Quantum Mechanics Lecture Note Dr.H. Rath

Module-III
Quantum Physics:
Elementary concepts of quantum physics formulation to deal with physical
systems
Need for Quantum physics-Historical overviews, Particle aspects of radiation-

Black body radiation, photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, pair production.
(No derivations), Wave aspect of particles- matter wave, de Broglie
Hypothesis, Heisenberg Uncertainty principles- Statement, Interpretation and
application to H-atom, Harmonic oscillator to calculate ground state energy
Dual nature of matter and wave representation of a free particle by plane waves
and wave packets, Schrodingers equation, physical interpretation of wave
function, probability density, principle of superposition, Expectation value,
observables and operators, time independent Schrodingers equation, eigen
value equation, eigen functions and eigenvalues.
Need for Quantum physics
 Classical mechanics describe the motion of the particle, rigid bodies, fluids etc., under the
influence of appropriate forces.
 The laws of electromagnetism, thermodynamics, geometrical and physical optics which
constituted the classical physics described the corresponding phenomenon successfully.
 However, many new phenomena, such as blackbody radiation, photoelectric effect etc.,
observed during the last decade of nineteenth century and the early part of twentieth
century, which could not be explained within the framework of classical physics.
 In order to explain these phenomena the concept of classical physics were modified in
favour of new revolutionary concepts. This process gave the birth to quantum physics.
1895, Roentgen discovered X-rays, in 1896, Becqueral discovered radioactivity,

1897, Thomson discovered electron.
These phenomena are completely different from anything observed before.
Along with these discoveries, a large amount of experimental observations starting with
blackbody radiation . photoelectric effect which the classical theory failed to explain.
Blackbody Radiation
Features of energy distribution curves:
𝑈𝑈(𝜈𝜈)=radiation
energy/unit volume
per frequency range
• At a given temperature, the energy density has maximum value corresponding to a

value of frequency or wavelength.
• The frequency corresponding to maximum energy density increases with increase
of temperature.
• The energy density decreases to zero for both higher and lower values of
frequency or wavelength.
• The energy density corresponding to a given frequency or wavelength increase
with increase of temperature.
• Stefan-Boltzman Law:
• Wein’s Displacement Law:

Planck's radiation formula
• Max Planck’s proposed an empirical formula

for energy distribution in the spectrum of black
body radiation
• In terms of frequency
• In terms of wavelength:
Photoelectric Effect
• The emission of electrons from the surface of metals when a beam
of light of suitable frequency is incident on them is called
‘photoelectric effect’. Emitted electron in this process
Photo electron
Characteristics of Photoelectrons
Stoping Potential
, V0Anode = -ve and
cathode =+ve
Ip= 0
Einstein theory of Photoelectric effect:
Compton Effect
• When an high energetic X-ray photon collides with a stationary target

electron, the photon is scattered away from its original direction of motion
while the electron receives an impulse and begins to move with kinetic
energy EK.
• The frequency and consequently the energy of the photon is higher before
the collision and after the collision, some energy has been transferred to the
electron. This leaves the photon having a lower frequency after the
collision. Since wavelength is inversely related to frequency, the
wavelength of the scattered radiation has a higher wavelength than the
incident radiation.
• The Energy and momentum are conserved before and after collision.
• The phenomenon of increase in the wavelength(or decrease in frequency)
of X-ray radiation by in elastic scattering with free electron is known as
‘Compton effect’.
• Using the conservation of energy and momentum, we get
λ‫׳‬
- λ=h(1-cosϴ)/m c
0
• Where λ‫ = ׳‬wavelength of scattered radiation
• And λ = wavelength of incident radiation
• The above equation is called as Compton shift which is also expressed as Δ
λ=h(1-cosϴ)/m0c
• The Compton shift depends upon the angle of scattering θ and independent
of the wave length of incident radiation.
• The factor (h/m0c) has the dimension of length and is called Compton
wavelength(λc)of the electron.
• Δ λ=λc (1-cosϴ)
Pair production
• When high frequency gamma rays pass near atomic nuclei, some gamma rays are
converted into electron-positron pair. This phenomenon is called pair creation or
pair production.
• It is an example of conservation of energy into mass which follows from the mass-
energy equivalence.
• The energy hϑ of the gamma ray photon must be equal to or greater than 2 m0c2
for pair creation to occur.
ℎ𝜈𝜈 ≥ 2𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜 𝐶𝐶 2
de-Broglie hypothesis
Wave Packet
represented by a wave that

is confined to a small region of space around the particle. Such a wave is called a wave packet
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
Wave function
• Wave functions are the mathematical representation of a
particle which contains all the information required for the
probabilistic description of the particle. It is denoted by ψ.
• It must be well behaved, that is, single valued and
continuous everywhere. Mathematically, it is expressed as
Schrodinger’s wave equation
• In 1926 Schrodinger developed a mathematical theory known as Schrodinger’s
wave equation.
• It is an equation which involves the partial derivative of wave function w. r. t. time
and space coordinate.
• There are two types of Schrodinger equation:

• 1. Time dependent Schrodinger’s equation
• 2. Time independent Schrodinger’s equation
Normalization of ψ:
Operator
An operator is defined by which a given function is transformed into another function. If
the operator A transforms f(x) into the function g(x),
Eigen Functions & Eigen Values:
Expectation value:

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Module-III

Need for Quantum physics-Historical overviews, Particle aspects of radiation-

1895, Roentgen discovered X-rays, in 1896, Becqueral discovered radioactivity,

These phenomena are completely different from anything observed before.

• At a given temperature, the energy density has maximum value corresponding to a

• Wein’s Displacement Law:

• Max Planck’s proposed an empirical formula

• When an high energetic X-ray photon collides with a stationary target

represented by a wave that

• There are two types of Schrodinger equation:

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