Earth Science for STEM

Quarter 2 – Module 5:
Rock Behaviors Under Stress

CO_Q2_ESS SHS
Module
 Lesson
Rock Behaviors Under
5 Stress
Rock is a naturally occurring substance that is an aggregate of different minerals
that had been fused together. Each rock has a unique composition which make
it distinct. Various types of rocks comprises large part of the earth which are
involve in the formation of different land and rock formations. However, energy
and forces on earth may cause deformation and breakage on rocks. These stress
from forces may cause rocks to behave in a certain manner such as sliding in
opposite direction, move away from each other or move towards each other. Thus,
these may result to different geologic structure.

What’s In

Do you still remember metamorphism? Critical reading will help you test how
good your memory is. Read the passage below and answer the questions that
follow. Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper.

4 CO_Q2_ESS_ SHS
Module 5
 What is It

Rocks and large masses undergo deformation wherein it changes their

shape, location, size, tilt or break due to squeezing or shearing. When the rocks
or plates are pulled or pushed together, stress may occur. Not only human can
experience stress, rocks also experienced different kinds of stress. In earth
sciences and geology, stress is the force per unit area that is placed on a rock.
There are three main types of stress, namely, tension, compression, and shear.

1. Tensional stress causes rocks to be pulled apart that result to

lengthening and break apart. This type of stress can be found at
divergent plate boundaries.
2. Compressional stress causes rocks to fold or fracture. It squeezes rocks
together. Compression is the most common type of stress in convergent
plate boundaries.
3. Shear stress happens when forces slide pass each other in opposite
direction which results to slippage and translation. This is the most
common stress found in transform plate boundaries.

A. Before Stress B. Compression

C. Tension D.
Shearing
Figure 8. Stress on Rocks

5 CO_Q2_ESS_ SHS
Module 5
Geologic Structures
1. Folds – are formed when rocks experienced compressive stress and
deformed plastically. It causes bending of rocks. There are three types of
folds: monoclines, anticlines and synclines. A monocline is a simple
bend in the rock layers where the oldest rocks are at the bottom and the
youngest are at the top. An anticline is a fold that arches upward where
the oldest rocks are found at the center of an anticline. The youngest rocks
are covered over them at the top of the structure. A syncline is a fold that
bends downward which rocks are curved down to a center.

Figure 9. Folds

2. Faults – A rock under ample stress can crack, or fracture. The fracture is
called a joint because there is a block of rock left standing on either side
of a fracture line. The footwall is the rock that place on top the fault,
while the hanging wall is below the fault.
Faults can be classified into:

a. Normal faults–are the most common faults at divergent

boundaries. In relation to the footwall, it develops as the hanging
wall drops down. East African Rift is one of the examples of this
type of fault.

Figure 10. Normal Fault

b. Reverse faults – This type of fault is most common at the convergent

boundaries. It forms when the hanging wall moves up. It creates the
world’s highest mountain ranges such as Himalayas Mountains and
Rocky Mountains.

6 CO_Q2_ESS_ SHS
Module 5
 Figure 11. Reverse Fault

c. Strike-slip faults – This type of faults formed when the walls move
sideways. It can be either right lateral or left lateral. It is mostly
common on transform plate boundaries. The most popular example
of this type is San Andreas Fault.

Figure 12. Strike-Slip fault

7 CO_Q2_ESS_ SHS
Module 5
 What I Have Learned

Analyze the given illustrations then complete the thought of the organizer
below. Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper.

8 CO_Q2_ESS_ SHS
Module 5
 What I Can Do

Read the statements below. In not more than 50 words, answer the questions
that follow. Write your answer in a sheet of paper.

Movement of tectonic plates generates enough energy that causes

earthquakes which are released along the faults. As a STEM student, why do you
think is it necessary to study the characteristics of fault system? If you are
residing on an area where active fault is present, what will you do to educate
your neighbors about it?

Only after a fault has caused an earthquake or left a visible imprint on the earth's
surface do we know it exists. As a result, there's a good chance we're living near an
active fault. In such situation, we may be aware of the potential for earthquakes and
plan accordingly.
It is necessary to study the characteristics of fault systems for disaster risk
prevention or so that you will be fully aware of what will happen so that you can
take precautions and be prepared if the fault causes disaster...sharing information
about the situation your place is facing or what are the necessary facts for residents
residing in your area with active fault will also assist your neighbors in being
prepared.

Rubric

Category 5 4 3 2 1

9 CO_Q2_ESS_ SHS
Module 5
Content There is one There is one There is one There is no The essay
clear, well- clear, well- clear, well- clear, well- does not
focused topic. focused topic. focused topic. focused topic. respond to
Main ideas are Main ideas are Main ideas are Main ideas are what is
clear and are clear and are clear and are not clear and needed in
well supported well supported well supported are well the task.
by detailed by detailed by detailed supported by
and accurate and accurate and accurate detailed and
information information. information. accurate
and examples. Only one The questions information.
The questions question was were not
were clearly answered. directly
and vividly answered.
answered.

10 CO_Q2_ESS_ SHS
Module 5
Organization of The ideas and Some ideas Few ideas and Few ideas All ideas
ideas concepts are and concepts concepts are and concepts and
precisely are vague but vague and are concepts
organized in in a logical unorganized incoherent are
a logical format and but not and incoherent
format and easy to misleading. misleading. and
easy to follow. misleading.
follow.
Pertinent words 50 pertinent 40 pertinent 30 pertinent 20 pertinent 10 pertinent
words were words were words were words were words were
used. used. used. used. used.
Total Score:

11 CO_Q2_ESS_ SHS
Module 5
References

Books

Olivar, J., Rodolfo, R., & Cabria, H. (2016). Exploring Life Through Science
Series: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

Online Resources

Brainly. “Which of the following faults occurs where the "hanging wall” moves
up or is thrust over the "footwall"?” Brainly. Accessed June 3, 2020.
https://brainly.ph/question/8912271
Dutton, John A. “Faults”. e-Education Institute. Accessed June 3, 2020.
https://www.e-education.psu.edu/earth520/content/l7_p3.html
“Faultline Seismic Science at the Epicenter”. Faults. June 3, 2020.
https://www.exploratorium.edu/faultline/basics/faults.html#:~:text= The
%20San%20Andreas%20Fault%E2%80%94made,are%20sliding%2 0past
%20each%20other.
GeoSciences Libretext. “Stress In Earth’s Crust.”GeoSciences. June 3, 2020.
https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geology/Book%3A_Fundamen
tals_of_Geology_(Schulte)/07%3A_Crustal_Deformation/7.03%3A_Stre
ss_in_Earth's_Crust

“Crustal Deformation”. Lumen. June 3, 2020.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/geo/chapter/reading-stress-in-
earths-crust-2/
Maggi Glasscoe. “Forces in Earth.” Scecinfo. May 21, 2020.
http://scecinfo.usc.edu/education/k12/learn/plate5.htm

“Rock Behavior Under Stress.” Quizizz. Accessed June 3, 2020

https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5ffae545dc57fc001b03dcdc/rock-
behavior-under-stress
“What Are the Types of Stresses in the Earth's Crust?”. Sciencing. June 3,
2020. https://sciencing.com/types-stresses-earths-crust-22473.html
“Teachengineering organization.” Soapy Stress Worksheet. August 21, 2021.
https://www.teachengineering.org/content/cub_/activities/cub_rock/cu
b_rock_lesson01_activity1_worksheet

12 CO_Q2_ESS_ SHS
Module 5