σcosθ ρgd σ = surface tension in N/m θ = wetting angle, 0 for water d = diameter of tube in m ρ = density of fluid

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REVIEW – HYDRAULICS AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

Surface Tension: minimum area of a block which will support a


4σcosθ man weighing 80kg.
ℎ=
ρgd
5. CE BOARD MAY 2016. A spherical balloon 6m
h = capillary rise in m in diameter is filled with gas weighing 5N/m3.
σ = surface tension in N/m In standard air weighing 12N/m3 evaluate the
maximum load in N, excluding its own weight the
θ = wetting angle, 0 for water balloon can lift.
d = diameter of tube in m
ρ = density of fluid 6. CE BOARD MAY 2016. A ship having a
displacement of 20000 metric tons enters a
harbour of fresh water. The ship captain
1. Estimate the height to which water recorded a draft of 8.4m while the ship was
will rise in a capillary tube of diameter still in seawater. (S=1.03). Obtain the draft
3mm. Use σ=0.0728N/m and γ=9810N/m3 for in meters of the ship in fresh water if the
water. Ans. 9.9mm horizontal section of the ship below the water
line is 3000m2 in both instances.
2. Estimate the capillary depression for
mercury in a glass capillary tube 2mm in Dams
diameter. Use σ=0.514N/m and θ = 140 °.
Ans. 6mm 1. A dam is triangular in cross-section with
the upstream face vertical. Water is flushed
with the top. The dam is 8m high and 6m wide
Buoyancy: at the base and weighs 2.4 tons per cubic
Archimedes’ Principle meter. The coefficient of friction between the
A body immersed in a fluid is acted by base and the foundation is 0.8.
a buoyant force which is equal to the weight a. Determine the factor of safety against
of the fluid displaced. sliding.
BF = γ f V d b. Determine the factor of safety against
BF – buoyant force (kN) overturning.
γ f – unit weight of fluid displaced (kN/m3) c. Determine the maximum pressure on the
foundation.
V d – volume of fluid displaced (m3); volume of
body displacing; volume of body immersed d. Determine the minimum pressure on the
foundation.
Sample Problems:
2. CE Board May 1992. A gravity dam of
1. A hollow cylinder 1 m Φ and 2.8 m high weighs trapezoidal cross section with one face
3.84 kN. vertical and horizontal base is 22m high and
a. How many kN of lead weighing 110 kN/m3 must has a thickness of 4m at the top. Water
be fastened to the outside bottom to make the upstream stands 2m below the crest of the dam.
cylinder float vertically with 2.3 m The specific gravity of masonry is 2.4.
submerged in fresh water? Considering uplift pressure to vary from full
b. How man kN of lead weighing 110 kN/m3 must hydrostatic pressure at the heel to zero at the
be placed inside the cylinder to make it float toe, find the base width B of the dam so that
vertically with 2.3 m submerged in fresh the resultant force will act at the extremity
water? of the middle third near the toe. Compute the
c. What additional load must be placed inside maximum and minimum compressive stresses
the cylinder to make its top flush with the acting against the base of the dam.
water surface?

2. A stone weighs 468 N in air. When submerged


in water, it weighs 298 N.
a. Determine the volume of the stone
b. Determine the specific weight of the stone
c. What is the relative density of the stone?

3. A solid object of sg = 3.47 floats in


mercury.
a. What fraction of its volume is above the
liquid surface?
b. Find the weight if its 0.018 m3 below the
liquid surface
c. Compute for the vertical force that will
completely submerge the object.

4. A block of wood 0.20 m thick is floating in


sea water. The specific gravity of wood is 0.65
while that of seawater is 1.03. Find the

INHINYERO REVIEW CENTER

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