3.1 Digital and Analog Systems, Number Systems

3.
Digital Design
3.1 Digital and Analog Systems. Number Systems.
Digital and Analog Systems

Number System
Bit
§ Bit stands for binary digit
§ A bit in computer terminology means either a 0 or a 1
§ A binary number consisting of n bits is called an n-bit number
Decimal Number System
Characteristics
§ Has 10 symbols or digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9). Hence, its base = 10
§ The maximum value of a single digit is 9 (one less than the value of the base)
§ Each position of a digit represents a specific power of the base (10)
§ We use this number system in our day-to-day life
Binary Number System

Characteristics
§ Has only 2 symbols or digits (0 and 1). Hence its base = 2
§ This number system is used in computers
Octal Number System

Characteristics
§ Has total 8 symbols or digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7). Hence, its base = 8
§ The maximum value of a single digit is 7 (one less than the value of the base
§ Since there are only 8 digits, 3 bits (2 3 = 8) are sufficient to represent any octal number in binary
Hexadecimal Number System
Characteristics
§ Has total 16 symbols or digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F). Hence its base = 16
§ The symbols A, B, C, D, E and F represent the decimal values 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15 respectively
§ Since there are only 16 digits, 4 bits (24 = 16) are sufficient to represent any hexadecimal number
in binary
Converting a Number of Another Base to a Decimal Number

Method
Step 1: Determine the column (positional) value of each digit
Step 2: Multiply the obtained column values by the digits in the corresponding columns
Step 3: Calculate the sum of these products
Converting a Decimal Number to a Number of Another Base

Division-Remainder Method
Step 1: Divide the decimal number to be converted by the value of the new base
Step 2: Record the remainder from Step 1 as the rightmost digit (least significant digit) of the
new base number
Step 3: Divide the quotient of the previous divide by the new base
Step 4: Record the remainder from Step 3 as the next digit (to the left) of the new base number
Repeat Steps 3 and 4, recording remainders from right to left, until the quotient becomes zero in
Step 3
Note that the last remainder thus obtained will be the most significant digit (MSD) of the new
base number
Converting a Number of Some Base to a Number of Another Base
Method
Step 1: Convert the original number to a decimal number (base 10)
Step 2: Convert the decimal number so obtained to the new base number
Shortcut Method for Converting a Binary Number to its Equivalent Octal Number
Method
Step 1: Divide the digits into groups of three starting from the right
Step 2: Convert each group of three binary digits to one octal digit using the method of binary to
decimal conversion
Shortcut Method for Converting an Octal Number to Its Equivalent Binary Number
Method
Step 1: Convert each octal digit to a 3 digit binary number (the octal digits may be treated as
decimal for this conversion)
Step 2: Combine all the resulting binary groups (of 3 digits each) into a single binary number
Shortcut Method for Converting a Binary Number to its Equivalent Hexadecimal Number\
Method
Step 1: Divide the binary digits into groups of four starting from the right
Step 2: Combine each group of four binary digits to one hexadecimal digit
Shortcut Method for Converting a Hexadecimal Number to its Equivalent Binary Number
Method
Step 1: Convert the decimal equivalent of each hexadecimal digit to a 4 digit binary number
Step 2: Combine all the resulting binary groups (of 4 digits each) in a single binary number
Fractional Numbers
Fractional numbers are formed same way as decimal number system
In general, a number in a number system with base b would be written as:
an ann-1... a0 . a-1 a-2 ... a-m
And would be interpreted to mean:
an x bn + an-1 x bn-1 + ... + a0 x b0 + a-1 x b-1 + a-2 x b-2 +... + a-m x b-m
The symbols an, an-1, ..., a-m in above representation should be one of the b symbols allowed in the
number system
Formation of Fractional Numbers in Binary Number System (Example)
Formation of Fractional Numbers in Octal Number System (Example)
1). How many types of number systems are there?

One
Two
Three
Four
(Decimal, Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal)
2). The base is 16 for _______ number system
Binary
Hexadecimal
Decimal
Octal
3). The ones complement of binary number 1010 is ___________

0101
1010
0110
1110
4). The 2’s complement of binary number 1010 is ___________

0101
1010
0110
1110
5). The base is eight for _______ number system

Binary
Hexadecimal
Decimal
Octal
6). The base is ten for _______ number system

Binary
Hexadecimal
Decimal
Octal

3.1 Digital and Analog Systems, Number Systems

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3.

3.1 Digital and Analog Systems. Number Systems.

Digital and Analog Systems

Binary Number System

Octal Number System

Converting a Number of Another Base to a Decimal Number

Converting a Decimal Number to a Number of Another Base

Formation of Fractional Numbers in Binary Number System (Example)

Formation of Fractional Numbers in Octal Number System (Example)

1). How many types of number systems are there?

3). The ones complement of binary number 1010 is ___________

4). The 2’s complement of binary number 1010 is ___________

5). The base is eight for _______ number system

6). The base is ten for _______ number system

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