Introduction

Nanomaterials have gained importance in technological advancement due to

their exceptional tunable properties and enhanced performance over their bulk
counterparts. Due to difference in surface to volume ratio and quantum
confinement. These nanomaterials are revolutionizing various industrial
applications due to their excellent, and unique characteristics. The engineering
applications of nanomaterials in diverse industrial fields, such as biomedical,
food processing, biotechnology, environmental remediation, construction,
renewable energy, electronics, and energy storage. 1

Typically, the investigation of novel and functionalized materials has been of great
importance for the optimization and development of various technologies, for example,
based on electrical,[2] optical,3 optoelectronic,[4]  and the introduction of new
technologies, such as quantum technologies.[5 From such devices, one does not only
expect higher efficiencies, but access to the development of utterly new concepts, which
are strongly demanded by modern information processing, quantum or medical
technologies and sensing applications.

Novel materials or sophisticated material systems, which can be for instance used for
energy harvesting[16] or (quantum) light generation[17, 18] and light-based sensing,
[19, 20]
 switchable surfaces,[21, 22] as well as for future logic devices,[23] have become
increasingly important due to their exotic properties, such as the class of 2D materials,
[24]
 topological insulators[25, 26] or perovskites.[12, 27] To make best use of their features,
material engineering is targeted by the research community, which can lead to improved
device functionality and performance in optoelectronics (e.g., refs. [28-30]). However,
the understanding of material physics, the study of which allows insight to be gained
into optical and electrical properties of nanostructures systems, remains at the core of
ongoing endeavors to harness on any extraordinary material platform or quantum
structure. Ultimately, to make use of quantum materials and nanostructures,
nanotechnologies and devices need to be developed to lead them toward applications.

Toward the achievement of flexible, cheap, and miniature optoelectronic devices,

material engineering and physics have become the subject of intense research both on
the fundamental and the applied level. Particularly, 2D materials have gained a large
share within the overall research domain concerning low-dimensional materials
previously dominated by quantum dots (QDs) and conventional heterostructure
technology. Indeed, these well-established fields have matured over the last decades as
part of excessive light-source and photo-detector development and have brought up
various novel devices ranging from single-photon sources (SPSs) over quantum-
cascade lasers (QCLs) to QD light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Additionally, the pool of
attractive optoelectronic materials has nowadays become extended from classical
inorganic III/V semiconductors to organic semiconductors, hybrid material systems, and
the perovskite material class.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/andp.202000015

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2. Y. Che, H. Chen, H. Gui, J. Liu, B. Liu, C. Zhou, Semicond. Sci. Technol. 2014, 29, 073001.
3. https://www.nature.com/articles/natrevmats201670
4. 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2020.3038344
5. doi.org/10.1002/andp.202000015
6. Fevzihan Basarir; Farid Sayar Irani; Arif Kosemen; B. Tugba Camic; Faruk Oytun; Bahadir
Tunaboylu; Hee Jeong Shin; Ki Young Nam; Hyosung Choi; Recent progresses on solution-
processed silver nanowire based transparent conducting electrodes for organic solar cells. Materials
Today Chemistry 2017, 3, 60-72, 10.1016/j.mtchem.2017.02.001.
7. Yin Cheng; Shouling Wang; Ranran Wang; Jing Sun; Lian Gao; Copper nanowire based
transparent conductive films with high stability and superior stretchability. Journal of Materials
Chemistry C 2014, 2, 5309-5316, 10.1039/c4tc00375f.
8. Antoine Lonjon; Ivan Caffrey; Delphine Carponcin; Eric Dantras; Colette Lacabanne; High
electrically conductive composites of Polyamide 11 filled with silver nanowires: Nanocomposites
processing, mechanical and electrical analysis. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 2013, 376, 199-
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9. Hsun-Chen Chu; Yen-Chen Chang; Yow Lin; Shu-Hao Chang; Wei-Chung Chang; Guo-An Li;
Hsing-Yu Tuan; Spray-deposited Large-area Copper Nanowire Transparent Conductive Electrodes
and their uses for Touch Screen Applications. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2016, 8, 13009-
13017, 10.1021/acsami.6b02652
10. Jinhwan Lee; Phillip Lee; Hyungman Lee; Dongjin Lee; Seung Seob Lee; Seung Hwan Ko; Very
long Ag nanowire synthesis and its application in a highly transparent, conductive and flexible metal
electrode touch panel. Nanoscale 2012, 4, 6408, 10.1039/c2nr31254a.
11. Nasir M. Abbasi; Haojie Yu; Li Wang; Zain- Ul- Abdin; Wael A. Amer; Muhammad Akram;
Hamad Khalid; Yongsheng Chen; Muhammad Saleem; Ruoli Sun; et al. Preparation of silver
nanowires and their application in conducting polymer nanocomposites. Materials Chemistry and
Physics 2015, 166, 1-15, 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2015.08.056.

Nano wires
A nanowire is a nanostructure, with the diameter of the order of a nanometre (10−9 metres). It can
also be defined as the ratio of the length to width being greater than 1000. Alternatively, nanowires
can be defined as structures that have a thickness or diameter constrained to tens of nanometers or
less and an unconstrained length. At these scales, quantum mechanical effects are important—
which coined the term "quantum wires". Many different types of nanowires exist, including
superconducting (e.g. YBCO[1]), metallic (e.g. Ni, Pt, Au, Ag), semiconducting (e.g. silicon nanowires
(SiNWs), InP, GaN) and insulating (e.g. SiO2, TiO2). Molecular nanowires are composed of repeating
molecular units either organic (e.g. DNA) or inorganic (e.g. Mo6S9−xIx). Wikipedia

Metallic nanowires
The fundamental properties of a material can dramatically change when its dimensions are
reduced nanometer scale. Metallic nanowires are one-dimensional nanostructures with
diameters that are typically in a range of 10-200 nm, and lengths in a range of 5-100 µm.
Metallic nanowires have many unique properties that are not seen in their bulk counterparts,
such as good thermal and electrical conductivity, high aspect ratio, low sheet resistance,
excellent optical transparency, etc [6]
In the past two decades, research into 1D metallic NWs has encouraged breakthrough
technologies in a variety of fields, including flexible transparent conductive films and
electrodes[7], conductive polymer nanocomposites[8], touch sensors[9], photovoltaic (PV)
cells[10], electrochromic devices (ECD), wearable optoelectronic devices, and thermal energy
storage (TES) . The rapid advancement in the frontier of metallic NW technologies, particularly
silver nanowires (AgNWs) and copper nanowires (CuNWs), has made them up-and-coming
candidates for next generation engineering materials. Meanwhile, many synthesis methods
have been developed to yield metallic NWs with uniform size at low cost thanks to the
developed characterization techniques[11].
Synthesis of nanowires
There are several method used for the synthesis metallic nanowires, which can be broadly
categorize as, hard templet method [1], seedless surfactant less synthesis method [2], seed
based synthesis method [3], self-seeding polyol process [4] micro-wave polyol method [5],
solvothermal method [6],  one-step low temperature synthesis [7], polyol process
[8] etc. Among these, the polyol technique is one of the best method compared to other chemical
methods as it is low cost and simple and provides high yield. The polyol method was first used by Xia et
al. [9]  the polyol process for the large-scale synthesis of uniform silver
nanowires. It involved the reduction of silver nitrate by ethylene glycol in the
presence of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP). The key to the formation of uniform
silver nanowires was believed to be the use of PVP as a polymer capping
reagent and the introduction of a seeding step. When silver nitrate was reduced
in the presence of seeds (Ag particles of a few nanometers), silver nanoparticles
with a bimodal size distribution were generated in the reaction mixture via
heterogeneous and homogeneous nucleation processes, In the early stage of the
ripening process, many larger silver particles could be directed to grow into
nanorods with uniform diameters, which could then grow continuously into
uniform nanowires of up to 50-70 μm in length[10]. As the AgNWs were
successfully synthesized they are deposited on the different substrate in the form
of network using spray coating [11], drop-casting , spin-coating , spray deposition, dry-
transfer, Meyer rod coating [12] etc. as the optimized AgNws network was obtained, different
devices like solar cell, electromagnetic shielding, light emitting diode, pressure sensors, transparent
heaters may fabricated.

1. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/cm020587b
2. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/nl0341178
3,. https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2008/jm/b714072j/unauth
4. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/1521-
4095%2820020605%2914%3A11%3C833%3A%3AAID-ADMA833%3E3.0.CO%3B2-K
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6. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10854-010-0074-2
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925838806007791
8. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jnm/2020/9341983/
9. haroon synopsis
10. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/nl034312m
11. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/cg200874g
12. https://www.osapublishing.org/ome/fulltext.cfm?uri=ome-5-10-2347&id=327364