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ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
Distance between a Point and a Line

Distance between Two Points:

Given: P1 (x1, y1) & P2 (x2, y2)

|𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨+𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩+𝑪𝑪|
Then, P1P2= �(𝒙𝒙𝒙𝒙 − 𝒙𝒙𝒙𝒙)𝟐𝟐 + (𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 − 𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚)𝟐𝟐 D=
±� 𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐 +𝑩𝑩𝟐𝟐

Midpoint Formula:

If M(xm,ym) is the midpoint of P1P2 then,

𝑿𝑿𝑿𝑿+𝑿𝑿𝑿𝑿 𝒀𝒀𝒀𝒀+𝒀𝒀𝒀𝒀
Xm = ; Ym = The Conic Sections:
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐

Division of a Line Segment:

General Definition of a Conic Section

A set of points such that the distance from any point to a fixed point called
focus is in constant ratio to its distance to a fixed line called directrix. The
Equation of a Line: constant ratio is called its eccentricity.

A. Point-Slope Form General Equation of the 2nd Degree

Given: m = slope Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
P1 (x1, y1)
Then, y-y1=m(x-x1) To find what type of curve is described by a given equation:

B. Slope – Intercept Form Case 1: B = 0.

Given: m = slope
b = y – intercept If A or C is zero, it is a parabola
Then, y=mx+b If A and C are not zeroes and
A and C are opposite signs, it is a hyperbola
C. Two-Point Form A and C are of the same sign and
Given: P1 (x1, y1) & P2 (x2, y2) A = C, it is a circle
Then, y-y1=
𝒀𝒀𝒀𝒀−𝒀𝒀𝒀𝒀
(x-x1) A ≠ C, it is an ellipse
𝑿𝑿𝑿𝑿−𝑿𝑿𝑿𝑿

Case 2: B ≠ 0
D. Two-Intercept Form
Given:
Evaluate B2 - 4AC, if
a=x-intercept
B2 - 4AC = 0, it is a parabola
B=y-intercept
B2 - 4AC < 0, it is an ellipse
Then, x/a+y/b=1
B2 - 4AC > 0, it is a hyperbola
E. General Form
Ax + By + C = 0
When
e=1, it’s a parabola
NOTE;
e<1, it’s an ellipse
Parallel Lines:
e>1, it’s a hyperbola
Two lines L1 and L2 are parallel if m1 = m2.
To find the equation of a line tangent to a conic section at a point P1
Perpendicular Lines:
(x1, y1):
Two lines L1 and L2 are perpendicular if m1m2 = -1.
1. Replace x2 by xx1
2. Replace y2 by yy1
Angle between Two Lines: 3. Replace x by (x + x1)/2
4. Replce y by (y + y1)/2

where P1 (x1, y1) is the point of tangency.

𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎−𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
tanθ=
𝟏𝟏+𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎−𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
tan𝛗𝛗=
𝟏𝟏+𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

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The Circle: Parabola:

Set of points such that the distance from any point to focus is equal to the
Center at (h, k): perpendicular distance from the same point to the directrix.
Center at (0, 0):
𝒇𝒇 𝒇𝒇 𝒇𝒇
General Form: e=𝒅𝒅𝟏𝟏 = 𝒅𝒅𝟐𝟐 = 𝒅𝒅𝟑𝟑
𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟑

Ax2 + Ay2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
or x2 + y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
h = - ½ D/A
k = - ½ E/A
2 𝐷𝐷2+𝐸𝐸2 +4𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
r=�
4𝐴𝐴2

Sample Problems:
1. Find the equation of the line passing through the point A (3, -2) and
perpendicular to the line 20x–y–34=0.

2. Find the abscissa of a point whose ordinate is 5 if this point is

collinear with the points (1, -2) and (4, 2).

3. Find the coordinates of the point which is 3/8 of the way from the point
(-1, 3) to the point (4, -2).

4. Find the equation of the circle with a diameter of which is the line
segment connecting the centers of the following circles: x2+y2+2x+2y- Deriving the equation of the parabola:
7=0 and x2+y2-4x+8y-5=0.

5. A circle has its center at (-3,2) and one end of the diameter is located
at (7,2). Find the location of the other end of the diameter.

6. The ff. points A(2,1), B(5,5), C(9,2), D(6,-2) are the endpoints of what
shape?

7. Given the circle x2 + y2 = 25 and the point A(3, -4) on the

circle. Find the equation of the tangent to the circle at A.

8. Find the radius and center of the circle x2 + y2 - 2x - 4y + 1 = 0.

9. Find the equation of the circle through the points A(4, -2), B(6,
1), C(-1, 3).

10. Given the circle (x - 1)2 + (y - 2)2 = 25 and the point

A(4,6) on the circle. Find the equation of the tangent to the circle at
A.

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The Ellipse:

Set of points such that the sum of the distances from any point to the
two fixed point (foci) is constant. The constant sum is equal to the
length of the major axis, 2a.

2a = length of the major axis

2b = length of the minor axis
Note: length of latus rectum = 4a.
Derivation of the ellipse:

C = 0 Opens Upward or Downward d 1 +d 2 =2a

Ax2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 �(x + c)2 + y2 + �(x − c)2 + y2 =2a
Or x2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
h = - ½ D/A k = - ¼ E/A x2 y2
Simplifying, 2+ 2 2=1
a a −c
A = 0 Opens to the left or to the right Let b2 = a2-c2
Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 x2 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐
+ = 𝟏𝟏
Or y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 a2 𝒃𝒃𝟐𝟐
𝐸𝐸2 −4𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
k = - ½ E/C h=
4𝐷𝐷
𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 x2
Note: If major axis is the vertical, the equation is 𝒃𝒃𝟐𝟐 + a2 = 𝟏𝟏
Sample problems:
1. Locate the vertex and focus and find the length of LR of the parabola, If center is at (h, k), just change x to (x – h) and y to (y – k).
x2 = 16y.
2. Write the equation of a parabola with vertex at (3, 2) and focus at (-1, Properties:
2). 1. a2 = b2 + c2 where a>c ; a>b
3. Find the vertex, focus, directrix, and length of the latus rectum of 2. e = c/a < 1
(y+3)2=12(x-1). 3. e' (second eccentricity) =c/b
4. An automobile headlight has a parabolic reflector that is 6 inches in 4. d= a/e (distance from center to directrix)
diameter and 3 inches deep. How far from the vertex should the light 5. Length of latus rectum = 2b2/a
bulb be placed? 6. Area= πab
5. Find the equation of the line tangent to the curve x2=4y+5 and passing
𝑎𝑎 2+𝑏𝑏 2
through point (3, 1) 7. Perimeter =2π� 𝑠𝑠
6. A radio telescope has a parabolic dish with a diameter of 100
Ax2 + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
meters. The collected radio signals are reflected to one collection
Or x2 + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
point, called the "focal" point, being the focus of the parabola. If the
a>b
focal length is 45 meters, find the depth of the dish.
h = - ½ D/A k = - ½ E/C
7. Find the equation given the focus (0, -2) and the directrix, x = 2.
8. An arch in a memorial park, having a parabolic shape, has a height of
25 feet and a base width of 30 feet. Find an equation which models
this shape, using the x-axis to represent the ground. State the focus
and directrix.

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The Hyperbola: 5. Identify whether the curves describes by the following
A set of points such that the difference of the distances from any point to equations is a circle, parabola, ellipse or hyperbola.
the two fixed points (foci) is constant. The constant difference is equal to a. y2 + 3x – 2y + 7 = 0.
the length of the transverse axis, 2a. b. 4x2 + 4y2 – 8x + 4y + 1 = 0
c. 13x2 + 10xy + 13y2 + 6x – 42y – 27 = 0
d. 4xy + 3y2 – 8x + 16y + 19 = 0

6. Find the equation of the line tangent to the conic section 3x2–
3xy+4x+y–3=0 at (-1, 1).

Derivation of the Hyperbola

d 1 +d 2 =2a
�(x + c)2 + y2 + �(x − c)2 + y2 =2a
x2 y2
Simplifying, a2+a2 −c2=1
Let b2 = a2-c2
x2 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐
+ = 𝟏𝟏
a2 𝒃𝒃𝟐𝟐

Note: If major axis is the vertical, b2 > a2.

If center is at (h, k), just change x to (x – h) and y to (y – k).

Properties:
1. c2 = a2 + b2 where c>a ; c>b
2. e = c/a > 1
3. d= a/e (distance from center to directrix)
5. Length of latus rectum = 2b2/a

Ax2 - Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
Or x2 - Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
h = - ½ D/A k = - ½ E/C

Asymptotes Equation for Hyperbola

y-k = ±m (x-h)

Sample Problems:
1. Find the equation of the ellipse that has its center at (1, 1), a vertex
at (3, 1) and that passes through the origin.
2. Locate the center and foci and determine the length of the latus
rectum of the ellipse whose equation is 16x2 + 25y2 – 128x – 150y +
381 = 0.
3. Find the eccentricity of an ellipse whose major axis is twice as long as
its minor axis.
4. Locate the center, vertices, foci and find the equation of the
asymptotes of the hyperbola 9x2 – 4y2 + 90x + 32y + 125 = 0.
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Analytic Geometry 2 Cylindrical Coordinate System

Polar Coordinate System

Location is expressed by the distance r from a fixed point or pole and

angle Ø from a fixed line.

2 2 2
R =x +y Tan Ø = y/x 1. (3, 4, 5) in Cylindrical Coordinate System is…
2. (-4, -5, 10) in Cylindrical Coordinate System is
X = r cosØ Y = r sinØ a. (6.4, -128.650, 10)
b. (5.4, -128.650, 10)
c. (5.4, -128.650, 10)
1. Find the polar coordinate of (3, -6).
d. (6.4, -123.650, 10)
2. Find the rectangular coordinate of (100, 1200).
3.(CE BOARD MAY 2017) Point P has cylindrical coordinates of (8, 30o,
5). Find the value of x in the Cartesian coordinates
3. The coordinate axes are rotated 700 clockwise. What is the new
a. 5.21 c. 6.12
coordinate of the point (5, 8) with respect to the new axes?
b. 6.93 d. 5.94
4. The new coordinate is (7, -9) when the coordinate axes are rotated 450
counterclockwise. What is the old coordinate?
Parametric Equations
5. The coordinate (4, 3) becomes (2.733, 4.187) when the coordinate axes
are rotated clockwise. 1. The parametric equation of y2 = 4x is
a. x = t2 , y = 2t
6. What is the polar coordinate on the point on a circle x2 + y2 = 25 when b. x = t2 , y = 4t
x = -3 in the second quadrant? c. x = t , y2 = 8t
d. x = t , y2 = 16t
7. y = x2 in polar coordinate system is
a. cosθ = rsinθ b. tan θ = rcos2θ 2. The parametric equation of x2 + y2 – 14x – 8y + 64 = 0 is
c. sinθ = rcos θ2 d. cotθ = rcos2θ a. x = 7 + cos t, y = 4 + sin t
b. x = 7 + cos t, y = 4 - sin t
8. x2 + y2 + 8x = 0 in polar coordinate system is c. x = 7 - cos t, y = 4 - sin t
a. r = -8sinθ b. r = -8cosθ d. x = -7 + cos t, y = -4 + sin t
c. r = -4sinθ d. r = -4cosθ
3. Transform the parametric equation x = √5 sin t , y = 3 cos t into
9. r = 3 cos θ in Cartesian form is general equation
a. x2 + y2 = 2x a. 9x2 + 5y2 = 45
b. x2 + y2 = 3x
b. 10x2 + 9y2 = 45
c. x2 + y2 = 3x/2 d. x2 + y2 = x
c. 9x2 + 4y2 = 45
d. 12x2 + 5y2 = 45
10. r ( 1 + cos θ ) = 1 in Cartesian Form is
a. y2 + 2x = 1 b. y + 2x2 = 1
c. y2 + 4x = 1 d. y2 + x = 2

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Common Polar Curves

1. The equation r = 2 is
a. circle with radius 2, center on the y axis
b. circle with radius 2, center at the origin
c. spiral
d. circle of diameter 2, center at the origin.

2. The polar curve r = 4 – 4 cos θ is

a. cardioid b. limacon
c. ellipse d. lemniscate

3. The polar curve r = sec θ is

a. parabola b. line
c. ellipse d. hyperbola

4. The polar curve r2 = cos 2θ is a

a. lemniscate b. 4 leaf rose
c. spiral d. limacon

5. The polar curve r = sin 3θ is a

a. 3 leaf rose b. 6 leaf rose
c. 9 leaf rose d. ellipse

6. The polar curve r = cos 4θ is

a. 4 leaf rose b. 8 leaf rose
c. 2 leaf rose d. 16 leaf rose

Solid Analytic Geometry

1. Find the distance between A ( 3,4, -6) and B ( 4, 5, -7) . PAST CE

BOARD
2. The distance between the points A( 2, 10, 4) and B ( 8, 3, z) is 9.434.
What is the value of z? a. 5 b. 6 c. 1 d. 9
3. Find the distance from the plane 7x – 6y + 6z + 8 = 0 and the point ( 3,
2, -1).
4. Two faces of a cube lie in the planes 2x – y + 2z – 3= 0 and 6x – 3y +
6z + 8 = 0 . Find the volume of the cube.
5. What is the radius of the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 + 8x – 2y + 1 = 0? (PAST
CE BOARD)
6. What is the volume of the sphere whose equation is 4x2 + 7x + 4y2 – 3y
+ 4z2 + 2z -8 = 0?
7. Find the equation of the plane which is tangent to the sphere x2 + y2 +
z2 – 10x + 4y – 6z – 187 = 0 at the point ( -9, 3, 1).

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