solvent. In naming ketone, the suffix -one or the word ketone is added at the
end. For example:

propanone methy ethyl ketone

(acetone) (2-butanone)

• Carboxylic Acid. Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl functional group written as -
COOH, a combination of a carbonyl and hydroxyl group. The names for carboxylic acid
always end with -ic acid like ethanoic acid. Carboxylic acids are weak acids that are
widely distributed in nature and are commonly used in consumer products. It is
important in the production of polymers used to synthesize fibers, films and paints. For
example:

• Esters. An ester is formed when a carboxylic acid and an alcohol react, with water as
a byproduct. Esters are compounds in which an alkyl or aromatic group substitutes
for the hydrogen atom of the carboxyl group of carboxylic acid. Many esters are
volatile liquids with naturally pleasant odors. Some are found in fruits and are
responsible for their characteristic sweet odors. Esters are named by using the first
group from which the alcohol is derived and then the group from which the carboxylic
acid s derived; then the suffix -ate is added. For example:

ethyl propanoate propyl methanoate

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module General Chemistry 1 8

 • Amines and Amides. Amines, nitrogen containing compounds are organic bases. They
have the general formula R-NH2. Where R may be hydrogen or a hydrocarbon group.
The simple linear amines are named by specifying the alkyl groups attached to the
nitrogen atom and adding the ending -amine. For example:
•

When an amine containing hydrogen reacts with a carboxylic acid, an amide is

formed. The amide functional group is derived from the formation of a carbon-to-
nitrogen (C-N) bond accompanied by the production of water. For example:

Organic Formulas and Isomerism

One reason for the occurrence of a great number of organic compounds is the existence
of two or more different organic compounds having the same molecular formula. This is known
as isomerism.
Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but with different structural
formula. A compound can have one molecular formula but with different structural formulas.
For example, C5H12.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module General Chemistry 1 9

Another example of structural isomerism is the figure below.

What’s More

I. Describing the different functional groups

Directions: Name and classify the following compounds based on the functional groups in
each of the following structures. (10 points)

OH
1. CH3CH2CH2CHCH2CH3

2. CH3CH2CH2OCH2CH2CH3

3. H2NCCH3

4. CH3C-O- CH2CH2CH3

5. CH3CCH2CH3

II. Illustrating Organic Compounds

Directions: Write or draw the structural formula of each of the following compounds. (10
points)

1. 3-methyl-2-butanol
2. 2,2-dimethylhexanal
3. dipropyl ether

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module General Chemistry 1 10

4. 1,2-propanediol
5. 3-methyl hexanoic acid

What I Have Learned

1. Organic Chemistry is a branch of chemistry dealing with carbon-containing

compounds.
2. Hydrocarbons consist of only carbon and hydrogen in straight chains, branched chains
or rings, and may include single, double and triple bonds.
3. Alkanes, or saturated hydrocarbon, contain only single bonds.
4. Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain at least one multiple bonds. Alkenes contain one or
more double bonds and alkynes contain one or more triple bonds.
5. Benzene is an unusually stable cyclic hydrocarbon. Its carbon-to-carbon bonds are
alternating single and double bonds. This is the basis for aromatic hydrocarbons.
6. In alcohols, a hydroxyl group replaces one or more of the hydrogen atoms of a
hydrocarbon.
7. An ether is a compound consisting of two hydrocarbon chains attached to the same
oxygen atom.
8. An aldehyde contains a carbonyl group (C=O) located at the end of a carbon chain.
9. A ketone contains a carbonyl group located within the interior of a carbon chain.
10. A carboxylic acid contains a carboxyl group (-COOH).
11. When a hydrocarbon chain replaces the hydrogen atom in the carboxyl group of a
carboxylic acid, the compound is known as an ester.
12. The compound formed when one or more hydrocarbon chains or aromatic rings
replace the hydrogen of ammonia is called an amine.
13. When the N of an amine is attached to the carbon atom of a carbonyl group, the
compound is called an amide.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module General Chemistry 1 11

 Assessment

Directions: Read the question/statement carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer
on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What kind of hydrocarbon is C8H14?

A. alkane C. alkyne
B. alkene D. alcohol

2. Which is an example of an ether?

A. CH3OH C. CH3CH2COOCH3
B. CH3CH2CH2Cl D. CH3CH2OCH2CH3

3. The compound formed when one or more hydrocarbon chains or aromatic rings replace
the hydrogen of ammonia is called a/an ________.
A. alcohol C. amide
B. amine D. ethers

4. An aldehyde contains what functional group that is located at the end of a carbon chain?
A. carbonyl group C. hydroxyl group
B. carboxyl group D. ammonia group

5. What is the simplest organic compound?

A. acetone C. ethanol
B. ethane D. methane

6. Alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons are all considered to be _______.

A. unsaturated C. homologous
B. saturated D. polar

7. Which of the following is the general formula of an ether?

A. R - X C. R – O – R’
B. R - OH D. R – N – R”
R’

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module General Chemistry 1 12

8. Which of the following organic compounds has a functional group of a carboxyl group?
A. alkyl halide C. ketone
B. ester D. amine

9. Compounds with the same molecular formula but with different structural formula is
called ____________.
A. compounds C. isomers
B. isotopes D. functional groups

10. What is the IUPAC name for the compound shown below?

A. 2-methyl-4-pentanone C. 2-methyl-pantanol
B. 4-methyl-2-pentanone D. methyl-2-methyl-propanoic acid

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module General Chemistry 1 13

 10. D 5. alkene
9. C 4. alkane
8. B 3. alkene
7. D 2. alkane
6. D 1. alkyne
5. D What’s In
4. B
3. C
2. B
1. A
What I Know

References

Davis, Raymond E., et.al, Modern Chemistry. Austin, Texas: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
2002.
Bayquen, Aristea V., et.al, Exploring Life Through Science Series Senior High School General
Chemistry 2. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. 2016.
Barrameda, Ma. Corazon, et.al, Teaching Guide for Senior High School General Chemistry 2.
Quezon City: EC-TEC Commercial. 2016.
Padolina, Ma. Cristina D., et.al, Conceptual and Functional Chemistry-Modular Approach.
Quezon City: Vibal Publishing House, Inc. 2010.
Ilao, Luciana V., et.al, General Chemistry 2. Manila: Rex Book Store. 2017
Petrucci, Harwood, Herring, and Madura. General Chemistry: Principles and Modern
Applications. 9th ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, 2007.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module General Chemistry 1 14

Online References
https://images.app.goo.gl/QhbXBQ71AoMm4gUB7

https://images.app.goo.gl/HMt35uEE7qCMXYef6

https://images.app.goo.gl/EiNP3vLN43uVEk7x7

https://images.app.goo.gl/ApsnAyWXRLyf5FLq8

https://images.app.goo.gl/H5ifpCM5pGpHE1HM8

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Schools Division of Laoag City

Curriculum Implementation Division
Brgy. 23 San Matias, Laoag City, 2900
Contact Number: (077)-771-3678
Email Address: laoag.city@deped.gov.ph

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module General Chemistry 1 15