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NURTURE

MODULE-2

IIT MATHEMATICSN

H.O. 92, Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota (Raj.) Mob. 97831-97831, 70732-22177, 0744-2423333
 INDEX
S.NO. CONTENTS PAGE NO.
SOLUTION OF TRIANGLE
1. Theory 01-16
2. Exercise # 1 17-19
3. Exercise # 2 20-21
4. Exercise # 3 22-23
5. Exercise # 4 (JA) 24-26
6. Exercise # 5 27-29
7. Exercise # 6 30
8. Answer key 31

TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
9. Theory 32-43
10. Exercise # 1 44-45
11. Exercise # 2 46
12. Exercise # 3 (JM) 47
13. Exercise # 4 (JA) 48
14. Exercise # 5 49-50
15. Exercise # 6 51
16. Answer key 52-53

PRINCINPLE OF MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION

17. Theory 54-58
18. Exercise # 1 59-60
19. Exercise # 2 61-62
20. Answer key 63

QUADRATIC EQUATION
21. Theory 64-85
22. Exercise # 1 86-87
23. Exercise # 2 88-90
24. Exercise # 3 (JM) 91-92
25. Exercise # 4 (JA) 93-94
26. Exercise # 5 95-97
27. Exercise # 6 98-99
28. Answer key 100-101
 SEQUENCE & SERIES
29. Theory 102-116
30. Exercise # 1 117-118
31. Exercise # 2 119-120
32. Exercise # 3 (JM) 121-123
33. Exercise # 4 (JA) 124-126
34. Exercise # 5 127-129
35. Exercise # 6 130
36. Answer key 131

SOLUTIONS

37. Solution of Triangle 132-169

38. Trigonometric Equation 170-197
39. Principle of Mathematical Induction 198-209
40. Quadratic Equation 210-256
41. Sequence & Series 257-304
 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE

SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
The process of calculating the sides and angles of triangle using given information is called
solution of triangle.
In a ABC, the angles are denoted by capital letters A, B and C and the length of the sides
opposite these angle are denoted by small letter a, b and c respectively.

1. SINE FORMULAE :
In any triangle ABC
a b c abc
= = == = 2R
sin A sin B sin C 2
where R is circumradius and  is area of triangle.

Illustration 1 : Angles of a triangle are in 4 : 1 : 1 ratio. The ratio between its greatest side and
perimeter is
3 3 3 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3
Solution : Angles are in ratio 4 : 1 : 1.  angles are 120°, 30°, 30°.
If sides opposite to these angles are a, b, c respectively, then a will be the greatest side.
a b c
Now from sine formula = =
sin120 sin 30 sin 30
a b c a b c
    = =  = = = k (say)
3 / 2 1/ 2 1/ 2 3 1 1
then, a = 3 k, perimeter = (2 + 3 )k
3k 3
 required ratio =
 
= Ans. (B)
2 3 k 2 3
Illustration 2 : In triangle ABC, if b = 3, c = 4 and B = /3, then number of such triangles is –
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 0 (D) infinite
sin B sin C
Solution : Using sine formulae =
b c
sin  / 3 sin C 3 sin C 2
 =  =  sinC = > 1 which is not possible.
3 4 6 4 3
Hence there exists no triangle with given elements. Ans.(C)

Illustration 3 : The sides of a triangle are three consecutive natural numbers and its largest angle is
twice the smallest one. Determine the sides of the triangle.
Solution : Let the sides be n, n + 1, n + 2 cms.

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 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
i.e. AC = n, AB = n + 1, BC = n + 2
Smallest angle is B and largest one is A.
Here, A = 2B
Also, A + B + C = 180°
    3B + C = 180°  C = 180° – 3B
We have, sine law as,
sin A sin B sin C sin 2B sin B sin(180  3B)
= =  = =
n2 n n 1 n2 n n 1
sin 2B sin B sin 3B
 = =
n2 n n 1
(i) (ii) (iii)
from (i) and (ii);
2sin Bcos B sin B n2
=  cosB = ..........(iv)
n2 n 2n
and from (ii) and (iii);
sin B 3sin B  4sin 3 B
=
n n 1
sin B sin B(3  4sin 2B)
 =
n n 1
n 1
 = 3 – 4 (1 – cos2B) ............(v)
n
from (iv) and (v), we get
n2
2
n 1 n 1  n 2  4n  4 
 = – 1 + 4   1 =  
n  2n  n  n2 
2n  1 n 2  4n  4
 =  2n2 + n = n2 + 4n + 4
n n2
    n2 – 3n – 4 = 0  (n – 4)(n + 1) = 0
n = 4 or – 1
where n  –1
    n = 4. Hence the sides are 4, 5, 6 Ans.
Do yourself - 1 :

(i) If in a ABC, A = and b : c = 2 : 3 , find B .
6
(ii) Show that, in any ABC, a sin(B – C) + b sin(C – A) + c sin(A – B) = 0.
sin A sin  A  B 
(iii) If in a ABC, = , show that a2, b2, c2 are in A.P.
sin C sin  B  C 

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 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
2. COSINE FORMULAE :

b2  c2  a 2 c2  a 2  b2 a 2  b2  c2
(a) cos A = (b) cos B = (c) cos C =
2bc 2ca 2ab
2 2 2
or a = b + c – 2bc cosA
Illustration 4: In a triangle ABC, if B = 30° and c = 3 b, then A can be equal to -
(A) 45° (B) 60° (C) 90° (D) 120°
c2  a 2  b2 3 3b2  a 2  b2
Solution : We have cos B =  
2ca 2 2  3b  a
  a – 3ab + 2b = 0
2 2
 (a – 2b) (a – b) = 0
  Either a = b  A = 30°
or a = 2b a2 = 4b2 = b2 + c2  A = 90°. Ans. (C)
Illustration 5 : In a triangle ABC, (a2 – b2 – c2 ) tan A + (a2 – b2 + c2) tan B is equal to -
(A) (a2 + b2 – c2) tan C (B) (a2 + b2 + c2) tan C
(C) (b2 + c2 – a2) tan C (D) none of these
Solution : Using cosine law :
The given expression is equal to – 2bc cosAtanA + 2ac cosBtanB
 sin A sin B 
= 2abc     =0 Ans. (D)
 a b 
Do yourself - 2 :
(i) If a : b : c = 4 : 5 : 6, then show that C = 2A.
(ii) In any ABC, prove that
cosA cos B cos C a 2 +b 2 +c 2
(a)   =
a b c 2abc
b2 c2 a2 a 4  b4  c4
(b) cos A + cos B + cos C =
a b c 2abc

3. PROJECTION FORMULAE :
(a) b cos C + c cos B = a (b) c cos A + a cos C = b (c) a cos B + b cos A= c

A C 3b
Illustration 6 : In a ABC, c cos2 + a cos2 = , then show a, b, c are in A.P.
2 2 2
c a 3b
Solution : Here, (1+ cosA) + (1 + cosC) =
2 2 2
  a + c + (c cos A + a cos C) = 3b
  a + c + b = 3b {using projection formula}
  a + c = 2b
which shows a, b, c are in A.P.
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 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE

Do yourself - 3 :
 5
(i) In a ABC, if A = , B = , show that a +c 2 = 2b .
4 12
(ii) In a ABC, prove that :
(a) b(a cos C – c cos A) = a2 – c2
 C B
(b) 2  bcos
2
 ccos2  = a + b + c
 2 2

4. NAPIER'S ANALOGY (TANGENT RULE) :

 B  C b  c A
(a) tan   = cot
 2 bc 2
 C  A c  a B
(b) tan   = cot
 2 ca 2
 A  B a  b C
(c) tan   = cot
 2 ab 2

Illustration 7 : In a ABC, the tangent of half the difference of two angles is one-third the tangent
of half the sum of the angles. Determine the ratio of the sides opposite to the angles.
 A  B 1  A + B
Solution : Here, tan   = tan   ........(i)
 2 3 2 
 A – B a  b  C
using Napier's analogy, tan   = .cot   ........ (ii)
 2 ab  2
from (i) & (ii) ;
1  A + B a  b  C
tan   = .cot  
3  2  ab  2
1  C  a  b   C
 cot   =   .cot  
3  2  a b  2
 A + B   C C
as A + B + C =  tan 
  = tan  –  = cot
2  2 2 2
ab 1
   = or 3a – 3b = a + b
ab 3
a 2 b 1
2a = 4b or =  =
b 1 a 2
Thus the ratio of the sides opposite to the angles is b : a = 1 : 2. Ans.

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 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
Do yourself - 4 :
 B – C
tan 
bc  2 
(i) In any ABC, prove that =
bc  B + C
tan 
 2 
(ii) If ABC is right angled at C, prove that :
A cb a 2  b2
(a) tan = (b) sin(A – B) =
2 cb a 2  b2

5. HALF ANGLE FORMULAE :

abc
s= = semi-perimeter of triangle.
2
A (s b)(s  c) B (s  c)(s  a) C (s a)(s  b)
(a) (i) sin = (ii) sin = (iii) sin =
2 bc 2 ca 2 ab
A s(s  a) B s(s  b) C s(s – c)
(b) (i) cos = (ii) cos = (iii) cos =
2 bc 2 ca 2 ab
A (s b)(s  c) B (s c)(s a) C (s a)(s  b)
(c) (i) tan = (ii) tan = (iii) tan =
2 s(s  a) 2 s(s b) 2 s(s  c)
  
= = =
s(s  a) s(s  b) s(s  c)
(d) Area of Triangle
1 1 1 1 1 1
= s(s a)(s  b)(s  c) = bc sin A = ca sin B = ab sinC = ap1 = bp2 = cp3,
2 2 2 2 2 2
where p1, p2, p3 are altitudes from vertices A,B,C respectively.

Illustration 8 : If in a triangle ABC, CD is the angle bisector of the angle ACB, then CD is equal
to-
a+b C 2ab C 2ab C bsinDAC
(A) cos (B) sin (C) cos (D)
2ab 2 a+b 2 a+b 2 sin (B + C / 2)
Solution : CAB = CAD + CDB
1 1  C 1  C
 ab sin C = b.CD. sin   + a.CD sin  
2 2 2 2 2
 C   C  C 
 CD (a + b) sin   = ab  2sin   cos   
 2   2  2 
2abcos(C / 2)
So, CD =
(a + b)

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 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
CD b
and in CAD, = (by sine rule)
sin  DAC sin CDA
bsin DAC
 CD = Ans. (C,D)
sin (B C/ 2)
s2
Illustration 9 : If  is the area and 2s the sum of the sides of a triangle, then show   .
3 3
Solution : We have, 2s = a + b + c, 2 = s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c)
Now, A.M.  G.M.
(s – a) + (s – b) + (s – c)
 ((s – a)(s – b)(s – c))1/3
3
1/ 3
3s – 2s   2 
or  
3  s 
1/ 3
s  2 
or  
3  s 
2 s3 s2
or    Ans.
s 27 3 3

Do yourself - 5 :
(i) Given a = 6, b = 8, c = 10. Find
A A A
(a) sinA (b) tanA (c) sin(d) cos (e) tan (f) 
2 2 2
A B C
(ii) Prove that in any ABC, (abcs) sin . sin . sin = 2
2 2 2

6. m-n THEOREM :
(m + n) cot  = m cot  – n cot 
(m + n) cot = n cot B – m cot C.

7. RADIUS OF THE CIRCUMCIRCLE 'R' :

Circumcentre is the point of intersection of perpendicular bisectors
of the sides and distance between circumcentre & vertex of triangle
is called circumradius 'R'.
a b c abc
R= = = = .
2sinA 2sinB 2sinC 4

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 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
8. RADIUS OF THE INCIRCLE 'r' :
Point of intersection of internal angle bisectors is incentre and perpendicular distance of
incentre from any side is called inradius 'r'.

 A B C A B C
r= = (s – a) tan = (s – b) tan = (s – c) tan = 4R sin sin sin .
s 2 2 2 2 2 2
 B C  A C  B A
 sin 2 sin 2   sin 2 sin 2   sin 2 sin 2 
= a
A 
= b
B 
= c
C 
 cos   cos   cos 
 2   2   2 

Illustration 10 : In a triangle ABC, if a : b : c = 4 : 5 : 6, then ratio between its circumradius and

inradius is-
16 16 7 11
(A) (B) (C) (D)
7 9 16 7
R abc  (abc) s R abc
Solution : = =  = ....(i)
r 4 s 4 2
r 4(s a)(s  b)(s  c)
a b c
  a : b : c = 4 : 5 : 6  = = = k (say)
4 5 6
  a = 4k, b = 5k, c = 6k
a + b + c 15k 7k 5k 3k
  s = = ,s–a= ,s–b= ,s–c=
2 2 2 2 2
R (4k)(5k)(6k) 16
using (i) in these values = = Ans. (A)
r     7
7k 5k 3k
4     
 2  2  2 
r
Illustration 11 : If A, B, C are the angles of a triangle, prove that : cosA + cosB + cosC = 1 + .
R
 A + B  A – B
Solution : cosA + cosB + cosC = 2cos   .cos   + cosC
 2 2 
C  A – B C C   A  B  C 
= 2sin .cos   + 1 – 2sin2 = 1 + 2sin  cos    sin   
2  2  2 2   2   2 

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 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
C   A – B  A + B   C  A  B 
cos  2  – cos  2     90   
 2  
= 1 + 2 sin
2    2
C A B A B C
= 1 + 2sin .2sin .sin = 1 + 4sin .sin . sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
r
=1+ {as, r = 4R sin A/2 . sinB/2 . sinC/2}
R
r
  cosA + cosB + cosC = 1 + . Hence proved.
R
Do yourself - 6 :
(i) If in ABC, a = 3, b = 4 and c = 5, find
(a)  (b) R (c) r
(ii) In a ABC, show that :
a 2  b2 A B C  abc
(a) = 2Rsin (A–B) (b) r cos cos cos = (c) a + b + c =
c 2 2 2 4R 2Rr
(iii) Let  & ' denote the areas of a  and that of its incircle. Prove that
 A B C
  : ' =  cot .cot .cot  : 
 2 2 2

9. RADII OF THE EX-CIRCLES :

Point of intersection of two external angles and one internal angle bisectors is excentre and
perpendicular distance of excentre from any side is called exradius. If r1 is the radius of
escribed circle opposite to A of ABC and so on, then –

B C
 A A B C a cos cos
(a) r1 = = s tan = 4R sin cos cos = 2 2
sa 2 2 2 2 cos
A
2
A C
 B A B C b cos cos
(b) r2 = = s tan = 4Rcos sin cos = 2 2
sb 2 2 2 2 cos
B
2
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 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
A B
 C A B C c cos cos
(c) r3 = = s tan = 4R cos cos sin = 2 2
sc 2 2 2 2 cos
C
2
I1, I2 and I3 are taken as ex-centre opposite to vertex A, B, C respectively.
bc ca a b
Illustration 12 : Value of the expression   is equal to -
r1 r2 r3
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 0
(b c) (c a) (a  b)
Solution :  
r1 r2 r3
sa  sb sc
 (b – c)   + (c – a)   + (a – b).  
        
(s a)(b c)  (s b)(c a)  (s c)(a  b)


s(b c  c a  a  b)  ab  ac  bc  ba  ac  bc  0
= = =0
 
bc ca a b
Thus,   =0 Ans. (D)
r1 r2 r3
Illustration 13 : If r1 = r2 + r3 + r, prove that the triangle is right angled.
Solution : We have, r1 – r = r2 + r3
    ssa scsb
      =
sa s sb sc s(s  a) (s b)(s  c)
a 2s – (b + c)
 = ( 2s = a + b + c )
s(s  a) (s – b)(s – c)
a a
 =  s2 – (b + c) s + bc = s2 – as
s(s  a) (s b)(s  c)
(b + c – a)(a + b + c)
  s(– a + b + c) = bc  = bc
2
  (b + c)2 – a2 = 2bc  b2 + c2 + 2bc – a2 = 2bc
  b2 + c2 = a2
 A = 90°. Ans.
Do yourself - 7 :
(i) In an equilateral ABC, R = 2, find (a) r (b) r1 (c) a
(ii) In a ABC, show that
1 2 2 1 1 1 1  1 1
(a) r1r2 + r2r3 + r3r1 = s2 (b) r s  –  –  –  =R (c) rr1r2 r3 = 
4  r r1   r r2   r r3 

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 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
10. ANGLE BISECTORS & MEDIANS :
An angle bisector divides the base in the ratio of
corresponding sides.
BD c ac ab
=  BD = and CD =
CD b bc bc
If ma and a are the lengths of a median and an angle bisector from the angle A then,
A
1 2bccos
ma = 2b + 2c – a and a =
2 2 2 2
2 b+c
3 2
Note that m 2a + m 2b + m 2c = (a + b2 + c2)
4
11. ORTHOCENTRE :
(a) Point of intersection of altitudes is orthocentre & the
triangle KLM which is formed by joining the feet of
the altitudes is called the pedal triangle.
(b) The distances of the orthocentre from the angular points of the ABC are 2R cosA,
2R cosB, & 2R cosC.
(c) The distance of P from sides are 2R cosB cosC, 2R cosC cosA and 2R cosA cosB.

Do yourself - 8 :
(i) If x, y, z are the distance of the vertices of ABC respectively from the orthocentre, then prove
a b c abc
that   =
x y z xyz
(ii) If p1, p2, p3 are respectively the perpendiculars from the vertices of a triangle to the opposite
sides, prove that
a 2 b 2c 2 1
(a) p1p2p3 = (b) = Rp p p
8R 3 2 1 2 3
(iii) In a ABC, AD is altitude and H is the orthocentre prove that AH : DH = (tanB + tanC) : tanA
(iv) In a ABC, the lengths of the bisectors of the angle A, B and C are x, y, z respectively.
1 A 1 B 1 C 1 1 1
Show that cos + cos + cos = + + .
x 2 y 2 z 2 a b c

12. THE DISTANCES BETWEEN THE SPECIAL POINTS :

(a) The distance between circumcentre and orthocentre is = R 1 – 8cosAcosBcosC

(b) The distance between circumcentre and incentre is = R 2 – 2Rr
(c) The distance between incentre and orthocentre is = 2r 2 – 4R 2cosAcosBcosC
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 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
(d) The distances between circumcentre & excentres are
A B C
OI1 = R 1+ 8sin cos cos = R 2 + 2Rr1 and so on.
2 2 2
Illustration 14 : Prove that the distance between the circumcentre and the orthocentre of a triangle
ABC is R 1 – 8cosAcosBcosC .
Solution : Let O and P be the circumcentre and the orthocentre respectively. If OF is the
perpendicular to AB, we have OAF = 90° – AOF = 90° – C. Also PAL = 90° – C.
Hence, OAP = A – OAF – PAL = A – 2(90° – C) = A + 2C – 180°
= A + 2C – (A + B + C) = C – B.
Also OA = R and PA = 2RcosA.
Now in AOP,
OP2 = OA2 + PA2 – 2OA. PA cos OAP
= R2 + 4R2 cos2 A – 4R2 cosAcos(C – B)
= R2 + 4R2 cosA[cosA – cos(C – B)]
= R2 – 4R2 cosA[cos(B + C) + cos(C – B)] = R2 – 8R2 cosA cosB cosC.
Hence OP = R 1 – 8cosAcosBcosC . Ans.

13. SOLUTION OF TRIANGLES :

The three sides a,b,c and the three angles A,B,C are called the elements of the triangle ABC.
When any three of these six elements (except all the three angles) of a triangle are given, the
triangle is known completely; that is the other three elements can be expressed in terms of the
given elements and can be evaluated. This process is called the solution of triangles.
A (s b)(s  c)
* If the three sides a,b,c are given, angle A is obtained from tan = or
2 s(s  a)
b2 + c 2 – a 2
cos A = . Then, B and C can be obtained in the similar way.
2bc
B–C bc A
* If two sides b and c and the included angle A are given, then tan = cot
2 bc 2
B–C B+C A
gives . Also = 90° – , so that B and C can be evaluated. The third side
2 2 2
sin A
is given by a = b or a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A.
sin B
* If two sides b and c and an angle opposite the one of them (say B) are given then
c b sin A
sinC = sin B, A = 180° – (B + C) and a = given the remaining elements.
b sin B

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 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
Case I :
b < c sin B.
We draw the side c and angle B. Now it is obvious from the figure that there is no triangle
possible.

Case II :
b = c sin B and B is an acute angle, there is only one triangle possible and it is right-angled at C.

Case III :
b > c sin B, b < c and B is an acute angle, then there are two triangles possible for two values
of angle C.

Case IV :
b > c sin B, c < b and B is an acute angle, then there is only one triangle.

Case V :
b > c sin B, c > b and B is an obtuse angle. For any choice of point C, b will be greater than c
which is a contradication as c > b (given). So there is no triangle possible.

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 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
Case VI :
b > c sin B, c < b and B is an obtuse angle. We can see that the circle with A as centre and b as
radius will cut the line only in one point. So only one triangle is possible.

Case VII :
b > c and B = 90°.
Again the circle with A as centre and b as radius will cut the line only in one point. So only one
triangle is possible.

Case VIII :
b  c and B = 90°.
The circle with A as centre and b as radius will not cut the line in any point. So no triangle is
possible.

This is, sometimes, called an ambiguous case.

Alternative Method :
a 2 + c2 – b2
By applying cosine rule, we have cosB =
2ac
  2 2 2
a – (2c cos B)a + (c – b ) = 0
 a = c cosB ± (ccosB)2  (c2  b2 )

  a = c cosB ± b2  (csin B)2

This equation leads to following cases :

Case-I : If b < c sinB, no such triangle is possible.
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 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
Case-II: Let b = c sinB. There are further following case :
(a) B is an obtuse angle  cosB is negative. There exists no such triangle.
(b) B is an acute angle  cosB is positive. There exists only one such triangle.
Case-III: Let b > c sin B. There are further following cases :
(a) B is an acute angle  cosB is positive. In this case triangle will exist if and
only if c cosB > b2  (c sin B)2 or c > b Two such triangle is possible.
If c < b, only one such triangle is possible.
(b) B is an obtuse angle  cosB is negative. In this case triangle will exist if and
only if b2  (csin B)2 > |c cos B|  b > c. So in this case only one such
triangle is possible. If b < c there exists no such triangle.
This is called an ambiguous case.
* If one side a and angles B and C are given, then A = 180° – (B + C), and
a sin B a sin C
b= , c=
sin A sin A
* If the three angles A,B,C are given, we can only find the ratios of the sides a,b,c by
using sine rule (since there are infinite similar triangles possible).
Illustration 15 : In the ambiguous case of the solution of triangles, prove that the circumcircles of
the two triangles are of same size.
Solution : Let us say b, c and angle B are given in the ambiguous case. Both the triangles will
b
have b and its opposite angle as B. so = 2R will be given for both the
sin B
triangles.
So their circumradii and therefore their sizes will be same.
Illustration 16 : If a,b and A are given in a triangle and c1, c2 are the possible values of the third side,
prove that c12 + c 22 – 2c1c2 cos2A = 4a2cos2A.
b2 + c 2 – a 2
Solution : cos A =
2bc
  c – 2bc cosA + b2 – a2 = 0.
2

c1 + c2 = 2bcosA and c1c2 = b2 – a2.

  c12 + c 22 – 2c1c2cos2A = (c1 + c2)2 – 2c1c2 (1 + cos2A)
= 4b2 cos2A – 2(b2 – a2)2 cos2A = 4a2cos2A.

 A1 – A 2  c sin B
Illustration 17 : If b, c, B are given and b < c, prove that cos   = .
 2  b
Solution : C2AC1 is bisected by AD.

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 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE

 A1 – A 2  AD c sin B
   In AC2D, cos   = = Hence proved.
 2 AC2 b
Do yourself - 9 :
 A1 – A 2  a1 – a 2
If b, c, B are given and b < c, prove that sin 
 2 
(i) =
2b
(ii) In a ABC, b,c,B (c > b) are given. If the third side has two values a1 and a2 such that
4b2 – c2
a1 = 3 a2, show that sinB =
3c2
14. REGULAR POLYGON :
A regular polygon has all its sides equal. It may be inscribed or circumscribed.

(a) Inscribed in circle of radius r :

 
(i) a = 2h tan = 2r sin
n n
(ii) Perimeter (P) and area (A) of a regular polygon of n sides inscribed in a circle of
 1 2
radius r are given by P = 2nr sin and A = nr2 sin
n 2 n
(b) Circumscribed about a circle of radius r :


(i) a = 2r tan
n
(ii) Perimeter (P) and area (A) of a regular polygon of n sides circumscribed about a

given circle of radius r is given by P = 2nr tan and
n

A = nr2 tan
n
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 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE

Do yourself - 10 :
(i) If the perimeter of a circle and a regular polygon of n sides are equal, then prove that

area of the circle tan n
=
area of polygon 
n
(ii) The ratio of the area of n-sided regular polygon, circumscribed about a circle, to the area of the
regular polygon of equal number of sides inscribed in the circle is 4 : 3. Find the value of n.

15. SOME NOTES :

(a) (i) If a cos B = b cos A, then the triangle is isosceles.
(ii) If a cos A = b cos B, then the triangle is isosceles or right angled.
(b) In right angle triangle
(i) a2 + b2 + c2 = 8R2 (ii) cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C = 1
(c) In equilateral triangle
3R
(i) R = 2r (ii) r1 = r2 = r3 =
2
3a 2 a
(iii) r : R : r1 = 1 : 2 : 3 (iv) area = (v) R=
4 3
(d) (i) The circumcentre lies (1) inside an acute angled triangle (2) outside an obtuse
angled triangle & (3) mid point of the hypotenuse of right angled triangle.
(ii) The orthocentre of right angled triangle is the vertex at the right angle.
(iii) The orthocentre, centroid & circumcentre are collinear & centroid divides the
line segment joining orthocentre & circumcentre internally in the ratio 2 : 1
except in case of equilateral triangle. In equilateral triangle, all these centres
coincide
(e) Area of a cyclic quadrilateral = (s a)(s b)(s c)(s d) where a, b, c, d are lengths of
a +b+c+d
the sides of quadrilateral and s = .
2
ANSWERS FOR DO YOURSELF
1: (i) 90°
3 3 1 3 1
5: (i) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) 24
5 4 10 10 3
5
6: (i) (a) 6 (b) (c) 1
2
7: (i) (a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 2 3
10 : (ii) 6

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 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
EXERCISE # 1
3 b
1. Angles A, B and C of a triangle ABC are in A.P. If , then A is equal to
=
2 c
  5 
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 4 12 2
2. If K is a point on the side BC of an equilateral triangle ABC and if BAK = 15°, then the ratio
AK
of lengths is
AB

(A)

3 2 3+ 3  (B)

2 3+ 3  (C)

2 3– 3  (D)

3 2 3– 3 
2 2 2 2
3. In a triangle ABC, A = 60° and b : c =  
3 +1 : 2 then (B – C) has the value equal to
(A) 15° (B) 30° (C) 22.5 ° (D) 45°
4. In an acute triangle ABC, ABC = 45°, AB = 3 and AC = 6 . The angle BAC, is

(A) 60° (B) 65° (C) 75° (D) 15° or 75°

b 2+ 3 + 2 –1
5. In a triangle ABC, if A = 30° and = , then C, is equal to
c 2 + 3 – 2 +1
1° 1°
(A) 75° (B) 15° (C) 52 (D)97
2 2
4
6. In a triangle ABC, if a = 6, b = 3 and cos(A – B) = , the area of the triangle is
5
15
(A) 8 (B) 9 (C) 12 (D)
2
c
7. In ABC, if a = 2b and A = 3B, then the value of is equal to
b
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 3

8. If the sides of a triangle are sin, cos, 1 + sin  cos , 0 <  < , the largest angle is
2
(A) 60° (B) 90° (C) 120° (D) 150°
9. If the angle A, B and C of a triangle are in an arithmetic progression and if a, b and c denote the
lengths of the sides opposite to A, B and C respectively, then the value of expression
a c 
E =  sin2C + sin2A , is
 c 
a
1 3
(A) (B) (C) 1 (D) 3
2 2

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 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
10. If in a triangle sin A : sin C = sin (A – B) : sin (B – C) then a2 : b2 : c2
(A) are in A.P. (B) are in G.P. (C) are in H.P. (D) none of these

A bc
11. In triangle ABC, if cot = , then triangle ABC must be
2 a
[Note: All symbols used have usual meaning in ABC.]
(A) isosceles (B) equilateral (C) right angled (D) isoceles right angled

12. Consider a triangle ABC and let a, b and c denote the lengths of the sides opposite to vertices
A, B and C respectively. If a = 1, b = 3 and C = 60°, then sin2B is equal to
27 3 81 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
28 28 28 3

13. The ratio of the sides of a triangle ABC is 1 : 3 : 2. Then ratio of A : B : C is

(A) 3 : 5 : 2 (B) 1 : 3 :2 (C) 3 : 2 : 1 (D) 1 : 2 : 3

14. If the angles of a triangle are the ratio 4 : 1 : 1, then the ratio of the longest side to the perimeter
is
2 2 3 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2+ 3 2– 3 2– 3 2+ 3

15. In a triangle tan A : tan B : tan C = 1 : 2 : 3, then a2 : b2 : c2 equals

(A) 5 : 8 : 9 (B) 5 : 8 : 12 (C) 3 : 5 : 8 (D) 5 : 8 : 10

16. With 11, 13, 290 +143 3 as sides

2
(A) no triangle exists (B) triangle exists with an angle
3
3 5
(C) triangle exists with an angle (D) triangle exists with an angle
4 6
tanC
17. In ABC if a = 8, b = 9, c = 10, then the value of is
sin B
32 24 21 18
(A) (B) (C) (D)
9 7 4 5
4 24
18. Given an acute triangle ABC such that sin C = , tan A = and AB = 50.
5 7
The area of the triangle ABC is equal to
(A) 600 (B) 1200 (C) 1800 (D) 2400

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 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
19. In a triangle ABC, if a, b, c are in A.P. Then a possible value of B, is
(A) 45° (B) 75° (C) 90° (D) 120°

20. If cos A + cos B + 2 cos C = 2, then the sides of triangle ABC are in
(A) A.P. (B) G.P. (C) H.P. (D) Not in A.P, G.P, H.P.

21. In a triangle ABC, if cos A cos B + sin A sin B sin C = 1, then a : b : c is equal to
(A) 1:1: 2 (B) 2 : 3 : 5 (C) 1: 2 :1 (D) 3 : 4 : 5

 cos A  p
22. In a triangle ABC, if the sides a, b, c are roots of x3 – 11x2 + 38x – 40 = 0. If   = ,
a  q
then find the least value of (p + q).

23. In ABC, angle A is 120°, BC + CA = 20 and AB + BC = 21, then find the length of the side
BC.
1
24. ABC is a triangle such that sin (2A + B) = sin (C – A) = – sin (B + 2C) = . If A, B, C are in
2
A.P., find A, B, C.

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 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
EXERCISE # 2
1. Given a triangle ABC with sides a = 7, b = 8 and c = 5. If the value of the expression
 A
  sin A    cot 2  can be expressed in the form
p p
where p, q N and is in its lowest
q q
form find the value of (p + q).
2. If two times the square of the diameter of the circumcircle of a triangle is equal to the sum of
the squares of its sides then prove that the triangle is right angled.

3. In acute angled triangle ABC, a semicircle with radius ra is constructed with its base on BC and
tangent to the other two sides. rb and rc are defined similarly. If r is the radius of the incircle of
2 1 1 1
triangle ABC then prove that, =   .
r ra rb rc

4. If the length of the perpendiculars from the vertices of a triangle A, B, C on the opposite sides
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
are p1, p2, p3 then prove that   = =   .
p1 p2 p3 r r1 r2 r3

5. With usual notations, prove that in a triangle ABC, a cot A + b cot B + c cot C = 2(R + r)

6. With usual notations, prove that in a triangle ABC, Rr (sin A + sin B + sin C) = 
     
A B C s2
7. With usual notations, prove that in a triangle ABC, cot + cot + cot =
2 2 2 

a 2  b2  c2
8. With usual notations, prove that in a triangle ABC, cot A + cot B + cot C =
4

 c
9. If a,b,c are the sides of triangle ABC satisfying log 1   + log a – log b = log 2.
 a
Also a(1 – x2) + 2bx + c(1 + x2) = 0 has two equal roots. Find the value of sinA + sinB + sinC.

bc ca a b
10. With usual notations, prove that in a triangle ABC,   =0
r1 r2 r3
r1 r2 r3 3
11. With usual notations, prove that in a triangle ABC,   =
(s b)(s c) (s c)(s a) (s a)(s b) r

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 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
abc A B C
12. With usual notations, prove that in a triangle ABC, cos cos cos =  
s 2 2 2

1 1 1 1 a 2  b2  c2
13. With usual notations, prove that in a triangle ABC,  +  =
r 2 r12 r22 r32 2

14. With usual notations, prove that in a triangle ABC, 2R cos A = 2R + r – r1

15. If r1 = r + r2 + r3 then prove that the triangle is a right angled triangle.

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 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
EXERCISE # 3
1. A triangle has vertices A, B and C, and the respective opposite sides have lengths a, b and c.
This triangle is inscribed in a circle of radius R. If b = c = 1 and the altitude from A to side BC
2
has length , then R equals
3
1 2 3 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 2 2 2

2. A circle is inscribed in a right triangle ABC, right angled at C. The circle is tangent to the
segment AB at D and length of segments AD and DB are 7 and 13 respectively. Area of
triangle ABC is equal to
(A) 91 (B) 96 (C) 100 (D) 104

3. In a triangle ABC, if a = 13, b = 14 and c = 15, then angle A is equal to

(All symbols used have their usual meaning in a triangle.)
4 3 3 2
(A) sin–1 5 (B) sin–1 (C) sin–1 (D) sin–1
5 4 3

4. In a triangle ABC, if b = ( 3 – 1)a and C = 30°, then the value of (A – B) is equal to

(All symbols used have usual meaning in a triangle.)
(A) 30° (B) 45° (C) 60° (D) 75°

5. In triangle ABC, if AC = 8, BC = 7 and D lies between A and B such that AD = 2, BD = 4, then

the length CD equals
(A) 46 (B) 48 (C) 51 (D) 75

6. In a triangle ABC, if C = 105°, B = 45° and length of side AC = 2 units, then the length of
the side AB is equal to
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 2  1 (D) 3  1

8a 2 b 2c2
7. In a triangle ABC, if (a + b + c) (a + b – c) (b + c – a) (c + a – b) = , then the
a 2  b2  c2
triangle is
[Note: All symbols used have usual meaning in triangle ABC.]
(A) isosceles (B) right angled (C) equilateral (D) obtuse angled

8. In triangle ABC, if 2b = a + c and A – C = 90°, then sin B equals

[Note: All symbols used have usual meaning in triangle ABC.]
7 5 7 5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5 8 4 3
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 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
9. In a triangle ABC, a3 + b3 + c3 = c2 (a + b + c)
(All symbol used have usual meaning in a triangle.)
Statement–1: The value of C = 60°.
Statement –2: ABC must be equilateral.
(A) Statement–1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.

10. The sides of a triangle are three consecutive integers. The largest angle is twice the smallest
one. The area of triangle is equal to
5 15 15
(A) 7 (B) 7 (C) 7 (D) 5 7
4 2 4

11. The sides a, b, c (taken in that order) of triangle ABC are in A.P.
a b c  
If cos = , cos  = , cos  = then tan2   +tan2   is equal to
bc ca ab 2 2
[Note: All symbols used have usual meaning in triangle ABC. ]
1 1 2
(A) 1 (B) (C) (D)
2 3 3
 
12. AD and BE are the medians of a triangle ABC. If AD = 4, DAB = , ABE = , then area
6 3
of triangle ABC equals
8 16 32 32
(A) (B) (C) (D) 3
3 3 3 9

13. In triangle ABC, if sin3 A + sin3 B + sin3 C = 3sinA.sin B.sinC, then triangle is
(A) obtuse angled (B) right angled (C) obtuse right angled (D) equilateral
r
14. For right angled isosceles triangle, =
R
[Note: All symbols used have usual meaning in triangle ABC. ]
   
(A) tan (B) cot (C) tan (D) cot
12 12 8 8
1 1 3
15. In triangle ABC, If  = then angle C is equal to
ac bc a bc
[Note: All symbols used have usual meaning in triangle ABC. ]
(A) 30° (B) 45° (C) 60° (D) 90°

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 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
EXERCISE # 4 (JA)
1. The ratio of the sides of a triangle ABC is 1 : 3 : 2. The ratio A : B : C is
[JEE 2004 (Screening)]
(A) 3 : 5 : 2 (B) 1 : 3:2 (C) 3 : 2 : 1 (D) 1 : 2 : 3

2. (a) In ABC, a, b, c are the lengths of its sides and A, B, C are the angles of triangle ABC. The
correct relation is [JEE 2005 (Screening)]
 BC A
(A) (b – c) sin   = a cos  
 2  2
A  BC
(B) (b – c) cos   = a sin  
2  2 
 BC A
(C) (b + c) sin   = a cos  
 2  2
A  BC
(D) (b – c) cos   = 2a sin  
2  2 

(b) Circles with radii 3, 4 and 5 touch each other externally if P is the point of intersection of
tangents to these circles at their points of contact. Find the distance of P from the points of
contact. [JEE 2005 (Mains), 2]

3. (a) Given an isosceles triangle, whose one angle is 120° and radius of its incircle is 3 . Then
the area of triangle in sq. units is [JEE 2006, 3]
(A) 7 + 12 3 (B) 12 – 7 3 (C) 12 + 7 3 (D) 4

(b) Internal bisector of A of a triangle ABC meets side BC at D. A line drawn through D
perpendicular to AD intersects the side AC at E and the side AB at F. If a, b, c represent
sides of ABC then [JEE 2006, 5]
2bc A
(A) AE is HM of b and c (B) AD = cos
bc 2
4bc A
(C) EF = sin (D) the triangle AEF is isosceles
bc 2

4. Let ABC and ABC' be two non-congruent triangles with sides AB = 4, AC = AC' = 2 2 and
angle B = 30°. The absolute value of the difference between the areas of these triangles is
[JEE 2009, 5]

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 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
5. (a) If the angle A,B and C of a triangle are in an arithmetic progression and if a,b and c denote
the length of the sides opposite to A,B and C respectively, then the value of the expression
a c
sin2C + sin2A, is -
c a
1 3
(A) (B) (C) 1 (D) 3
2 2

(b) Consider a triangle ABC and let a,b and c denote the length of the sides opposite to vertices
A,B and C respectively. Suppose a = 6, b = 10 and the area of the triangle is 15 3 . If
ACB is obtuse and if r denotes the radius of the incircle of the triangle, then r2 is equal to


(c) Let ABC be a triangle such that ACB = and let a,b and c denote the lengths of the sides
6
opposite to A,B and C respectively. The value(s) of x for which a = x 2 + x + 1, b = x2 – 1
and c = 2x + 1 is/are [JEE 2010, 3+3+3]

(A)  2  3  (B) 1 + 3 (C) 2 + 3 (D) 4 3

7 5
6. Let PQR be a triangle of area  with a = 2, b =
and c = , where a, b and c are the lengths
2 2
of the sides of the triangle opposite to the angles at P, Q and R respectively. Then
2sin P  sin 2P
equals [JEE 2012, 3M, –1M]
2sin P  sin 2P
2 2
3 45  3   45 
(A) (B) (C)   (D)  
4 4  4   4 

1
7. In a triangle PQR, P is the largest angle and cos P = . Further the incircle of the triangle
3
touches the sides PQ, QR and RP at N, L and M respectively, such that the lengths of PN, QL
and RM are consecutive even integers. Then possible length(s) of the side(s) of the triangle is
(are) [JEE(Advanced) 2013, 3, (–1)]
(A) 16 (B) 18 (C) 24 (D) 22

8. In a triangle the sum of two sides is x and the product of the same two sides is y. If x2 – c2 = y,
where c is a third side of the triangle, then the ratio of the in-radius to the circum-radius of the
triangle is - [JEE(Advanced)-2014, 3(–1)]
3y 3y 3y 3y
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2x(x  c) 2c(x  c) 4x(x  c) 4c(x  c)

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 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
9. In a triangle XYZ, let x, y, z be the lengths of sides opposite to the angles X, Y, Z respectively
sx sy sz 8
and 2s = x + y + z. If = = and area of incircle of the triangle XYZ is ,
4 3 2 3
then [JEE (Advanced) 2016 ]
(A) Area of the triangle XYZ is 6 6
35
(B) the radius of circumcircle of the triangle XYZ is 6
6
X Y Z 4
(C) sin sin sin =
2 2 2 35
XY 3
(D) sin2  =
 2  5

10. In a triangle PQR let PQR  300 and the sides PQ and QR have lengths 10 3 and 10 ,
respectively, Then , which of the following statement(s) is are TRUE ?
(A) QPR  450 [JEE (Advanced) 2018, 4/3/2/1(–2)]
(B) The area of the triangle PQR is 25 3 and QRP  1200
(C) The radius of the incircle of the triangle PQR is 10 3 –15
(D) The area of the circumcircle of the triangle PQR is 100 .

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 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
EXERCISE # 5
1. In a triangle ABC, if A = 30°, b = 10 and a = x, then the values of x for which there are 2
possible triangles is given by (All symbols used have usual meaning in a triangle.)
5 5 5
(A) 5 < x < 10 (B) x < (C) < x < 10 (D) < x < 10
2 3 2
2. Let ABC be a right triangle with length of side AB = 3 and hypotenuse AC = 5. If D is a point
BD AB
on BC such that  , then AD is equal to
DC AC
4 3 3 5 4 5 5 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 2 3 4
3. If the lengths of the medians of a triangle ABC are 6, 8,10 then area of triangle is equal to
(A) 24 (B) 32 (C) 16 (D) 36

4. In triangle ABC, If s = 3 + 3 + 2 , 3B – C = 30°, A + 2B = 120°, then the length of

longest side of triangle is
[Note: All symbols used have usual meaning in triangle ABC.]
(A) 2 (B) 2 2 (C) 2( 3 + 1) (D) 3 1

A C
5. In ABC, if a,b,c (taken in that order) are in A.P. then cot
cot =
2 2
[Note: All symbols used have usual meaning in triangle ABC. ]
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

6. In triangle ABC, if  = a2 – (b – c)2, then tan A =

[Note: All symbols used have usual meaning in triangle ABC. ]
15 1 8 8
(A) (B) (C) (D)
16 2 17 15

MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWER TYPE :

7. In a triangle ABC, let 2a2 + 4b2+ c2 = 2a(2b + c), then which of the following holds good?
[Note: All symbols used have usual meaning in a triangle.]
7
(A) cos B = (B) sin (A– C) = 0
8
r 1
(C)  (D) sin A : sin B : sin C = 1 : 2 : 1
r1 5

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 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
8. In a triangle ABC, if a = 4, b = 8 C = 60°, then which of the following relations is (are)
correct?
[Note: All symbols used have usual meaning in triangle ABC.]
(A) The area of triangle ABC is 8 3
(B) The value of sin2 A = 2
2 3
(C) Inradius of triangle ABC is
3 3
4
(D) The length of internal angle bisector of angle C is
3

9. In which of the following situations, it is possible to have a triangle ABC?

(All symbols used have usual meaning in a triangle.)
(A) (a + c – b) (a – c + b) = 4bc (B) b2 sin 2C + c2 sin 2B = ab
2  AC AC
(C) a = 3, b = 5, c = 7 and C = (D) cos   = cos  
3  2   2 

10. In a triangle ABC, which of the following quantities denote the area of the triangle?
a 2  b 2  sinAsinB  rr r
(A)   (B) 1 2 3
2  sin(A  B)   r1r2
a 2  b2  c2 A B C
(C) (D) r2 cot . cot cot
cot A  cot B  cot C 2 2 2

11. In ABC, angle A, B and C are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3, then which of the following is (are)
correct? (All symbol used have usual meaning in a triangle.)
(A) Circumradius of ABC = c (B) a : b : c = 1 : 3:2
3 2
(C) Perimeter of ABC = 3 + 3 (D) Area of ABC = c
8

12. Let one angle of a triangle be 60°, the area of triangle is 10 3 and perimeter is 20 cm. If
a > b > c where a, b and c denote lengths of sides opposite to vertices A, B and C respectively,
then which of the following is (are) correct?
(A) Inradius of triangle is 3 (B) Length of longest side of triangle is 7
7 1
(C) Circumradius of triangle is (D) Radius of largest escribed circle is
3 12

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 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
13. In triangle ABC, let b = 10, c = 10 2 and R = 5 2 then which of the following statement(s)
is (are) correct?
[Note: All symbols used have usual meaning in triangle ABC.]
(A) Area of triangle ABC is 50.
(B) Distance between orthocentre and circumcentre is 5 2
(C) Sum of circumradius and inradius of triangle ABC is equal to 10
5
(D) Length of internal angle bisector of ACB of triangle ABC is
2 2

14. In a triangle ABC, let BC = 1, AC = 2 and measure of angle C is 30°. Which of the following
statement(s) is (are) correct?
(A) 2 sin A = sin B
(B) Length of side AB equals 5 – 2 3
(C) Measure of angle A is less than 30°
(D) Circumradius of triangle ABC is equal to length of side AB

15. Let P be an interior point of ABC.

Match the correct entries for the ratios of the Area of PBC : Area of PCA : Area of PAB
depending on the position of the point P w.r.t. ABC.
Column-I Column-II
(A) If P is centroid (G) (P) tanA : tanB : tanC
(B) If P is incentre (I) (Q) sin2A : sin2B : sin2C
(C) If P is orthocentre (H) (R) sinA : sinB : sinC
(D) If P is circumcentre (S) 1:1:1
(T) cos A : cosB : cosC

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 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
EXERCISE # 6
bc ca ab
1. With usual notation, if in a ABC, = = ; then prove that,
11 12 13
cos A cos B cos C
= = .
7 19 25

2. Given a triangle ABC with AB = 2 and AC = 1. Internal bisector of BAC intersects BC at D.

If AD = BD and  is the area of triangle ABC, then find the value of 122.

bc A bc
3. For any triangle ABC , if B = 3C, show that cos C = and sin = .
4c 2 2c
cot C
4. In a triangle ABC if a2 + b2 = 101c2 then find the value of .
cot A  cot B

5. The two adjacent sides of a cyclic quadrilateral are 2 & 5 and the angle between them is 60°. If
the area of the quadrilateral is 4 3 , find the remaining two sides.

6. If in a  ABC , a = 6, b = 3 and cos(A– B) = 4/5 then find its area.

7. In a  ABC,
a b
(i) = (ii) 2 sin A cos B = sin C
cos A cos B
A A C
(iii) tan2 + 2 tan tan – 1 = 0,
2 2 2
prove that (i) (ii)  (iii)  (i).

8. Two sides of a triangle are of lengths 6 and 4 and the angle opposite to smaller side is 300.
How many such triangles are possible? Find the length of their third side and area.

9. The triangle ABC (with side lengths a, b, c as usual) satisfies

log a2 = log b2 + log c2 – log (2bc cosA). What can you say about this triangle?

10. The sides of a triangle are consecutive integers n, n + 1 and n + 2 and the largest angle is twice
the smallest angle. Find n.

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 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
ANSWER KEY

EXERCISE # 1
1. C 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. C 6. B 7. D
8. C 9. D 10. A 11. C 12. A 13. D 14. D
15. A 16. D 17. A 18. B 19. A 20. A 21. A
22. 25 23. 13 24. 45°,60°,75°

EXERCISE # 2
12
1. 107 9.
5

EXERCISE # 3
1. D 2. A 3. A 4. C 5. C 6. D 7. B
8. C 9. C 10. C 11. D 12. D 13. D 14. C
15. C

EXERCISE # 4 (JA)
1. D 2.(a) B; (b) 5 3. (a) C, (b) A, B, C, D 4. 4
5.(a) D, (b) 3, (c) B 6. C 7. B,D 8. B
9. ACD 10. BCD

EXERCISE # 5
1. A 2. B 3. B 4. C 5. C 6. D 7. B,C
8. A,B 9. B,C 10. A,B,D 11. B,D 12. A,C 13. A,B,C 14. A,C,D
15. (A) S; (B) R; (C) P; (D) Q

EXERCISE # 6
2. 9 4. 50 5. 3 cms & 2 cms 6. 9 sq. unit

8.      
Two triangle 2 3  2 , 2 3  2 , 2 3  2 , and 2 3  2 sq. units  
9. triangle is isosceles 10. 4

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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION

TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
1. TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION :
An equation involving one or more trigonometrical ratios of unknown angles is called a
trigonometrical equation.
2. SOLUTION OF TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION :
A value of the unknown angle which satisfies the given equation is called a solution of the
trigonometric equation.
(a) Principal solution :- The solution of the trigonometric equation lying in the interval
[0, 2).
(b) General solution :-Since all the trigonometric functions are many one & periodic,
hence there are infinite values of for which trigonometric functions have the same
value. All such possible values of  for which the given trigonometric function is
satisfied is given by a general formula. Such a general formula is called general solution
of trigonometric equation.
(c) Particular solution :- The solution of the trigonometric equation lying in the given
interval.
3. GENERAL SOLUTIONS OF SOME TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS (TO BE
REMEMBERED) :
(a) If sin = 0, then = n, n I (set of integers)

(b) If cos = 0, then = (2n + 1) ,nI
2
(c) If tan = 0, then = n, nI
(d) If sin = sin, then = n + (–1)n  where     ,   , n  I
 2 2
 (e) If cos  = cos , then = 2n ± n  I,  [0, ]
   
(f) If tan = tan, then = n+ , n I,   , 
 2 2
 
(g) If sin =1, then = 2n + = (4n + 1) ,nI
2 2
(h) If cos = 1, then = 2n, n I
(i) If sin2  = sin2  or cos2 = cos2 or tan2 = tan2, then  = n ± , n I
(j) For n  I, sin n = 0 and cos n = (–1)n , n I
sin (n + ) = (–1)n sincos (n + ) = (–1)ncos 
(k) cos n = (–1)n , n  I
n 1
n   2 n
If n is an odd integer, then sin = 1 , cos = 0,
2 2
n 1
n
sin    =  1 2 cos 
 2 
n 1
n
      cos    =  1 2 sin 
 2 

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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
tan 3x – tan 2x
Illustration 1 : Find the set of values of x for which =1
1  tan 3x.tan 2x
tan 3x – tan 2x
Solution : We have, =1  tan(3x – 2x) = 1  tan x = 1
1  tan 3x.tan 2x
 
   tan x = tan  x = n + , n  I {using tan = tann + }
4 4
But for this value of x, tan 2x is not defined.
Hence the solution set for x is        Ans.

Do yourself-1 :
(i) Find general solutions of the following equations:
3  3
cos  tan   = 0
1
(a) sin = (b)  =0 (c)
 4
2  2

(d) cos22 = 1 (e) 3 sec 2 2 (f) cosec   = –1
 2

4. IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED WHILE SOLVING

TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS :
(a) For equations of the type sin  = k or cos = k, one must check that | k | ≤ 1.
(b) Avoid squaring the equations, if possible, because it may lead to extraneous solutions.
Reject extra solutions if they do not satisfy the given equation.
(c) Do not cancel the common variable factor from the two sides of the equations which are
in a product because we may loose some solutions.
(d) The answer should not contain such values of , which make any of the terms undefined
or infinite.
(i) Check that denominator is not zero at any stage while solving equations.

(ii) If tan  or sec  is involved in the equations,should not be odd multiple of .
2
(iii) If cot  or cosec is involved in the equation,  should not be multiple of  or 0.

5. DIFFERENT STRATEGIES FOR SOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS :

(a) Solving trigonometric equations by factorization.
e.g. (2 sin x – cos x) (1 + cos x) = sin2x
   (2 sin x – cos x) (1 + cos x) – (1 – cos2x) = 0
 (1 + cos x) (2 sin x – cos x – 1 + cos x) = 0
(1 + cos x) (2 sin x – 1) = 0
1
 cos x = –1 or sin x =
2
 cosx = –1 = cos x = 2n +  = (2n + 1), n I
1  
or sinx = = sin x = k+ (–1)k , k  I     Ans.
2 6 6



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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
1
Illustration 2 : If sin, cos and tan are in G.P. then the general solution for is-
6
  
(A) 2n  (B) 2n  (C) n  (D) none of these
3 6 3
1
Solution : Since, sin, cos, tan are in G.P.  
6
1
   cos2 = sin  . tan  6 cos3 + cos2 – 1 = 0
6
   (2cos  – 1) (3 cos2 + 2 cos + 1) = 0
1
   cos (other values of cos are imaginary)
2
 
   coscos n± , n  I. Ans.
3 3

(b) Solving of trigonometric equation by reducing it to a quadratic equation.

e.g. 6 – 10cosx = 3sin2x

  6 – 10cosx = 3 – 3cos2x  3cos2x – 10cosx + 3 = 0
1
  (3cosx – 1) (cosx – 3) = 0  cosx = or cosx = 3
3
Since cosx = 3 is not possible as –1  cosx  1

= cos  cos 1 
1
  cosx =
3  3

  x = 2n ± cos-1   , n  I Ans.
3

1
Illustration 3 : Solve sin2– cos = , for and write the values of in the interval 0    2.
4
Solution : The given equation can be written as
1
1 – cos2 – cos =
4
 cos2 + cos – 3/4 = 0
 4cos2cos – 3 = 0
(2cos – 1) (2cos + 3) = 0
1 3
 cos = , 
2 2
Since, cos = –3/2 is not possible as –1  cos 1
1 
 cos  coscos
2 3

 n± ,nI
3
For the given interval, n = 0 and n =1.
 5
  ,
3 3 Ans.

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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
Illustration 4 : Find the number of solutions of tanx + secx = 2cosx in [0, 2].
Solution : Here, tanx + secx = 2cosx sinx + 1 = 2 cos2x
1
   2sin2x + sinx – 1 = 0  sinx = , –1
2
3
But sinx = –1  x  for which tanx + secx = 2 cosx is not defined.
2
1  5
Thus sinx =  x= ,
2 6 6
  number of solutions of tanx + secx = 2cos x is 2. Ans.
Illustration 5 : Solve the equation 5sin2x – 7sinx cosx + 16cos2 x = 4
Solution : To solve this equation we use the fundamental formula of trigonometric identities,
sin2x + cos2x = 1
writing the equation in the form,
  sin2x – 7sinx. cosx + 16cos2x = 4(sin2x + cos2x)
 sin2x – 7sinx cosx + 12cos2x = 0
dividing by cos2x on both side we get,
tan2x – 7tanx + 12 = 0
Now it can be factorized as :
(tanx – 3)(tanx – 4) = 0
   tanx = 3, 4
i.e., tanx = tan(tan–13) or tanx = tan(tan–1 4)
   x = n + tan–1 3 or x = n + tan–1 4, n I. Ans.
n sin 2 x 3sin x  2
Illustration 6 : If x  , n  I and  cos x  = 1, then find the general solutions of x.
2
n
Solution : As x   cos x  0, 1, – 1
2
sin 2 x 3sin x  2
So,  cos x  =1  sin2x – 3sinx + 2 = 0
  (sinx – 2) (sinx – 1) = 0  sinx = 1, 2
n
where sinx = 2 is not possible and sinx = 1 which is also not possible as x 
2
 no general solution is possible. Ans.
7
Illustration 7 : Solve the equation sin4x + cos4 x = sinx . cosx.
2
7 7
Solution : sin4x + cos4x = sinx. cosx  (sin2x + cos2x)2 – 2sin2x cos2x = sinx. cosx
2 2
1 7
 1 – (sin 2x)2 = (sin 2x)  2sin22x + 7sin2x – 4 = 0
2 4
1
 (2sin2x –1)(sin2x + 4) = 0 sin2x = or sin2x = – 4 (which is not possible)
2

  2x = n +(–1)n ,nI
6
n 
i.e.,x = + (–1)n ,nI Ans.
2 12

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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
Do yourself-2 :
(i) Solve the following equations :
(a) 3sinx + 2cos2x = 0 (b) sec22 = 1 – tan2
 (c) 7cos2 + 3sin2= 4 (d) 4cos – 3sec = tan
(ii) Solve the equation : 2sin  + sin 2 = 2 for (–, ).
2 2

(c) Solving trigonometric equations by introducing an auxiliary argument.

Consider, a sin  + b cos = c ............. (i)

a b c
  sin+ cos 2
a 2  b2 a 2  b2 a  b2
equation (i) has a solution only if c  a 2  b2
a b b
let = cos , = sin  &  = tan–1
a b
2 2
a b
2 2 a
by introducing this auxiliary argument , equation (i) reduces to
c
sin (+ ) = Now this equation can be solved easily.
a 2  b2

Illustration 8 : Find the number of distinct solutions of secx + tanx = 3 , where 0  x  3
Solution : Here, sec x + tanx = 3
 1 + sinx = 3 cos x or 3 cos x – sinx =1
dividing both sides by a  b i.e.
2 2
4 = 2 we get
–
3 1 1
 cosx – sinx =
2 2 2
  1
 cos cosx – sin sinx =
6 6 2

 cos  x   =
1
 
6 2 7 / 3
As 0  x  3  /3
  
 x +  3 + /6
6 6 6 3 2
  5 7 
  x = , ,
6 3 3 3
 3 13 3   / 6 5 / 3
 x = , ,
6 2 6
3
  But at x = , tanx and secx is not defined
2
  Total number of solutions are 2. Ans.

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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
Illustration 9 : Prove that the equation kcosx – 3sinx = k + 1 possess a solution iff k  (– , 4].
Solution : Here, k cosx – 3sinx = k + 1, could be re-written as :
k 3
cosx – sinx = k  1
k 9
2
k 9
2
k2  9
k 1 3
or cos(x + ) = , where tan =
k 9
2 k
k 1
which possess a solution only if –1  1
k2  9
i.e., k  1  1
k2  9
i.e.,(k+1)2  k2 +9
i.e., k2 + 2k + 1  k2 + 9
or k  4
  The interval of k for which the equation (kcosx – 3sinx = k + 1) has a solution is
 , 4 . Ans.

Do yourself - 3 :
(i) Solve the following equations:
(a) sinx + 2 = cosx. (b) cosec = 1 + cot


(d) Solving trigonometric equations by transforming sum of trigonometric functions into

product.
e.g. cos 3x + sin 2x – sin 4x = 0
cos 3x – 2 sin x cos 3x = 0
  (cos3x) (1 – 2sinx) = 0
1
 cos3x = 0 or sinx =
2
 1 
 cos3x = 0 = cos sinx = = sin  
2 2 6
 
  x = 2n± x = m + (–1)m ; (n, m I)
2 6
2n 
  x= ± Ans.
3 6

Illustration 10 : Solve : cos+ cos3 + cos5 + cos7 = 0

Solution : We have cos + cos7 + cos3 + cos5 = 0
  2cos4cos3 + 2cos4cos = 0
  cos4 (cos3 + cos) = 0 cos4 (2cos2cos) = 0
  Either cos = 0  = (2n1 + 1) /2, n1I

or cos 2 = 0   = (2n2 + 1) , n2 I
4

or cos4 = 0 n , n3 I Ans.
8

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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
(e) Solving trigonometric equations by transforming a product into sum.
e.g. sin5x. cos3x = sin6x. cos2x
sin8x + sin2x = sin8x + sin4x
  2sin2x . cos2x – sin2x = 0
  sin2x(2 cos 2x – 1) = 0
1
  sin2x = 0 or cos2x =
2
1 
  sin 2x = 0 = sin 0 cos2x = = cos
2 3

  x = n + (–1)n×0, n I 2x = 2m ± ,mI
3
n 
  x= ,nI x = m ± ,mI
2 6
1
Illustration 11 : Solve : cos cos2 cos3 = ; where 0    .
4
1 1 1
Solution : (2cos cos3) cos2 =  (cos2 + cos4) cos2 =
2 4 2
1 1
 2
[2cos 2 + 2cos4cos2] =  1 + cos4 + 2cos4cos2= 1
2 2
 cos4 (1+ 2cos2) = 0
cos4 = 0 or (1 + 2cos2) = 0
Now from the first equation : 2cos4 = 0 = cos(/2)
 1 
   n      = (2n+1) , nI
 2 8
 3 5 7
for n = 0,  = ; n = 1,  = ; n =2,  = ; n =3,  =  0     )
8 8 8 8
and from the second equation :
1
cos2= – = –cos(/3) = cos( –/3) = cos(2/3)
2
2 
 k±  = k ± ,kI
3 3
 2
again for k = 0, = ; k = 1,  = ( 0    )
3 3
  3 5 2 7
   = , , , , , Ans.
8 3 8 8 3 8

Do yourself-4 :
(i) Solve 4sin sin2 sin4 = sin3 (ii) Solve for x : sinx + sin3x + sin5x = 0

(f) Solving equations by a change of variable :

(i) Equations of the form P (sin x ± cos x, sin x. cos x) = 0, where P (y, z) is a polynomial,
can be solved by the substitution :
cos x ± sin x = t  1 ± 2 sin x. cos x = t2

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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
Illustration 12 : Solve : sin x + cos x = 1 + sin x. cos x.
Solution : put sinx + cosx = t
 sin2x + cos2x + 2sinx. cosx = t2
 2sinx cos x = t2 – 1 ( sin2x + cos2x = 1)
 2 
 sin x cos x =  t  1
 2 
Substituting above result in given equation, we get :
t2 1
t=1+
2
  t = t + 1 t – t
2

   t – 1t   sinx + cosx = 1 

Dividing both sides by 1  1 i.e. 2 . we get
2 2

1 1 1   1
 sin x + cos x =  cos x cos + sinx. sin =
2 2 2 4 4 2
    
 cos  x   = cosx – = 2n ±  
4 4 4 4
 
  x = 2n or x = 2n + = (4n + 1) , n  I Ans.
2 2

(ii) Equations of the form of a sin x + b cos x + d = 0, where a, b & d are real numbers can
be solved by changing sin x & cos x into their corresponding tangent of half the angle.

Illustration 13 : Solve : 3 cos x + 4 sin x = 5

 1  tan 2 x / 2   2 tan x / 2  = 5
Solution :    + 4  
 1  tan x / 2 
2
 1  tan 2 x / 2 
x x
3  3tan 2 8 tan
 2 2 5
2 x 2 x
1  tan 1  tan
2 2
x x x
 tan2 + 8tan = 5 + 5tan2
2 2 2
x x
 8tan2 – 8tan + 2 = 0
2 2
2
x x  x 
  tan   2 tan  1 = 0
2
– 4tan + 1 = 0
2 2  2 
x x 1  1
 2 tan    1  0  tan   tan  tan 1 
2 2 2  2
= n+ tan–1   , n  I
x 1

2 2
 x = 2n + 2tan–1   , n I
1
Ans.
2

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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
(g) Solving trigonometric equations with the use of the boundness of the functions
involved.

Illustration 14 : Solve the equation (sinx + cosx)1+sin2x = 2,when 0  x 

Solution : We know,  a 2  b2  a sin+ b cos a 2  b2 and –1  sin 1.
 (sinx + cosx) admits the maximum value as 2
and (1 + sin 2x) admits the maximum value as 2.
 2  = 2.
2
Also
 the equation could hold only when, sinx + cosx = 2 and 1+ sin 2x =2
Now, sinx + cos x = 2

 cos  x   = 1
 4
 x = 2n +/4, n  I .....(i)
and 1+ sin 2x = 2

 sin2x = 1 = sin 
2

  2x = m +(–1)m , m  I
2
m 
 x = + (–1)m .....(ii)
2 4

The value of x in [0,] satisfying equations (i) and (ii) is x = (when n = 0 & m = 0)
4
Ans.
Note : sinx + cosx = – 2 and 1 + sin 2x = 2 also satisfies but as x  0, this solution is not in domain.
1

y2  y  1/ 2  1
2
Illustration 15 : Solve for x and y : 2 cos x

Solution: 2 cos2 x
y2  y  1/ 2  1 .....(i)
1 2 2
 1  1
2 cos2 x
 y       1
2 2
1
cos2 x
Minimum value of 2 =2
2 2
 1  1 1
Minimum value of  y      
2 2 2
1
1
 Minimum value of 2 cos2 x
y2  y  is 1
2
1 2 2
cos2 x  1  1
(i) is possible when 2  y       1
2 2
 cos2x = 1 and y = 1/2
 cosx = ± 1  x = n, where n  I
Hence x = n, n  I and y = 1/2. Ans.

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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION

Illustration 16 : The number of solution(s) of 2cos2   sin2x = x2 + 2 , 0  x  is/are-
x 1
2 x 2
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) infinite (D) none of these
Let y = 2cos2   sin2x = x2 + 2 y = (1+cosx)sin2x and y = x2 + 2
x 1 1
Solution :
2 x x
when y = (1 + cosx)sin x = (a number < 2)(a number  1)  y < 2 ......(i)
2

2
1  1
and when y = x2 + =  x   +22  y  2 ......(ii)
x2  x 
No value of y can be obtained satisfying (i) and (ii), simultaneously
  No real solution of the equation exists. Ans.
Note: If L.H.S. of the given trigonometric equation is always less than or equal to k and RHS is
always greater than k, then no solution exists. If both the sides are equal to k for same value of
, then solution exists and if they are equal for different values of , then solution does not
exist.

Do yourself-5 :
(i) If x2 – 4x + 5 – siny = 0, y  [0,2), then -
(A) x = 1, y = 0 (B) x = 1, y = /2 (C) x = 2, y = 0 (D) x = 2, y = /2
1
(ii) If sinx + cosx = y  , y > 0, x[0, ] , then find the least positive value of x satisfying the
y
given condition.

6. TRIGONOMETRIC INEQUALITIES :
There is no general rule to solve trigonometric in equations and the same rules of algebra are
valid here. The domain and range of trigonometric functions should be kept in mind.
Illustration 17 : Find the solution set of inequality sin x > 1/2.
1
Solution : When sinx = , the two values of x between 0 and 2 are /6 and 5/6.
2
From the graph of y = sin x, it is obvious that between 0 and 2,
1
sin x > for /6 < x < 5/6
2
Hence, sin x > 1/2
 2n + /6 < x < 2n + 5/6, n  I
y

1–
1 –
2
2
2  o   5
6 2 6

–1 –

 5 
Thus, the required solution set is   2n  , 2n   Ans.
nI  6 6 

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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
Illustration 18 : Find the values of lying between 0 and  for which the inequality : tan > tan3 
is valid.
Solution : We have : tantan30 tan (1– tan2) > 0
 (tan) (tan + 1) (tan –1) < 0 – + – +
So tan –1, 0 < tan < 1 -1 0 1
  3
 Given inequality holds for    0,    ,  Ans.
 4 2 4 
Do yourself - 6 :
(i) Find the solution set of the inequality : cosx –1/2.
(ii) Find the values of x in the interval [0, 2] for which 4sin2x – 8sinx + 3  0.

Miscellaneous Illustration :
Illustration 19 : Solve the following equation : tan2+ sec2 + 3 = 2  2 sec   tan 
Solution : We have tan2 + sec2 + 3 = 2 2 sec + 2tan
 tan2 – 2tan + sec – 2 2 sec +3 = 0
 tan2 + 1 – 2tan + sec2 –2 2 sec + 2 = 0
 tan –1sec– 2  tan= 1 and sec  = 2
As the periodicity of tan and sec are not same, we get

   = 2n + ,nI Ans.
4
Illustration 20 : Find the solution set of equation 5 
1log cos x
5
 5/ 2.
Solution : Taking log to base 5 on both sides in given equation :
1  log5 cos x  .log5 5  log5  5 / 2  log5 5  log5 cos x  log5 5  log5 2
 log5 cos x   log5 2  cos x 1/ 2  x = 2n ± /3, n I Ans.

  a b
Illustration 21 : If the set of all values of x in   ,  satisfying 4sin x  2  6 is  , 
 2 2  24 24 
ab
then find the value of .
3
Solution : 4sin x  2  6
  6 < 4sin x + 62<
  6  2 < 4sin x < 6 – 2
 6  2 6 2
 < sin x <
4 4
5   
  <x< for x    , 
12 12  2 2
a b
Comparing with <x< , we get, a = – 10, b =2
24 24
ab 10  2
  =4 Ans.
3 3

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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
Illustration 22 : The number of values of x in the interval [0,5] satisfying the equation.
3sin2x – 7 sinx + 2 = 0 is- [JEE 98]
(A) 0 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 10
Solution : 3sin2x – 7 sinx + 2 = 0
 (3sinx –1) (sinx – 2) =0 sin   1/ 3 sin   1/ 3

  sinx  2
 5   4  
1 3   2  
  sin x = = sin  (say)
3
where  is the least positive value of 5 3 0 2 4

1
x such that sin .
3

Clearly 0 <  < . We get the solution,
2
x = ,  –  ,2 + , 3 – ,  +  and 5 – .
Hence total six values in [0, 5] Ans.

ANSWERS FOR DO YOURSELF

 
1: (i) (a)  = n+ (–1)n , n  I (b) = (2n+1) ,nI
6 3
4n n
(c) = , n I (d) = , n I
3 2

(e)  = n ± , n I (f)  = 2n + (–1)n+1, n I
12
 n k 3
2: (i) (a) x = n + (–1)n+1 , n I (b) = or  =  , n, k I
6 2 2 8

(c)  = n ± , n  I
3
 1  17  
–1 1  17

(d) = n + (–1)n , where  = sin–1   or sin  , n  I
 8   8 
(ii)   ,
4 4 
 3   3 
, , , ,
2 4 4 2 
 
3: (i) (a) x = 2n – , n I (b) 2m+ ,mI
4 2
m 
4: (i)  = n or  = ± ; n, m I
3 9
n 
(ii) x= , n  I and k ± , k I
3 3

5: (i) D (ii) x=
4
 2 2    5 
6: (i)   2n  , 2n  (ii)  6 , 6 

nI 3 3 

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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
EXERCISE # 1
1. The number of solutions of the equation sin2x – 2cosx + 4 sinx = 4 in the interval [0,5] is-
(A) 6 (B) 4 (C) 3 (D) 5

2. Let A = { : sin() = tan ()} and B = { : cos(be two sets. Then -

(A) A = B (B) A  B and B – A  
(C) A  B (D) B  A

3. The complete solution set of the inequality tan2x – 2 2 tan x  1  0 is -

 3  3
(A) n + x + n, n I (B) n + x + n, n  I
8 8 4 4
 3  2
(C) n +  x   n, n  I (D) n+ x  n, n  I
16 8 3 3

4. The general solution of the equation tan2  + 2 3 tan  = 1 is given by-

n 
(A)  = (n ) (B) = (2n + 1) (n I)
2 2
 n
(C) = (6n+1) (n I) (D)  = (n )
12 12

5. If 2 tan2= sec2, then the general solution of -

   
(A) n + (n I) (B) n – (n) (C) n ± (n I) (D) 2n ± (n I)
4 4 4 4

Number of principal solution(s) of the equation 4.16sin x  26sinx is

2
6.
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

7. The general solution of equation 4 cos2 x + 6 sin2 x = 5 is-

  3
(A) x  n   n  I  (B) x  n   n  I  (C) x  n   n  I  (D) None of these
2 4 2

8. If tan + tan4tan7 = tan tan4tan7then  =

n n n
(A) (B) (C) (D) n
4 7 12
  
where n I ,    2n  1 ,    2n  1 ,    2n  1
2 8 14

1  cos 2
9. If = 3, then the general solution of  is-
1  cos 2
(A) 2n ± /6 (B) n ± /6 (C) 2n ± /3 (D) n ± /3
where n  I

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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
The number of solutions of the equation 2cos   = 3x + 3–x is-
x
10.
2
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) None

11. The number of real solutions of the equation sin(ex) = 5x + 5–x is-
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) infinitely many

5 5
12. If x    ,  , then the greatest positive solution of 1 + sin4x = cos2 3x is-
 2 2 
5
(A)  (B) 2 (C) (D) none of these
2

13. The general value of  satisfying sin2+ sin = 2 is-

   
(A) n(–1)n (B) 2n + (C) n + (–1)n (D) n +(–1)n
6 4 2 3
14. The number of solutions of the equation tan2x – sec 10 x + 1 = 0 in (0,10) is-
(A) 3 (B) 6 (C) 10 (D) 11

15. The solution set of (5 + 4 cos ) (2 cos + 1) = 0 in the interval [0, 2] is
(A)  
 2
,
3 3
(B)

3
,   (C)
2 4
,
3 3   (D)
2 5
,
3 3  
16. The equation sin x cos x = 2 has :
(A) one solution (B) two solutions (C) infinite solutions (D) no solution

17. If tan – (1 + 3 ) tan + 3 = 0, then the general value of  is :

       
(A) n + , n + (B) n – , n + (C) n + ,n – (D) n – ,n–
4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3
where n I

18. If 0  x  3, 0  y  3and cosx.sin y = 1, then the possible number of values of the ordered
pair (x, y) is -
(A) 6 (B) 12 (C) 8 (D) 15

tan 2  tan 
19. If = 0, then the general value of  is
1  tan  tan 2
n n n
(A) n; n I (B) ; n I (C) (D) ; n I
3 4 6
where n I

20. The most general values of x for which sin x + cos x = min {1, a2 – 4a + 6} is given by
aR
  
(A) 2n (B) 2n + (C) n + (–1)n  (D) None of these
2 4 4
where n  I

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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
EXERCISE # 2
1 1 1
 log (sinx)  log cos x
1. Solve the equation for x, 52  52 5
 15 2 15

2. Find all the values of  satisfying the equation; sin + sin 5 = sin 3 such that 0   .

3. Solve the equality: 2 sin 11x + cos 3x + 3 sin 3x = 0

4. Find all value of , between 0 & , which satisfy the equation; cos. cos 2. cos 3 =1/4.

5. Solve for x , the equation 13  18tan x = 6 tan x – 3, where –2 < x < 2.

6. Determine the smallest positive value of x which satisfy the equation , 1  sin 2x  2 cos3x = 0
7. Find the number of principal solution of the equation,
sin x – sin 3x + sin 5x = cos x – cos 3x + cos 5x.
1 
 log3  cos x sin x    cox sin x 
8. Find the general solution of the trigonometric equation 3 2   2log2  2

9. Find all values of  between 0° & 180° satisfying the equation ; cos 6 + cos 4 +cos2 +1 = 0.

10. Find the general solution of the equation, sin x + cos x = 0. Also find the sum of all solutions
in [0, 100].
11. Find the range of y such that the equation , y + cos x = sin x has a real solution. For y = 1 ,
find x such that 0 < x < 2    
cos   sin 
12. Find the general values of  for which the quadratic function (sin) x2 + (2cos)x + is
2
the square of a linear function.
13. Prove that the equations
(a) sin x  sin 2x  sin 3x = 1 (b) sin x  cos 4x  sin 5x = – 1/2 have no solution .
14. Let f (x) = sin6x + cos6x + k (sin4x + cos4x) for some real number k. Determine
(a) all real numbers k for which f (x) is constant for all values of x.
(b) all real numbers k for which there exists a real number 'c' such that f (c) = 0.
(c) If k = – 0.7, determine all solutions to the equation f (x) = 0.
 
15. If the set of values of x satisfying the inequality tanx.tan3x < –1 in the interval  0,  is (a, b),
 2
36(b  a) 
then the value of   is
 

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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
EXERCISE # 3 (JM)
1. The number of values of x in the interval [0,3] satisfying the equation 2sin2 x + 5sinx – 3 = 0
is- [AIEEE 2006]
(1) 6 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 4

1
2. If 0 < x < , and cos x + sin x = , then tan x is- [AIEEE 2006]
2
(1) (4 – 7 )/3 (2) – (4 + 7 )/3 (3) (1 + 7 )/4 (4) (1 – 7 )/4

3. Let A and B denote the statements

A : cos + cos  + cos  = 0
B : sin + sin  + sin  = 0
3
If cos ( – ) + cos(– ) + cos( – ) = – , then - [AIEEE 2009]
2
(1) Both A and B are true (2) Both A and B are false
(3) A is true and B is false (4) A is false and B is true

4. The possible values of   (0, ) such that sin() + sin (4) + sin (7) = 0 are [AIEEE 2011]
2  4  3   5  2 3 
(1) , , , , , (2) , , , , ,
9 4 9 2 4 9 4 12 2 3 4 9
2   2 3 35 2   2 3 8
(3) , , , , , (4) , , , , ,
9 4 2 3 4 36 9 4 2 3 4 9

5. If 0  x < 2, then the number of real values of x, which satisfy the equation
cosx + cos2x + cos3x + cos4x = 0, is :- [JEE(Main) 2016]
(1) 9 (2) 3 (3) 5 (4) 7

6. If 5(tan2x – cos2x) = 2cos 2x + 9, then the value of cos4x is: [JEE (Main)-2017]
7 3 1 2
(1)  (2)  (3) (4)
9 5 3 9
   x  1
7. If sum of all the solutions of the equation 8cos x. cos   x  cos   x     1 in [0, ] is
 6  6  2
k, then k is equal to [JEE (Main)-2018]
20 2 13 8
(1) (2) (3) (4)
9 3 9 9

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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
EXERCISE # 4 (JA)
1. The number of integral values of k for which the equation 7cosx + 5sinx = 2k + 1 has a solution
is [JEE 2002 (Screening), 3]
(A) 4 (B) 8 (C) 10 (D) 12
2. cos(– ) = 1 and cos(+ ) = 1/e, where ,   [– , ], numbers of pairs of , which
satisfy both the equations is [JEE 2005 (Screening)]
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 4
3. If 0 <  < 2, then the intervals of values of  for which 2sin2 – 5sin + 2 > 0, is [JEE-2006, 3]
 5  5   5 41 
(A)  0,    , 2 (B)  ,  (C)  0,    ,  (D)  , 
 6  6  8 6  8 6 6   48 
4. The number of solutions of the pair of equations [JEE 2007, 3]
2 sin2 – cos2 = 0
2 cos2 – 3 sin = 0
in the interval [0, 2] is
(A) zero (B) one (C) two (D) four
   n
The number of values of  in the interval  such that  
 2 2 
5. , for n = 0, ± 1, ± 2 and
5
tan  = cot5 as well as sin2 = cos4, is [JEE 2010, 3]
6. The positive integer value of n > 3 satisfying the equation [JEE 2011, 4]
1 1 1
  is
  2   3 
sin   sin   sin  
n  n   n 
7. Let , [ 0, 2 ] be such that
 
2cos(1 – sin) = sin2  tan  cot  cos – 1, tan(2 – ) > 0 and –1 < sin < –
3
.
 2 2 2
Then cannot satisfy -
  4 4 3 3
(A) 0 <  < (B) << (C) << (D) < < 2.
2 2 3 3 2 2
8. For x  (0, ), the equation sinx + 2sin2x – sin3x = 3 has [JEE(Advanced)-2014, 3(–1)]
(A) infinitely many solutions (B) three solutions
(C) one solution (D) no solution
5
9. The number of distinct solutions of equation cos2 2x + cos4x + sin4 x + cos6 x+ sin6x = 2 in
4
the interval [0, 2] is [JEE 2015, 4M, –0M]
10. Let a, b, c be three non-zero real numbers such that the equation
  
3 a cos x  2bsin x  c, x    ,  has two distinct real roots  and  with      . Then,
 2 2 3
b
the value is___________. [JEE (Advanced)-2018, 3(0), P- 1]
a

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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
EXERCISE # 5
1. Number of values of x satisfying the equation log 2 (sin x) + log1/2 (– cosx) = 0 in the interval
(–,] is equal to -
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3


2. Given a2 + 2a + cosec2   a  x  = 0 then, which of the following holds good ?
2 
x x
(A) a = 1 ; I (B) a = – 1; I
2 2
(C) a  R; x  (D) a, x are finite but not possible to find

3. If the equation cot4x – 2 cosec2x + a2 = 0 has atleast one solution then, sum of all possible
integral values of 'a' is equal to
(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 0

4. The set of angles between 0 and 2 satisfying the equation 4cos2 – 2 2 cos – 1 = 0 is
(A)   5 19 23
, ,
12 12 12 12
,  (B) 
 7 17 23
, ,
12 12 12 12
, 
(C) 5 13 19
,
12 12 12
,  (D) ,
 7 19 23
,
12 12 12 12
, 
5 In which one of the following intervals the inequality, sin x < cos x < tan x < cot x can hold
good
3 5 3 7
(A)  0,   (B)  ,  (C)  ,  (D)  , 2
 4  4   4 2   4 

6. If the equation sin4 x – (k + 2) sin2x – (k + 3) = 0 has a solution then k must lie in the interval:
(A) (–4, – 2) (B) [– 3, 2) (C) (– 4, – 3) (D) [–3, – 2]

7. The smallest positive angle satisfying the equation 1 + cos3x – 2cos2x = 0, is equal to
(A) 15° (B) 22.5° (C) 30° (D) 45°

3x 5y
8. Statement-1 : If sin cos = k8 – 4k4 + 5, where x, y  R then exactly four distinct real
2 3
values of k are possible.
because
3x 5y
Statement-2 : If sin and cos both are less than or equal to one and greater than or equal to –1
2 3
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for
statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.

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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION

The equation 2cos2   sin2x = x2 + x–2, 0 < x  has
x
9.
 2 2
(A) one real solutions (B) more than one real solutions
(C) no real solution (D) none of the above

10. The number of solutions of the equation sin x = x2 + x + 1 is-

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) None

11. Number of integral solution(s) of the inequality 2sin2x – 5sinx + 2 > 0 in x  [0, 2], is-
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6

12. If tan – 2 sec= 3, then the general solution of is

       
(A) n + (–1)n  (B) n + (–1)n  (C) n+ (–1)n  (D) n + (–1)n 
4 3 3 4 3 4 4 3
where n  I

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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
EXERCISE # 6
1. Solve the equation : sin 5x = 16 sin5x.

2. Find all the solutions of, 4cos2 x sinx – 2 sin2x = 3sinx.

3. Solve for x, (– x  ) the equation; 2 (cos x + cos 2 x) + sin 2 x (1 + 2 cos x) = 2 sin x.

4. Find the general solution of the following equation :

2(sin x – cos 2x) – sin 2x(1 + 2 sinx) + 2cos x = 0.

3x x
5. Find the values of x, between 0 & 2, satisfying the equation cos 3x + cos 2x = sin + sin
2 2

6. Solve: tan22x + cot22x + 2 tan 2x + 2 cot 2x = 6.

x
 sec 2
7. Solve the equation: 1+ 2 cosecx = 2
2

8. Solve: tan2x. tan23x tan4x = tan2x – tan23x + tan4x.

9. Find the set of values of x satisfying the equality

 3
sin  x    cos  x   = 1 and the inequality
2 cos 7x
 2cos 2x
 4  4  cos 3  sin 3

10. Find the solution set of the equation, log  x 2 6x (sin 3x + sinx) = log  x 2 6x (sin 2x).
10 10

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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE # 1
1. C 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. C 6. C 7. B
8. C 9. D 10. A 11. A 12. B 13. C 14. A
15. C 16. D 17. A 18. A 19. B 20. C

EXERCISE # 2
   2 5
1. x  2n  ,nI 2. 0, , , , &
6 6 3 3 6
n  n 7   3 5 2 7
3. x  or x   ,nI 4. , , , , ,
7 84 4 48 8 3 8 8 3 8
2
5.  – 2;  – , , + , where tan = 6. x = /16
3

7. 10 solutions 8. x = 2n +
12
9. 30º,45º,90º,135º,150º
1 
10. x = n  , n ; sum = 5025 11.  2y 2; ,
4 2

12. 2n + or (2n+1) – tan–12, n I
4
n 
(b) k   1,   ;
3 1
14. (a) – ; (c) x =  15. 3
2  2 2 6

EXERCISE # 3 (JM)
1. 4 2. 2 3. 1 4. 1 5. 4 6. 1 7. 3

EXERCISE # 4 (JA)
1. B 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. 3 6. 7
7. A,C,D 8. D 9. 8 10. 0.50

EXERCISE # 5
1. B 2. B 3. D 4. B 5. A 6. D 7. C
8. D 9. C 10. A 11. C 12. D

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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
EXERCISE # 6
  3
1. x = n or x = n ± 2. n; n+ (–1)n or n + (–1)n   
6 10  10 

    
3 , ,  4. x = 2n or x = n + (– 1)n    or x = n + (–1)n
3 2  2 6

 5 9 13 n  n 
5. , , , , 6. x=  (1)n or  (1) n 1
7 7 7 7 4 8 4 24
  2n  1 
7. x = 2n – 8. , k, where n, k  I
2 4
3 5
9. x =2n + , n I 10 x=–
4 3

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 PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL
INDUCTION

PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION

Mathematical Induction is a powerful and elegant technique for proving certain types of
mathematical statements : general propositions which assert that something is true for all
positive integers or for all positive integers greater than some number k.
Let us look at some cases of the type of result that can be proved by induction :
1
Case-1 : The sum of the first n positive integers {1, 2, 3, . . .} is n(n + 1).
2
Case-2 : In a convex polygon with n vertices, the greatest number of diagonals that can be
1
drawn is n(n – 3).
2
As we see, the subject matter of the statements can vary widely. It can include algebra,
geometry and many other topics. What is common to all the examples is the number n that
appears in the statement. In all cases it is either stated, or implicitly assumed, that n can be any
positive integer.
Why do we need proof by induction?
While experimental evidence is insufficient to guarantee the truthfulness of a statement, it is
often not possible to verify the statement for all possible cases either. For instance, one might
assume that
1
1 + 2 + 3 + .... + n = n(n + 1) for all natural numbers n. Of course one easily verifies the
2
statement is true for the first few values of n.
n 1 2 3 4
sum of first n numbers 1 1+2=3 1 + 2 + 3 = 6 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10
1 1 1 1 1
n(n + 1) ×1×2=1 ×2×3=3 ×3×4=6 × 4 × 5 = 10
2 2 2 2 2
Yet we cannot conclude that the statement is true. Maybe it will fail at some unattempted
values, who knows?
To answer this, let's look at another example.
eg : If p is any prime number, 2p – 1 is also a prime. Let us try some special cases here too.
p 2 3 5 7
2p  1 3 7 31 127
Since 3, 7, 31, 127 are all primes, we may be satisfied the result is always true. But if we try the
next prime, 11, we find that
211 – 1 = 2047 = 23 × 89.
So it is not a prime, and our general assertion is therefore FALSE. So how can we verify the
statement? A powerful tool is mathematical induction.
What is proof by induction?
One way of thinking about mathematical induction is to regard the statement we are trying to
prove as not one proposition, but a whole sequence of propositions, one for each n. The trick
used in mathematical induction is to prove the first statement in the sequence, and then prove
that if any particular statement is true, then the one after it is also true. This enables us to
conclude that all the statements are true.
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 PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL
INDUCTION
1. THEOREM-I
If P(n) is statement depending upon n such that
(i) P(1) is true;
(ii) Assume that P(k) is true for any positive integer k N – {1}  P(k + 1) is true then
P(n) is true for each n  N

Do yourself-1 :
n(n  1)(2n  1)
(i) Let the given statement be P(n), i.e., P(n) : 12 + 22 + 32 + 42 +…+ n2 = .
6
(ii) Prove that 2n > n for all positive integers n.
1 1 1 1 n
(iii) For all n  1, prove that    ....   .
1.2 2.3 3.4 n(n  1) n  1

2. THEOREM-II
If P(n) is a statement depending upon n but beginning with any positive integer k, then to prove
P(n) by Induction, we proceed as follows :
(i) Verify the validity of P(n) for n = k.
(ii) Assume that P(m) is true (m > k), m  N  P(m + 1) is true
Then P(n) is true for each n  k
3. THEOREM-III
If P(n) is statement depending upon n such that
(i) P(1) and P(2) is true;
(ii) P(k – 1) and P(k) is true for some k  N – {1}  P(k + 1) is true then P(n) is true  n  N.
SOME USEFUL RESULT BASED ON PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL
INDUCTION :
For any natural number n
n(n  1)
(i) 1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + n = n =
2
n(n  1)(2n  1)
(ii) 12 + 22 + 32 + .... + n2 = n2 =
6
 n(n  1) 
2

(iii) 1 + 2 + 3 + ...... + n = n = (n) = 

3 3 3 3 3 2

 2 
(iv) 2 + 4 + 6 + ..... + 2n = 2n = n(n + 1)
(v) 1 + 3 + 5 + ..... + (2n – 1) = (2n – 1) = n2
(vi) xn – yn = (x – y)(xn–1 + xn–2y + xn–3y2 + ...... + xyn–2 + yn–1)
(vii) xn + yn = (x + y)(xn–1 – xn–2y + xn–3y2 + ..... – xyn–2 + yn–1) when n is odd positive integer
IMPORTANT TIPS :
(i) Product of r successive integers is divisible by r!
(ii) For x  y, xn – yn is divisible by
(a) x + y, if n is even (b) x – y, if n is even or odd
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 PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL
INDUCTION
(iii) xn + yn is divisible by x + y, if n is odd
(iv) For solving objective question related to natural numbers we find out the correct
alternative by negative examination of this principle. If the given statement is P(n), then
by putting n = 1, 2, 3 .... in P(n) we decide the correct answer. We also use the above
formulae established by this principle to find the sum of n terms of a given series. For
this we first express Tn as a polynomial in n and then for finding Sn, we put  before
each term of this polynomial and then use above results of n, n2, n3 etc.

Do yourself-2 :
(i) Prove that (1 + x)n  (1 + nx), for all natural number n, where x > – 1.
n3
(ii) Prove that 12 + 22 + ... + n2 > ,nN
3
(iii) Prove the rule of exponents (ab)n = anbn by using principle of mathematical induction for every
natural number.

SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex.1 Use the principle of mathematical induction to show that 52n+1 + 3n+2.2n–1 divisible by 19 for all
natural numbers n.
Sol. Let P(n) = 52n+1 + 3n+2.2n–1
Step I : For n = 1
P(1) = 52+1 + 31+2.21–1
= 125 + 27
= 152, which is divisible by 19.
Therefore, the result is true for n = 1.
Step II : Assume that the result is true for n = k, i.e. P(k) = 52k+1 + 3k+2· 2k–1 is divisible by 19.
 P(k) = 19r, where r is an integer.
Step III : For n = k + 1
P(k + 1) = 52(k + 1)+1 + 3k+1 + 2. 2k+1–1
= 52k+3 + 3k+3.2k
= 25.52k+1 + 3.3k+2.2.2k–1
= 25.52k + 6.3k+22k–1
Now 25.52k+1 + 6.3k+22k–1 = 25.(52k+1 + 3k–2.2k–1) – 19.3k+2.2k–1
i.e. P(k + 1) = 25 P(k) – 19.3k+2.2k–1
But we know that P(k) is divisible by 19. Also 19.3k+22k–1 is clearly divisible by 19.
Hence P(k + 1) is divisible by 19. This shows that the result is true for n = k + 1. Hence
by the principle of mathematical induction, the result is true for all n  N.
Ex.2 Use the principle of mathematical induction to show that
1
1.3 + 2.4 + ..... + n.(n + 2) = n(n + 1)(2n + 7).
6
1
Sol. Let P(n) : 1.3 + 2.4 + .... + n.(n + 2) = n(n + 1)(2n + 7)
6
Step I : For n = 1
1 1
LHS of P(1) = 1.3 = 3 = .1.2.9 = .1(1 + 1)(2.1 + 7) = RHS of P(1)
6 6
So P(1) is true
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 PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL
INDUCTION
Step II : Now assume P(k) is true, for some natural number k, i.e.
1
1.3 + 2.4 + .... + k.(k + 2) = k(k + 1)(2k + 7).
6
Now deduce P(k + 1).
LHS of P(k + 1) = 1.3 + 2.4 + .... + k.(k + 2) + (k + 1).(k + 1 + 2)
= (LHS of P(k)) + (k + 1)(k + 3)
= (LHS of P(k)) + (k + 1)(k + 3), (by inductive assumption)
1
= k(k + 1)(2k + 7) + (k + 1)(k + 3)
6
1
= (k + 1)(k(2k + 7) + 6(k + 3))
6
1
= (k + 1)(2k2 + 13k + 18)
6
1
= (k + 1)(k + 2)(2k + 9)
6
1
= (k + 1)(k + 1 + 1)(2(k + 1) + 7)
6
= RHS of P(k + 1).
So P(k + 1) is true, if P(k) is true.
Hence by induction P(n) is true for all natural numbers n.

Ex.3 Use the principle of mathematical induction to show that for any positive integer number n,
n3 + 2n, is divisible by 3.
Sol. Statement P(n) is defined by n3 + 2n is divisible 3
Step I : We first show that P(1) is true. Let n = 1 and calculate n3 + 2n
13 + 2(1) = 3
Hence P(1) is true.
Step II : We now assume that P(k) is true k3 + 2k is divisible by 3 is equivalent to
k3 + 2k = 3M, where M is a positive integer.
We now consider the algebraic expression (k + 1)3 + 2(k + 1); expand it and group like
terms.
(k + 1)3 + 2(k + 1) = k3 + 3k2 + 5k + 3
= [k3 + 2k] + [3k2 + 3k + 3]
= 3M + 3[k2 + k + 1] = 3[M + k2 + k + 1]
Hence (k + 1)3 + 2(k + 1) is also divisible by 3 and therefore statement P(k + 1) is true.

Ex.4 Prove that 3n > n2 for n = 1, n = 2 and use the mathematical induction to prove that 3n > n2 for
n, a positive integer greater than 2.
Sol. Statement P(n) is defined by
3n > n2
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 PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL
INDUCTION
1 2
Step I : We first show that P(1) is true. Let n = 1 and calculate 3 and 1 and compare them
31 = 3
12 = 1
3 is greater than 1 and hence P(1) is true.
Let us also show that P(2) is true.
32 = 9
22 = 4
Hence P(2) is also true.
Step II : We now assume that P(k) is true
3k > k2
Multiple both sides of the above inequality by 3.
3 * 3k > 3* k2
The left side is equal to 3k+1. For k > 2, we can write
k2 > 2k and k2 > 1
We now combine the above inequalities by adding the left hand sides and the right hand
sides of the two inequalities.
2k2 > 2k + 1
We now add k2 to both sides of the above inequality to obtain the inequality
3k2 > k2 + 2k + 1
Factor the right side we can write
3*k2 > (k + 1)2
If 3 * 3k > 3*k2 and 3*k2 > (k + 1)2 then
3 * 3k > (k + 1)2
Rewrite the left side as 3k+1
3k+1 > (k + 1)2
* Which proves that P(k + 1) is true.

Ex.5 Let {an} be a sequence of natural numbers such that a1 = 5, a2 = 13 and an+2 = 5an+1 – 6an for all
natural numbers n. Prove that an = 2n + 3n for all natural numbers n.
Sol. We first check that a1 = 5 = 21 + 31 and a2 = 13 = 22 + 32.
Suppose ak = 2k + 3k and ak+1 = 2k+1 + 3k+1 for some natural number k.
Then ak+2 = 5ak+1 – 6ak
= 5(2k+1 + 3k+1) – 6(2k + 3k)
= 4.2k + 9.3k
= 2k+2 + 3k+2
Hence, if the formula holds for n = k and n = k + 1, it also hold for n = k + 2.
By theorem 3, an = 2n + 3n for all natural numbers n.

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 PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL
INDUCTION
EXERCISE # I
1. Let P(n) : n2 + n is an odd integer. It is seen that truth of P(n)  the truth of P(n + 1).
Therefore, P(n) is true for all-
(1) n > 1 (2) n (3) n > 2 (4) None of these

2. If n  N, then x2n–1 + y2n–1 is divisible by-

(1) x + y (2) x – y (3) x2 + y2 (4) x2 + xy

3. If n  N, then 11n+2 + 122n+1 is divisible by-

(1) 113 (2) 123 (3) 133 (4) None of these

4. If n  N, then 34n+2 + 52n+1 is a multiple of-

(1) 14 (2) 16 (3) 18 (4) 20

5. For positive integer n, 3n < n! when-

(1) n  6 (2) n > 7 (3) n  7 (4) n  7

a 1
6. If A    , then for any n  N, An equals-
0 a
 na n   a n na n 1   na 1  an n
(1)    n 
(3)  (4)  
na 
(2)
 0 na  0 a  0 0 an 

1 2 2 3 3 4
. . .
7. The sum of n terms of the series 2 32  32 2 3  3 2 32 3 + ....... is-
1 1 2 1 2 3
1 n n 1 n 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
n(n  1) n 1 n n2

8. For all n  N, 72n – 48n – 1 is divisible by-

(1) 25 (2) 26 (3) 1234 (4) 2304

9. For all positive integral values of n, 32n – 2n + 1 is

(1) 2 (2) 4 (3) 8 (4) 12

10. The smallest positive integer for which the statement 3n+1 < 4n holds is-
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4

11. For positive integer n, 10n–2 > 81n when-

(1) n < 5 (2) n > 5 (3) n  5 (4) n > 6

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 PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL
INDUCTION
p
12. If P is a prime number then n – n is divisible by p when n is a
(1) natural number greater than 1 (2) odd number
(3) even number (4) None of these

13. A student was asked to prove a statement by induction. He proved

(i) P(5) is true and
(ii) Truth of P(n)  truth of p(n + 1), n  N
On the basis of this, he could conclude that P(n) is true for
(1) no n  N (2) all n  N (3) all n  5 (4) None of these

n 7 n5 2n 3 n
14. Statement-I :    ( n  N) is an integer.
7 5 3 105
n5 n 3 7n 36
Statement-II :    ( n  N) an integer.
5 3 15 n
(1) Statement-I & Statement-II both are correct
(2) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
(3) Statement-II is correct but Statement-I is incorrect
(4) Statement-I & Statement-II both are incorrect.

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 PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL
INDUCTION
EXERCISE # II
1. If P(n)  2  2  2...... upto n radicals (n  N), then p(n) is equal to-
           
(1) 2cos  n 1  (2) 2sin  n 1  (3) 2 sin  n 1  (4) 2 cos  n 1 
2  2  2  2 

Statement-I : 3n+1 always divides 23  1  n  N

n
2.
n 1
Statement-II : 23  1 always divides 3n+1  n  N
(1) Statement-I & Statement-II both are correct
(2) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
(3) Statement-II is correct but Statement-I is incorrect
(4) Statement-I & Statement-II both are incorrect.

3. If x > –1, then the statement P(n) : (1 + x)n > 1 + nx is true for-
(1) all n  N (2) all n > 1 (3) all n > 1 and x  0 (4) None of these

4. For every positive integral value of n, 3n > n3 when-

(1) n > 2 (2) n  3 (3) n  4 (4) n < 4

5. P(n) : 32n+2 – 8n – 9 is divisible by 64, is true for-

(1) all n  N  {0} (2) n  2, n  N (3) n  N, n > 2 (4) None of these

6. If m, n are any two odd positive integer with n < m, then the largest positive integers which
divides all the numbers of the type m2 – n2 is-
(1) 4 (2) 6 (3) 8 (4) 9

7. The statement P(n) "1×1! + 2×2! + 3×3! + ....+ n×n! = (n+1)! – 1" is-
(1) True for all n > 1 (2) Not true for any n
(3) True for all n  N (4) None of these

8. x(xn–1 – nan–1) + an(n – 1) is divisible by (x – a)2 for-

(1) n > 1 (2) n > 2 (3) all n  N (4) None of these

9. For any odd integer n  1, n3 – (n – 1)3 + ...+ (–1)n–1.13 is equal to-

1 1
(1) (n + 1)2 (2n – 1) (2) (n – 1)2 (2n – 1)
4 4
1 1
(3) (n – 1)2 (2n – 1) (4) (n + 1)2 (2n – 1)
2 2

10. If p and q are respectively, the sum and the sum of squares of n successive integers beginning
with a, then nq – p2 is-
(1) independent of a (2) independent of n (3) dependent on a (4) None of these

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 PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL
INDUCTION
11. The sum of first n terms of the given series
n(n  1) 2
12 + 2.22 + 32 + 2.42 + 52 + 2.62 + ... is , when n is even. When n is odd, then sum will
2
be- [AIEEE-2004]
n(n  1) 2
1
(1) (2) n2(n + 1) (3) n(n + 1)2 (4) None
2 2

12. Let S(k) = 1 + 3 + 5 +....+ (2k – 1) = 3 + k2, then which of the following is true ?
(1) S(1) is true [AIEEE-2014]
(2) S(k)  S(k + 1)
(3) S(k) / S(k + 1)
(4) Principle of mathematical can be used to prove that formula

1 0 1 0
13. If A    and I    , then which one of the following holds for all n  1, (by the
1 1 0 1
principle of mathematical induction) [AIEEE-2005]
n n n–1
(1) A = nA + (n – 1)I (2) A = 2 A + (n + 1)I
n
(3) A = nA – (n – 1)I (4) An = 2n–1A – (n – 1)I

1 1 1
14. Statement-1 : For every natural number n  2,   ...   n
1 2 n
Statement-2 : For every natural number n  2, n(n  1)  n  1 . [AIEEE-2008]
(1) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
(2) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
(3) Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1
(4) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for
Statement-1

15. Statement-1 : For each natural number n, (n + 1)7 – n7 – 1 is divisible by 7.

Statement-2 : For each natural number n, n7 – n is divisible by 7. [AIEEE-2011]
(1) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
(2) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true; statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(3) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true; statement-2 is not a correct explanation for
statement-1.
(4) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.

16. Consider the statement : "P(n) : n2 – n + 41 is prime. "Then which one of the following is true ?
[JEE Mains Online-2019]
(1) P(3) is false but P(5) is true. (2) Both P(3) and P(5) are false.
(3) Both P(3) and P(5) are true. (4) P(5) is false but P(3) is true.

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 PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL
INDUCTION

ANSWER KEY

EXERCISE # I
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Ans. 4 1 3 1 3 2 2 4 1 4 3 1 3 2

EXERCISE # II
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. 1 2 3 3 1 3 3 3 1 1 2 2 3 3 2
Que. 16
Ans. 3

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION

QUADRATIC EQUATION
1. INTRODUCTION :
The algebraic expression of the form ax2 + bx + c, a 0 is called a quadratic expression,
because the highest order term in it is of second degree. Quadratic equation means,
ax2 + bx + c = 0. In general whenever one says zeroes of the expression ax 2 + bx + c, it implies
roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, unless specified otherwise.
A quadratic equation has exactly two roots which may be real (equal or unequal) or imaginary.
2. SOLUTION OF QUADRATIC EQUATION & RELATION BETWEEN ROOTS &CO-
EFFICIENT :
(a) the form of quadratic equation is ax2 + bx + c = 0, a 0.
The roots can be found in following manner :
 b c  b
2
c b2
a  x2  x    0   x  2a   a  4a 2  0
 a a

 b  b2  4ac
2
 b b2 c
 x      x
2a  4a 2
a 2a
This expression can be directly used to find the two roots of a quadratic equation.
(b) The expression b2 – 4 ac D is called the discriminate of the quadratic equation.
(c) If &are the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 , then :
(i) = – b/a (ii) c / a (iii) || = D / | a |
(d) A quadratic equation whose roots are &is ( x – ) ( x – ) = 0 i.e.
x2 – () x + = 0 i.e. x2 – (sum of roots) x + product of roots = 0.

Illustration 1 : If are the roots of a quadratic equation x2 – 3x + 5 = 0, then the equation whose
roots are (– 3+ 7) and (  – 3+ 7) is -
(A) x2 + 4x + 1 = 0 (B) x2 – 4x + 4 = 0
(C) x2 – 4x – 1 = 0 (D) x2 + 2x + 3 = 0
Solution : Since are the roots of equation x2 – 3x + 5 = 0
So  – 3+ 5= 0
 – 3+ 5 = 0
  – 3= – 5
 – 3= – 5
Putting in (– 3+ 7) & (– 3+ 7) .........(i)
– 5 + 7, – 5 + 7
 2 and 2 are the roots.
 The required equation is
x2 – 4x + 4 = 0.

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
Illustration 2 : If and are the roots of ax + bx + c = 0, find the value of (a+ b)–2 + (a+ b)–2 .
2

b c
Solution : We know that + =  & =
a a
1 1
(2 + b)–2 + (2 + b)–2 = 
 2  b a  b
2 2

=
a 22  b2  2ab  a2 2  b2  2ab
=
 
a 2  2  2  2ab      2b2

 a   ba  ba  b   a   ab     b 
2 2
2 2 2 2

(+  can always be written as (+ )2 – 2 )

2  b  2ac   b
2

a      2   2ab      2b a  a 2   2ab   a   2b b2  2ac

2  2 2
2
  =   =

a   ab      b   2 c  b 2 a 2c 2
2
2 2
a
 a  ab 
 a   b 
Alternatively :
If are roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 then, a + b+ c = 0
c
 ab = 

c
same as a+b = –

 2 2
 b–2 = (b)–2 = 
c2 c2
    2 =  b / a   2 c / a  = b2  2ac
2 2

=
c2 c2 a 2c 2
Do yourself - 1 :
(i) Find the roots of following equations :
(a) x2 + 3x + 2 = 0 (b) x2 – 8x + 16 = 0 (c) x2 – 2x – 1 = 0
(ii) Find the roots of the equation a(x2 + 1) – (a2 + 1)x = 0, where a 0.
6x x
(iii) Solve : 2 =2+
x 4 x2
2
(iv) If the roots of 4x + 5k = (5k + 1)x differ by unity, then find the values of k.
3. NATURE OF ROOTS :
(a) Consider the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b , c R & a 0 then ;
b  D
x=
2a
(i) D > 0 roots are real & distinct (unequal).
(ii) D = 0 roots are real & coincident (equal)
(iii) D < 0 roots are imaginary.
(iv) If p + i q is one root of a quadratic equation, then the other root must be the
conjugate p – i q & vice versa. (p, q R & i = 1 ) .

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
(b) Consider the quadratic equation ax + bx + c = 0 where a, b, c Q & a 0 then ;
2

(i) If D is a perfect square, then roots are rational.

(ii) If = p + q is one root in this case, ( where p is rational & q is a surd) then
other root will be p – q .

Illustration 3 : If the coefficient of the quadratic equation are rational & the coefficient of x 2 is1,

then find the equation one of whose roots is tan .
8

Solution : We know that tan = 2 –1
8
Irrational roots always occur in conjugational pairs.
Hence if one root is (–1 + 2 ), the other root will be (–1 – 2 ). Equation is
(x –(–1+ 2 )) (x–(–1– 2 )) =0 x2 + 2x –1 = 0

Illustration 4 : Find all the integral values of a for which the quadratic equation (x – a)(x – 10) + 1 = 0
has integral roots.
Solution : Here the equation is x2 – (a + 10)x + 10a + 1 = 0. Since integral roots will always be
rational it means D should be a perfect square.
From (i) D = a2 – 20a + 96.
D = (a – 10) 2 – 4 4 = (a – 10) 2 – D
If D is a perfect square it means we want difference of two perfect square as 4
which is possible only when (a –10) 2 = 4 and D = 0.
(a – 10) = ± 2 a = 12, 8 Ans.

Do yourself - 2 :
(i) If 2 + 3 is a root of the equation x2 + bx + c = 0, where b, c Q, find b, c.
(ii) For the following equations, find the nature of the roots (real & distinct, real & coincident or
imaginary).
(a) x2 – 6x + 10 = 0
(b) x2 – (7 + 3 ) x + 6(1 + 3 ) =0
(c) 4x2 + 28x + 49 = 0
(iii) If , m are real and m, then show that the roots of (–m)x2 – 5(+m)x – 2(–m)= 0 are real
and unequal.
4. ROOTS UNDER PARTICULAR CASES :
Let the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has real roots and
(a) If b = 0  roots are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign
(b) If c = 0  one root is zero other is – b/a
(c) If a = c    roots are reciprocal to each other
a0 c0
(d) If  roots are of opposite signs
a0 c0

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
a  0, b  0,c  0
(e) If  both roots are negative.
a  0, c  0,c  0
a  0, b  0,c  0
(f) If  both roots are positive.
a  0, b  0,c  0
(g) If sign of a = sign of b sign of c Greater root in magnitude is negative.
(h) If sign of b = sign of c sign of a Greater root in magnitude is positive.
(i) If a + b + c = 0 one root is 1 and second root is c/a or (–b–a)/a.

x 2  bx k 1
Illustration 5 : If equation = has roots equal in magnitude & opposite in sign, then
ax  c k 1
the value of k is -
ab ab a a
(A) (B) (C)  1 (D)  1
ab ab b b
Solution : Let the roots are & –.
given equation is
(x2 – bx)(k + 1) = (k – 1)(ax – c) {Considering, x c/a & k –1}
 x2(k + 1) – bx(k + 1) = ax (k – 1) – c(k – 1)
 x2(k + 1) – bx(k + 1) – ax (k – 1) + c(k – 1) = 0
Now sum of roots = 0 (– = 0)
ab
 b(k + 1) + a(k – 1) = 0 k = Ans. (B)
ab

*Illustration 6 : If roots of the equation (a – b)x2 + (c – a)x + (b – c) = 0 are equal, then a, b, care in
(A) A.P. (B) H.P. (C) G.P. (D) none of these
2
Solution : (a – b)x + (c – a)x + (b – c) = 0
As roots are equal so
B2 – 4AC = 0
 (c – a) 2 – 4(a – b)(b – c) = 0
 (c – a) 2 – 4ab + 4b2 + 4ac –4bc = 0
 (c – a)2 + 4ac – 4b(c + a) + 4b2 = 0
 (c + a) 2 – 2 . (2b)(c + a) + (2b) 2 = 0
 [c + a – 2b] 2 = 0 c + a – 2b = 0
 c + a = 2b
Hence a, b, c are in A. P.
Alternative method :
 Sum of the coefficients = 0
bc
Hence one root is 1 and other root is .
ab
Given that both roots are equal, so
bc
1= a – b = b – c  2b = a + c
ab
Hence a, b, c are in A.P. Ans. (A)
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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
Do yourself - 3 :
(i) Consider ƒ (x) = x2 + bx + c.
(a) Find c if x = 0 is a root of ƒ (x) = 0.
1
(b) Find c if are roots of ƒ (x) = 0.

(c) Comment on sign of b & c, if < 0 < & || > ||, where are roots of ƒ(x) = 0.

5. IDENTITY :
An equation which is true for every value of the variable within the domain is called an
identity, for example : 5 (a – 3) =5a – 15, (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab for all a, bR.
Note :A quadratic equation cannot have three or more roots & if it has , it becomes an identity.
If ax2 + bx + c = 0 is an identity a = b = c = 0

Illustration 7 : If the equation (2 – 5+ 6)x2 + (– 3+ 2)x + ( – 4) = 0 has more than two
roots, then find the value of ?
Solution : As the equation has more than two roots so it becomes an identity. Hence
 – 5+ 6 = 0  = 2, 3

and  – 3+ 2 = 0  = 1, 2

and  – 4 = 0  = 2, –2
So = 2 Ans. = 2
6. COMMON ROOTS OF TWO QUADRATIC EQUATIONS :
(a) Only one common root.
Let be the common root of ax2 + bx + c = 0 & a'x2 + b'x + c' = 0 then
a  + b+ c = 0 & a'  + b'+ c' = 0 .
2 2 1
By Cramer’s Rule = =
bc ' b' c a' c  ac' ab' a' b
ca' c'a bc' b' c
Therefore, –
ab' a' b a' c  ac'
So the condition for a common root is (ca' – c'a)2 = (ab' – a'b) (bc'– b'c).
a b c
(b) If both roots are same then  
a' b' c'

Illustration 8 : Find p and q such that px2 + 5x + 2 = 0 and 3x2 + 10 x +q = 0 have both roots in
common.
Solution : a1 = p, b1 = 5, c1 = 2
a2 = 3, b2 = 10, c2 = q
We know that :
a1 b1 c1 p 5 2
    
a 2 b2 c 2 3 10 q
3
  ; q = 4
2

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
*Illustration 9 : Find the possible value(s) of a for which the equations x 2 + ax + 1 = 0 and
x2+ x + a = 0 have atleast one common root.
Solution : Let is a common root
then  + a+ 1 = 0
&  + + a = 0
by Cramer’s rule
2  l
= =
a 1 l  a
2
la
(1 – a)2 = (a2 – 1)(1 – a)
a = 1, –2

Do yourself - 4 :
(i) If x2 + bx + c = 0 & 2x2 + 9x + 10 = 0 have both roots in common, find b & c.
(ii) If x2 – 7x + 10 = 0 & x2 – 5x + c = 0 have a common root, find c.
(iii) Show that x2 + (a2 – 2)x – 2a = 0 and x2 – 3x + 2 = 0 have exactly one common root for all
a R.
7. REMAINDER THEOREM :
If we divide a polynomial f(x) by (x – ) the remainder obtained is f(). If f() is 0 then (x – )
is a factor of f (x).
Consider f(x) = x3 – 9x2 + 23x – 15
If f(1) = 0 (x – 1) is a factor of f(x).
If f(x) = (x – 2)(x2 – 7x + 9) + 3. Hence f(2) = 3 is remainder when f(x) is divided by (x – 2).

Illustrations 10 : A polynomial in x of degree greater than three, leaves remainders 2, 1 and –1 when
divided, respectively, by (x – 1), (x + 2) and (x + 1). What will be the remainder
when it is divided by (x – 1) (x + 2) (x + 1).
Solution : Let required polynomial be f(x) = p(x) (x – 1) (x + 2) (x + 1) + a0x2 + a1x + a2
By remainder theorem, f(1) = 2, f(–2) = 1, f(–1) = –1.
 a0 + a1 + a2 = 2
4a0 – 2a1 + a2 = 1
a0 – a1 + a2 = –1
7 3 2
Solving we get, a0 = , a1 = ,a2 =
6 2 3
Remainder when f(x) is divided by (x – 1) (x + 2) (x + 1)
7 3 2
will be x2 + x + .
6 2 3
8. SOLUTION OF RATIONAL INEQUALITIES :
f x
Let y = be an expression in x where f(x) &g(x) are polynomials in x. Now, if it is given
g x
that y > 0 (or < 0 or  0 or  0), this calls for all the values of x for which y satisfies the
constraint. This solution set can be found by following steps :

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
Step I : Factorize f(x) & g(x) and generate the form :

y=
 x  a1 n  x  a2 n ......  x  ak n
1 2 k

 x  b1 m  x  b2 m ......  x  bp 
1 2
m p

where n1n2.......nk, m1,m2......mp are natural numbers and a1,a2.....ak, b1,b2......bp

are real numbers. Clearly, here a1,a2......ak are roots of f(x) = 0 & b1,b2,....bp are
roots of g(x) = 0.
Step II : Here y vanishes (becomes zero) for a1,a2,..........ak. These points are marked on
the number line with a black dot. They are solution of y = 0.
f x
If g(x) = 0, y = attains an undefined form, hence b1, b2......bk are excluded
g x
from the solution. These points are marked with white dots.
 x  1  x  2  x  3  x  6
3 4 5

e.g. f(x) =
x 2  x  7
3

Step-III : Check the value of y for any real number greater than the right most marked
number on the number line. If it is positive, then y is positive for all the real
numbers greater than the right most marked number and vice versa.
Step-IV : If the exponent of a factor is odd, then the point is called simple point and if the
exponent of a factor is even, then the point is called double point
 x  1  x  2  x  3  x  6
3 4 5

x 2  x  7
3

Here 1,3,–6 and 7 are simple points and –2 & 0 are double points. From right to
left, beginning above the number line (if y is positive in step 3 otherwise from
below the line), a wavy curve should be drawn which passes through all the
marked points so that when passing through a simple point, the curve intersects
the number line and when passing through a double point, the curve remains on
the same side of number line.

 x  1  x  2  x  3  x  6
3 4 5

f(x) =
x 2  x  7
3

As exponents of (x + 2) and x are even, the curve does not cross the number
line. This method is called wavy curve method.
Step-V : The intervals where the curve is above number line, y will be positive and the
intervals where the curve is below the number line, y will be negative. The
appropriate intervals are chosen in accordance with the sign of inequality & their
union represents the solution of inequality.
Note :
(i) Points where denominator is zero will never be included in the answer.
(ii) If you are asked to find the intervals where f(x) is non-negative or non-positive then
make the intervals closed corresponding to the roots of the numerator and let it remain
open corresponding to the roots of denominator.
(iii) Normally we cannot cross-multiply in inequalities. But we cross multiply if we are sure
that quantity in denominator is always positive.
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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
(iv) Normally we cannot square in inequalities. But we can square if we are sure that both
sides are non negative.
(v) We can multiply both sides with a negative number by changing the sign of
inequality.
(vi) We can add or subtract equal quantity to both sides of inequalities without changing the
sign of inequality.

Illustration 11 : Find x such that 3x2 – 7x + 6 < 0

Solution : D = 49 – 72 < 0
As D < 0, 3x2 – 7x + 6 will always be positive. Hence x.

Illustration 12 : (x2 – x – 6) (x2 + 6x) 0

Solution : (x – 3) (x + 2) (x) (x + 6)  0
Consider E = x(x – 3)(x + 2)(x + 6), E = 0 x = 0, 3, –2, –6 (all are simple points)

  x  3
For x  3 E = x x  2 x  6
 ve   
 ve  ve  ve
= positive

Hence for x(x–3) (x+2) (x+6)  0

x (–,–6] [–2,0] [3,)

 x  1   x  2  x  3  x  6 . Solve the following inequality

3 4 5

Illustration 13 : Let f(x) =

x 2  x  7
3

(i) f(x) > 0 (ii) f(x) 0

(iii) f(x) < 0 (iv) f(x) 0
Solution : We mark on the number line zeros of the function : 1, –2, 3 and –6 (with black
circles)and the points of discontinuity 0 and 7 (with white circles), isolate the double
points : –2 and 0 and draw the wavy curve :

From graph, we get

(i) x (–, –6) (1, 3) (7, )
(ii) x (–, –6] {–2} [1, 3] (7, )
(iii) x (–6, –2) (–2, 0) (0, 1) (3, 7)
(iv) x [–6, 0) (0, 1] [3, 7)

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Do yourself - 5 :
(i) Find range of x such that
x
(a) (x – 2)(x + 3) 0 (b) 2
x 1
 2x  1 x  3 2  x 1  x 
2
3x  1
  
 
(c) (d) <0
4x  1 x 4  x  6 x  9 2x 2  4x  9
7x  17
(e)   (f) x2 + 2 3x 2x2 – 5
x  3x  4
2

9. QUADRATIC EXPRESSION AND IT'S GRAPHS :

Consider the quadratic expression, y = ax2 + bx + c , a 0 & a, b, c R then ;
(a) The graph between x, y is always a parabola. If a > 0 then the shape of the parabola is
concave upwards & if a < 0 then the shape of the parabola is concave downwards.
(b) The graph of y = ax2 + bx + c can be divided in 6 broad categories which are as follows:
(Let the real roots of quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 be &where ).

Roots are real & distinct Roots are coincident Roots are complex conjugate
ax2+bx+c>0x(–) (, ) ax2 +bx+c>0xR–{} ax2 + bx + c > 0 x R
ax2 + bx + c < 0 x (, ) ax2 + bx + c = 0 for x = = 

Roots are real & distinct Roots are coincident Roots are complex conjugate
ax + bx + c > 0 x (, )
2
ax +bx + c < 0 x R–{}
2
ax2 + bx + c < 0 x R
ax2+ bx+c<0x(–,)(,) ax2 + bx + c = 0 for x = 
Important Note :
(i) The quadratic expression ax2 + bx + c > 0 for each x R a > 0, D < 0 & vice-versa
(Fig. 3)
(ii) The quadratic expression ax2 + bx + c < 0 for each x R a < 0, D < 0 & vice-versa
(Fig. 6)
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10. MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUES OF QUADRATIC EXPRESSIONS :
y = ax2 + bx + c:
 b
We know that y = ax + bx + c takes following form : y = a  x   
2
2

b2  4ac   ,
 2a  4a 2 
  b D 
 vertex =  ,
 2a 4a 
which is a parabola.

b D
When a > 0, y will take a minimum value at vertex ; x = ; ymin =
2a 4a
b D
When a < 0, y will take a maximum value at vertex; x = ; ymax = .
2a 4a
If quadratic expression ax2+bx +c is a perfect square, then a > 0 and D = 0

Illustration 14 : The value of the expression x2+2bx +c will be positive for all real x if -
(A) b2 – 4c > 0 (B) b2 – 4c < 0 (C) c2 < b (D) b2 < c
Solution : As a > 0, so this expression will be positive if D < 0
so 4b2 – 4c < 0
b2 < c Ans. (D)
Illustration 15 : The minimum value of the expression 4x2 + 2x + 1 is -
(A) 1/4 (B) 1/2 (C) 3/4 (D) 1
Solution : Since a = 4 > 0
4  41   2 
2
D 16  4 12 3
therefore its minimum value =  = = =  Ans.(C)
4a 4  4 16 16 4
*Illustration 16 : If y = x2 – 2x – 3, then find the range of y when :
(i) x R (ii) x [0,3] (iii) x [–2,0]
Solution : We know that minimum value of y will occur at

x= 
b
=–
 2  = 1
2a 2 1
D   4  3  4
ymin =  = = –4
4a 4
(i) x R;
y [–4,) Ans.
(ii) x [0, 3]
f(0) = –3, f(1) = –4, f(3) = 0
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 f(3) > f(0)
 y will take all the values from minimum to f(3).
y [–4, 0] Ans.

(iii) x [–2, 0]
This interval does not contain the minimum x value of y for x R.

y will take values from f(0) to f(–2)

f(0) =–3
f(–2) = 5
y [–3, 5] Ans.

Illustration 17 : If ax2 + bx + 10 = 0 does not have real & distinct roots, find the minimum value of
5a – b.
Solution : Either f(x) 0 x R or f(x) 0 x R
 f(0) = 10 > 0  f(x) x R
 f(–5) = 25a – 5b + 10 
 5a – b –2

Do yourself - 6
(i) Find the minimum value of :
(a) y = x2 + 2x + 2 (b) y = 4x2 – 16x + 15

(ii) For following graphs of y = ax2 + bx + c with a,b,c R, comment on the sign of :
(i) a (ii) b (iii) c (iv) D (v) +  (vi) 

(1) (2) (3)

(iii) Given the roots of equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are real & distinct, where a,b,c R+, then the
vertex of the graph will lie in which quadrant.

*(iv) Find the range of 'a' for which :

(a) ax2 + 3x + 4 > 0 x R (b) ax2 + 4x – 2 < 0 x R

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11. MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUES OF RATIONAL ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS:
a1x 2  b1x  c1 1 a1x  b1 a1x 2  b1x  c1
y= , , , :
a 2 x 2  b2x  c 2 ax 2  bx  c a 2x 2  b2x  c 2 a 2x  b2
a1x 2  b1x  c1
Sometime we have to find range of expression of form .
a 2 x 2  b2 x  c 2
The following procedure is used :
a1x 2  b1x  c1
Step 1 : Equate the given expression to y i.e. y =
a 2 x 2  b2 x  c 2

Step 2 : By cross multiplying and simplifying, obtain a quadratic equation in x.

(a1 – a2y)x2 + (b1 – b2y)x + (c1 – c2y) = 0

Step 3 : Put Discriminate 0 and solve the inequality for possible set of values of y.
x 2  3x  4
Illustration 18 : For x R, find the set of values attainable by 2
x  3x  4
x  3x  4
2
Solution : Let y = 2
x  3x  4
x2(y – 1) + 3x(y + 1) + 4(y – 1) = 0
Case- I : y 1
For y 1 above equation is a quadratic equation.
So for x R, D 0
9(y + 1)2 – 16(y – 1)20 7y2 – 50y + 7 0
1 
(7y – 1)(y – 7) 0 y   , 7  – {1}
7 
Case II : when y = 1
x 2  3x  4
 2 
x  3x  4
x2 + 3x + 4 = x2 – 3x+ 4
x = 0
Hence y = 1 for real value of x.
1 
so range of y is  , 7 
7 
ax 2  3x  4
Illustration 19 : Find the values of a for which the expression assumes all real values
3x  4x 2  a
for real values of x.
ax 2  3x  4
Solution : Let y =
3x  4x 2  a
2
x (a + 4y) + 3(1 – y)x – (4 + ay) = 0
If x R, D  0
 9(1 – y) 2 + 4(a + 4y)(4 + ay) 0

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
 (9 + 16a)y + (4a + 46)y + (9 + 16a) 0
2 2

for all y R, (9 + 16a) > 0 & D 0

 (4a2 + 46) 2 – 4(9 + 16a)(9 + 16a) 0 4(a2 – 8a + 7)(a2 + 8a + 16) 0
 a2 – 8a + 7 0  1 a 7
9 + 16a > 0 & 1 a 7
Taking intersection, a [1, 7]
Now, checking the boundary values of a
For a = 1

y=
x 2  3x  4
=–
 x  1 x  4
3x  4x  1
2
 x  1 4x  1
 x   y  –1
 a = 1 is not possible.
if a = 7
7x 2  3x  4  7x  4 x  1
y= =  x –1  y –1
3x  4x 2  7  7  4x  x  1
So y will assume all real values for some real values of x.
So a (1,7)

Do yourself - 7 :
8x  4
(i) Prove that the expression cannot have values between 2 and 4, in its domain
x  2x  1
2

x 2  2x  1
(ii) Find the range of 2 , where x is real
x  2x  7

12. LOCATION OF ROOTS :

This article deals with an elegant approach of solving problems on quadratic equations when
the roots are located / specified on the number line with variety of constraints :
Consider the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 with a > 0 and let f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
Type-1 : Both roots of the quadratic equation are greater than a specific number (say d). The
necessary and sufficient condition for this are :
b
(i) D 0 ; (ii) ƒ (d) > 0 ; (iii) – >d
2a

Note : When both roots of the quadratic equation are less than a specific number d than the
necessary and sufficient condition will be :
b
(i) D 0 ; (ii) ƒ (d) > 0 ; (iii) –b <d
2a

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
Type-2 :
Both roots lie on either side of a fixed number say (d). Alternatively one root is greater than 'd'
and other root less than 'd' or 'd' lies between the roots of the given equation.
The necessary and sufficient condition for this are : f(d) < 0

Note : Consideration of discriminate is not needed.

Type-3 :
Exactly one root lies in the interval (d, e).The necessary and sufficient condition for this are :
ƒ (d) . ƒ (e) < 0

Note : The extremes of the intervals found by given conditions give 'd' or 'e' as the root of the
equation. Hence in this case also check for end points.

Type-4 :
When both roots are confined between the number d and e (d < e).The necessary and sufficient
condition for this are :

b
(i) D 0; (ii) ƒ (d) > 0 ; (iii) ƒ (e) > 0 (iv) d<– <e
2a
Type-5 :
One root is greater than e and the other roots is less than d (d < e).
The necessary and sufficient condition for this are : f(d) < 0 and f(e) < 0

Note : If a < 0 in the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 then we divide the whole equation by
b c
'a'. Now assume x 2  x  as f(x). This makes the coefficient of x2 positive and
a a
hence above cases are applicable.

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
Illustration 20 : Find the values of the parameter 'a' for which the roots of the quadratic equation
x2 + 2(a – 1)x + a + 5 = 0 are
(i) real and distinct (ii) equal
(iii) opposite in sign (iv) equal in magnitude but opposite in sign
(v) positive (vi) negative
(vii) greater than 3 (viii) smaller than 3
(ix) such that both the roots lie in the interval (1, 3)
Solution : Let f(x) = x2 + 2(a – 1)x + a + 5 = Ax2 + Bx + C (say)
 A = 1, B = 2(a – 1), C = a + 5.
Also D = B2 – 4AC = 4(a – 1) 2 – 4(a + 5) = 4(a + 1)(a – 4)
(i) D > 0  (a + 1)(a – 4) > 0  a (–, –1)(4, ).
(ii) D = 0  (a + 1)(a – 4) = 0  a = –1, 4.
(iii) This means that 0 lies between the roots of the given equation.
 f(0) < 0 and D > 0 i.e. a (–, –1) (4, )
 a + 5 < 0 a < – 5 a (–, –5).
(iv) This means that the sum of the roots is zero
 –2(a – 1) = 0 and D > 0 i.e. a –(–, –1) (4, )a = 1
which does not belong to (–, –1)(4, )  a 
(v) This implies that both the roots are greater than zero
B C
 – > 0, > D –(a – 1) > 0, a + 5 > 0, a (–, –1][4, )
A A
 a < 1, –5 < a, a (–, –1][4, )  a (–5, –1].
(vi) This implies that both the roots are less than zero
B C
 – < 0, > 0, D –(a – 1) < 0, a + 5 > 0, a (–, –1][4, )
A A
 a > 1, a > –5, a (–, –1][4, )  a [4, ).
B
(vii) In this case – >, A.f(3) > 0 and D 0.
2a
 –(a – 1) > 3, 7a + 8 > 0 and a (–, –1][4, )
 a < –2, a > –8/7 and a (–, –1][4, )
Since no value of 'a' can satisfy these conditions simultaneously, there can be no
value of a for which both the roots will be greater than 3.
(viii) In this case
B
– < 3, A.f(3) > 0 and D 0.
2a
 a > –2, a > –8/7 and a (–, –1] [4, ) a (–8/7, –1] [4, )
(ix) In this case
B
1<– < 3, A.f(1) > 0, A.f(3) > 0, D 0.
2A
 1 < – 1(a –1) < 3, 3a + 4 > 0, 7a + 8 > 0, a (–, –1] [4, )

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
 8 
 –2 < a < 0, a > –4/ 3, a > –8/7, a (–, –1] [4, ) a    , 1
 7 

Illustration 21 : Find value of k for which one root of equation x2 – (k + 1)x + k2 + k – 8 = 0 exceeds
2 & other is less than 2.
Solution : 4 – 2 (k + 1) + k2 + k – 8 < 0 k2 – k – 6 < 0
(k – 3) (k + 2) < 0 – 2 < k < 3
Taking intersection, k (–2, 3).

Illustration 22 : Find all possible values of a for which exactly one root of x 2 – (a + 1)x + 2a = 0 lies
in interval (0, 3).
Solution : f(0) . f(3) < 0
 2a (9 – 3(a + 1) + 2a) < 0  2a (– a + 6) < 0
 a(a – 6) > 0  a < 0 or a > 6
Checking the extremes.
If a = 0, x2 – x = 0
x = 0, 1
1 (0, 3)
If a = 6, x2 – 7x + 12 = 0
x = 3, 4 But 4 (0, 3)
Hence solution set is
a (– ,0] (6, )
Do yourself - 8 :
(i) If are roots of 7x2 + 9x – 2 = 0, find their position with respect to following ():
(a) –3 (b) 0 (c) 1
(ii) If a > 1, roots of the equation (1 – a)x2 + 3ax – 1 = 0 are -
(A) one positive one negative (B) both negative
(C) both positive (D) both non-real
(iii) Find the set of value of a for which the roots of the equation x2 – 2ax + a2 + a – 3 = 0 are less
than 3.
(iv) If are the roots of x2 – 3x + a = 0, a R and < 1 < , then find the values of a.
(v) If are roots of 4x2 – 16x + = 0, R such that 1 < < 2 and 2 < < 3, then find the
range of .
13. GENERAL QUADRATIC EXPRESSION IN TWO VARIABLES :
f( x, y) = ax2 + 2 hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c may be resolved into two linear factors if ;
a h g
= abc + 2fgh – af – bg – ch = 0 OR h b f = 0
2 2 2

g f c
2
Illustration 23 : If x + 2xy + 2x + my – 3 have two linear factor then m is equal to -
(A) 6, 2 (B) –6, 2 (C) 6, –2 (D) –6, –2
Solution : Here a =1, h =1, b = 0, g = 1, f = m/2, c = –3

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1 1 1
So = 0  1 0 m/2 =0
1 m/2 –3
m2 m2
 – –( –3 –m/2 ) +m/2 = 0  – +m+3=0
4 4
 m2 – 4m – 12 = 0 m = –2, 6 Ans. (C)
Do yourself - 9 :
(i) Find the value of k for which the expression x2 + 2xy + ky2 + 2x + k = 0 can be resolved into
two linear factors.
14. THEORY OF EQUATIONS :
Let , , , ...... n are roots of the equation, ƒ (x) = a0xn + a1xn-1 + a2xn-2 + .... an-1x + an= 0,
where a0, a1, ......... an are constants and a00.
ƒ(x) = a0(x – )(x – )(x – a3) ......... (x – n)
 a0xn + a1xn–1 + ......... an–1x + an = a0(x – )(x – ) ..... (x – n)
Comparing the coefficients of like powers of x, we get
a
  i = a 1 = S1 (say)
0

coefficient of x n 1
or S1 =
coefficient of x n
2a
S2 =   i  j = (–1) 2
ij a0
a
S3 =   i  j k (–1)3 3
i  j k a0

an cons tan term
Sn = n = (–1)n = (–1)n
a0 coefficient of x n
where Sk denotes the sum of the product of root taken k at a time.
Quadratic equation :If are the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0,then
b c
b  = and 
a a
Cubic equation :If are roots of a cubic equation ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0, then
b c d
++=– ,  and 
a a a
Note :
(i) If is a root of the equation f (x) = 0, then the polynomial f(x) is exactly divisible by
(x – ) or (x – ) is a factor of f(x) and conversely.
(ii) Every equation of nth degree ( n 1) has exactly n root & if the equation has more than
n roots, it is an identity.

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
(iii) If the coefficients of the equation f(x) = 0 are all real and +i is its root, then
+ iis also a root. i.e. imaginary roots occur in conjugate pairs.
(iv) If the coefficients in the equation are all rational & +  is one of its roots, then
–  is also a root where , Q & is not a perfect square.
(v) If there be any two real numbers ‘a’ & ‘b’ such that f(a) & f(b) are of opposite signs,
then f(x) = 0 must have atleast one real root between ‘a’ and ‘b’.
(vi) Every equation f(x) = 0 of degree odd has atleast one real root of a sign opposite to that
of its last term.

Illustration 24 : If two roots are equal, find the roots of 4x3 + 20x2 – 23x + 6 = 0.
Solution : Let roots be and 
20
 = –  2+ = – 5 ............ (i)
4
23 23 6
 =     & –
4 4 4
from equation (i)
23 23
+ 2(– 5 –2) = –  – 10 – 42 = –
4 4
 
23
  
6
1
when =
2
1 3
2 = (–5 – 1) = –
4 2
23
when = –
6
23  23   23  3 1
  5  2 x    –   –6
36   6   2 2
1 1
Hence roots of equation = , ,– 6
2 2

Illustration 25 : If  are the roots of x3 – px2 + qx – r = 0, find :

(i)  a3 (ii) 2 () + 2 ( + ) + 2 ( + )
Solution : We know that  = p, = q,  = r
(i)  +    = 3(){()2 – 3( +  + )}
3 3 3

= 3r + p{p2 – 3q} = 3r + p3 – 3pq

(ii) 2 () + 2 () + 2 (+ ) = 2(p – ) + 2 (p – ) + 2 (p – )
= p(2  2  2) 3r  p3  3pq = p(p2 – 2q) – 3r – p3 + 3pq = pq – 3r

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
Illustration 26 : If b < 2ac and a, b, c, d R, then prove that ax + bx + cx + d = 0 has exactly one
2 3 2

real root.
Solution : Let be the roots of ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0
b
Then  = –
a
c
 =
a
d
 =
a
    b2 2c b2  2ac
    –2 = 2  =
a a a2
    < 0, which is not possible if all  are real. So atleast one root is
non-real, but complex roots occurs in pair. Hence given cubic equation has two non-
real and one real roots.

Do yourself - 10 :
(i) Let  be two of the roots of the equation x3 – px2 + qx – r = 0. If  = 0, then show that
pq = r
(ii) If two roots of x3 + 3x2 – 9x + c = 0 are equal, then find the value of c.
(iii) If be the roots of ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0, then find the value of
1
(a) 2 (b)  c 

15. TRANSFORMATION OF THE EQUATION :
Let ax2 + bx + c = 0 be a quadratic equation with two roots  and . If we have to find an
equation whose roots are f() and f(), i.e. some expression in & then this equation can be
found by finding  in terms of y. Now as  satisfies given equation, put this  in terms of y
directly in the equation.
y = f ()
By transformation,  = g(y)
a(g(y))2 + b(g(y)) + c = 0
This is the required equation in y.

Illustration 27 : If the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are  and , then find the equation whose roots are :
2 2  
(a) , (b) , (c) 2, 2
   1  1
2 2
Solution : (a) ,
 
2 2
put, y =   =
 y

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
2
 2  2
a   + b   y  + c = 0  cy2 – 2by + 4a = 0
 y
Required equation is cx2 – 2bx + 4a = 0
 
(b) ,
 1  1
 y
put, y = 
 1 1 y
2
 y   y 
 a   + b + c = 0 
1 y  1  y 
    (a + c –b)y2 + (–2c + b)y +c = 0

Required equation is (a + c – b) x2 + (b – 2c) x + c = 0

(c) 2, 2
put y = 2
  = y
ay + b y + c = 0
b2y = a2y2 + c2 + 2acy
 a2y2 + (2ac – b2) y + c2 = 0
Required equation is a2x2 + (2ac – b2) x + c2 = 0
Illustration 28 : If the roots of ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 are , ,  then find equation whose roots are
1 1 1
, ,
  
1  a d
Solution : Put y = = =  (= – )
  d a
dy
Put x = – 
a
 dy 
3 2
 dy   dy 
 a    + b    + c    + d = 0
 a  a  a
Required equation is d2x3 – bdx2 + acx – a2 = 0

Do yourself - 11 :
(i) If  are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, then find the equation whose roots are
1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) , 2 (B) , (c)  , 
 
2
2  b a  b  
(ii) If are roots of x2 – px + q = 0, then find the quadratic equation whose root are
(22 )(33 ) and 2332 .

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
Miscellaneous Illustrations :
Illustrations 29 : If  are the roots of x2 + px + q = 0, and  are the roots of x2 + rx + s = 0,
evaluate ( – ) ( –) ( – ) ( – ) in terms of p, q, r and s. Deduce the condition
that the equations have a common root.
Solution : are the roots of x2 + px + q = 0
  +  = –p,  = q ....(1)
and ,  are the roots of x + rx + s = 0
2

  + = –r,  = s ....(2)
Now, ( – ) ( – ) ( – ) ( – )
= [2 – ( + ) + ] [2 – ( + ) + ]
= (2 + r + s) (2 + r + s)
= 22 +r( + ) + r2 + s(2 + 2) +sr( + ) + s2
= 22 +r( + ) + r2 + s(( + )2 – 2)) + sr( + ) + s2
= q2 – pqr + r2q + s(p2 – 2q) + sr (–p) + s2
= (q – s)2 – rpq + r2q + sp2 – prs
= (q – s)2 – rq (p – r) + sp (p – r)
= (q – s)2 + (p – r) (sp – rq)
For a common root (Let  =  or  = ) ....(3)
then ( – ) ( – ) ( – ) ( – ) = 0 ....(4)
from (3) and (4), we get
(q – s)2 + (p – r) (sp – rq) = 0
 (q – s)2 = (p – r) (rq – sp), which is the required condition.

Illustrations 30 : If (y2 – 5y + 3) (x2 + x + 1) < 2x for all x R, then find the interval in which y lies.
Solution : (y2 – 5y + 3) (x2 + x + 1) < 2x,  x  R
2x
 y2 – 5y + 3 < 2
x  x 1
2x
Let 2 =P
x  x 1
px2 + (p – 2) x + p = 0
(1) Since x is real, (p – 2)2 – 4p2 0
2
 –2  p 
3
(2) The minimum value of 2x/(x2 + x + 1) is –2.
So, y2 – 5y + 3 < –2  y2 – 5y + 5 < 0
5 5 5 5
    y  ,
 2 2 

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
ANSWERS FOR DO YOURSELF
1: (i) (a) –1, –2; (b) 4; (c) 1± 2 ;
1 7 1
(ii) a, ; (iii) (iv) 3, 
a 3 5
2: (i) b = –4, c = 1; (ii) (a)imaginary; (b) real & distinct ; (c) real & coincident
3: (i) (a) c = 0; (b) c = 1; (c) b  negative, c  negative
9
4: (i) b , c = 5; (ii) c = 0, 6
2
 1 1
5: (i) (a) x(, 3][2, ) ; (b) x (2, 1) ; (c)   4 , 3  ;

1 
(d) x (–6,– 3)  , 2 –{1}  (9, ) (e) [3,7]; (f) 
2 
6: (i) (a) 1 (b) –1
(ii) (1) (i) a < 0 (ii) b < 0 (iii) c < 0 (iv) D > 0 (v) < 0 (vi) > 0
(2) (i) a < 0 (ii) b > 0 (iii) c = 0 (iv) D > 0 (v) > 0 (vi)  = 0
(3) (i) a < 0 (ii) b = 0 (iii) c = 0 (iv) D = 0 (v)  = 0 (vi)  = 0
(iii) Third quadrant

(iv) (a) a > 9/16 (b) a < –2

7: (ii) least value = 0, greatest value = 1.

8: (i) –3 << 0 << 1; (ii) C; (iii) a < 2 ; (iv) a < 2 ; (v) 12 << 16

9: (i) 0, 2

1 c 1
10 : (ii) –27, 5; (iii) (a) (b2 – ac), (b)  , (c) (3ad – bc)
a 2
d a2

11 : (i) (a) c2y2 + y(2ac – b2) + a2 = 0 ; (b) acx2 – bx + 1 = 0;

(c) acx2 + (a + c)bx + (a + c)2 = 0

(ii) x2 – p(p4 – 5p2q + 5q2)x + p2q2(p2 – 4q)(p2 – q) = 0

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
EXERCISE # 1
1. If the roots of the equation 6x2 – 7x + k = 0 are rational, then k is equal to-
(A) –1 (B) –1, –2 (C) –2 (D) 1, 2

2. If the equation x2 – m (2x – 8) – 15 = 0 has equal roots, then m =

(A) 3, –5 (B) –3, 5 (C) 3, 5 (D) –3, –5

3. If ,  are roots of the equation ax2 – bx – c = 0, then 2 –  + 2 is equal to-

b2  3ac b2  3ac b2  2ac b2  2ac
(A) (B) (C) (D)
a2 a2 a2 a2

4. The roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 will be imaginary if-

(A) a > 0, b = 0, c < 0 (B) a > 0, b = 0, c > 0'
(C) a = 0, b > 0, c > 0 (D) a > 0, b > 0, c = 0
q q
5. If ,  are roots of the equation x2 + px + q = 0, then the equation whose roots are , will be
 
(A) x2 – qx + p = 0 (B) x2 + px + q = 0 (C) x2 – px – q = 0 (D) qx2 + px + q = 0

6. If p, q are the roots of equation x2 + px + q = 0, then value of p must be equal to-

(A) 0, 1 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 0, –1

 
7. If , are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, then + is equal to -
a  b a  b
2 2 2 2
(A) (B) (C) (D) 
a b c a

8. If the roots of the equation ax2 + x + b = 0 be real and different, then the roots of the equation
x2 – 4 abx + 1 = 0 will be-
(A) Rational (B) Irrational (C) Real (D) Imaginary

 1  1
9. If and are roots of x2 – 2x + 3 = 0, then the equation whose roots are and will be-
 1  1
(A) 3x2 – 2x – 1 = 0 (B) 3x2 + 2x + 1 = 0 (C) 3x2 – 2x + 1 = 0 (D) x2 – 3x + 1 = 0

1 1
10. If are the roots of the equation x2 – 3x + 1 = 0, then the equation with roots ,
2 2
will be-
(A) x2 – x – 1 = 0 (B) x2 + x – 1 = 0 (C) x2 + x + 2 = 0 (D) None of these

x5
11. The least integral value  of x such that > 0, satisfies
x  5x  14
2

(A) 2 – 7 + 6 = 0 (B) 2 + 3– 4 = 0 (C) 2 + 5– 6 = 0 (D) 2 – 5 + 4 = 0

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
12. If the product of the roots of the equation x  3kx  2e
2 2log k
1  0 is 7, then the roots of the
equation are real if k equals-
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) –2 (D) ± 2

3p
13. If  and  are roots of the equation x2 + px + = 0, such that | – | = 10 , then p belongs to
4
the set :-
(A){2, –5} (B) {–3, 2} (C) {3, –5} (D) {–2, 5}

14. If p and q are non-zero real numbers and 3 + 3 = –p,  = q, then a quadratic equation whose
 2 2
roots are , is -
 
(A) qx + px + q2 = 0 (B) px2 + qx + p2 = 0 (C) qx2 – px + q2 = 0 (D) px2 – qx + p2 = 0
2

x 2  bx m 1
15. If the equation = has roots equal in magnitude but opposite in sign, then m is
ax  c m 1
equal to -
ab ab ba
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
ab ab ba

16. For what value of a the curve y = x2 + ax + 25 touches the x-axis -

(A) 0 (B) ±5 (C) ±10 (D) none

17. The expression a2x2 + bx + 1 will be positive for all x  R if-

(A) b2> 4a2 (B) b2< 4a2 (C) 4b2> a2 (D) 4b2< a2

18. The adjoining figure shows the graph of y = ax2 + bx + c. Then -

(A) a > 0 (B) b > 0, c > 0 (C) c > 0, b < 0 (D) b2< 4ac

19. If both the roots of the equations k(6x2 + 3) + rx + 2x2 –1 = 0 and 6k(2x2 +1) + px +4x2 – 2 = 0
are common, then 2r – p is equal to-
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 2 (D) 0

20. All possible values of a, so that 6 lies between the roots of the equation x2 + 2(a – 3)x + 9 = 0
(A) (––2)  (2,  (B)––
 (C)  (D)none of these

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
EXERCISE # 2
1. If  are roots of the equation x2 – px + q = 0, then find the value of
(i) 2 (2–1 – ) + 2(–1) (ii) ( – p)–4 + ( – p)–4.

2. Find the value of a for which one root of the equation x 2 + (2a – 1)x + a2 + 2 = 0 is twice as
large as the other.
15
3. Find a such that one of the roots of the equation x2 – x + a = 0is the square of the other.
4

4. Find k in the equation 5x2 – kx + 1 = 0 such that the difference between the roots of the
equation is unity.

5. Find b in the equation 5x2 + bx – 28 = 0 if the roots x1 and x2 of the equation are related as
5x1 + 2x2 = 1 and b is an integer.

6. Find the values of the coefficient a for which the curve y = x2 + ax + 25 touches the OX axis.

7. For what values of p does the vertex of the parabola y = x 2 + 2px + 13 lie at a distance of 5
from the origin ?

8. If x1,x2 are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, then find the value of

(i) (ax1 + b)–2 + (ax2 + b)–2, (ii) (ax1 + b)–3 + (ax2 + b)–3.

9.  ,  are the roots of the equation K (x2 – x) + x + 5 = 0. If K1& K2 are the two values of K for
which the roots ,  are connected by the relation (/) + () = 4/5.Find the value of
(K1/K2) + (K2/K1).

10. If  are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, (a  0) and  are the roots of Ax2 + Bx + C = 0,
b2  4ac B2  4ac
(A  0) for some constant , then prove that, = .
a2 A2

11. (a) If ,  are the roots of the quadratic equation ax2+bx+c = 0 then which of the following
expressions in ,  will denote the symmetric functions of roots. Give proper reasoning.
(i) f (, ) = 2 –  
  (ii) f (, ) =   + 
2 2


(iii) f (, ) = ln

(iv) f (, ) = cos ( – )
(b) If ,  are the roots of the equation x2 – px + q = 0, then find the quadratic equation the
roots of which are (22) (33) &32 + 23.

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
12. Solve following Inequalities over the set of real numbers -
 x  1 x  2
2
x 2  2x  3
(i) 0 (ii) 0
x2  1 1  x
x 1
(iii) x4 – 2x2 – 63  0 (iv) 1
 x  1
2

x 2  7x  12 x 2  6x  7
(v) >0 (vi) 
2x 2  4x  5 x2  1
x4  x2  1 x7 3x  1
(vii) <0 (viii) + 
x 2  4x  5 x5 2
1 3 14x 9x  30
(ix) < (x)  0
x2 x3 x 1 x  4
x 2  5x  12 x2  2
(xi) 3 (xii) < –2
x 2  4x  5 x2  1
 2  x  x  3 
2 3


5  4x
 x  1  x  3x  4
(xiii) (xiv) <4
2
3x 2  x  4

 x  2  x  2x  1
2
x 4  3x 3  2x 2 1
(xv)   (xvi) >
4  3x  x 2 x 2  x  30 x
2x 1 1 1 1
(xvii)  (xviii)  
x 9 x2
2
x  2 x 1 x

(xix)
20
+
10
+1>0 (xx)
 x  2 x  4 x  7 > 1
 x  3 x  4 x  4  x  2 x  4 x  7
2x  2
(xxi) (x2 – 2x)(2x –2) –9 
x 2  2x

13. Find integral values of k for which the quadratic equation (k – 12)x2 + 2(k – 12)x +2 = 0
possess no real roots ?

14. For what values of k is the inequality x2 – (k – 3)x – k + 6 > 0 valid for all real x?

15. Find all values of p for which the roots of the equation (p – 3)x2 – 2px + 5p = 0 are real and
positive.

16. Find all values of a for which the inequality (a + 4)x2 – 2ax + 2a – 6 < 0 is satisfied for all
x  R.

17. For what values of a do the graphs of the functions y = 2ax + 1 and y = (a – 6)x2 – 2not
intersect?

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
ax  2 a  1 x  9a  4
2

18. Find the range of values of a, such that f (x) = is always negative.
x 2  8x  32

19. Let the quadratic equation x2 + 3x – k = 0 has roots a, b and x2 + 3x –10 = 0 has roots c, d such
that modulus of difference of the roots of the first equation is equal to twice the modulus of the
difference of the roots of the second equation. If the value of 'k' can be expressed as rational
number in the lowest form as m n then find the value of (m + n).

20. Find the value of m for which the quadratic equations x2 – 11x + m = 0 and x2 – 14x + 2m = 0
may have common root.

21. If the quadratic equations x2 + bx + ca = 0 & x2 + cx + ab = 0 (where a  0) have a common

root, prove that the equation containing their other root is x2 + ax + bc = 0.

22. Consider the quadratic polynomial f(x) = x2 – 4ax + 5a2 – 6a

(a) Find the smallest positive integral value of 'a' for which f(x) positive for every real x.
(b) Find the largest distance between the roots of the equation f(x) = 0
(c) Find the set of values of 'a' for which range of f(x) is [–8, )
2x 2  2x  3
23. We call 'p' a good number if the inequality 2  p is satisfied for any real x. Find the
x  x 1
smallest integral good number.

24. Let ,  and  are the roots of the cubic x3 – 3x2 + 1 = 0. Find a cubic whose roots are
  
, and . Hence or otherwise find the value of ( – 2)( – 2)( – 2).
2 2  2
x 1
25. If x be real, then prove that must lie between 1 and  .
x  5x  9
2
11
x2
26. Find the greatest value of for real values of x.
2x  3x  6
2

27. For what values of m will the expression y2 + 2xy + 2x + my–3 be capable of resolution into
two rational factors ?

28. If x and y are two real quantities connected by the equation 9x 2 + 2xy + y2–92x–20y + 244 = 0,
then will x lie between 3 and 6 and y between 1 and 10.

29. Find the complete set of real values of ‘a’ for which both roots of the quadratic equation
(a2 – 6a + 5) x2 – a2  2a x + (6a – a2 – 8) = 0 lie on either side of the origin.

30. Find all the values of the parameter 'a' for which both roots of the quadratic equation
x2 – ax + 2 = 0 belong to the interval (0, 3).

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
EXERCISE # 3 (JM)
1. If value of a for which the sum of the squares of the roots of the equation x2 – (a –2)x – a – 1 = 0
as sum the least value is- [AIEEE-2005]
(1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 0 (4) 1

2. If the roots of the equation x2– bx + c = 0 be two consecutive integers, then b2 – 4cequals-
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) –2
[AIEEE-2005]

3. If both the roots of the quadratic equation x2 – 2kx + k2 + k – 5 = 0 are less than 5, then k lies in
the interval- [AIEEE-2005]
(1) [4, 5] (2) (– , 4) (3) (6, ) (4) (5, 6)

4. All the values of m for which both roots of the equation x2 – 2mx + m2 – 1 = 0 are greater than–
2 but less than 4, lie in the interval- [AIEEE-2006]
(1) –1 < m < 3 (2) 1 < m < 4 (3) –2 < m < 0 (4) m > 3

5. If the roots of the quadratic equation x2 + px + q = 0 are tan 30º and tan 15°, respectively then
the value of 2 + q – p is- [AIEEE-2006]
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 3
3x 2  9x  17
6. If x is real, then maximum value of is- [AIEEE-2006]
3x 2  9x  7
17 1
(1) 1 (2) (3) (4) 41
7 4
7. If the difference between the roots of the equation x 2 + ax + 1 = 0 is less than 5 , then the
setoff possible values of a is [AIEEE-2007]
(1) (–3, ) (2) (3, ) (3) (–, –3) (4) (–3, 3)

8. The quadratic equations x2 – 6x + a = 0 and x2 – cx + 6 = 0 have one root in common. The

other roots of the first and second equations are integers in the ratio 4:3. Then the common root
is
(1) 1 (2) 4 (3) 3 (4) 2 [AIEEE-2008]

9. If the roots of the equation bx2 + cx + a = 0 be imaginary, then for all real values of x, the
expression3b2x2 + 6bcx + 2c2 is :- [AIEEE-2009]
(1) Greater than –4ab (2) Less than –4ab
(3) Greater than 4ab (4) Less than 4ab

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
10. Let for a  a1  0, f(x) = ax + bx + c, g(x) = a1x + b1x + c1 and p(x) = f(x) – g(x).
2 2

If p(x) = 0 only for x = –1 and p(–2) = 2, then the value of p(2) is: [AIEEE-2011]
(1) 18 (2) 3 (3) 9 (4) 6

11. Sachin and Rahul attempted to solve a quadratic equation. Sachin made a mistake in writing
down the constant term and ended up in roots (4, 3). Rahul made a mistake in writing down
coefficient of x to get roots (3, 2). The correct roots of equation are: [AIEEE-2011]
(1) –4, –3 (2) 6, 1 (3) 4, 3 (4) –6, –1

12. The equation esinx – e–sinx – 4 = 0 has : [AIEEE-2012]

(1) exactly four real roots. (2) infinite number of real roots.
(3) no real roots. (4) exactly one real root.

13. If the equations x2 + 2x + 3 = 0 and ax2 + bx + c = 0, a, b, c  R, have a common root, then

a : b : c is : [JEE-MAIN-2013]
(1) 1 : 2 : 3 (2) 3 : 2 : 1 (3) 1 : 3 : 2 (4) 3 : 1 : 2

14. Let  and  be the roots of equation x2 – 6x – 2 = 0. If an = n – n, for n  1, then the value of
a10  2a8
is equal to : [JEE-MAIN-2015]
2a9
(1) 3 (2) – 3 (3) 6 (4) – 6

15. The sum of all real values of x satisfying the equation x2–5x + 5x2 4x 60= 1 is :-
[JEE-MAIN-2016]
(1) 5 (2) 3 (3) –4 (4) 6

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
EXERCISE # 4 (JA)
1  2x  5x 2   
1. Find the range of values of t for which 2 sin t = , t   ,  .
3x  2x  1
2
 2 2
[JEE 2005(Mains), 2]

2. (a) Let a, b, c be the sides of a triangle. No two of them are equal and  R. If the roots of the
equation x2 + 2(a + b + c)x + 3(ab + bc + ca) = 0 are real, then [JEE 2006, 3]
4 5  1 5  4 5
(A)  (B)  (C)   ,  (D)   , 
3 3  3 3  3 3

(b) If roots of the equation x210cx 11d  0 are a, b and those of x2 – 10ax –11b =0 are c, d,
then find the value of a + b + c + d. (a, b, c and d are distinct numbers) [JEE 2006, 6]

3. (a) Let ,  be the roots of the equation x2 – px + r = 0 and 2 , 2 be the roots of the
equationx2 – qx + r = 0. Then the value of 'r' is
2 2
(A) (p–q)(2q – p) (B) (q – p)(2p – q)
9 9
2 2
(C) (q – 2p)(2q – p) (D) (2p–q)(2q – p)
9 9

MATCH THE COLUMN :

x 2  6x  5
(b) Let f (x) = 2
x  5x  6
Match the expressions / statements in Column I with expressions / statements in Column II.
Column I Column II
(A) If – 1 < x < 1, then f (x) satisfies (P) 0 < f (x) < 1
(B) If 1 < x < 2, the f (x) satisfies (Q) f (x) < 0
(C) If 3 < x < 5, then f (x) satisfies (R) f (x) > 0
(D) If x > 5, then f (x) satisfies (S) f (x) < 1 [JEE 2007, 3+6]

ASSERTION & REASON :

4. Let a, b, c, p, q be real numbers. Suppose ,  are the roots of the equation x2 + 2px+ q = 0
and, 1/ are the roots of the equation ax2 + 2bx + c = 0, where 2 {–1, 0, 1}
STATEMENT-1 : (p2 – q)(b2 – ac)  0
and
STATEMENT-2 : b  pa or c  qa
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for
Statement-1
(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for
Statement-1
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True [JEE 2008, 3 (–1)]

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
5. The smallest value of k, for which both the roots of the equation, x2 – 8kx + 16(k2 – k + 1) = 0
are real, distinct and have values at least 4, is [JEE 2009, 4 (–1)]

6. Let p and q be real numbers such that p  0, p3 q and p3–q. If  and  are non zero complex
 
numbers satisfying  = – p and 3 + 3 = q, then a quadratic equation having and as its
 
roots is [JEE 2010, 3]
(A) (p3 + q)x2 – (p3 + 2q)x + (p3 + q) = 0 (B) (p3 + q)x2 – (p3 – 2q)x + (p3 + q) = 0
(C) (p3 – q)x2 – (5p3 – 2q)x + (p3 – q) = 0 (D) (p3 – q)x2 – (5p3 + 2q)x + (p3 – q) = 0

7. Let  and  be the roots of x2 – 6x – 2 = 0, with . If an = n – n for n  1, then the value
a  2a8
of 10 is [JEE 2011]
2a9
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

8. A value of b for which the equations

x2 + bx – 1 = 0
x2 + x + b = 0,
have one root in common is - [JEE 2011]
(A)  2 (B) i 3 (C) i 5 (D) 2

9. Let S be the set of all non-zero numbers  such that the quadratic equation x2 – x +  = 0 has
two distinct real roots x1 and x2 satisfying the inequality |x1 – x2| < 1. Which of the following
intervals is(are) a subset(s) of S ?
 1 1   1   1   1 1
(A)   ,   (B)   , 0 (C)  0,  (D)  ,
 2 5  5   5  5 2 
 
10. Let      . Suppose 1 and 1 are the roots of the equation x2 – 2x sec  + 1= 0 and 2
6 12
and 2 are the roots of the equation x2 + 2x tan  –1 = 0. If 1>1 and2>2, then 1+2 equals
[JEE 2016, 3, –1]
(A) 2 (sec  – tan ) (B) 2 sec  (C) –2 tan   (D) 0

Paragraph for Q.No. 11 to 12

Let p, q, be integers and let  be the roots of the equation, x2 – x – 1 = 0, where  . For
n = 0,1, 2, ....., let an = pn + qn.
FACT :If a and b are rational numbers and a  b 5  0 , then a = 0 = b.

11. If a4 = 28, then p + 2q = [JEE 2017, 3M, 0]

(A) 12 (B) 14 (C) 21 (D) 7

12. a12 = [JEE 2017, 3M, 0]

(A) 2a11 + a10 (B) a11 – a10 (C) a11 + 2a10 (D) a11 + a10

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
EXERCISE # 5
1. The graph of curve x2 = 3x – y – 2 is strictly below the line y = k, then -
1 1
(A) –2 < k < 4 (B) k > (C) k = (D) k < –1 or k > 0
4 4
9c
2. If a + b + c > and quadratic equation ax2 + 2bx – 5c = 0 has non-real roots, then-
4
(A) a > 0, c > 0 (B) a > 0, c < 0 (C) a < 0, c < 0 (D) a < 0, c > 0

3. Ramesh and Mahesh solve a quadratic equation. Ramesh reads its constant term wrongly and
finds its roots as 8 and 2 where as Mahesh reads the coefficient of x wrongly and finds its roots
as–11 and 1. The correct roots of the equation are
(A) 11, 1 (B) –11, 1 (C) 11,  1 (D) None of these

4. The set of values of K for which both the roots of the equation 4x2–20Kx+(25K2+15K–66) = 0,
are less than 2, is given by-
(A) (2, ) (B) (4/5, 2) (C) (– ) (D) None of these

5. Let P (x) = kx3 + 2k2x2 + k3. Find the sum of all real numbers k for which x – 2 is a factor of
P(x).
(A) 4 (B) 8 (C) – 4 (D) – 8

More than one correct :

6. If ƒ (x) = x2 + bx + c and ƒ (2 + t) = ƒ (2–t) for all real numbers t, then which of the following
is true ?
(A) (1) <(2) <f(4) (B) (2) <(1) < f(4)
(C) (2) <(4) <(1) (D) (2.1) <(1.5) <(3)

7. For x  [1, 5], y = x2 – 5x + 3 has -

(A) least value = –1.5 (B) greatest value = 3
5  13
(C) least value = –3.25 (D) greatest value =
2

8. Graph of y = ax2 + bx + c is given adjacently. What conclusions can be drawn from this graph -

(A) a > 0 (B) b < 0 (C) c < 0 (D) b2 – 4ac > 0

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
9. The graph of quadratic polynomial ƒ(x) = ax2 + bx + c is shown below.

Which of the following are correct ?

c
(A) < –1 (B) || > 2
a
(C) ƒ(x) > 0  x(0,) (D) abc < 0

10. If S is the set of all real x such that (2x  1)/(2x3 + 3x2 + x) is positive, then S contains
(A) (,  3/2) (B) ( 3/2,  1/4)
(C) ( 1/4, 1/2) (D) (+ 1/2 , 3)

11. If the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a > 0) has sec2 and cosec2 as its roots then which
of the following must hold good?
(A) b + c = 0 (B) b2 – 4ac  0 (C) c  4a (D) 4a + b  0

12. The graph of a quadratic polynomial y = ax2 + bx + c (a, b, c  R) with vertex on y-axis is as
shown in the figure. Then which one of the following statement is CORRECT?

(A) Product of the roots of the corresponding quadratic equation is positive.

(B) Discriminate of the quadratic equation is negative.
(C) Nothing definite can be said about the sum of the roots, whether positive, negative or zero.
(D) Both roots of the quadratic equation y = 0 are purely imaginary.

Comprehension Type :

Graph of ƒ (x) = ax2 + bx + c is shown adjacently, for which (AB) = 2, (AC) = 3and
b2 – 4ac = –4.

On the basis of above information’s , answer the following questions :

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
13. The value of a + b + c is equal to -
(A) 7 (B) 8 (C) 9 (D) 10

14. The quadratic equation with rational coefficients whose one of the roots is b + a  c , is –
(A) x2 – 6x + 2 = 0 (B) x2 – 6x – 1 = 0 (C) x2 + 6x + 2 = 0 (D) x2 + 6x – 1 = 0

 1  1
15. Range of g(x) =  a   x2 + (b + 2)x –  c   when x  [–4, 0] is -
 2  2
 49   49   49 
(A) [–10, –6] (B)   , 10  (C)   , 6  (D)   ,  
 4   4   4 

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
EXERCISE # 6
1. Let a, b be arbitrary real numbers. Find the smallest natural number 'b' for which the equation
x2 + 2(a + b)x + (a – b + 8) = 0 has unequal real roots for all a  R.

2. If the quadratic equations, x2 + bx + c = 0 and bx2 + cx + 1 = 0 have a common root then prove
that either b + c + 1 = 0 or b2 + c2 + 1 = b c + b + c.

3. Let P(x) = 4x2 + 6x + 4 and Q(y) = 4y2 – 12y + 25. Find the unique pair of real numbers (x, y)
that satisfy P(x)· Q(y) = 28.

4. Find the product of the real roots of the equation, x2 + 18x + 30 = 2 x 2  18x  45

5. Find the values of ‘a’ for which 3 < [(x2 + ax  2)/(x2 + x + 1)] < 2 is valid for all real x.
1 1 1
6. If a & b are positive numbers, prove that the equation + + = 0 has two real
x xa xb
roots, one between a/3 & 2a/3 and the other between – 2b/3 & – b/3.

7. When y2 + my + 2 is divided by (y – 1) then the quotient is f (y) and the remainder is R1. When
y2 + my + 2 is divided by (y + 1) then quotient is g (y) and the remainder is R2. If R1 = R2 then
find the value of m.

8. If the roots of x2 ax + b = 0 are real & differ by a quantity which is less than c (c> 0), prove
that b lies between (1/4) (a2 c2) & (1/4)a2.

9. Let x2 + y2 + xy + 1  a(x + y)  x, y  R. Find the possible integer(s) in the range of a.

10. If roots of the equation (x – ) (x – 4 + ) + (x – 2 + ) (x + 2 – ) = 0 are p and q then find the

absolute value of the sum of the roots of the equations 2(x – p) (x – q)– (x –) (x – 4 + ) = 0
and 2(x – p)(x – q) – (x – 2 + ) (x + 2 – ) = 0.

11. Suppose a cubic polynomial f (x) = x3 + px2 + qx + 72 is divisible by both x2 + ax + band

x2 + bx + a (where a, b, p, q are constants and a  b). Find the sum of the squares of the roots of
the cubic polynomial.

12. At what values of 'a' do all the zeroes of the function, f (x) = (a  2)x2 + 2ax + a + 3 lie on the
interval ( 2, 1)?
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98 98
 QUADRATIC EQUATION
13. Let , , be distinct real numbers such that
a2 + b + c = (sin)2 + (cos)
a2 + b+ c = (sin)2 + (cos)
a2 + b + c = (sin)2 + (cos)
(where a, b, c R)
a 2  b2
(a) Find the maximum value of the expression
a 2  3ab  5b2
  
(b) If V1 = a î + b ĵ + c k̂ makes an angle with V2 = î + ĵ + 2k̂ , then find the number
3
of values of [0, 2]
x 2  ax  b
14. If the range of the function f (x) = is [–5, 4], a, b  N, then find the value of
x 2  2x  3
(a2 + b2).
6
 1  6 1 
 x  x    x  x 6   2
15. Fin the minimum value of 3
for x > 0.
 1 1
 x  x   x  x 3
3

16. Given x, y  R, x2 + y2 > 0. If the maximum and minimum value of the expression
x 2  y2
E = 2 are M and m, and A denotes the average value of M and m, compute
x  xy  4y 2
(2007)A.

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE # 1
1. D 2. C 3. A 4. B 5. B 6. A 7. D
8. D 9. C 10. A 11. C 12. B 13. D 14. A
15. B 16. C 17. B 18. B 19. D 20. B

EXERCISE # 2

1. (i)
 
p p2  4 p p2  q  (ii)
p4  4p2q  2q 2
2. a = –4 3. 
125
,a2 =
27
q q4 8 8

4. k 3 5 5. b = –13 6. a = ±10 7. {–4, –3, 3, 4}

8. (i)
b2  2ac
(ii)

b2 b2  3ac  9. 254
a 2c 2 ac
3 3

11. (a) (ii) and (iv) ; (b) x2 p(p4 5p2q + 5q2) x + p2q2(p2 4q) (p2 q) = 0
12. Solve following Inequalities over the set of real numbers -
(i) (–3, 1) (ii) (–, –2)  (–2, –1)  (1, +)
(iii) [–3, 3] (iv) (–, 0)  (3, +)
(v) (–, 3)  (4, + ) (vi) (–, )
(vii) (–1, 5) (viii) [1, 3]  (5, +)
(ix) 9 / 2,23, (x) (–1, 1)  (4, 6)
(xi) (1/2, 3) (xii) (–1, 0)  (0, 1)

(xiii) [ 2 ,1)(1, 2 ][3, 4) (xiv) ,  7 / 21, 7 / 24 / 3, 

(xv) (,  2](1, 4) (xvi) (–, –5)  (1, 2)  (6, +)

(xvii) (,  3)(2, 3) (xviii)  2 , 01, 2 2, 

(xix) (–, –2)  (–1, 3)  (4, +) (xx) (,  7)(4, 2)
(xxi) (–, –1]  (0, 1]  (2, 3]
 15 
13. k = 13 14. (–3, 5) 15. For all p  3,  16. For all a(,  6)
 4
 1
17. For all a(6, 3) 18. a  ,   19. 19120. 0 or 24
 2
22. (a) 7, (b) 6, (c) 2 or 4 23. 4 24. 3y3 – 9y2– 3y + 1 = 0; ( – 2)( – 2)( – 2) = 3
1 11
26. 27. –2 29. (– , – 2]  [ 0, 1) (2, 4) (5, ) 30. 2 2 a <
3 3
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10 10
0 0
 QUADRATIC EQUATION
EXERCISE # 3 (JM)
1. 4 2. 1 3. 2 4. 1 5. 4 6. 4 7. 4
8. 4 9. 1 10. 1 11. 2 12. 3 13. 1 14. 1
15. 2

EXERCISE # 4 (JA)
     3  
1.   2 ,  10    10 , 2 
   
2. (a) A; (b) 1210
3. (a) D; (b) (A) P,R,S; (B) Q,S; (C) Q,S; (D) P,R,S
4. B 5. 2 6. B 7. C 8. B 9. A,D 10. C
11. A 12. D

EXERCISE # 5
1. B 2. B 3. C 4. C 5. D 6. BD 7. BC
8. ABCD 9. ABCD 10. AD 11. ABC 12. ABD 13. D 14. A
15. C

EXERCISE # 6
 3 3
1. 5 3.   4 , 2  4. 20 5. 2<a<1 7. 0

 1
9. –1,0,1 10. 4 11. 146 12.  ,  4  {2}  (5, 6]

13. (a) 2, (b) 3 14. 277 15. ymin = 6 16. 1338

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10 10
1 1
 SEQUENCE & SERIES
SEQUENCE & SERIES
1. DEFINITION :
Sequence :
A succession of terms a1, a2, a3, a4........ formed according to some rule or law.
Examples are : 1, 4, 9, 16, 25
–1, 1, –1, 1,........
x x 2 x3 x 4
, , , ,......
1! 2 ! 3! 4 !
A finite sequence has a finite (i.e. limited) number of terms, as in the first example above. An
infinite sequence has an unlimited number of terms, i.e. there is no last term, as in the second
and third examples.
Series :
The indicated sum of the terms of a sequence. In the case of a finite sequence a1, a2,
n
a3,................, an the corresponding series is a1 + a2 + a3 + ........ + an =  a k .This series has a
k 1
finite or limited number of terms and is called a finite series.
2. ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION (A.P.) :
A.P. is a sequence whose terms differ by a fixed number. This fixed number is called the
common difference. If a is the first term & d the common difference, then A.P. can be written
as
a, a + d, a + 2d, .............., a + (n – 1) d , ..........
(a) nth term of AP, Tn = a + (n – 1)d , where d = tn – tn–1
n n
(b) The sum of the first n terms : Sn= [a+]= [2a + (n–1)d] where  is nth term.
2 2
Note :
(i) nth term of an A.P. is of the form An + B i.e. a linear expression in 'n', in such a case the
coefficient of n is the common difference of the A.P. i.e. A.
(ii) Sum of first 'n' terms of an A.P. is of the form An2 + Bn i.e. a quadratic expression in
'n', in such case the common difference is twice the coefficient of n2. i.e. 2A
(iii) Also nth term Tn = Sn – Sn–1
Illustration 1 : If (x + 1), 3x and (4x + 2) are first three terms of an A.P. then its 5th term is -
(A) 14 (B) 19 (C) 24 (D) 28
Solution : (x + 1), 3x, (4x + 2) are in AP
 3x – (x + 1) = (4x + 2) – 3x  x=3
 a = 4, d = 9 – 4 = 5
 T5 = 4 + (4)5 = 24 Ans. (C)
Illustration 2 : The sum of first four terms of an A.P. is 56 and the sum of it's last four terms is 112.
If its first term is 11 then find the number of terms in the A.P.
Solution : a + a + d + a + 2d + a + 3d = 56
4a + 6d = 56
44 + 6d = 56 (as a = 11)
6d = 12 hence d = 2

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
Let total number of terms = n
Now sum of last four terms.
a + (n – 1)d + a + (n – 2)d + a + (n – 3)d + a + (n – 4)d = 112
 4a + (4n – 10)d = 112  44 + (4n – 10)2 = 112
 4n – 10 = 34
 n = 11 Ans.

7n  1
Illustration 3 : The sum of first n terms of two A.Ps. are in ratio . Find the ratio of their
4n  27
11th terms.
Solution : Let a1 and a2 be the first terms and d1 and d2 be the common differences of two
A.P.s respectively then
n  n  1
 2a1   n  1 d1  a1  
 2  1
d
2 7n  1 7n  1
=  =
n 4n  27  n  1 4n  27
 2a 2   n  1 d 2  a2   d
2  2  2
For ratio of 11th terms
n 1
= 10 n = 21
2
7  21  1 148 4
so ratio of 11th terms is = = Ans.
4  21  27 111 3
Do yourself - 1 :
3   1
n
th 2n
(i) Write down the sequence whose n terms is : (a) (b)
n 3n
(ii) For an A.P, show that tm + t2n+m = 2tm + n
(iii) If the sum of p terms of an A.P. is q and the sum of its q terms is p, then find the sum of its
(p + q) term.
3. PROPERTIES OF A.P. :
(a) If each term of an A.P. is increased, decreased, multiplied or divided by the some
nonzero number, then the resulting sequence is also an A.P.
(b) Three numbers in A.P. : a – d, a, a + d
Four numbers in A.P. : a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d
Five numbers in A.P. : a – 2d, a – d, a, a + d, a + 2d
Six numbers in A.P. : a – 5d, a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d, a + 5d etc.
(c) The common difference can be zero, positive or negative.
(d) kth term from the last = (n – k +1)th term from the beginning (If total number of terms = n).
(e) The sum of the two terms of an AP equidistant from the beginning & end is constant
and equal to the sum of first & last terms.  Tk + Tn–k+1 = constant = a + .
(f) Any term of an AP (except the first ) is equal to half the sum of terms which are
equidistant from it. an = (1/ 2) (an–k + an+k ), k < n
For k = 1, an = (1/ 2)(an–1 + an+1 ) ; For k = 2, an = (1/ 2)(an–2 + an+2 ) and so on.
(g) If a, b, c are in AP, then 2b = a + c.
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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
Illustration 4 : Four numbers are in A.P. If their sum is 20 and the sum of their squares is 120, then
the middle terms are -
(A) 2, 4 (B) 4, 6 (C) 6, 8 (D) 8, 10
Solution : Let the numbers are a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d
given, a – 3d + a – d + a + d + a + 3d = 20  4a = 20  a = 5
2 2 2
and (a – 3d) + (a – d) + (a + d) + (a + 3d) = 120 2
 4a2 + 20d2 = 120
 4 × 5 + 20d = 120
2 2
 d = 1 d = ± 1
2

Hence numbers are 2, 4, 6, 8 or 8, 6, 4, 2 Ans. (B)

Illustration 5 : If a1, a2, a3,..........., an are in A.P. where ai> 0 for all i, show that :
1

1
+ .......... +
1
=
n  1
a1  a 2 a 2  a3 an 1  an a1  an
1 1 1
Solution : L.H.S. = + + .........+
a1  a 2 a 2  a3 an 1  an
1 1 1
= + + .......+
a 2  a1 a3  a 2 an  an 1
a2  a1 a3  a2 an  an1
= + + ...........+
 a2  a1   a3  a2  an  an1
Let 'd' is the common difference of this A.P.
then a2 – a1 = a3 – a2 = ....... = an – an–1 = d
Now L.H.S.
=
1
d
{ a2  a1  a3  a2  ........ + an1  an2  an  an1 } = 1 an  a1
d
 
an  a1 a
= 1
  
n  1 d  a 1 1  n  1 d n 1
     
= = = = R.H.S.
d an  a1 d an  a1 d an  a1 an  a1

Do yourself - 2 :
(i) Find the sum of first 24 terms of the A.P. a1, a2, a3......, if it is know that
a1 + a5 + a10 + a15 + a20 + a24 = 225.
(ii) Find the number of terms common to the two A.P.'s 3, 7, 11, ...... 407 and 2, 9, 16, ......, 709
4. GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION (G.P.) :
G.P. is a sequence of non zero numbers each of the succeeding term is equal to the preceeding
term multiplied by a constant. Thus in a GP the ratio of successive terms is constant. This
constant factor is called the COMMON RATIO of the sequence & is obtained by dividing any
term by the immediately previous term. Therefore a, ar, ar2, ar3, ar4 , .......... is a GP with 'a' as
the first term & 'r' as common ratio.
(a) nth term ; Tn = a rn–1

(b) Sum of the first n terms; Sn=

a rn  1 , if r  1

r 1
a
(c) Sum of infinite G.P. , S∞ = ; 0 < |r|< 1
1 r

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
5. PROPERTIES OF GP :
(a) If each term of a G.P. be multiplied or divided by the some non-zero quantity, then the
resulting sequence is also a G.P.
(b) Three consecutive terms of a GP : a/r, a, ar ;
Four consecutive terms of a GP : a/r3, a/r, ar, ar3& so on.
(c) If a, b, c are in G.P. then b2 = ac.
(d) If in a G.P, the product of two terms which are equidistant from the first and the last
term, is constant and is equal to the product of first and last term.
 Tk. Tn–k+1 = constant = a.
(e) If each term of a G.P. be raised to the same power, then resulting sequence is also a
G.P.
(f) In a G.P., Tr2 = Tr–k. Tr+k, k < r, r  1
(g) If the terms of a given G.P. are chosen at regular intervals, then the new sequence is
also a G.P.
(h) If a1, a2, a3.....an is a G.P. of positive terms, then log a1, log a2,.....log an is an A.P. and
vice-versa.
a a a
(i) If a1, a2, a3..... and b1, b2, b3..... are two G.P.'s then a1b1, a2b2, a3b3..... & 1 , 2 , 3
b1 b2 b3
.........is also in G.P.

Illustration 6 : If a, b, c, d and p are distinct real numbers such that

(a2 b2  c2p2  2p ab  bc  cdb2  c2  d2  0 then a, b, c, d are in
(A) A.P. (B) G.P. (C) H.P. (D) none of these
Solution : Here, the given condition a  b  c p  2p ab  bc  ca b  c2 d2 0
2 2 2 2 2

ap – b2 + (bp – c )2 + (cp – d)2 0

a square can not be negative
b c d
ap  b  0, bp  c  0, cp  d  0 p = = = a, b, c, d are in G.P.
a b c
Ans. (B)

Illustration 7 : If a, b, c are in G.P., then the equations ax2 2bx  c  0 and dx2 2ex  f  0 have a
d e f
common root if , , are in -
a b c
(A) A.P. (B) G.P. (C) H.P. (D) none of these
Solution : a, b, c are in G.P  b  ac
2

Now the equation ax2 2bx  c = 0 can be rewritten as ax2 + 2 acx + c = 0

c c
 
2
 ax  c =0=– ,–
a a
c
If the two given equations have a common root, then this root must be – .
a
c c d f 2e c 2e 2e d e f
Thus d – 2e +f=0  = = =  , , are in A.P. Ans. (A)
a a a c c a ac b a b c
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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
Illustration 8 : A number consists of three digits which are in G.P. the sum of the right hand and
left hand digits exceeds twice the middle digit by 1 and the sum of the left hand and
middle digits is two third of the sum of the middle and right hand digits. Find the
numbers.
Solution : Let the three digits be a, ar and ar2 then number is
100a + 10ar + ar2 ....(i)
2
Given, a + ar = 2ar +1
or a(r2 – 2r + 1) = 1
or a(r – 1)2 = 1 ....(ii)
2
Also given a + ar = (ar + ar2)
3
 3 + 3r = 2r + 2r 2
 2r2 – r – 3 = 0  (r + 1)(2r – 3) = 0
 r = –1, 3/2
1 1
for r = –1, a = = I  r  –1
 r  1
2
4
1
for r = 3/2, a= 2
=4 {from (ii)}
3 
  1
2
3 9
From (i), number is 400 + 10.4. + 4. = 469 Ans.
2 4
Illustration 9 : Find the value of 0.3258
Solution : Let R = 0.3258  R = 0.32585858.... ......... (i)
Here number of figures which are not recurring is 2 and number of figures which
are recurring is also 2.
then 100 R = 32.585858...... ..........(ii)
and 10000 R = 3258.5858..... ..........(iii)
Subtracting (ii) from (iii) , we get
1613
9900 R = 3226  R=
4950
Aliter Method : R = .32 + .0058 + .0058 + .000058 +...........

= .32 + 4  1  2  4  ........ 
58 1 1
10  10 10 
 
58  1 
= .32 + 4 
10 1 
 1  
100 
32 58 3168  58 3226 1613
= + = = =
100 9900 9900 9900 4950

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
Do yourself - 3 :
(i) Find a three digit number whose consecutive digits form a G.P. If we subtract 792 from this
number, we get a number consisting of the same digits written in the reverse order. Now, if we
increase the second digit of the required number by 2, then the resulting digits will form an
A.P.
(ii) If the third term of G.P. is 4, then find the product of first five terms.
(iii) If a, b, c are respectively the pth, qth and rth terms of the given G.P., then show that
(q – r) log a + (r – p) log b + (p – q)log c = 0, where a, b, c > 0.
(iv) Find three numbers in G.P., whose sum is 52 and the sum of whose products in pairs is 624.
(v) The rational number which equals the number 2. 357 with recurring decimal is -
2357 2379 785 2355
(A) (B) (C) (D)
999 997 333 1001
6. HARMONIC PROGRESSION (H.P.) :
A sequence is said to be in H.P. if the reciprocal of its terms are in AP.
If the sequence a1, a2, a3, ......., an is an HP then 1/a1, 1/a2,........., 1/an is an AP . Here we do not
have the formula for the sum of the n terms of an HP. The general form of a harmonic
1 1 1 1
progression is , , ,.........., Note : No term of any H.P. can be zero.
a a  d a  2d a   n  1 d
2ac a ab
(i) If a, b, c are in HP, then b = or =
ac c bc

Illustration 10 : The sum of three numbers are in H.P. is 37 and the sum of their reciprocals is 1/4.
Find the numbers.
Solution : Three numbers are in H.P. can be taken as
1 1 1
, ,
ad a ad
1 1 1
then + + = 37 ........(i)
ad a ad
1 1
and a–d+a+a+d=  a=
4 12
12 12 12 12
from (i), + 12 + = 37  + = 25
1  12d 1  12d 1  12d 1  12d
24
 = 25
1  144d 2
24 1
 1 – 144d2 =  d2 =
25 25  144
1
 d= 
60
1 1 1 1 1 1
 a – d, a, a + d are , , or , ,
15 12 10 10 12 15

Hence, three numbers in H.P. are 15, 12, 10 or 10, 12, 15 Ans.

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
ax ay az
Illustration 11 : Suppose a is a fixed real number such that = =
px qy rz
If p, q, r are in A.P., then prove that x, y, z are in H.P.
Solution :  p, q, r are in A.P.
 q–p=r–q ........ (i)
 p – q = q – r = k (let)
a a a
1 1 1
ax ay az x y
given = =  = = z
px qy rz p q r
a  a  a  a 
  1    1  y  1   z  1
x y 
 = (by law of proportion)
pq qr
a a a a
 
x y y z
 = {from (i)}
k k
 1 1  1 1 1 1 1 1
 a    =a      = 
 x y  y z x y y z
2 1 1 1 1 1
 = +  , , are in A.P.
y x z x y z
Hence x, y, z are in H.P.

Do yourself - 4 :
(i) If the 7th term of a H.P. is 8 and the 8th term is 7. Then find the 28th term.
(ii) In a H.P., if 5th term is 6 and 3rd term is 10. Find the 2nd term.
qr rp pq
(iii) If the pth, qth and rth terms of a H.P. are a,b,c respectively, then prove that   =0
a b c
7. MEANS
(a) ARITHMETIC MEAN :
If three terms are in A.P. then the middle term is called the A.M. between the other two,
ac
so if a, b, c are in A.P., b is A.M. of a & c. So A.M. of a and c = = b.
2
n-ARITHMETIC MEANS BETWEEN TWO NUMBERS :
If a,b be any two given numbers & a, A1, A2, .........., An, b are in AP, then
A1, A2,........An are the 'n' A.M’s between a & b then.
A1 = a + d , A2 = a + 2d ,......, An = a + nd or b – d, where
ba
d=
n 1
ba 2(b  a)
 A1= a + , A2 = a + ,............
n 1 n 1

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
Note : Sum of n A.M's inserted between a & b is equal to n times the single A.M.
between a &b
n
i.e. A
r 1
r  nA where A is the single A.M. between a & b.

(b) GEOMETRIC MEAN :

If a, b, c are in G.P., then b is the G.M. between a & c, b2 = ac. So G.M. of a and
c = ac = b
n-GEOMETRIC MEANS BETWEEN TWO NUMBERS :
If a, b are two given positive numbers & a, G1, G2, ........, Gn, b are in G.P. Then G1, G2,
G3,.......Gn are 'n' G.Ms between a & b. where b = arn+1 r = (b/a)1/n+1
G1 = a(b / a) 1/ n +1, G2 = a(b / a) 2/ n +1..........., Gn = a(b / a)n/ n +1,
= ar, = ar2, ................ = arn = b/r
Note : The product of n G.Ms between a & b is equal to nth power of the single G.M.
n
between a & b i.e. G
r 1
r
= (G)n where G is the single G.M. between a & b

(c) HARMONIC MEAN :

2ac
If a, b, c are in H.P., then b is H.M. between a & c. So H.M. of a and c = = b.
ac
Insertion of 'n' HM's between a and b :
a, H1, H2, H3 ,........, Hn, b  H.P
     
, , , ,............ ,  A.P.
a H1 H 2 H 3 Hn b
1 1
1 1 
= + (n + 1)D  D= b a
b a n 1
 1 1

1 1  
= +n  b a
Hn a n 1
 
Important note :
(i) If A, G, H, are respectively A.M., G.M., H.M. between two positive number a & b
then(a) G2 = AH (A, G, H constitute a GP) (b) A  G  H (c) A = G = H  a = b
(ii) Let a1, a2,........ ,an be n positive real numbers, then we define their arithmetic mean
a  a  ......  a n
(A),geometric mean (G) and harmonic mean (H) as A = 1 2
n
n
G = (a1 a2...........an)1/n and H =
1 1 1 1
 a  a  a  ......  a 
 1 2 3 n 

It can be shown that A  G  H. Moreover equality holds at either place if and only if
a1 = a2 =......= an
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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
Illustration 12 : If 2x3 + ax2 + bx + 4 = 0 (a and b are positive real numbers) has 3 real roots, then
prove that a + b  6(21/3 + 41/3).
Solution : Let ,, be the roots of 2x3 + ax2 + bx + 4 = 0. Given that all the coefficients are
positive, so all the roots will be negative.
a
Let 1 = –, 2 = –, 3 = –   1 + 2 + 3 =
2
b
12 + 23 + 31=
2
123= 2
Applying AM  GM, we have
1  2  3
 (123)1/3  a  6 × 21/3
3
1 2   2 3  1 3
Also > (123)2/3  b  6 × 41/3
3
Therefore a + b  6(21/3 + 41/3).
n
Illustration 13 : If ai > 0  i  N such that a
i 1
i
= 1 , then prove that

(1 + a1)(1 + a2)(1 + a3).....(1 + an)  2n

Solution : Using A.M.  G.M.
1 + a1  2 a1
1 + a2  2 a2

1 + an  2 a n  (1 + a1)(1 + a2)........(1 + an)  2n(a1a2a3.....an)1/2
As a1a2a3.....an = 1 Hence (1 + a1)(1 + a2)..........(1 + an)  2n.
1 1
Illustration 14 : If a, b, x, y are positive natural numbers such that  = 1 then prove that
x y
a x by
  ab.
x y
Solution : Consider the positive numbers ax, ax,.......y times and by, by,......x times
For all these numbers,

AM =
a x  a x  ....y time  b y  b y  .....x times ya x  xa y
=
xy  x  y
1

=  a xy  .  b xy   x  y  =  ab   x  y 
xy
x x y y 1/(x+y)
GM = {(a , a .......y times)(b . b .....x times)}
1 1 xy
As + = 1, = 1, i.e,x+y = xy
x y xy
ya x  xa y xy
So using AM  GM ,   ab  x  y
xy
ya x  xa y ax ay
   ab or   ab.
xy x y
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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
Do yourself - 5 :
a n  bn
(i) If n 1 is the G.M. between a & b then find the value of 'n'.
a  b n 1
1 1 1 1
(ii) If b is the harmonic mean between a and c, then prove that + = + .
ba bc a c
8. ARITHMETICO - GEOMETRIC SERIES :
A series, each term of which is formed by multiplying the corresponding term of an A.P. &
G.P. is called the Arithmetico-Geometric Series , e.g. 1+ 3x + 5x2 + 7x3 + .........
Here 1, 3, 5, ........ are in A.P. & 1, x, x2, x3 ............. are in G.P.
(a) SUM OF N TERMS OF AN ARITHMETICO-GEOMETRIC SERIES :
Let Sn = a + (a + d)r + (a + 2d) r2 + ..........+ [a + (n –1)d] rn–1
a dr 1  r n 1  a   n  1 d  r n
then Sn = + – ,r1
1 r 1  r  1 r
2

(b) SUM TO INFINITY :

a dr
If 0 < |r| < 1 & n  , then lim rn = 0, S∞ = +
n  1 r 1  r 
2

Illustration 15 : Find the sum of series 4 – 9x + 16x2 – 25x3 + 36x4 – 49x5 + ......... .
Solution : Let S = 4 – 9x + 16x2 – 25x3 + 36x4 – 49x5 + ......... 
– Sx = – 4x + 9x2 – 16x3 + 25x4 – 36x5 + .......... 
On subtraction, we get
S(1 + x) = 4 – 5x + 7x2 – 9x3 + 11x4 – 13x5 +........ 
–S(1 + x)x = –4x + 5x2 – 7x3 + 9x4 – 11x5 +........ 
On subtraction, we get
S(1 + x)2 = 4 – x +2x2 – 2x3 + 2x4 – 2x5 +........ 
2x 2 4  3x  x 2
= 4 – x + 2x2 (1 – x + x2 –..........) = 4 – x + =
1 x 1 x
4  3x  x 2
S= Ans.
1  x 
3

2n  1   2n  1   2n  1 
2 3

Illustration 16 : Find the sum of series upto n terms   + 3  + 5  +.......

 2n  1   2n  1   2n  1 
Solution : For x  1, let
S = x + 3x2 + 5x3 + ....... + (2n – 3)xn –1 + (2n – 1)xn ....... (i)
   xS = x2 + 3x3 + ....... + (2n – 5)xn –1 + (2n – 3)xn + (2n – 1)xn+1 ....... (ii)
Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get

(1 – x)S = x +2x2 + 2x3 + ......... + 2xn – 1 + 2xn – (2n – 1)xn+1 = x +

 
2x 2 1  x n 1
– (2n – 1)xn+1
1 x
x
= [1 – x + 2x – 2xn – (2n – 1)xn + (2n – 1)xn+1]
1 x

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
x
  S= [(2n – 1)xn+1 – (2n + 1)xn + 1 + x]
1  x 
2

2n  1   2n  1   2n  1 
2 n

Thus   + 3  + .............+ (2n – 1)  

 2n  1   2n  1   2n  1 
 2n  1  2n  1  (2 n  1)  2n  1   2n  1  2n  1   1  2n 1 
2 n 1 n

=         
 2n  1  2    2n  1   2n 1  2n 1 
4n 2  1 4n
= . = n(2n + 1) Ans.
4 2n  1
Do yourself - 6 :
1 1
(i) Find sum to n terms of the series 3 + 5 × + 7 × 2 + ...........
4 4
44
(ii) If the sum to the infinity of the series 3 + 5r + 7r2 + ........is , then find the value of r.
9
1 1 44
(iii) If the sum to infinity of the series 3 + (3 + d). + (3 + 2d). 2 +......is then find d.
4 4 9
9. SIGMA NOTATIONS ()
THEOREMS :
n n n n n n
(a)   a r  b r  =  a r ±  br (b)  ka r = k  a r (c)  k = nk ; where k is a constant.
r 1 r 1 r 1 r 1 r 1 r 1

10. RESULTS
n
n  n  1
(a) r 
r 1 2
(sum of the first n natural numbers)
n n  n  1 2n  1
(b) 
r 1
r2 =
6
(sum of the squares of the first n natural numbers)

n 2  n  1
2 2
n 
  r  (sum of the cubes of the first n natural numbers)
n
(c) 
r 1
r 3
=
4
=
 r 1 
n
n
(d) 
r 1
r4 
30
(n + 1)(2n + 1)(3n2 + 3n – 1)
n
(e)   2r  1 = n2(sum of first n odd natural numbers)
r 1
n
(f)  2r
r 1
= n(n + 1) (sum of first n even natural numbers)

Note :
If nth term of a sequence is given by Tn = an3 + bn2 + cn + d where a, b, c, d are constants, then
sum of n terms Sn = Tn = an3 + bn2 + cn + d
This can be evaluated using the above results.

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
1 1 2 1 2 3
3 3 3 3 3 3
Illustration 17 : Sum up to 16 terms of the series   + ........is
1 1 3 1 3  5
(A) 450 (B) 456 (C) 446 (D) none of these
 n  n  1 
2
n 2  n  1
2
 
13  23  33  .....  n 3  n  1
2
 2  4 n2 n 1
Solution : tn = = = = = + +
1  3  5  ...   2n  1 n 2  2 n  1
  
2
n 4 4 2 4
2
1 1 1 1 n  n  1 2n  1 1 n  n  1 1
 Sn = tn = n n      n
4 2 4 4 6 2 2 4
16.17.33 16.17 16
 S16 = + + = 446 Ans.(C)
24 4 4
11. METHOD OF DIFFERENCE :
Some times the nth term of a sequence or a series can not be determined by the method, we have
discussed earlier. So we compute the difference between the successive terms of given
sequence for obtained the nth terms.
If T1, T2, T3,........,Tn are the terms of a sequence then some times the terms T2 – T1, T3 –T2,.......
constitute an AP/GP. nth term of the series is determined & the sum to n terms of the sequence
can easily be obtained.
Case 1 : (a) If difference series are in A.P., then
Let Tn = an2 + bn + c, where a, b, c are constant
(b) If difference of difference series are in A.P.
Let Tn = an3 + bn2 + cn + d, where a, b, c, d are constant
Case 2 : (a) If difference are in G.P., then
Let Tn = arn + b, where r is common ratio & a, b are constant
(b) If difference of difference are in G.P., then
Let Tn = arn + bn + c, where r is common ratio & a, b, c are constant
Determine constant by putting n = 1, 2, 3 ....... n and putting the value of T1, T2, T3 ...... and sum
of series (Sn) =Tn
Do yourself - 7 :
1 2 1 2  3 1 2  3  4
(i) Find the sum of the series upto n terms 1 + + + + ...........
2 3 4
(ii) Find the sum of 'n' terms of the series whose nth term is tn = 3n2 + 2n.
Miscellaneous Illustration :
n
1
T
n
n
Illustration 18 : If  Tr =
r 1 8
(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3), then find
r 1
.
r

Solution :  Tn = Sn – Sn – 1
n n 1 n  n  1 n  2  n  3  n  1 n  n  1 n  2  n  n  1 n  2 
=  Tr   Tr = – = [(n + 3) – (n – 1)]
r 1 r 1 8 8 8

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
n  n  1 n  2  n  n  1 n  2 
Tn =  4 =
8 2
  
1
=
2
=
 n  2  n = 1 – 1
.......(i)
Tn n  n  1 n  2  n  n  1 n  2  n  n  1  n  1 n  2 
1
Let Vn =
n  n  1
1
 = Vn – Vn+1
Tn
Putting n = 1, 2, 3, .... n
n 2  3n
n
1
(V1 – Vn+1 )  
1 1 1 1
       =
T1 T2 T3 Tn r 1 Tr 2  n  1 n  2 

Illustration 19 : Find the sum of n terms of the series 1 . 3 . 5 + 3 . 5 . 7 + 5 . 7 . 9 + .......

Solution : The nth term is (2n – 1)(2n + 1)(2n + 3)
Tn = (2n – 1) (2n + 1) (2n + 3 )
1
Tn = (2n–1) (2n + 1) (2n + 3) {(2n + 5) – (2n – 3)}
8
1
= (Vn – Vn–1) [Let Vn = (2n – 1) (2n + 1) (2n + 3) (2n + 5)]
8
1
Sn = Tn= [Vn – V0 ]
8
   Sn =
 2n 1 2n  1 2n  3 2n  5  + 15 = n (2n3 + 8n2 + 7n – 2) Ans.
8 8

Illustration 20 : Find the sum of n terms of the series 3 + 7 + 14 + 24 + 37 + ..........

Solution : Clearly here the differences between the successive terms are
7 – 3, 14 – 7, 24 – 14, ........ i.e. 4, 7, 10, 13,........., which are in A.P.
Let S = 3 + 7 + 14 + 24 + ........ + Tn
S = 3 + 7 + 14 + ....... + Tn – 1 + Tn
Subtracting, we get
0 = 3 + [4 + 7 + 10 + 13 +........ (n –1) terms] – Tn
   Tn = 3 + Sn – 1 of an A.P. whose a = 4 and d = 3.
n 1  6   n  1 3n  2 
 Tn = 3 + 
1
   (2.4 (n – 2)3) = or, Tn = (3n2 – n + 4)
 2  4 2
Now putting n = 1, 2, 3,........, n and adding
1
  Sn = [3n2– n + 4n ]
2
1  n  n  1 2n  1 n(n  1)  n
= 3   4n  = (n2 + n + 4) Ans.
2  6 2  2
Aliter Method :
Let Tn = an2 + bn + c

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
Now, T1 = 3 = a + b + c .....(i)
T2 = 7 = 4a + 2b + c .....(ii)
T3 = 14 = 8a + 3 b + c .....(iii)
Solving (i), (ii) & (iii) we get
3 1
a = , b = – & c= 2
2 2
1
   Tn = (3n2 – n + 4)
2
1 1  n  n  1 2n  1 n  n  1  n
 sn = Tn = [3n2 – n + 4n] = 3   4n  = (n2 + n + 4)
2 2  6 2  2
Ans.
Illustration 21 : Find the sum of n-terms of the series 1 + 4 + 10 + 22 + .....
Solution : Let S = 1 + 4 + 10 + 22 +.......+ Tn ........ (i)
S= 1 + 4 + 10 + ....... + Tn – 1 + Tn ........ (ii)
(i) – (ii)  Tn = 1 + (3 + 6 + 12 + ........ + Tn – Tn – 1)
 2n 1  1 
Tn = 1 + 3  
 2 1 
Tn = 3 . 2n – 1– 2
So Sn = Tn = 32n–1 – 2
 2n  1  n
=3   –2n = 3.2 – 2n – 3 Ans.
 2  1 
Aliter Method :
Let Tn = arn + b, where r = 2
Now T1 = 1 = ar + b ....(i)
2
T2 = 4 = ar + b ....(ii)
Solving (i) & (ii), we get
3
a = ,b=–2
2
   Tn = 3.2n–1 – 2
   Sn = Tn = 32n–1 – 2
 2n  1  n
=3   –2n = 3.2 – 2n – 3 Ans.
 2  1 
Illustration 22 : The series of natural numbers is divided into groups (1), (2, 3, 4), (5, 6, 7, 8, 9) .......
and so on. Show that the sum of the numbers in nth group is n3 + (n – 1)3
Solution : The groups are (1), (2, 3, 4), (5, 6, 7, 8, 9) .......
The number of terms in the groups are 1, 3, 5......
   The number of terms in the nth group = (2n – 1)
the last term of the nth group is n2
If we count from last term common difference should be –1
2n  1 
So the sum of numbers in the nth group =  2
 {2n + (2n – 2)(– 1)}
 2 
= (2n – 1)(n2 – n + 1) = 2n3 – 3n2 + 3n – 1 = n3 + (n – 1)3

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
n
Illustration 23 : Find the natural number 'a' for which  f (a  k) = 16(2n – 1), where the function f
k 1
satisfied f (x + y) = ƒ(x). ƒ(y) for all natural number x, y and further f(1) = 2.
Solution : It is given that
f (x + y) = f (x) f (y) and f (1) = 2
f (1+1) =f (1) f (1)  f (2) = 22, f (1+2) = f (1) f (2)
 f (3) = 23, f (2 + 2) = f (2) f (2)
 f(4) = 24
Similarly f (k) = 2k and f (a) = 2a
n n n n
Hence ,  f (a  k) =  f (a) f(k) = f (a)  f(k) = 2  2 a k
= 2a{21 + 22 +.........+ 2n}
k 1 k 1 k 1 k 1

 2  2  1 
 n

= 2a  a+1 n
 = 2 (2 –1)
 2  1 
 
n
But  f (a + k) = 16 (2n – 1)
k 1
2a+1 (2n–1) = 16 (2n–1)
   2a+1= 24
 a+1 = 4  a=3 Ans.

ANSWERS FOR DO YOURSELF

2 4 8 16 2 4 2 4
1: (i) (a) , , , ,........, (b) , , , ,......... (iii) –(p + q)
1 2 3 4 3 9 27 81
2: (i) 900 (ii) 14

3: (i) 931 (ii) 45 (iv) 4, 12, 36 (v) C

4: (i) 2 (ii) 15

1
5: (i)
2
8 1   2n  1  1
6: (i) 4 +  1  n 1  –  n 1 
(ii) (iii) 2
9 4   3 4  4
n(n  3) n(n  1)(2 n  3)
7: (i) (ii)
4 2

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
EXERCISE # 1
1. If a1, a2, a3,...., an,..... are in A.P. such that a4 – a7 + a10 = m, then the sum of first 13 terms of this
A.P., is : [JEE-MAINS Online 2013]
(A) 15 m (B) 10 m (C) 12 m (D) 13 m

a1  a 2  .....  a p p3 a
2. Let a1, a2, a3, ... be an A.P. such that = ; p  q. Then 6 is equal to :
a1  a 2  a 3  .....  a q q 3
a 21
[JEE-MAINS Online 2013]
121 11 121 41
(A) (B) (C) (D)
1861 41 1681 11
3. Given sum of the first n terms of an A. P. is 2n + 3n2. Another A. P. is formed with the same
first term and double of the common difference, the sum of n terms of the new A. P. is :-
[JEE-MAINS Online 2013]
2 2 2
(A) n + 4n (B) n + 4n (C) 3n + 2n (D) 6n2– n
4. If a, b, c are in AP, then (a – c)2equals
(A) 4 (b2 – ac) (B) 4 (b2 + ac) (C) 4b2 – ac (D) b2 – 4ac
5. If the sum of n terms of an AP is Pn + Qn2, where P, Q are constants, then its common
difference is
(A) 2Q (B) P + Q (C) 2P (D) P – Q
6. Given a sequence of 4 numbers, first three of which are in G.P. and the last three are in A.P.
with common difference six. If first and last terms of this sequence are equal, then the last term
is : [JEE-MAINS Online 2013]
(A) 8 (B) 16 (C) 2 (D) 4
7. The first term of an infinite G.P. is 1 and every term is equal to the sum of the successive terms,
then its fourth term will be-
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 8 4 16
1 1
8. If G be the GM between x and y, then the value of + 2 is equal to
G x
2 2
G  y2
2 
(A) G2 (B) (C) (D) 3G2
G2 G2
9. 2 + 4 + 7 + 11 + 16 + ........... to n terms =
1 n 2 1 2 n 2
(A) (n2+ 3n + 8) (B) (n + 3n + 8) (C) (n – 3n + 8) (D) (n – 3n + 8)
6 6 6 6
ab
10. If a, b, c are in HP, then is equal to
bc
a b a c
(A) (B) (C) (D)
b a c b

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
a b c
11. If a, b and c are positive real numbers then   is greater than or equal to
b c a
(A) 3 (B) 6 (C) 27 (D) 5

12. If a1, a2, a3.... an R+ and a1. a2.a3....an= 1, then minimum value of (1+ a1+ a12 )
(1 + a2+ a 22 ) (1 + a3+ a 32 ) .... (1 + an+ a 2n ) is equal to :-
(A) 3n+1 (B) 3n (C) 3n–1 (D) none of these

13. The value of 12 + 32 + 52 + ...........+ 252 is : [JEE-MAINS Online 2013]

(A) 1728 (B) 1456 (C) 2925 (D) 1469

1 1
14. The sum of the series : 1+ + +.... up to 10 terms, is: [JEE-MAINS Online 2013]
1 2 1 2  3
22 18 20 16
(A) (B) (C) (D)
13 11 11 9

  

 xn , b =  yn , c =   xy 
n
15. If a = where |x|, |y| < 1; then-
n 0 n 0 n 0
(A) abc = a + b + c (B) ab + bc = ac + b (C) ac + bc = ab + c (D) ab + ac = bc + a

a a b b c c
16. If r > 1 and x = a + + 2 + ...... to  , y = b – + 2 –... to  and z = c + 2  4 +.....to ,
r r r r r r
xy
then =
z
ab ac bc
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
c b a

 1 2 3
17. If a, b, c are positive real numbers such that ab2c3= 64 then minimum value of     is
 a b c
equal to:-
(A) 6 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) None of these
18. In a GP, first term is 1. If 4T2+ 5T3 is minimum, then its common ratio is
 2 3 3
(A) (B)  (C) (D) 
5 5 5 5
3 5 7
19. The sum + 2 + 2 +...... upto 11-terms is :- [JEE-MAINS Online 2013]
12
1 2 2
1  22  32
11 60 7 11
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 11 2 2
20. The sum of the series : (2)2+ 2(4)2+ 3(6)2+... upto 10 terms is : [JEE-MAINS Online 2013]
(A) 11300 (B) 12100 (C) 12300 (D) 11200

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
EXERCISE # 2
1. (i) The sum of n terms of two arithmetic series are in the ratio of (7n + 1) : (4n + 27). Find
the ratio of their nth term.

(ii) In an AP of which 'a' is the Ist term, if the sum of the Ist p terms is equal to zero, show
 aq  p  q  
that the sum of the next q terms is –  
 p 1 

2. The interior angles of a convex polygon form an arithmetic progression with a common
difference of 4°. Determine the number of sides of the polygon if its largest interior angle is
172°.

3. There are n AM's between 1 & 31 such that 7th mean : (n – 1)th mean = 5 : 9, then find the
value of n.
359
4. Find the value of the sum  k.cos k .
k 0

5. The first term of an arithmetic progression is 1 and the sum of the first nine terms equal to 369.
The first and the ninth term of a geometric progression coincide with the first and the ninth
term of the arithmetic progression. Find the seventh term of the geometric progression.

6. The sequence a1, a2, a3, ....... a98 satisfies the relation an+1 = an + 1 for n = 1, 2, 3, .........97 and
49
has the sum equal to 4949. Evaluate a
k 1
2k
.


1
7. For an increasing G.P. a1,a2,a3........., an, if a6 = 4a4, a9 – a7 = 192, then the value of a
i 1
is
i

8. In a set of four numbers, the first three are in GP & the last three are in A.P. with common
difference 6. If the first number is the same as the fourth, find the four numbers.

9. Find three numbers a, b, c between 2 & 18 such that ;

(i) their sum is 25
(ii) the numbers 2,a,b are consecutive terms of an AP &
(iii) the numbers b,c,18 are consecutive terms of a G.P.

10. If the 10th term of an HP is 21 and 21stterm of the same HP is 10, then find the 210th term.

11. The pth term Tp of H.P. is q(p + q) and qth term Tq is p(p + q) when p > 2, q > 2. Prove that
(a) Tp+q = pq; (b) Tpq = p + q; (c) Tp+q > Tpq

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
12. (a) The harmonic mean of two numbers is 4. The arithmetic mean A & the geometric mean
G satisfy the relation 2A + G2 = 27. Find the two numbers.
(b) The AM of two numbers exceeds their GM by 15 & HM by 27. Find the numbers.

13. If A1, A2, A3,........A51 are arithmetic means inserted between the numbers a and b, then find the
 b  A51   A1  a 
value of  – .
 b  A51   A1  a 

14. If a > 0, then minimum value of a + 2a2 + a3 + 15 + a–1 + a–3 + a–4 is

1/10
 a 2 b 4 c3d 
15. If a, b, c, d > 0 such that a + 2b + 3c + 4d = 50, then find the maximum value of   .
 16 
16. If number of coins earned in nth game is n2n+2 – 2n and total number of coins earned in first 10
games is 10(B.210 + 1), where B N, then the value of B is

17. Find the nth term and the sum to n terms of the sequence :
(i) 1 + 5 + 13 + 29 + 61 +...... (ii) 6 + 13 + 22 + 33 +........

18. Sum the following series to n terms and to infinity :

n
1 1 1
(i) + + + ....... (ii)  r(r + 1)(r + 2)(r + 3)
1.4.7 4.7.10 7.10.13 r 1
n
1
(iii)  4r
r 1
2
1

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
EXERCISE # 3 (JM)
a1  a 2  ....  a p p2 a
1. Let a1, a2, a3,....... be terms of an A.P. If = , p  q then 6 equals-
a1  a 2  .....  a q q 2
a 21
2 11 41 7
(1) (2) (3) (4) [AIEEE-2006]
7 41 11 2

2. If a1, a2,....., an are in H.P., then the expression a1a2 + a2a3 + .......+ an–1an is equal to-
[AIEEE-2006]
(1) na1an (2) (n – 1)a1an (3) n(a1– an) (4) (n – 1)(a1– an)

3. In a geometric progression consisting of positive terms, each term equals the sum of the next
two terms. Then the common ratio of this progression equals- [AIEEE-2007]
(1)
1
2
5 (2) 5 (3)
1
2
5 1  1
(4) 1  5
2
  
4. The first two terms of a geometric progression add up to 12. The sum of the third and the fourth
terms is 48. If the terms of the geometric progression are alternately positive and negative, then
the first term is [AIEEE 2008]
(1) – 4 (2) –12 (3) 12 (4) 4

2 6 10 14
5. The sum to infinity of the series 1 +    +...... is :- [AIEEE-2009]
3 32 33 34
(1) 4 (2) 6 (3) 2 (4) 3

6. A person is to count 4500 currency notes. Let an denote the number of notes he counts in the nth
minute. If a1 = a2 = ... = a10 = 150 and a10, a11, .... are in an AP with common difference –2, then
the time taken by him to count all notes is :- [AIEEE-2010]
(1) 24 minutes (2) 34 minutes (3) 125 minutes (4) 135 minutes

7. A man saves Rs. 200 in each of the first three months of his service. In each of the subsequent
months his saving increases by Rs. 40 more than the saving of immediately previous month.
His total saving from the start of service will be Rs. 11040 after :- [AIEEE-2011]
(1) 20 months (2) 21 months (3) 18 months (4) 19 months

100 100
8. Let an be the nth term of an A.P. If a
r 1
2r
=  and a
r 1
2r 1
= , then the common difference of

the A.P. is : [AIEEE-2011]

   
(1) (2)  –  (3) (4) – 
200 100

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
9. Statement–1 : The sum of the series
1 + (1 + 2 + 4) + (4 + 6 + 9) + (9 + 12 + 16) + ....... + (361 + 380 + 400) is 8000.
Statement–2 :   k 3  (k  1)3  = n3, for any natural number n.
n
[AIEEE-2012]
k 1

(1) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is false.

(2) Statement–1 is false, Statement–2 is true.
(3) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true ; Statement–2 is a correct explanation for
Statement–1.
(4) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true ; Statement–2 is not a correct explanation for
Statement–1.

10. If 100 times the 100th term of an A.P. with non-zero common difference equals the 50 times its
50th term, then the 150th term of this A.P. is : [AIEEE-2012]
(1) zero (2) –150
th
(3) 150 times its 50 term (4) 150

11. The sum of first 20 terms of the sequence 0.7, 0.77, 0.777, ......, is : [JEE(Main)-2013]
7 7
(1) (179 – 10–20) (2) (99 – 10–20 )
81 9
7 7
(3) (179 + 10–20) (4) (99 – 10–20)
81 9

1 1
12. Let and be the roots of equation px2 + qx + r = 0 , p 0. If p, q, r are in A.P. and  = 4,
 
then the value of | – | is: [JEE(Main)-2014]
61 2 17 34 2 13
(1) (2) (3) (4)
9 9 9 9

13. Three positive numbers form an increasing G.P. If the middle term in this G.P. is doubled, the
new numbers are in A.P. Then the common ratio of the G.P. is : [JEE(Main)-2014]
(1) 2 + 3 (2) 3 + 2 (3) 2 – 3 (4) 2 + 3

14. If (10)9 + 2(11)1(10)8 + 3(11)2(10)7 + ......+ 10 (11)9 = k (10)9, then k is equal to :

[JEE(Main)-2014]
121 441
(1) (2) (3) 100 (4) 110
10 100
15. If m is the A.M. of two distinct real numbers and n(, n > 1) and G1, G2 and G3 are three
geometric means between and n, then G14 + 2 G 42 + G 34 equals- [JEE(Main)-2015]
(1) 4 mn2 (2) 4 2m2n2 (3) 4 2mn (4) 4 m2n

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
16. If the 2nd, 5th and 9th terms of a non-constant A.P. are in G.P., then the common ratio of this
G.P. is:- [JEE(Main)-2016]
7 8 4
(1) (2) (3) (4) 1
4 5 3

2 2 2 2

If the sum of the first ten terms of the series 1  +  2  +  3  + 42 +  4  +....., is
3 2 1 4
17.
 5  5  5  5
16
m, then m is equal to :- [JEE(Main)-2016]
5
(1) 99 (2) 102 (3) 101 (4) 100

18. If, for a positive integer n, the quadratic equation, [JEE (Main)2017]
x (x + 1) + (x + 1) (x + 2) + ....... + (x + n –1 ) (x + n) = 10 n
has two consecutive integral solutions, then n is equal to :
(1) 11 (2) 12 (3) 9 (4) 10

19. For any three positive real numbers a, b and c, 9(25a2 + b2) + 25(c2 – 3ac) = 15b(3a + c). Then :
(1) a, b and c are in G.P. (2) b, c and a are in G.P. [JEE (Main)2017]
(3) b, c and a are in A.P. (4) a, b and c are in A.P.

20. Let a, b, c  R. If f(x) = ax2 + bx + c is such that a + b + c = 3 and f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) + xy,  x,
10
y R, then  f (n)
n 1
is equal to : [JEE (Main)2017]

(1) 255 (2) 330 (3) 165 (4) 190

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
EXERCISE # 4 (JA)
2 3 n

For n = 1, 2, 3, ........, let An =   –   +   + ....... + (–1)n–1   and Bn = 1 – An. Find

3 3 3 3
1.
4 4 4 4
the smallest natural number n0such that Bn > An for all n  n0. [JEE 2006, 6]

Comprehension (3 questions)
Let Vr denote the sum of the first 'r' terms of an arithmetic progression (A.P.) whose first term is
'r' and the common difference is (2r – 1). Let Tr = Vr+1 – Vr – 2 and Qr = Tr+1 – Tr for r = 1, 2, .....

2. The sum V1 + V2 + ...... + Vn is

1 1
(A) n(n + 1)(3n2– n + 1) (B) n(n + 1)(3n2 + n + 2)
12 12
1 1
(C) n(2n2 – n + 1) (D) (2n3 – 2n + 3) [JEE 2007, 4]
2 3

3. Tr is always
(A) an odd number (B) an even number
(C) a prime number (D) a composite number [JEE 2007, 4]

4. Which one of the following is a correct statement?

(A) Q1, Q2, Q3, ....... are in A.P. with common difference 5.
(B) Q1, Q2, Q3, ....... are in A.P. with common difference 6.
(C) Q1, Q2, Q3, ....... are in A.P. with common difference 11.
(D) Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = ....... [JEE 2007, 4]

Comprehension (3 questions)
Let A1, G1, H1 denote the arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means, respectively, of two
distinct positive numbers. For n  2, let An–1 and H n–1 have arithmetic, geometric and harmonic
means as An, Gn, Hn respectively.

5. Which one of the following statements is correct?

(A) G1 > G2 > G3 > ......
(B) G1 < G2 < G3 < ......
(C) G1 = G2 = G3 = ......
(D) G1 < G3 < G5 < ...... and G2 > G4 > G6 > ...... [JEE 2007, 4]

6. Which one of the following statements is correct?

(A) A1 > A2 > A3 > ......
(B) A1 < A2 < A3 < ......
(C) A1 > A3 > A5 > ...... and A2 < A4 < A6 < ......
(D) A1 < A3 < A5 < ...... and A2 > A4 > A6 > ...... [JEE 2007, 4]

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
7. Which one of the following statements is correct?
(A) H1 > H2 > H3 > ......
(B) H1 < H2 < H3 < ......
(C) H1 > H2 > H5 > ...... and H2 < H4 < H6 < ......
(D) H1 < H2 < H5 < ...... and H2 > H4 > H6 > ...... [JEE 2007, 4]

8. A straight line through the vertex P of a triangle PQR intersects the side QR at the point S and the
circumcircle of the triangle PQR at the point T. If S is not the centre of the circumcircle, then
1 1 2 1 1 2
(A)  < (B)  >
PS ST QS  SR PS ST QS  SR
1 1 4 1 1 4
(C)  < (D)  > [JEE 2008, 4]
PS ST QR PS ST QR

Assertion & Reason :

9. Suppose four distinct positive numbers a1, a2, a3, a4 are in G.P.
Let b1 = a1, b2 = b1 + a2, b3 = b2 + a3 and b4 = b3 + a4.
Statement-1 : The numbers b1, b2, b3, b4 are neither in A.P. nor in G.P.
Statement-2 : The numbers b1, b2, b3, b4 are in H.P.
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; statement-2 is a correct explanation for statement-1
(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for
statement-1
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True [JEE 2008, 3 (–1)]

10. If the sum of first n terms of an A.P. is cn2, then the sum of squares of these n terms is
n(4 n 2  1) c2 n(4 n 2  1) c2 n(4 n 2  1) c2 n(4 n 2  1) c2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 3 3 6
[JEE 2009, 3 (–1)]
11. Let a1, a2, a3..........a11 be real numbers satisfying a1 = 15, 27 – 2a2 > 0 and ak = 2ak–1 – ak–2
a12  a 22  ......  a11
2
a  a  ......  a11
for k = 3,4.........11. If = 90, then the value of 1 2 is equal to
11 11
[JEE 2010,3+3]
12. The minimum value of the sum of real numbers a–5, a–4, 3a–3, 1, a8 and a10 with a > 0 is
[JEE 2011, 4]
p
13. Let a1, a2, a3,........., a100 be an arithmetic progression with a1 = 3 and Sp = a
i 1
i
,1 p 100.

Sm
For any integer n with 1  n  20, let m = 5n. If does not depend on n, then a2 is
Sn
[JEE 2011, 4]

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
14. Let a1, a2, a3, ..... be in harmonic progression with a1 = 5 and a20 = 25. The least positive integer
n for which an< 0 is [JEE 2012, 3 (–1)]
(A) 22 (B) 23 (C) 24 (D) 25

k(k 1)
4n

 (1)
2
15. Let Sn = k 2 . Then Sn can take value(s) [JEE-Advanced 2013, 4, (–1)]
k 1

(A) 1056 (B) 1088 (C) 1120 (D) 1332

16. A pack contains n cards numbered from 1 to n. Two consecutive numbered cards are removed
from the pack and the sum of the numbers on the remaining cards is 1224. If the smaller to the
number son the removed cards is k, then k – 20 = [JEE-Advanced 2013, 4, (–1)]

b
17. Let a, b, c be positive integers such that is an integer. If a, b, c are in geometric progression
a
a 2  a  14
and the arithmetic mean of a, b, c is b + 2, then the value of is
a 1
[JEE(Advanced)-2014, 3]

18. Suppose that all the terms of an arithmetic progression (A.P.) are natural numbers. If the ratio
of the sum of the first seven terms to the sum of the first eleven terms is 6 : 11 and the seventh
term lies in between 130 and 140, then the common difference of this A.P. is
[JEE 2015, 4M, –0M]

19. Let b1 > 1 for i = 1, 2,....101. Suppose logeb1, logeb2,.....logeb101 are in Arithmetic progression
(A.P.) with the common difference loge2. Suppose a1, a2,...., a101 are in A.P. such that a1 = b1
and a51 = b51. If t = b1 + b2+.....+ b51 and S = a1 + a2 +....+ a51 then [IIT-JEE 2016, Paper-2]
(A) s > t and a101 > b101 (B) s > t and a101 < b101
(C) s < t and a101 > b101 (D) s < t and a101 < b101

20. The sides of a right angled triangle are in arithmetic progression. If the triangle has area 24,
then what is the length of its smallest side ? [JEE 2017, 3M, -0M]

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
EXERCISE # 5
  
1. If x = a
n 0
n
,y= b
n 0
n
,z= c
n 0
n
where a, b, c are in A.P. and |a| < 1, |b| < 1, |c| < 1, then x, y,

z are in- [AIEEE 2005]

(1) HP (2) Arithmetic - Geometric Progression
(3) AP (4) GP
ba bc
2. If a, b, c are distinct positive real in H.P., then the value of the expression, + is
ba bc
equal to
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
3. Along a road lies an odd number of stones placed at intervals of 10 m. These stones have to be
assembled around the middle stone. A person can carry only one stone at a time. A man carried
out the job starting with the stone in the middle, carrying stones in succession, thereby covering
a distance of 4.8 km. Then the number of stones is
(A) 15 (B) 29 (C) 31 (D) 35

4. If S = 12 + 32 + 52 + ....... + (99)2 then the value of the sum 22 + 42 + 62 + ....... + (100)2 is

(A) S + 2550 (B) 2S (C) 4S (D) S + 5050

5. In an A.P. with first term 'a' and the common difference d (a, d 0), the ratio '' of the sum of
a
the first n terms to sum of n terms succeeding them does not depend on n. Then the ratio and
d
the ratio '', respectively are
1 1 1 1 1 1
(A) , (B) 2, (C) , (D) ,2
2 4 3 2 3 2
6. The arithmetic mean of the nine numbers in the given set {9, 99, 999, .......999999999} is a 9
digit number N, all whose digits are distinct. The number N does not contain the digit
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 5 (D) 9

7. If for an A.P. a1, a2, a3,.... , an,....

a1+ a3 + a5 = – 12 and
a1a2a3 = 8 then the value of a2 + a4 + a6 equals
(A) – 12 (B) – 16 (C) – 18 (D) – 21

8. An H.M. is inserted between the number 1/3 and an unknown number. If we diminish the
reciprocal of the inserted number by 6, it is the G.M. of the reciprocal of 1/3 and that of the
unknown number. If all the terms of the respective H.P. are distinct then
(A) the unknown number is 27 (B) the unknown number is 1/27
(C) the H.M. is 15 (D) the G.M. is 21

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
–x
9. If x R, the numbers (5 + 5 ), a/2, (25 + 25 ) form an A.P. then 'a' must lie in the interval
1+x 1–x x

(A) [1, 5] (B) [2, 5] (C) [5, 12] (D) [12, )

10. If the sum of the first 11 terms of an arithmetic progression equals that of the first 19 terms,
then the sum of its first 30 terms, is
(A) equal to 0 (B) equal to – 1
(C) equal to 1 (D) non unique

11. Let s1, s2, s3....... and t1, t1, t3....... are two arithmetic sequences such that s1 = t1 0; s2 = 2t2 and
10 15
s s
i 1
s i
= 
i 1
t i . Then the value of 2 1 is
t 2  t1
(A) 8/3 (B) 3/2 (C) 19/8 (D) 2

1  3  5  ....upto n terms 20
12. If =
4  7  10  ......upto n terms 7 log10 x
1 1 1
and n = log10 x + log10 x 2 + log10 x 4 + log10 x 8 + ....... + , then x is equal to
(A) 103 (B) 105 (C) 106 (D) 107

13. Let an, n N is an A.P. with common difference 'd' and all whose terms are non-zero. If n
1 1 1
approaches infinity, then the sum + + .......+ will approach
a1a 2 a 2a 3 a n a n 1
1 2 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) a1d
a1d a1d 2a1d

14. The sum of the first three terms of an increasing G.P. is 21 and the sum of their squares is 189.
Then the sum of its first n terms is

(B) 12 1  n  (C) 6 1  n 

1 1
(A) 3(2n – 1) (D) 6(2n – 1)
 2   2 

15. If a 1 andn a2+ (n a2)2+ (n a2)3 + ....... = 3(n a + (n a)2 + (n a)3 + (n a)4 + .....). then 'a'
is equal to
(A) e1/5 (B) e (C) 3
e (D) 4
e

16. If abcd = 1 where a, b, c, d are positive reals then the minimum value of
a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 + ab + ac + ad + bc + bd + cd is
(A) 6 (B) 10 (C) 12 (D) 20

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
n

k
k 1
2

17. For which positive integers n is the ratio, n

an integer?
k
k 1

(A) odd n only

(B) even n only
(C) n = 1 + 6k only, where k 0 and k I
(D) n = 1 + 3k, integer k  0

1 1 1
18. Statement-1: If 27 abc (a + b + c)3and 3a + 4b + 5c = 12 then   = 10 ; where
a 2 b 3 c5
a, b, c are positive real numbers.
Statement-2: For positive real numbers A.M. G.M.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for
statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.

19. Let a1, a2, a3....... and b1, b2, b3...... be arithmetic progressions such that a1 = 25,
b1 = 75 and a100 + b100 = 100. Then
(A) the difference between successive terms in progression 'a' is opposite of the difference in
progression 'b'.
(B) an+ bn= 100 for any n.
(C) (a1 + b1), (a2 + b2), (a3 + b3), ....... are in A.P.
100
(D)  a
r 1
r  b r  = 1000

y
20. If sin(x – y), sin x and sin (x + y) are in H.P., then sin x.sec =
2
(A) 2 (B) 2 (C) – 2 (D) – 2

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
EXERCISE # 6
1. If the first 3 consecutive terms of a geometrical progression are the real roots of the equation
2x3 – 19x2 + 57x – 54 = 0 find the sum to infinite number of terms of G.P.
1.3 3.5 5.7 7.9
2. Find the sum of the infinite series    + .......
2 22 23 24
99
5100
3. Let S =  . Find [S]. Where [y] denotes largest integer less than or equal to y.
 25  5100
n
n 1

4. If 32sin2x–1, 14, 34–2sin2x form first three terms of an A.P., then find the sum
1 + sin2x + sin22x +....
5. Given that the cubic ax3 – ax2+ 9bx – b = 0 (a  0) has all three positive roots. Find the
harmonic mean of the roots independent of a and b, hence deduce that the root are all equal.
Find also the minimum value of (a + b) if a and b  N.
  
6. If tan   x  , tan , tan   x  in order are three consecutive terms of a G.P. then sum of
 12  12  12 
all the solutions in [0, 314] is k. Find the value of k.
7. If the roots of 10x3– cx2– 54x – 27 = 0 are in harmonic progression, then find c and all the
roots.
8. In a GP the ratio of the sum of the first eleven terms to the sum of the last eleven terms is 1/8
and the ratio of the sum of all the terms without the first nine to the sum of all the terms without
the last nine is 2. Find the number of terms in the GP.

 
3  2 x2 +
B
x + C = 0 with ,as its roots
 
9. In the quadratic equation A
3 2
8 6 16
If A = (49 + 20 6 )1/4; B = sum of the infinite G.P. as 8 3 + + + ....
3 3
   log6 18  log6 72 ,
k
and | –  | = 6 6 where k = log610 – 2 log6 5 + log6
then find the value of C.
10. If a, b, c, d, e be 5 numbers such that a, b, c are in AP ; b, c, d are in GP & c, d, e are in HP then:
(i) Prove that a, c, e are in GP. (ii) Prove that e = (2b – a)2 /a
(iii) If a = 2 & e = 18, find all possible values of b, c, d.
11. Prove that the average of the numbers n sin n°, n = 2,4,6,........., 180, is cot 1°.
12. If one AM 'a' and two GM's p and q be inserted between any two given numbers then show that
p3 + q3 = 2apq.
1 2 3
13. Find the sum of the n terms of the sequence + + +.........
11 1
2 4
1 2  2
2 4
1  32  34

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE # 1
1. (D) 2. (C) 3. (D) 4. (A) 5. (A)
6. (A) 7. (B) 8. (C) 9. (B) 10. (C)
11. (A) 12. (B) 13. (C) 14. (C) 15. (C)
16. (A) 17. (C) 18. (B) 19. (D) 20. (B)

EXERCISE # 2
1. (i) (14n – 6) /(8n + 23) 2. 12 3. n = 14 4. –180 5. 27
6. 2499 7. 2 8. (8, –4, 2, 8) 9. a = 5, b = 8, c = 12 10. 1
12. (a) 6,3 (b) 120, 30 13. 102 14. 22 15. 5 16. 7
17. (i) 2n+1– 3 ; 2n+2– 4 – 3n (ii) n2+ 4n + 1 ; (1/6) n ( n +1) ( 2n + 13) + n
18. (i) Sn= (1/24) – [ 1/ {6(3n + 1) ( 3n + 4)}] ; S= 1/24
(ii) (1/5) n (n +1) (n + 2) (n + 3) ( n + 4) (iii) n/ (2n +1)

EXERCISE # 3 (JM)
1. (2) 2. (2) 3. (3) 4. (2) 5. (4)
6. (2) 7. (2) 8. (3) 9. (3) 10. (1)
11. (3) 12. (4) 13. (4) 14. (3) 15. (4)
16. (3) 17. (3) 18. (1) 19. (3) 20. (2)

EXERCISE # 4 (JA)
1. n0= 6 2. (B) 3. (D) 4. (B) 5. (C)
6. (A) 7. (B) 8. (B,D) 9. (C) 10. (C)
11. 0 12. 8 13. 9 or 3 14. (D) 15. (A,D)
16. 5 17. 4 18. 9 19. (B) 20. 6

EXERCISE # 5
1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (C) 4. (D) 5. (C)
6. (A) 7. (D) 8. (B) 9. (D) 10. (A)
11. (C) 12. (B) 13. (A) 14. (A) 15. (D)
16. (B) 17. (D) 18. (D) 19. (A,B,C,D) 20. (B,C)

EXERCISE # 6
27
1. 2. 23 3. 49 4. 2 5. 28 6. 4950
2
7. C = 9 ; (3, –3/2, – 3/5) 8. n = 38 9. 128
n(n  1)
10. (iii) b = 4, c = 6 , d = 9 or b = – 2 , c = –6, d = –18 13.
2(n 2  n  1)

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 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
SOLUTIONS – SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
EXERCISE # 1
1. A + B + C = 180o
3B = 180o
B = 60o
sin A sin B sinC
 
a 3k 2k
sin A 3 / 2 sinC
 
a 3k 2k
1
sinC   C  45o
2

sin15o sin 60o sin105o

2. A  
BK AK AB
o
o

AK sin 60 3 2 2
15º

  
AB cos15 o 2 3 1  
AK 3 2  3  1

o AB 2
 
60
B K C 2 3 3
=
2

 BC  bc A
3. tan   cot
 2  bc 2
 B  C   3 1 2   3 1   3 1 
    cot 30     3  
o
tan  
 2   3 1 2   3 3  3 1
 BC 
2 tan  
tan  B  C    2 
 BC 
1  tan 2  
 2 
 3 1 
2   
 3  1  1
= =
 
2
3 1 3
1
 
2
3 1
o
 (B – C) = 30

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13 13
2 2
 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE

4. A  

sin  sin 45o sin 135  
o

x 6 3
 

3
6
1
2

3
6

 sin 90o  (45o  ) 

45
o o
135 – 2
3
  
 cos 45o    cos   45o 
B C o o
x  – 45 = 30  
o o
5. tan75 = 2+ 3 & tan22.5 = 2  1
sin B tan 75o  tan 22.5o

sin C tan 75o  tan 22.5o
sin 75o cos 22.5o  cos75o sin 22.5o

sin 75o cos 22.5o  sin 22.5o cos75o



sin 97.5o 

sin 52.5o 
o
On comparing sin(52.5 ) = sin C
C = 52.5°
4 1
6. cos  A  B     absin C
5 2
 A  B a  b C
 tan   cot
 2  ab 2
1  cos  A  B 6  3 C
  cot
1  cos  A  B 6  3 2
1 4 / 5 3 C
  cot
1 4 / 5 9 2
1 3 C
  cot
3 9 2
C
 cot  1
2
C o
  45o  C = 90
2
1
=  6  3  sin 90o = 9
2
sin A sin B
7. 
a b
sin 3B sin B
 
2b b

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13 13
3 3
 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
3sin B  4sin B sin B
3
  [ sinB  0 ]
2 1
2
 3– 4sin B = 2
1 o
 sinB =  B = 30 & A = 3B
2
o
A = 90
 C  60o
c sin C sin 60o 3/2
   o
  3
b sin B sin 30 1
2
8. a = sin  1
b = cos  1
c = 1  sin  cos   1
a 2  b2  c2
 cos c 
2ab
sin   cos2   1  sin  cos  
2
=
2sin  cos 
1
=
2
o
 C = 120

9. A, B, C are in A.P.
A + B + C = 180º  3B = 180º  B = 180º
a c 
E   sin 2C  sin 2A 
c a 
=  sin A 2sin CcosC  sin C 2sin Acos A 
 sin C sin A 
= 2 (sinAcosC + sinCcosA)
3
= 2 sin(A + C) = 2sinB = 2  = 3
2
2 2 2
10. sinA : sin C = sin (A – B) : sin (B – C) then a : b : c
sin A sin  A  B 
 
sin C sin  B  C 
sin  B  C  sin  A  B 
 
sin  A  B  sin  B  C 
2 2 2 2
 sin B – sin C = sin A – sin B
2 2 2
 2sin B = sin A + sin C
2 2 2 2 2 2
 2b = a + b a , b , c are in A.P.

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13 13
4 4
 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
A
cos
11.
A
cot  2  sin B  sin C
2 sin A sin A
2
A 2sin  B  C  cos  B  C 
cos  2   2 
 2     
A A A
sin 2sin cos
2 2 2
A  BC
cos   cos  
 cos 
A  
2  2 
2 A
cos
2
A  BC 
 cos  cos  0
2  2 
 A   B  C   BC A 
 2sin   sin   0
 2   2 2
 A  BC  BC A 
 sin   sin  0
 2   2 
 A–B+C =0 or B – C – A = 0
 B=A+C
o
 B = 90 triangle must be right angle.

a 2  b2  c 2
12. cosC 
2ab
1 1  9  c2
 
2 2 1  3
2
 C =7
C= 7
sin 60o sin B

c b
3 sin B

2 7 3
2
3 3
  sin B
2

2 7
27
sin 2 B 
28
13. a : b : c = 1: 3 : 2
sin A sin B sin C
  
1 3 2
sin A sin B sin C
  
1/ 2 3 /2 2/2
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13 13
5 5
 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
sin A sin B sin C
 o
 o

sin 30 sin 60 sin 90o
o o o
A : B : C = 30 : 60 : 90 =1:2:3

14. A:B:C= 4:1:1

o
 A + B + C = 180
o
 4x + x + x = 180
o
 x = 30
o o o
A = 120 , B = 30 , C = 30
a sin120o 3/2 3
Required ratio   
a  b  c sin120o  sin 30o  sin 30o 3 1 1 2 3
 
2 2 2

15. tanA : tanB : tanC = 1: 2 : 3 tanA = k, tanB = 2k, tanC = 3K

tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC
3
 k + 2k + 3k = 6k
3
 6k = k
2
 k =1 k=1 or k = –1 (Rejected as it gives more than one obtuse
angle in a triangle which is impossible)
tan A tan A k 1
 sin A    
sec A 1  tan A2
1 k 2 2
tan B 2k 2
 sin B   
1  tan 2 B 1  4k 2 5
tan C 3k 3
 sin C   
1  tan 2 C 1  9k 2 10
1 2 3
sinA : sinB : sinC = : :  5 :2 2 :3
2 5 10
 a : b:c 5 : 2 2 :3
 a 2 : b2 : c2  5:8: 9

16. Let a = 11, b = 13, c = 290  143 3

c  112  132  1113 13
a 2  b2  c2 112  132  112  132  1113 13  3
 cosC   
2ab 2 1113 2
 3    5  5
 cosC = = cos     = cos    C=
2  6  6  6

2  8 10  160 32
 2ab  
tan C sinC 1 c 1
     
 
17.
sin B sin B cosC b a  b  c
2 2 2
 64  81  100  45 9

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13 13
6 6
 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
24 24
18. tanA =  sinA =
7 25
4 4
sinC =  tanC =
5 3
AB = 50
tanA tanB tanC = tanA + tanB + tanC
24 4 24 4
 x  x
7 3 7 3
 96  100
 x   1 
 21  21
4 4
 tan B  x   sin B 
3 5
sin A sin B sin C
 
a b c
24 / 25 4 / 5 4 / 5
  
a b 50
24 50
 b = 50 & a    5  60
25 4
1 1 4
 Ar . = absin C =  60  50  = 600 × 2 = 1200
2 2 5

 AC a c B
19. 
a, b, c are in A.P. tan  cot
 2  a c 2
sin A  sin C B
= cot
2b 2
 AC  AC
2cos   sin  
  2   2   cot B
2sin B 2
B  AC B  AC
sin sin    cos sin  

2  2  2
  2 
B B
2sin cos  sin
B  AC
cos  
2 2 2  2 
B 1  AC B 1 B o o
 sin  cos    sin 2  2  2  30
o
 B < 60 so B = 45
2 2  2 


1

2

20. cosA + cosB + 2cosC = 2

 cosA + cosB = 2(1 – cosC)


b2  c2  a 2 a 2  c2  b2

 
 2 1 

a 2  b2  c2 

2bc 2ac  2ab 
 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 a (b + c – a ) + b (a + c – b ) = 2c (2ab – (a + b – c ))

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13 13
7 7
 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
 a + b = 2c
 a, c, b are in A.P.

21. We know that cosAcosB + sinAsinB = cos(A–B)

 (cosAcosB + sinAsinBsinC) ≤ cos(A–B)  sin C  1
 1 ≤ cos (A – B)
 Cos (A – B) = 1
 A–B=0
 A=B
o
For satisfying the given equation sinC =1  c = 90
a : b : c = sinA : sinB : sinC
o o o
= sin45 : sin45 : sin90
1 1
= : :1 = 1:1: 2
2 2
3 2
22. x – 11x + 38x – 40 = 0
 cos A  cos A cos B cosC
  a   a  b  c
1
=  cot A  cot B  cot C 
2R
1  a 2  b2  c2 
=  
2R  4 
4   a  b  c   2  ab  bc  ca  
2
=  
2abc  4 
 

=
112  2  38
2  40
121  76 45 9 p
= = = =
80 80 16 q
 p + q = 25

23. a + b = 20………………(1) c + a = 21……………..(2)

b c a
2 2 2
1
 cos A   cos120o 
2bc 2
 20  a    21  a   a 2  1
2 2

2  20  a  21  a  2
2
 2a –123a + 1261 = 0
 (a – 13)(2a – 97) = 0
97
 a = 13 or (a   a  a  c )
2
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13 13
8 8
 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
o
24. 2A + B = 150 ….(1)
o
C – A = 30 ….(2)
o
B + 2C = 210 ….(3)
2B = A + C
A, B, C are in A.P. then
o
B = 60 ….(4)
From (1) & (4)
o o
2A = 90 A = 45
From (3) & (4)
o
C = 75
o o o
A, B, C = 45 , 60 , 75

EXERCISE # 2
1. a=7,b=8,c=5
 A p
Then the value of expression   sin A    cot  
 2 q
 A B C
(sinA + sinB + sinC)  cot  cot  cot 
 2 2 2
 a b c   s  s  a  s  s  b  s s  c  
=      
 2R 2R 2R      

 2s   3s  s  2s  
2
2s s 2
=    
 2R     2R 
s3 4R 1000  4 100 p
=  =   p + q = 107
R abc 7 8 5 7 q

2 2 2 2
2. 2(2R) = a + b + c
2 2 2
 a   b   c 
2     
 2R   2R   2R 
2 2 2
2 = sin A + sin B + sin C
3– cos2A – cos2B – cos2C = 4
cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = –1
2cos(A + B) [ cos(A–B) + 1] = –1
cos C cos A cos B = 0
Hence it is right angled triangle.

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13 13
9 9
 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
3. Acute angled triangle ABC. A semicircle with radius Ha is constructed with its base on BC and
tangent to the other two sides, rb and rc are defined.
A AD & BE are angle bisectors
Now area of ABC
E = Area of ABD + Ar ADC
1 1
o  = C  ra  b  ra
ra ra 2 2
1 bc
B C 
x
D ra 2
Similarly.
1 ab

rb 2
1 ab

rc 2
1 1 1 a bbcca 
   
ra rb rc  2 
2  2s  2 2
 =   Proved
2  r
 
s

4. P1 = 2RsinCsinB
1 1 1 1
    A
p P1 P2 P3
1 1 1
=  
2R sin Csin B 2R sin A sin C 2R sin A sin B
 sin A  sin B  sin C  B C
=  D
 2 R sin A sin Bsin C 
A B C
4 cos cos cos
= 2 2 2
 A A  B B  C C
2R  2sin cos  2sin cos  2sin cos 
 2 2  2 2  2 2
1 1
=  Proved
A B C r
4R sin sin sin
2 2 2
1     1 1 1
      Proved
r s sa sb sc r1 r2 r3

a cos A b cos B c cos C

5. L.H.S.  
sin A sin B sin C

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14 14
0 0
 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
= 2R ( cosA + cosB + cosC )
 A B C
= 2R 1  4 sin sin sin 
 2 2 2
 A B C
 4R sin sin sin 
= 2R 1  2 2 2

 R 
 
 r
= 2R 1   = 2R + 2r = 2 ( R + r ) Proved
 R

 a b c 
6. L.H.S. Rr    
 2R 2R 2R 
abc
= r  = r s =       
 2 
 Proved

s s  a  s s  b  s s  c 
7. L.H.S.  
  
s s s2
= 3s   a  b  c    3s  2s   Proved
  

cos A cos B cos C  b2  c2  a 2 a 2  c2  b 2 b 2  a 2  c2 

8. L.H.S.    2R    
sin A sin B sin C  2abc 2abc 2abc 
a b c 
2 2 2
=
2R 2

a  b2  c2 =  
4
 Proved
2abc  

 c
9. log 1   +loga – logb = log2
 a
ac
 log   +loga – logb = log2
 a 
 log (a + c) – loga + loga – logb = log2
ac
  2  a  c  2b ….(1)
b
2 2
a (1–x ) + 2bx + c (1+x ) = 0
2
 (c – a)x + 2bx + (a + c) = 0 Two equal roots D = 0
2
 4b – 4 (c – a) (c + a) = 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
 b –c +a =0  b +a =c ….(2)
 C  90 o

From equation (1) & (2)

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14 14
1 1
 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
2 2 2
a +b = (2b – a)
2 2 2 2 2 4a
 a + b = 4b – 4ab + a 4ab = 3b  b= ….(3)
3
From equation (1) & (3)
8a 5a
a+c=  c=
3 3
4k 5k
a:b:c=k: : = 3k : 4k : 5k
3 3
3 4 12
= sinA + sinB + sinC =  1 
5 5 5

 b  c  s  a    c  a s  b    a  b s  c 
10. L.H.S.
  
1
= [ bs – cs – ab + ac + cs – as – bc + ab + as – bs – ac + bc ]

=0 Proved

  
11. L.H.S.  
 s  a  s  b  s  c  s  a s  b s  c  s  a s  b s  c 
3 s 3s 3s 3
=  = 2   Proved
 s  a  s  b  s  c  s   r

abc A B C
12. In a ABC, cos cos cos  
s 2 2 2
abc s  s  a  s  s  b  s  s  c 
L.H.S.
s bc ac ab
= s  s  a  s  b  s  c    Proved

s2  s  a   s  b   s  c 
2 2 2
13. L.H.S. 2   
 2 2 2
4s2  2s  a  b  c   a 2  b2  c2
=
2
 a 2  b2  c2 
=  Proved
 2 

A B C A B C
14. 2R + 4R sin sin sin  4R sin cos cos
2 2 2 2 2 2
 A B C A B C
= 2R 1  2sin sin sin  2sin cos cos 
 2 2 2 2 2 2
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14 14
2 2
 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
 A  B C 
= 2R 1  2sin  cos     
 2  2 2 
 A   A 
= 2R 1  2sin  cos     
 2  2 2 
 A A
= 2R 1  2sin sin 
 2 2
 A
= 2R 1  2sin 2 
 2
= 2RcosA Proved

15. In a ABC, r1 = r + r2 + r3
 r1 – r = r2 + r3
   
   
sa s sb sc
a 2s  b  c
 
s  s  a   s  b  s  c 
a a
 
s  s  a   s  b  s  c 
2 2
 s – bs – cs + bc = s – as
 2bc = 2s ( b + c – a )
 2bc = ( a + b + c ) ( b + c – a )
2 2
 2bc = ( b + c ) – a
2 2 2
 2bc = b + c + 2bc – a
2 2 2
 a = b +c Proved

EXERCISE # 3
2 1 A
1. BD = 1 
3 3
2
& a
3 c=1 2 b=1
3
1 2 2 2
Area =   
2 3 3 3
2 B D C
1 1 3 2
abc 3 3
R   3
4 4 2 2 2

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14 14
3 3
 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
2 2 2
2. (7 + x) + (13 + x) = (20)
2 2
 49 + x + 14x + 169 + x + 26x = 400
2
 2x + 40x – 182 = 0
2
 x + 20x – 91 = 0 …………….. (1)
1
Area of triangle =   7  x 13  x 
2
1
 
=  x 2  20x  91 from equation (1)
2
 91  91 
=   91
 2 
3. a = 13, b = 14, c = 15
b2  c2  a 2 196  225  169 9 3
cos A    
2bc 2 14 15 15 5
4 4
sin A   A  sin 1  
5 5
 AB a b c
4. tan   cot
 2  ab 2

 AB a   cot15
3 1 a 1  3 1
tan  
o
= 
 2 3 
 2  a  3  1 a 1  3 1

=
 2  3  2  3   1
 tan 30o
3 3
o
A – B = 60
5. In ABC
36  64  49 A
cos A  ..................(1)
2 68 2
In ADC
4  64  x 2 D 8
cos A  ..................(2) x
2 28 4
From equation (1) & (2)
100  49 68  x 2
  B
7
C
2 68 2 28
51
  2  68  x 2
6
2
 x = 51
x = 51

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 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
o o A
sin 45 sin105
6. 
2 AB
2

AB 

sin 90  15  2
o o

o o o
sin 45 45 105
B C
AB  cos15o  2 2
2 3
 2 2
2
 42 3

 
2
 3 1  1 3

8a 2 b 2c2
7. 2s (2s – 2c) (2s – 2a) (2s – 2b) =
a 2  b2  c2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 16 (a + b + c ) = 8a b c
2
2 2  abc 2
 (a + b + c ) = 8    8R
2
  sin 2 A  2 right angled  .
 4 
 AC a c B
8. tan   cot
 2  a c 2
a c B
tan 45o  cot
2b 2
B sin A  sin C
tan 
2 2sin B
 A C   A C 
2cos   sin  
=  2   2 
2sin B
  B 1
cos    
B
tan  2 2 2
2 B B
2sin cos
2 2
B 1
sin 
2 2 2
B 7
cos 
2 2 2
B B
sin B  2  sin cos
2 2
1 7 7
 2  
2 2 2 2 4
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 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
3 3 3 2 3
9. a +b +c = ( a + b ) c + c
2 2 2
 (a + b) (a + b – ab ) = ( a + b ) c
2 2 2
 ab = a + b – c
1 a 2  b2  c2 1
   cos C  cos C 
2 2ab 2
o
 C = 60 [ Statement (1) is correct ]
ABC need not be equilateral[ Statement (2) is incorrect ]

10. Sides are 4, 5, 6

15
S
2
15  15  15  15 
   4   5   6 
22  2  2 
15 7 5 3 15 7
    =
2 2 2 2 4

11. The sides a,b,c of ABC are in A.P.

2b = a + c
 
tan 2    tan 2  
2 2
1  cos  1  cos   a c 
=   cos   & cos   
1  cos  1  cos   bc ab
a c
1 1
= bc  ab
a c
1 1
bc ab
b  c  a   a  b  c
=
a bc a bc
 2b  2b 2
=   
abc 3b 3
 x 1
12. tan   A
6 8/3 3

6
8 8 E
 x 3
3 3 O
Due to medians triangle divides into 3 equal parts. 
x 4
Total area = 3 x AOB 3
3
1 8 8 32 32 3 B C
= 3     D
2 3 3 3 3 3 9

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 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
3 3 3
13. In ABC, if sin A + sin B + sin C = 3sinAsinBsinC.
A.M  G.M.
sin 3A  sin 3B  sin 3C
1

3

 sin 3A  sin 3B  sin 3C 3
3 3 3
 (sin A + sin B + sin C)  3 sinA + sinB + sinC
Equality holds only when.
 sinA = sinB = sinC
o
  A =  B=  C = 60

 1 aa
 r  
 
14.
S 2 aa 2a
2
2a 2
 
=
2 2 a 1 2
a
 
=
2 1 2
2a a
R= =
2 2
r a  2 1 2 1 2 1 
      tan
R 
2 1 2 a 1 2 2 1 1 8

1 1 3
15. In a ABC, if  
a c bc a bc
1 1 1 1 1
    
a c a bc bc a bc a bc
b a 1
  
 a  c  a  b  c   b  c  a  b  c   a  b  c 
 b (b + c) + a (a + c) = (a + c) (b + c)
2 2 2
 b + bc + a + ac = ab + bc + c + ac
a 2  b2  c2 1
 
2ab 2
1
 cos C 
2
C  60o

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 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
EXERCISE # 4 (JA)
1. a:b:c=1: 3 :2
1 3 2
 sinA : sinB : sinC = : :
2 2 2
o o o
 sinA : sinB : sinC = sin30 : sin60 : sin90
A:B:C= 1:2:3

 BC  BC
2sin   cos  
b  c sin B  sin C  2   2 
2. (a)  
a sin A A A
2sin cos
2 2
A bc  BC 
 sin    cos  
2 a   2 
BC 
 b  c  sin  a cos 
A
 
2  2 
 BC   BC 
2cos   sin  
b  c sinB sinC  2   2 
Similarly  =
a sin A A A
2sin cos
2 2
 bc A  BC 
   cos  sin  
 a  2  2 
BC 
 b  c  cos  a sin 
A
  Option B is correct.
2  2 

(b) P is incentre of  O1O2O3.

4 .O2
r 
  s  a  s  b  s  c  O1. 3
 3 4
s s
P
 a = 9, b = 7, c = 8
97 8 5 5
 s  12 .
2 O
3

r
12  9 12  7 12  8  3  5  4  5

12 12
o
3. Isosceles triangle, one angle 120 , in radius = 3
(a) then area of .
3
 tan 60o 
x
 x=1

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 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
3
 tan15o  A
y
x o
60o
3 60
 y c
2 3 3 b

3 y
 x+ y = 1 
2 3
o
15o
2 3  3 2 B
15
C
 
2 3 2 3
1 1 2 2 3 3
 Area = bcsin120o     
2 2 2 3 2 3 2 43 4 3

 Area 
3  7  4 3   3  7  4 3   12  7

 3  7  4 3 
3
74 49  48
(b) Internal bisector of A of a ABC meets side BC at D.
 We have ABC = ABD + ACD A
1 1 A 1 A
 bcsin A  c  ADsin   b  ADsin A
2 2 2 2 2 A
2 2
A A A
 2bcsin cos   c  b  ADsin
2 2 2 E
 2bc  A
 AD    cos
B C
 b  c  2 D
A
 AD  AE cos F
2
2bc A A
 cos  AE cos
bc 2 2
2bc
 AE   AE is HM of b & c
bc
 AFD  ADE so FD = ED.
A 2bc A A
 EF = ED + FD = 2DE = 2  AD tan = 2 cos tan
2 bc 2 2
4bc A
= sin
bc 2
 AFD  ADE so AE = AF then AEF is Isosceles.
A
4. B  30o
a 2  16  8
 cos B  4 2 2
8a
3 a 8
2 o
  B
30
C or C1
2 8a a
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 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
 2
4 3a = a + 8
a1
 a 2  4 3a  8  0
a2
 a1  a 2  4 3 & a1a 2  8

a1  a2 
2
 a1  a 2   4a1a 2 = 16  3  32 = 4
1 1
 1   2   4  a1 sin 30o   4  a 2 sin 30o
2 2
1
=  4  sin 30o  a1  a 2  = 4
2
5. (a) A, B, C are in A.P.
2B = A + C  B = 60o
a c   sin A sin C 
  sin 2C  sin 2A     2sinCcosC  2sin A cos A 
c a   sin C sin A 

 2  sin  A  C    2sin B  2 
3
= 3
2
(b) a = 6, b = 10 ,  = 15 3 ACB = 0 is obtuse angle r2 = ?
1
 Ar of ACB = absinC  15 3 A
2
15 3  2
 sinC  10
6 10
3
 sinC   C = 120o B C
2 6
a b c
2 2 2
Now, cos C =
2ab
1 36  100  c2
  
2 2 10  6
 c2 = 136 + 60
 c2= 196
 c = 14
  2 15 3 15 3 15 3 15 3
 r  r 2  2 = = 3
s s a bc
2
15 15
 
 2 
 A
(c) ACB  ,
6
  x  x  1   x  1   2x  1
2
2
2
2 2 2x+1 x2–1
 cos 
6  
2 x 1 x  x  1
2 2
 
6
B C
x2+x+1
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 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
 x  x  1  2x  2x  2x  x  1– 2x 2  4x 2 –1– 4x
4 2 3 2 4
 cos =
6  
2 x 2  x  1 x 2 1 

 cos
6
=
2x 4  2x 3  3x 2 – 2x  1
 
2 x2  x  1 x2 1


2
3
  2  3  x   2  3  x 1 
2
3 0

1
 x1 = 1 + 3 or x= (rejected as side cannot be negative)
2 3
so x = 1 + 3 is correct answer.

2sin P  sin 2P
6. P
2sin P  sin 2P
2sin P  2sin P cos P 5 7
=
2sin P  2sin P cos P 2 2
29
1
1  cos P 35 Q R
=  2
1  cos p 1  29
35
6 3
=  ……………….(1)
64 32
49 25
 4
 cos P  4 4
5 7
2 
2 2
74  16 58 29
= = =
2 5 7 2 5 7 35
1 5 7
     sin P
2 2 2
1 5 7 8 6
       6....................(2)
2 2 2 35
From equation (1) & (2)
2
2sin P  sin 2P  3 
  
2sin P  sin 2P  4 
P
7. Let PN = 2k – 2
QL = 2k 2k–2 2k–2
RM= 2k + 2
 P = 4k + 2 , r = 4k – 2, q = 4k N M
q 2  r 2  p2
 cosP = 2k 2k+2
2qr
Q R
2k L 2k+2

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 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
1 16k   4k  2    4k  2 
2 2 2

 
3 2  4k   4k  2 
 k2 –5k = 0
 k (k – 5) = 0
 k = 0 or k=5
(Rejected) p =22, q = 20, r = 18

8. x=a+b A
y = ab
x2 – c2 = y
b
a 2  b2  c2 c
 cos C 
2ab

 
  
x  2y  x 2  y
2
 = y   1 B a C
2y 2y 2
1
 cosC    C = 120°
2
abc 
We know that R  ,r 
4 S
2
1 
4  ab sin C 
4 2
=  
r 2
 
R s  abc   xc
  yc
 2 
1
 
2
4   y 2 sin120o 2
= 4
 x  c  yc
3y
=
2c  x  c 
r 3y
 
R 2c  x  c 

9.
X

c b

Y a Z
2s = x + y + z ………..(A)

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 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
sx sy sz
 
4 3 2
We can write
sx sy sz s
  = …………..(1)
4 3 2 9
From equation (1), we get ,
5 2 7s
x= s , sy , = z …………(B)
9 3 9
   = s(s x)(s  y)(s  z)
 4s  s  2s 
 s    
 9  3  9 
2s 2 2 2 6
 =
9 3 27
 2 6s
and inradius r = =
s 27
 8
Area of in circle = r2 = r = =
s 3
8
r2 =
3
46 8
 s2 =
27  27 3
27  27  8
S2 =
3 6  4
S = 9………………(C)
from equation (A) & (C)
s = 9 , x = 5, y = 6, z = 7
abc 5 6 7 35 35 6
R= = = =
4  2 6  81  4 6 24
4 
 27 
2 6  81
Area of  = =6 6
27
X Y Z
r = 4Rsin sin sin
2 2 2
2 2 35 6 X Y Z
=4× sin sin sin
3 24 2 2 2
X Y Z 4
sin sin sin =
2 2 2 35
1
= (1+ cos z)
2
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 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
1   x  y  z 
2 2 2
= 1   
2   2xy 
1   25  26  49  
1  
2   2  5  6  
=

1  12  1  1  3
1  1
2  2  5  6  2  5  5
= = =

(A), (C), (D) are correct

10 3 
2
 (10)2  q 2
10. cos30° = P
2 10 3 10
3 300  100  q 2 10 3 q =10
=
2 200 3 o
100 × 3 = 400 – q3  q = 10 30
Q R
1 10
Area = × 10 × 10 3 sin30°
2
100 3
= = 25 3
4
100  100  300 1
cosR = =
200 2
R = 120°
 
2
10 3  102  102
cosP =
2 10 3 10
300 3
= ×
200 3 3
3
=
2
P = 30°

r=

=
25 3
=
50 3  2  3  = 5 3  2  3  = 10 3 15
S  10  10  10 3  10 2  3
 
  2  3 1
 2 
abc 10 10 10 3
R= = = 10
4 4  25 3
Area = R2 = 100
(B), (C), (D) are correct  

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 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
EXERCISE # 5
1. Ambiguous case C
For making 2 triangles.
CD < x < AC 10
o x
 10sin30 < x < 10
o
 5 < x < 10 30
A B
D
BD AB
2. 
DC AC

BD 3 3
   BD  DC
DC 5 5
 BC  25  9 = 4
3 3 5 5
 BD   4  & CD   4 
8 2 8 2
2
 3   
2 3 9 3 5
 AD = = 9 
2 4 2

3. ma = 6
A
mb = 8
mc = 10
F E
 m  m b  mc 
S a  12
 2 
B D C
4
area  s  s  ma  s  mb  s  mc 
3
4
= 12  6  4  2
3
4  24
= = 32
3

o o
4. In ABC, S  3  3  2 , 3B – C = 30 , A + 2B = 120
A  B  C  180o  A  30o

3B  C  30o  after solving we get B  45o
 C 105o
A  2B  120o 

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15 15
5 5
 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
a bc
 3 3  2
2
 sin A  sin B  sin C   3  3  2
 2R
2
1 1 3 1 
 R    3 3  2
2 2 2 2 
 2  2  3 1 
 R    3  3  2
 2 2 
 R2 2
1
a = 2RsinA = 4 2   2 2 ,
2
1
b = 2RsinB = 2  2 2  4
2

c = 2RsinC = 2  2 2 
 3 1 2 32
2 2
 longest side = 2  3 1 
5. 2b = a + c …………..(1)
A C s s  a  s s  c 
 cot cot 
2 2  s  b  s  c  s  a s  b 


 s   s  a  s  c    s  
2s

a bc 3b
 3
 
sb  s  a  s  c   s  b  2s  2b a  b  c  2b b

6.  = ( a + b + c ) (a – b + c )
= ( 2s – 2c ) (2s – 2b) = 4(s – c) (s – b) A
If  = 4(s – c) (s – b)
s  s  a  s  b  s  c 
x 8
 4
 s  c  s  b  60
o

B C
s s  a  4
 4
 s  b  s  c 
A 1
then, tan 
2 4

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15 15
6 6
 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
A 1
2 tan 2
 tanA = 2 = 4  2  16  8
2 A 1 4 15 15
1  tan 1
2 16

2 2 2
7. In a ABC, let 2a + 4b + c = 2a (2b + c)
2 2 2 2
 a + a + 4b + c – 4ab – 2ac = 0
2 2
 (a – 2b) + (a – c) = 0
 a = 2b & a = c
a 2  c2  b2
(A) cos B 
2ac
a2
a2  a2  2
 4  7a  7
2 a  a 4  2a 2 8
 a=c
Means A  C
(B) sin (A – C) = 0
r   s  a   2s  2a  a  b  c  2a
(C)    
r1 s   2s  abc
a
a a
 bca  2
= 
abc a a a
2
a 2 1
=  
2 5a 5

(D) sinA : sinB : sinC = a:b:c =2:1:2

8. In ABC, a= 4 , b= 8, c  60o
64  16  x 2
 cos 60o 
64
2
 32 = 80 – x
 x= 48  4 3
1
(A) Area =  4  8  sin 60o
2
16 3
= 8 3
2

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15 15
7 7
 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
o
sin A sin B sin 60 sin A sin B 1
     
4 8 4 3 4 8 8
1
(B) sin A  ,sin B  1
2
2
1  3  1 4  3
 sin 2 A   1     2
4  2  4
 8 3 16 3 4 3
r   
 
(C)
S  48 4 3  4 3 3 3 3
 
 2 
C
2ab cos
(D) c = 2  2 48 3 / 2  8
ab 12 3

9. (A) (a + c – b) (a – c + b) = 4bc
2 2 2
a = 4ac + c + b – 2bc
2 2
a = (b + c)
a = b + c  straight line.,  not possible

2 2
(B) b sin2C + c sin2B = ab
2 2
 2b sinCcosC + 2c sinBcosB = ab
2b2c  a 2  b2  c2  2c2 b  a 2  c2  b 2 
      ab
2R  2ab  2R  2ac 
2a 2 b2c2
  ab
2R  abc 
R=C
C
 C
2sin C
1
 sin C   C = 30o or 150°
2
 is possible
2
(C) a =3, b = 5 , c = 7 & c =
3
a 2  b2  c2
 CosC =
2ab

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8 8
 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
9  25  49 1
 CosC = = 
2  3 5 2
o
 C = 120  is possible

 AC  AC
(D) Cos    cos  
 2   2 
AC AC  AC o  AC
  or    180   
2 2  2   2 
 2C = 0 A = 180°  not possible
C = 0  not possible

a 2  b2  sin A sin B 
10. (A)  
2  sin  A  B  

 
4R 2 sin 2 A  sin 2 B  sin A sin B 
=  
2  sin  A  B  
4R 2 sin  A  B  sin A  B   sin A sin B 
=  
2  sin  A  B  
2
= 2R sinC sinA sinB
2R 2abc  abc 
=  
8R 3  4R 
r1r2 r3
(B)
 r1r2
   3
 
 s  a   s  b  s  c   s  a  s  b s  c 
= =
2

2

2

 s  c   s  a   s  b 
 s  a s  b  s  b s  c  s  c s  a   s  a  s  b s  c 
3  s  a s  b s  c  2 2
= =  = 
  s  a  s  b s  c  3s  2s s  s  a  s  b  s  c  


a 2  b2  c2
 C
cot A  cot B  cot C
a 2  b2  c2
=  
 b2  c2  a 2 a 2  c2  b2 a 2  b 2  c2 
2R    
 2abc 2abc 2abc 

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15 15
9 9
 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
a b c
2 2
abc2
  =   4
 a b c  R
2 2 2
2R  
 2abc 
A B C
(D) r 2 cot cot cot
2 2 2
2 s s  a  s s  b  s s  c 
= 
s2  s  b s  c  s  a s  c  s  a s  b 
2 s2
= s
s2  s  a  s  b  s  c 
2
= 

sin A sin B sin C 1
11. (A)   
a b c 2R
1 3
 2  2  1 1
a b c 2R
C
R
2

o
(B) x + 2x + 3x = 180 A = 30° , B = 60°, C = 90°
o
 x = 30
 sinA : sinB : sinC = a : b : c
1 3
 : :1  a : b:c  1 : 3 : 2a : b : c
2 2

(C) Perimeter of ABC = 3 + 3

Geometry of is not fix. There are so many similar ’s are
Possible.
So perimeter can’t be a fix number.

1
(D) Area of ABC = bcsin A
2
1 3 1 3 2
=  c c = c
2 2 2 8

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16 16
0 0
 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
12. Ar ABC = 10 3 ……………..(1)
A
Perimeter 2s = 20
s = 10 ……………...(2)
13–x=5 7

(A) in radius of , r  o
S 60
B C
x=8
10 3
 r  3
10
B
(B) r   s  b  tan  3
2
10  b  tan 30o  3
10 – b = 3
b=7
1
Area = acsin B  10 3
2
1 3
  x (13  x)  10 3
2 2
2
 13x – x = 40
2
 x – 13x + 40 = 0
 (x – 8) (x – 5) = 0
 x = 8 (longest side)
(C) Circumradius of triangle.
abc 7  5  8 7
R  
4 4 10 3 3
(D) Radius of largest escribed circle.
    10 3 
 rA     5 3
 s  a   10  8 

13. b = 10, c = 10 2 , R = 5 2 then. A

c o
 R  means triangle is right angled . 10 2
45
2 10
(A) Area of ABC 45
o

1 B 10 C
  10 10  50
2
(B) Distance b/w orthocentre and circumcentre.
= R 1  8cos A cos Bcos C
= 5 2
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16 16
1 1
 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
(C) Sum of circumradius and inradius.
 50  10 
r  
S  20  10 2   2  2 
 
 2 
 10   2  2 
R + r = 5 2   
 2  2   2  2 
20  10 2
= 5 2
2
= 5 2 10  5 2 = 10

(D) Length of internal angle bisector of ACB of ABC.

C 2  10  10  1
2ab cos
 c  2  2 = 10
ab 20 2

14. In ABC, let BC = 1, AC = 2, C  30o

(A) 2sinA = sinB
a a 1
L.H.S. = 2sinA = 2   
2R R R
b 2 1
R.H.S. sinB =  
2R 2R R
2sinA = sinB proved

(B) Length of side AB equal 5 – 2 3

o 1 4  x2
Cos30 =
4
4 3
 5  x2
2
x2  5  2 3
x  52 3
A
(C) x  1.535 1.238
1.238 2
a <c
sinA < sinC 30
o
o B C
A < 30 1

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16 16
2 2
 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
(D) Circumradius of ABC is equal to length of side AB.
c
 2R
sin C
52 3
 2R
1
2
R  5  2 3  AB

A
15. (A) If P is centroid (G)
Centroid divide into 3 equal parts.
Required ratio  1 : 1 : 1
= =
G

B C

A
(B) If P is include (I)
Ar (PBC) : Ar(PCA) : Ar(PAB)
1 1 1 c b
ar : br : cr
2 2 2 r r
I
a:b:c
r
sinA : sinB : sinC
B a C

(C) If P is orthocentre (H) A

HD = 2RcosBcosC
HE = 2RcosCcosA F E
HF = 2RcosAcosB
1
  a  2R cos Bcos C : H
2
1
 b  2R cos Ccos A : B C
2 D
1
 c  2R cos A cos B
2
 sinAcosBcosC : sinBcosCcosA : sinCcosAcosB
 tanA : tanB : tanC

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16 16
3 3
 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
(D) If P is circumcentre. A

1 a2 1 b2 1 c2
a R2  : b R2  : c R2  R
2 4 2 4 2 4
P
a2 a2 b2 b2 c2 c2 R
a  : b  : c  R
4sin 2 A 4 4sin 2 B 4 4sin 2 C 4
B a C
a 2 cos A b2 cos B c2 cos C 2
: :
2 sin A 2 sinB 2 sin C
4R 2 sin 2 A cos A 4 R 2sin 2Bcos B 4 R 2sin 2 Ccos C
: :
2sin A 2sinB 2sin C
Sin2A : sin2B : sin2C

EXERCISE # 6
b  c  11k 

1. c  a  12k  after solving we get a = 7k , b = 6k, c = 5k
a  b  13k 

b2  c2  a 2 36  25  49 1
 cos A   
2bc 2 65 5
a c b
2 2 2
49  25  36 19
 cos B   
2ac 275 35
a b c
2 2 2
49  36  25 5
 cosC  = 
2ab 267 7
35cos B 7 cos C
 5cos A  
19 5
cos A cos B cos C
  Proved
7 19 25

2. In ABC, AB = 2 & AC = 1
A
BD AB

CD AC
BD  CD AB  AC
2 1 
CD AC
a 3 a
 CD …………….(1)
B C CD 1 3
D
a
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16 16
4 4
 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
A
2bc cos
2a 2a 2 = 2a
DB  , AD  length of angle bisector =
3 3 bc 3
A
2(2) cos
 2  2a
3 3
A a
 cos  ……………..(2)
2 2
A 2a 2 b2  c2  a 2
 cos A  2cos 2 1   1
2 4 2bc
a2 1 4  a2
 1 
2 2 2
5  a2
 a2  2 
2
2
 a = 3 ……………..(3)
From equation (2) & (3)
1
cosA =
2
3
sinA =
2
2
2 1 
 12 = 12 ×  bcsin A 
2 
2
 1 2 3
 12     =9
 2 2 

b c
3. 
sin B sin C
b c
 
sin 3C sin C
b 3sin C  4sin 3 C
  = 3 – 4 sin2C
c sin C
b
 = 3 – 4(1 – cos2C)
c
b
 = 4cos2C – 1
c

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16 16
5 5
 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
bc
  cos C Proved
4c
 A+B+C=
 A + 3C + C = 
A  
    2C 
2 2 
A  
 sin  sin   2C  = cos2C = 2cos2C – 1
2 2 
 b  c 1
= 2
4c
b  c  2c
=
2c
bc
=
2c
A  bc 
 sin    Proved
2  2c 

cos C cos C
sin C sin C cos Csin A sin B
4.  
cos A cos B sin  A  B  sin Csin C

sin A sin B sin A sin B
 a 2  b2  c2  ab
=  2
 2ab  c
a 2  b2  c2 101c2  c2
=   50
2ab 2c2

5. A a D
o
120
2 b cyclic quadrilateral
o
60
B C
5

1 5 3
Area ABC =  2  5  sin 60o =
2 2
Total area = 4 3

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16 16
6 6
 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
5 3 3 3
Area ADC = 4 3 – =
2 2
3 3 1
 = absin120 o
2 2
3 3 1 3
 = ab 
2 2 2
ab = 6 ………………. (1)
a 2  b2   AC 
2
1
 cos120  o
 ……………………..(2)
2ab 2
4  25   AC 
2
 cos 60  o
2 25
1 29   AC 
2
 
2 2 10
 2
AC = 19……………………..(3)
From equation (2) & (3)
a 2  b2  19 1
 
2 6 2
2 2
 a + b = 13……………………(4)
From (4) & (1)
a=3 &b=2

4 1
6. cos(A–B) = ,  = absinC
5 2
 AB a b C
 tan   cot
 2  ab 2
1  cos  A  B  63 C
  cot
1  cos  A  B  63 2

4
1
 5  3 cot C
4 9 2
1
5
1 3 C C C o
  cot  cot 1   45o  C = 90
3 9 2 2 2
1
    6  3  sin 90o  9
2

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16 16
7 7
 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
a b
7. (i) 
cos A cos B
tanA = tanB
A=B
(ii) 2sinAcosB = sin(A + B) + sin (A – B)
= sin C + 0
= sin C Proved
A B B C C A
(iii) tan tan  tan tan  tan tan  1 (A=B)
2 2 2 2 2 2
A A C C A
tan 2  tan tan  tan tan  1
2 2 2 2 2
A A C
tan 2  2 tan tan  1 Proved
2 2 2
x 2  16  6
8. cos30o 
8x
3 x 2  10 x
 6
2 8x
o
30
4 3x  x 2  10
4
x 2  4 3x  10  0
4 3  48  40
x
2
4 32 2
 = 2 3 2
2
x = 2 3  2 and x = 2 3  2
1
Area =  4  x sin 30o = x
2
Area = 2 3  2 and 2 3  2
2 2 2
9. loga = logb + logc – log (2bc cosA)
b2c2
 a2 
2bc cos A
bc b2  c2  a 2
 cos A  
2a 2 2bc
2 2 2 2 2 2
 b c = a b + a c – a4
2 2 2 2 2 2
 b (c –a ) + a (a –c ) = 0
2 2 2 2
 (c –a ) (b –a ) = 0
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16 16
8 8
 SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE
 c = a or b = a
Hence triangle must be isosceles.

10. a = n , b = n + 1, c = n + 2
Let the smallest angle A   then the greatest C  2 .
In ABC by applying sine law we get, A
sin  sin 2 
  n+1
n n2 n+2

sin  2sin  cos 

  2
n n2 C B
n
1 2 cos 
 
n n2
n2
 cos  
2n
In ABC, by cosine law we get,
 n  1   n  2   n 2
2 2

 cos  
2  n  1 n  2 

n  2  n  1   2n  2  2 
2

 
2n 2  n  1 n  2 
 (n + 2) (n + 1) (n + 2) = (n + 1) (n + 1 + 4) n
2 2
 n + 4n + 4 = n + 5n
 n=4
sides. n , n + 1 ; n + 2
4, 5, 6

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16 16
9 9
 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
SOLUTIONS – TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
EXERCISE # 1
1. sin2x – 2cosx + 4 sinx = 4 in interval [0, 5]
  2sinx cosx – 2cosx + 4(sinx – 1) = 0
  (sinx – 1) (2cosx + 4) = 0
  (sinx – 1) = 0 or  (2cosx + 4) = 0

  x  n   1  cosx = – 2,
n
, n I
2
There is no solution for this x , as –1 ≤ cosx ≤ 1
  5 9 
Solution set x   , ,  , for x  0,5 Ans.
2 2 2 

2. Let A = { : sin() = tan ()} and B = { : cos(   

 1 
 Set A  sin  1    0  Set B  cos= 1
 cos  
 sin = 0 or cos = 1  = 2n
  = n or  = 2n B = { 2n } , n I
 , n I
   so, A  B is correct option. Ans.

3.  tan 2 x  2 2 tan x  1  0

   tan x   
2
 tan x  2 –1  0  2  1 tan x  2  1  0
 3
 2  1  tan x  2 1  tan  tan x  tan
8 8
 3
 2   x  n  ,nI Ans.
8 8
4.  tan 2   2 3 tan   1  0
 tan   3  – 4  0
2
 

   tan   3  2 tan   

32  0

 tan     2  3  or  
 tan   2  3

 tan     2  3   tan    2  3 

 5  
  tan    tan    tan   tan
 12  12
 5  
  tan   tan      n  ,nI
 12  12
 5    13 25 
   n   , n  I     ' , ........ 
 12  12 12 12 
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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
 7 19 
  , ........
 12 12 
After taking union of both solution sets.
  7 13 19 25 
  , , , , ,...........
12 12 12 12 12 

General solution    6n  1 ,nI Ans.
12
5.  2tan2 tan2
 tan2 
 tan = 1    n  ,nI
4
  tan 
  tan = –1    n  , n  I
4

    n  ,nI Ans.
4
sin  2  1
 24sin x  2  2 6sin x
2
6. 1 sin 1 
1
sin  3  2
 4sin 2 x  2  6sin x 2

  sin x 1 2sin x 1  0

o 0
1
 sin x  1 or  sin x 
2
No. of principal solution for x  0, 2  is 3. Ans.
7. Number of principal solution of 4 cos2 x + 6 sin2 x = 5 is-
 4 cos2x + 6 (1– cos2x) = 5
 6 cos2x – 4 cos2x – 1 = 0
1
 cos2x =
1    9 7  
2 cosx = cosx = 2n ± , n  I   , , ,............
 cosx = ±
1 2 4  4 4 4 
2 1 3  3 11 5 
cosx = – cosx = 2n ± , n  I   , , ,............
2 4  4 4 4 

  on taking union , generalize solution is x  n  ,nI Ans.
4
8. If tan+ tan4 + tan 7 = tan tan4tan7   
  It means
 n n
n
  ,nI Ans.
12

9.  tan2 3 tan  3 n ,nI
3

  tan  3 tan  3 tann , n  I
3

Generalize solution is n ,nI Ans.
3
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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
x 1
10.  2cos   = 3x  x
  2  3
2 2

Solution possible only for, L.H.S. = R.H.S. = 2

1
 3x   2 only for x = 0 Ans.
3x

sin  e x  = 5
x
11. x
  5
 is –
  2
1

No. solutions is possible here. so no. of real solution = 0 Ans.

12.   sin
1
 
4
x = cos

2
3x
1 1

Solution is possible when L.H.S. = R.H.S. = 1

 sinx = 0 & cos3x=1
x = n , n  I 3x = 2n
2n
0, , 2 x= ,nI
3
 2 4 
0, , , 2
 3 3 
For simultaneously satisfying both the conditions, x = 2 Ans.

  + sin
 = 2
2
13. sin
1 1

Only possibility when sin = 1


  2n  ,nI
2
or

 = n   1n ,nI Ans.
2

14.  sec2 x  sec10 x  0

  sec2 x 1  sec8 x   0
 sec2x  0, so sec8x = 1
 sec8x = 1 secx = ± 1

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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION

o  3 2 5 3 7
2 2 2 2

-1

No. of solutions = 3 Ans.

5 1
15.  cos   so cos 
4 2
1 2  2 4 
  cos   2n  ,nI   ,  Ans.
2 3 3 3
16. L.H.S.  R.H.S.  x  R , as 1 sin x 1 & 1 cos x 1
So there is no solution. Ans.

17. If tan  – (1+ 3 ) tan + 3 = 0.
 (tan– 3 ) (tan– 1) = 0
 tan= 3 or tan= – 1
 
  n  ,nI   n  ,nI Ans.
3 4
18. cosx.siny = 1
only possibilities
when cosx = 1. & siny=1 simultaneously cosx = –1 & siny = –1 simultaneously
  5  
x = 2n y = 2n +  ,  x = 2n ±  y = 2n –
2 2  2
  5   3 
A = { 0, 2 } B=  ,  A = { , 3 } B =  
2 2  2
Total pair = n(A) x n(B) Total pair = n(A) x n(B)
=2x2 =2x1
=4 =2
Total no. of ordered pair = 4 + 2 = 6 Ans.
19.  tan3 = 0
 3 = n
n
 = ,nI Ans.
3

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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
20. Most general value of x. for sinx + cos = min {1, a2 – 4a + 6}
aR


min 1,  a  2   2
aR
2

2
min = 1 then , sinx + cox = 1
  1
 sin  x   
 4 2
 n 
 x  n   1
4 4
 
 x  n  (1)n  , n I Ans.
4 4

EXERCISE # 2
1 1
1.  52 1  5 log5 sin x
  15 2.15log15 cos x
1
  1  sinx   3 2.cos x

  1  3 cos x  sin x
1 3 sin x
   cos x 
2 2 2
1  
   cos cox  sin sin x
2 6 6
  1 
  cos  x     cos  
 6 2 3
 
  x  2n 
6 3
   
 x  2n   or x  2n  
3 6 3 6
 
  x  2n  , n  I x  2n  , n I
6 2
Rejected as.
cos x  0 

&sin x  1
      Which are not acceptable for domain of log function.

Then the value of x  2n  , n  I Ans.
6

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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
2.  2sin3 cos2 = sin 3
  sin3 (2cos2– 1) = 0
1
 sin3 = 0 or cos 2 
2

  3 = n  2  2n 
3
n 
   , n I    n  , n I
3 6
  2    5 
    0, , ,     ,  for 0 ≤ ≤ .

 3 3  6 6 
   2 5 
on taking union   0, , , , ,  Ans.
 6 3 3 6 

3. 2sin11x  cos3x  3 sin 3x  0

cos3x 3  
  sin11x   sin 3x  0   sin11x  sin  3x    0
2 2  6
   
  2sin  7x   cos  4x    0
 12   12 
   
 sin  7x    0 or cos  4x    0
 12   12 
  
  7x   n  4x   2n 
12 12 2

    
  7x  n   4x  2n  or 4x  2n 

12 2 12 2 12
n  n 7 n 5
  x  , n I ………(i)  x   or x 
7 84 2 48 2 48
 7 19 31 43 
 x   , , , ,...... …….(ii)
 48 48 48 48 
n 7
 x   , n I Ans.
4 48

4. Find all value of , between 0 & , which satisfy the equation; cos. cos 2. cos 3 =1/4.
1
Sol. cos .cos 2.cos 3 
4
2 cos  cos 3 1  cos 4  cos 2 .cos 2  1
  .cos 2   
2 4 2 4
1
  2 cos3 2  cos 2  cos 2 2    (2cos2 (2cos22– 1) = 0
2
1 1
 cos 2  or cos 2 2 
2 2

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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
2 1 1
  2  2n   cos 2  or cos 2 
3 2 2
  3
    n  , n I  2  2n  or 2  2n 
3 4 4
 3
   n  or   n  , n I
8 8
  2    7   3 5 
   ,    ,  or   , 
3 3  8 8   8 8
   3 5 2 7 
on taking union,    , , , , ,  Ans.
8 3 8 8 3 8 

5. 13  18 tan x  6 tan x  3
  13–18tanx = 36tan2x + 9 – 36tanx
  36tan2x –18tanx – 4 = 0
  (3tanx – 2) (6tanx + 1) = 0
2 1
 tanx  or tanx 
3 6
  x =n +  (Rejected as not satisfying original equation.)
2
  where   tan 1  
3
  for – 2 <  < 2
  x ={–2 + , – +,  +  } Ans.

6. 1  sin 2x  2 cos3x  0
  1+ sin2x = 2cos23x
  1+ sin2x = 2(1– sin23x)
  2sin23x + sin2x = 1
  1 – cos6x + sin2x =1
  sin2x = cos6x
 
  cos6x = cos   2x 
2 

  2n  6x   2x
2
 
 8x   2n or 2n   4x
2 2
 n n 
  x  x 
16 4 2 8
  3 
  x   , ,.......... smallest positive value of x =  . Ans.
16 8  16

7. No. of principal solution of the equation.

  sinx – sin3x + sin5x = cosx – cos3x + cos5x
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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
1 1 1
   sin x  cos x    sin 3x  cos 3x    sin 5x  cos 5x   0
2 2 2
     
  sin  x    sin  3x    sin  5x    0
 4  4  4
 
 6x  2   x  5x   
  2sin   cos    sin  3x    0
 2   2   4
 
 
  sin  3x    2cos 2x  1  0
 4
 
 sin  3x    0 or 2cos 2x 1  0
 4
 1
  3x  n   cos 2x 
4 2
n  
 x   2x  2n 
3 12 3

 x  n 
6
  5 9  5 7 11 13 17 21 
 Principal solutions  , , , , , , , , , ,
12 12 12 6 6 6 6 12 12 12 
No. of solutions = 10 Ans.

8. General solution.
1 
 log3  cos x sin x   log 2  cos x  sin x 
  3 2  2  2
1
log3  cos x sin x 
  32 3   cos x  sin x   2
  3(cos x  sin x)   cos x  sin x   2

 
 3 1  cos x   3 1  sin x  1
2 2 2 2 2
5 5 1
  cos cos x  sin sin x 
12 12 2
 5    5x  
  cos  x    cos   x    2n 
 12  3  12  3
3 
  x  2n  (Rejected) or 2n  ( Acceptable )
4 12
For this cosx + sinx = 0 not
acceptable as domain of log f n. Ans.

9. 0o < < 180o

  cos6 + cos4 + cos2 + 1 = 0

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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
  2cos4 cos2 + cos4+ 1 = 0
  2cos4 cos2 + 2cos22 = 0
  2cos2 (cos4 + cos2 = 0
  2cos2 2cos3 cos = 0
  cos cos2 cos3 = 0
  cos or cos2 or cos3 = 0
  2n 
    2n     n    
2 4 3 6

  5   3 
  = , , , , 
6 6 4 2 4 
= 30 o, 45 o, 90 o, 135 o, 150o Ans.

10. sin x  cos  x  0 sum of all solution in [ 0, 100 ]

 
  cos x cos  sin x.sin  0
4 4
 
  cos  x    0
 4
 
  x   2n 
4 2
3 1
  x  2n  or x  2n 
4 4
 3 7 11 15 17 399 
  x   , , , , ,........... 
4 4 4 4 4 4 
  General solution x 
 4n  1 , n I
4
  Tn = a + (n –1) d
399 3
     n  1 d
4 4
  n =100
100  3 399 
  S100   = 5025 Ans.
2  4 4 

11. Range of y . for which y + cosx = sinx has real solution.

  sinx – cosx = y
   2  sin x  cos x  2
   2  y 2
For y=1
 sinx – cosx = 1
sin x cos x 1
  
2 2 2

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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
  1
  sin  x   
 4 2
 n 
  x  n   1
4 4
n  
  x  n   1  , n I
4 4
 
  for 0 < x < 2, x   ,  Ans.
2 

cos   sin 
12.  sin  x 2   2 cos  x 
2
For perfect square D = 0  b2 – 4ac = 0
 cos   sin  
  4cos2   4  sin    0
 2 
  4 cos  – 2sincos – 2sin  = 0
2 2

  2 tan2 + 2tan– 4 = 0
  ( tantan– 1) = 0
  tan  or tan = 1

 = n – tan–1(2)     n  ,nI
4

But sin must be positive because – (a+b)2 can not be considered as perfect square

So    2n  1   tan 1  2  or   2n  ,nI Ans.
4

13. (a) sinx.sin2x.sin3x = 1

1
   cos 2x  cos 4x  sin 2 x  1
2
  2cos2x sin 2x – 2 cos4x sin2x = 4
  sin4x – sin6x + sin2x = 4
≤1 ≤1 ≤1
  L.H.S |max = 3 R.H.S. = 4
Then for any value of x, L.H.S.  R.H.S.
Proved.
1
(b) sinx. cos4x . sin5x =
2
1 1
   cos 4x  cos 6x  cos 4 x 
2 2
1
 
1
2
 cos 4x  cos 4x cos 6x 
2
2

  2cos24x – 2cos4x cos6x = –2
  cos8x + 1 – cos10x – cos2x = –2
  cos8x – cos10x – cos2x = –3
For L.H.S = R.H.S.
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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
cos10x = cos2x = 1 & cos8x = –1
10x = 2m & 2x = 2r 8x = (2n + 1) 
m 
x x=r x   2n  1
5 8
m 
   r    2n  1
5 8
 
m
r 
 2n  1 ………..(i)
5 8
There is no integral value of m , r & n for which equation (i) holds good. So no solution.
Proved.

14. f(x) = sin6x + cos6x + k(sin4x + cos4x) for some real number k.
(a) f(x) = (sin2x + cos2x)3 – 3sin2xcos2x (sin2x + cos2x) + k (1–2sin2xcos2x)
= 1– 3sin2xcos2x + k – 2k sin2xcos2x
  = 1  k  
 2k  3 sin 2 2x
4
For f(x) = constant
 
 2k  3  0  3
k
4 2

(b) f(x) = (1+k ) –

 2k  3 sin 2 2x  0
4

4  k  1
  sin 2 2x 
 2k  3
4  k  1
  0 1
2k  3
 1 
  k   1,  Ans.
 2
(c) f (x) = 0 for k = –0.7
2k  3  2
  1  k     sin 2x  0
 4 
  0.3 
1.6  sin 2 2x  0
4
0.3 3
  sin 2 2x   sin 2 2x 
0.4 4
3 
  sin 2x    2x  n 
2 3
n 
  x  , n I
2 6

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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
 
15. Value of x in the internal x   0,  , for which tanx. tan3x < –1.
 2
 tan 3x  tan x 
  1+tanx tan3x < 0  tan  3x  x   
 1  tan 3x.tan x 
tan 3x  tan x
  0
tan 2x
   
  x  0,  …..(i) x  ,  …..(ii)
 4 4 2
   
  2x  0,   2x  ,  
 2 2 
  tan2x > 0  tan2x < 0
  tan3x < tanx  tan3x > tanx
 
  3x   3x 
2 2
 
  x  …….(iii)  x  …….(iv)
6 6
From (i) & (iii) From equation (ii) & (iv) x  

 
<x<
6 4
 
36    36  
 36  b  a   4 6 12  3
Then,   Ans.
    

EXERCISE # 3 (JM)
1. 2sin2 x + 5sinx – 3 = 0

 sin  
1 1
2 sin  
  (sinx + 3) (2sinx – 1) = 0 2 2

1
  sin x = – 3 or sinx  o
2 o

 sin x = – 3, not possible as –1 ≤ sinx ≤ 1.

3
1 2
 for sinx  , There is 4 solutions for x [ 0, 3] Ans.
2

x x
1  tan 2 2 tan
2  2 1    x 
2.
x x 2  Let tan 2  t  
1  tan 2 1  tan 2
2 2

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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
1 t2
2t 1
  
1 t 2
1 t 2
2

 3t2 – 4t – 1 = 0
2  7 accepted
2 7 3
 t=  x x 
3 2 – 7 rejected  tan 2  0, for 0  2  2 
3
 2 7 
 
x 2 
2 tan
2  3   4 7
 tanx = = = Ans.
2 x
2
1  tan  2 7  3
2 1  3 
 
Alternate Method
1
M-II cos x  sin x 
2
1
  1  sin 2x 
4
3
  sin 2x  , means x is obtuse angle.
4
2 tan x 3
  
1  tan x 4
2

  3tan2x + 8tanx + 3 = 0
4  7
 tanx 
3
 tanx < 0 ,

 tan x 

 4 7  Ans.
3

3. Let A and B denote the statements

A : cos + cos  + cos  = 0
B : sin + sin  + sin  = 0
3
If cos ( – ) + cos(– ) + cos( – ) = – , then –
2
  2[cos ( – ) + cos(– ) + cos( – ) ] +3 = 0
 2cos( – ) + 2cos(– ) + 2cos( – ) + sin2 + cos2 + cos2sin2 sin2 + cos2
  sin2 + sin2 sin2sinsinsinsin + 2sinsincos 2 + cos 2 cos 2
  coscos coscos + 2 coscos
  (sin + sin sin(cos + cos cos
  sin + sin sin cos + cos cos    Ans.
   
4. 2sin4cos3 + sin4 = 0
  sin4cos3= 0
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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
1
  sin4= 0 or cos3 =
2
2
  4 = n  cos3 = cos
3
n 2
  = , n I  3 = 2n ±
4 3
2n 2
 = ± , nI
3 9

Solution set
n    3 
  = , n I   0, , , , ,........ .............(i)
4  4 2 4 
2n 2  2 4 8 
  =     , , , ........ ................(ii)
3 9 9 9 9 
 2  4  8 3 
Solution set after taking union of equation (i) & (ii) ,    , , , , , 
9 4 9 2 9 4 Ans.
5x 3x 5x x
5. 2cos cos + 2cos cos = 0
2 2 2 2
5x  3x x
  2cos  cos  cos   0
2  2 2
5x  x
  cos  cos x cos   0
2  2
x 5x
cosx = 0 or cos =0 or cos =0
2 2
 x  5x 
  x = 2n ±  = 2n ±  = 2n +
2 2 2 2 2
4n 
 x = 4n ± 2  x= 
5 5
Solution set Solution set Solution set
for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
  3    3 5 7 
 ,  {}  , , , 
2 2  5 5 5 5 

  Total 2 + 1 +4 = 7         Ans.

 sin 2 x 
6. 5 2
 cos 2 x   2 cos 2x  9
 cos x 
 1  cos 2x   1  cos 2x 
  5   5   2cos 2x  9 
 1  cos 2x   2 
 Let cos2x = t , 

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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
 1 t   1 t 
  5   5   2t  9
 1 t   2 
  9t2 + 42t + 13 = 0
  (3t + 13) ( 3t + 1) = 0
13 1
  t= (Rejected  –1 ≤ cos2x ≤ 1 ) or t= (Accepted)
3 3
 1 
2
7
  cos4x = 2 cos 2x – 1 =    – 1 =
2
Ans.
 3 9

   1
7. 8cos x   cos2  sin 2 x    1
 6  2
 3  1
  8cos x    sin 2 x    1
 4  2
  3
8 cos x – 6cosx –1 = 0
  cos3x – 3cosx ) –1 = 0
1
  cos3x =
2
 
  3x = 2n ±  x = (6n ± 1)
3 9
  7 5 
Solution set =  , ,  , for x 0, 
9 9 9 
 7 5 13
Sum =     k
9 9 9 9
13
  K= Ans.
9

EXERCISE # 4 (JA)
1.  64  7 cos x  5sin x  64
  8   2k  1  8
9 7
   k
2 2
x x x x x x x x
-4.5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3.5

  Total integral solutions = 8 Ans.

2.  cos   –    1
   – 0 for  ,  , 
    ..........(i)
1
  cos      
e

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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
  cos  2  
1
   
e
1
  2  2n  cos 1  
e
1 1
    n  cos 1  
2 e
1
let   cos 1   , n  I
e
    
      ,  , ,   
 2 2 2 2
Total no. of solutions = 4 Ans.
3.  2sin2 – 5sin + 2 > 0
  (sin– 2)(2sin – 1) > 0   1 sin 1 
1
  1  sin  
2

1
2

2
o  5
6 6

-1

    5 
   0,    , 2  Ans.
 6  6 
4.  2 sin2 – cos2 = 0 &  2 cos2 – 3 sin = 0
  1 – cos2 – cos2 = 0  2 – 2 sin2 – 3 sin = 0
1
  cos2 =  (sin  (2sin = 0
2
 1
  2 = 2n ±  sin rejected or sin =
3 2
 1
   = n ± , n I  sin =  = n + (-1)n
6 2

, n I
6
  5 7 11    5 
   , , ,    , 
6 6 6 6  6 6 
For satisfying both the equation simultaneously.
  5 
   ,  , No. of solution = 2 Ans.
6 6 
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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
 
5.  tan   tan   5  &  sin2 = cos4
2 

    n   5  sin2 = 1– 2 sin2 2
2

  6  n   (sin2 (2sin2
2
n  1
    , nI  sin2–1 or sin2
6 12 2
   3 3 5   
   , , , ,   22n – 2n + (–1)n
 12 12 12 12 12  2 6
 n 
        n –  + (–1)n
4 2 12
     5 
       
     , 
 4  12 12 
For simultaneously satisfying both the equation
 3  5 
 , ,  No. of solutions = 3 Ans.
 12 12 12 

1 1 1
6. – 
  3   2 
sin   sin   sin  
n  n   n 
 3  
sin    sin  
   n  n  1
    3   2 
sin   sin   sin  
n  n   n 
    2   2      3 
2sin   cos   sin    sin   sin  
n  n   n  n  n 
     4   3  
  sin    sin    sin     0
 n   n   n 
  4   3 
  sin    0 or sin    sin  
n  n   n 
4 3
  Not possible for any integral value of n   
n n
 n=7 Ans.

3
7.  tan (2 –  0 , –1 < sin < –
2
  tan < 0
    3   4 5 
   ,     , 2  .....................(1)   ,  ....................(2)
2   2   3 3 

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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
 3 5 
On taking intersection  , 
 2 3 
 3 5 
  2cos   1 1, 2  for   , 
 2 3 
  1  2sin      2

    0, 4
1
   sin      1 As
2

1
 1
2

 0 
6
5 2 13 17 3 4

6 6 6



  5   13 17 
  for this       ,    , 
6 5   6 6 
 5 13 17
  for this      or     
6 6 6 6
3 2  4
      Ans.
2 3 2 3

8. sinx + 4 sinxcosx – 3sinx + 4sin3x = 3

  sinx (4 sin2x + 4cosx – 2 ) = 3
  sinx (4 – 4 cos2x + 4cosx – 2 ) = 3
  sin
1 

x 3   2 cos x  1 = 3
 
2

3
 Solution is possible only when L.H.S. = R.H.S. = 3
sinx = 1 & 2cosx – 1= 0 simultaneously
There is no solution, as same value of x both conditions do not satisfy simultaneously. Ans.
5
9. cos2 2x + (sin2x + cos2x)2 – 2sin2xcos2x + (cos2x + sin2x)3 – 3cos2 x sin2x (cos2x + sin2x) = 2
4
5
  cos2 2x + 1 – 5 sin2xcos2x + 1 = 2
4
5 5
  cos2 2x – sin22x = 0
4 4
  tan2 2x =1 tan 2x = ± 1 x  [ 0, 2]

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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION

o   3 5 3 7 2
4 2 4 4 2 4
–1

Total no. solutions = 8 Ans.

10. 3a cos   2bsin   c ...............(1)

3a cos  2bsin   c ...............(2)
 Subtract equation (2) form equation (1)
    
  3a  cos   cos    2b  sin   sin    0  2  6 
                  
  3a  2sin   sin     4b cos   sin  0
  2   2   2   2 
 
  sin    a  2b   0
 2 
 
  0     , then a – 2b = 0 
b 1
  sin    0.5 Ans.
 2  a 2

EXERCISE # 5
1. No. of values of x., satisfying log 2  sin x   log 1   cos x   0 in internal  ,  .
2

y = sinx
y = cosx

o
–
–

for domain of log

sinx > 0 & –cosx > 0
x  (0, )……..(i) cosx < 0
    
x   ,    ,   ……..(ii)
 2  2 
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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
 
From (i) & (ii) taking intersection x   ,   …………(iii)
2 
  log2  sin x   log 2   cos x   0
  sin x 
  log 2  0
 cos x 
  – tanx = 1
  tanx = –1

  x = n  , n  I ………(iv)
4
 3 
From equation (iii) & (iv), x =   is only possible solution. Ans.
4 

 
2. a 2  2a  cos ec2   a  x    0
2 
 
  a 2  2a  1  cot 2   a  x    0
2 

   a  12  cot 2   a  x    0
0 2 
0

 
  a+1=0 and cot 2   a  x    0
2 

 
  a = – 1  cot 2   1  x    0
2 
 
      x  1  n  
2 2
     x 1  2n  1
x
      n 1
2
x
     I Ans.
2

3. cot4x – 2cosec2x + a2 = 0
  cot4x – 2 (1+cot2x) + a2 = 0
  (cot2x –1)2 = 3 – a2
for atleast one solution
  (3–a2)  0
  (a + 3 ) (a – 3 ) ≤ 0
  a [– 3 , 3 ]

x x x
 3 -1 0 1 3

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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
For integral solutions. a = {–1, 0 , 1}
Sum of all values of a = – 1 + 0 + 1 = 0 Ans.

4. O <  < 2 , 4cos2 – 2 2 cos –1= 0

2 2  8  16
cos =
8
2 6
cos =
4

  cos =
3 1
or cos =
  
3 1
2 2 2 2
  5   5 
  cos = cos   cos =  cos    cos = cos    
 12   12   12 
 7 
   = 2n   , n  I cos = cos     = 2n  7
12  12  12
  23   7 17 
   = ,   = , 
12 12   12 12 
  7 17 23 
On taking union,  =  , , ,  Ans.
12 12 12 12 

5 One of the following intervals the inequality sinx < cosx < tanx < cotx . can hold good ?
AB

o 
4

2
3
2
2

 
Inequality sinx < cosx < tanx < cotx can hold good only in the interval  0,  . Ans.
 4

6. Let sin2x = t

t2 – ( k + 2) t – (k + 3) = 0

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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
 k  2   k  2  4  k  3
2
2
sin x =
2
=
 k  2   k  4
2
2 2k  6
sin x =  k 3 or sin2x = –1 (Rejected)
2
  0≤k+3≤1
 –3 ≤ k ≤ –2
 k  [–3, –2 ] Ans.

7. Smallest positive angle satisfying the equation.

1+ cos3x – 2cos2x = 0
 4cos3x – 3cosx – 4cos2x + 3 = 0
 (cosx –1) (4cos2x–3) = 0
 cosx = 1 or cos2x = 3
4
3  3
 x=0 cos x  or cos x 
2 2
Rejected as 0 is not a positive angle  x = 30o or  x = 150o
Hence, smallest positive angle = 30o Ans.
3x 5y
8. Statement (1) if sin cos  k8  4k 4  5 x, y R then exactly four distinct real
2 3

values of k are possible.

3x 5y
 
2
 sin cos  k4  2 1
2 3 1
1 1
For solutions L.H.S. = R.H.S. = 1
 K4 – 2 = 0
 K2 = ±2

K2 =2 K2 = – 2 (Rejected)

k =+ 2 k=– 2 two real distinct value.

Statement (1) is wrong.

3x 5y
Statement (2) sin and cos both are less than or equal to and greater than or equal
2 3
to –1. k are possible.
Statement (2) is correct. Ans.
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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
x 
9. Equation 2cos2   sin 2 x  x 2  x 2 , 0  x 
2 2

x 1
L.H.S.= 2cos 2   sin 2 x R.H.S.= x 2  2
2 x
≤2 2
Only possibility L.H.S. = R.H.S. = 2
x
But for same x, cos 2   = (sin2x) = 1 is not possible.
2
So no solution exist. Ans.
10. Number of solutions

sinx = x2 + x + 1 Let f (x) = x2 + x + 1

2
 1 3
sinx =  x    f (0) = 1
 2 4
f(x)

1
3/4

1/2 o y = sinx
–1

Both curves never cut each other, so no solution is possible. Ans.

11. 2sin2x – 5sinx + 2 > 0 x  [ 0, 2 ]

(sinx –2 ) (2sinx–1) > 0
 1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1  1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1
2

1
2

o 
 0.52
5
 2.61
2  6.28
6 6

–1

Integral solution 0, 3, 4, 5, 6.
No. of solutions = 5 Ans.

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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
12. tan –  2 sec = 3 , general solution of .

sin – 2 = 3 cos
sin  3 cos  1
 
2 2 2
  1
cos sin   sin cos  
3 3 2
   
sin      sin  
 3 4
n  
  n   1      , n  I Ans.
4 3
EXERCISE # 6
1. sin (2x + 3x) = sin2xcos3x + cos2xsin3x
= 2sinxcosx (4cos3x–3cosx) + ( 1–2sin2x) (3sinx – 4sin3x)
= 2sinxcos2x (4 (1–sin2x) –3) + ( 1–2sin2x) (3sinx – 4sin3x)
= sinx (2 (1–sin2x) (1– 4sin2x) + ( 1–2sin2x) (3– 4sin2x))
16 sin5x = sinx (16sin4x – 20sin2x + 5)
  sinx (16sin4x – 16sin4x + 20sin2x – 5) = 0
1
  sinx = 0 or 20sin2x–5 = 0 sin x 
2 sin x 
1
2
1
  x = n , n I  2
sin x = /6 /6
4 /6 /6
1
 sinx = ± 1 1
2 sin x  sin x 

2 2
 x  n  , n I
6

  x = n or x  n  , n I Ans.
6
2. 4cos2x – sinx – 2sin2x = 3sinx
  sinx (4 (1–sin2x) –2sinx – 3) = 0  sinx (4 sin2x + 2sinx – 1) = 0
2  4  4  4 1  5
  sinx = 0 or sin x  =
8 4
 3   5 1   5 1
  x = n , n I  sin   =    or sin =
 10   4  10 4
n 1  3 
  x  n   1   or
 10 
n 
x  n   1 , n I
10
3. 2(cosx + 2cos2x–1) + sin2x (1+2cosx) = 2sinx
  2(cosx + cos2x) + sin2x (1+2cosx) = 2sinx
  2cosx (1+ 2cosx) –2 + sin2x (1+2cosx) = 2sinx
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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
  (1+ 2cosx) (2cosx + sin2x) –2 (1+ sinx) = 0
  2cosx (1+ 2cosx) (1+ sinx) – 2(1+ sinx) = 0
  2 (1+ sinx) (cosx + 2cos2x –1 ) = 0
  sinx = –1 or 2cos2x + cosx – 1= 0

  x  2n  , n  I (cosx +1) (2cosx – 1) = 0
2
1
       cosx = –1 or cosx =
2

 x = (2n+1) , n I or x = 2n ± , n I
3
for (– ≤ x ≤  )
   
  x  , , , ,  Ans.
 2 3 3
4. 2(sinx –1 +2sin2x) – sin2x (1 + 2sinx) + 2cosx = 0
  2sinx (1+ 2sinx) –2 – sin2x (1 + 2sinx) + 2cosx = 0
  (1+ 2sinx) (2sinx–2sinxcosx) – 2(1– cosx) = 0
 sinx (1+ 2sinx) (1– cosx) – (1–cosx) = 0
  (1– cosx) (sinx + 2sin2x – 1) = 0  (1– cosx) (sinx + 1) (2sinx – 1) = 0
1
  cosx = 1 or sinx = –1 or sinx =
2
n   n 
  x = 2n , n I x  n   1    , n I x  n   1   , n  I
 2 6
Ans.
3x x
5. 0 < x < 2 , satisfying the equation cos3x + cos2x = sin  sin
2 2
5x x x x 5x 
  2cos cos  2sin x cos   2cos  sinx  c os   0
2 2 2 2 2 
x 5x
  cos  0 or sinx  cos
2 2
x   5x   
   n   cos    cos   x 
2 2  2  2 
5x  
  x  2n  , n I   2n    x 
2 2 
5x  5x 
  2n   x or  2n   x
2 2 2 2
7x  4n 
  2n  x  , n I
2 2 3 3
4n 
 x  , n I
7 7
  5 9 13 
 x  , , , ,  Ans.
 7 7 7 7 
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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
sin 2 2 x cos2 2 x 2sin 2 x 2cos 2 x
6.    6
cos2 2 x sin 2 2 x cos 2 x sin 2 x

sin 4 2 x  cos4 2 x 2
   6
2 2
cos 2 xsin 2 x cos 2 xsin 2 x

1  2sin 2 2 xcos 2 2 x  2sin 2 xcos 2 x

  6
sin 2 2 x cos2 2 x
  8sin22x cos22x – 2sin2xcos2x – 1 = 0
  2sin24x – sin4x –1 = 0
  (sin4x–1) (2sin4x +1) = 0
1
  sin4x = 1 or sin4x =
2
n n  
  4x  n   1  4x  n   1   
2  6
n n n n  
  x   1 , n I  x    1    , n I Ans.
4 8 4  24 
x
1  tan 2
2 2
7.  1 
sin x 2
 2 x  x
1  tan   1  tan 2 
1 
2
= 
2
 
x 2
tan
2
 x x x 3x
  2  tan  1  tan 2    tan  tan
 2 2 2 2
x x x
  tan3  2 tan 2  3tan  2  0
2 2 2
 
 
 x  2x x 0
 tan  1  tan  tan  2
   2    2 2 
 always positive. 
 
D0
 x 
   tan  1  0
 2 
x
  tan  1
2
x  
   n   x  2n  , n I
2 4 2
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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
x
for these values sec & cosecx both are defined. Ans.
2

8. – tan4x (1– (tanx tan3x)2) = tan2x –tan23x

 tanx  tan 3x  tanx  tan 3x 
  – tan4x =   
 1  tan x tan 3x  1  tan x tan 3x 
  – tan4x = tan4x (– tan2x)
  tan4x (1– tan2x) = 0
  tan4x = 0 or tan 2x = 1

  4x = n  2x = n +
4
n n 
  x , n I ………(i)  x  , n I ………(ii)
4 4 8
  
  x   2n  1 & x   2n  1  x   2n  1 iii
2 6 8
 2n  1 
From equation (i), (ii) & (iii) , x     or k , n, k I    Ans.
 4 

  3 3x
9. sinx cos  cosx sin  cos x cos  sin x sin 1
4 4 4 4
sinx cosx cos x sin x
     1
2 2 2 2
1
  sin x 
2
 3
  x= ,
4 4
Check the inequality
 2cos 7x
for = , inequality  2cos 2 x do not satisfied.
4 cos3  sin 3
3 2cos 7x
for = , inequality  2cos 2 x satisfied.
4 cos3  sin 3
3
So, x = 2n  , n I
4 Ans.

10. log  sin 3x  sin x   log sin 2 x 

 x 2 6x  x 2 6x
10 10
  – x2 – 6x > 0 & – x2 – 6x  10
x (x+6) < 0 & x2 + 6x + 10  10

x (–6, 0) ……..(1)

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 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATION
 2sin 2x cos x 
  log  0
 x 2 6x  sin 2x 
10

1
  2cosx = 1  cosx =
2

  x = 2n ± …………(2)
3
 5  
  x (–6, 0), then x =  , 
 3 3 
5  
Check for x = for x = (Rejected)
3 3
(sin3x + sinx ) & (sin2x) sin2x is Negative
Both are positive Ans.

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 PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL
INDUCTION
SOLUTIONS – PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION
EXERCISE # I
1. P(1) : 1 + 1 = 2 even integer.
P(2) : 22 + 2 = 6 even integer.
P(3) : 9 + 3 = 12 even integer.
if n is odd, then n2 is also odd
n2 + n = odd + odd = even.
if n is even, then n2 is also even
n2 + n = even + even = even.
P(n) : n2 + n is even integer.

2. Let P(n) ; x2n–1 + y2n–1

For n = 1, P(1) : x + y, it is divisible by x + y
Assume P(n) is also divisible by x + y for n = k
P(k) = x2k –1 + y2k – 1 = (x + y) …..(1)
Now for n = k + 1
P(k + 1) = x2k + 1 + y2k + 1 = x2. x2k – 1 + y2.y2k – 1
= x2.x2k – 1 + x2.y2k – 1 + y2.y2k –1 – x2.y2k – 1
From equation (1), x2(x + y) + y2k – 1 (y + x) (y – x)
= (x + y) (x2(y – x) y2k –1)
It means P(n) is divisible by (x + y).
3. Let P(n) : 11n+2 + 122n+1
P(1) : 113 + 123 = 1331 + 1728 = 3059 = 133 × 23
it means P(1) is divisible by 133.
Assume P(n) is also divisible by 133 for n = k
P(k) : 11k + 2 + 122k + 1 = (133) ....(1)
Now for n = k + 1
P(k + 1) = 11k + 3 + 122k + 3
= 11. 11k + 2 + 144.122k + 1
= 11. 11k + 2 + 11.122k + 1 + 133.122k + 1
= 11(11k + 2 + 122k + 1) + 133.k Form equation (1),
= 11 × 133 ×  + 133.k
= 133 (11 + k)
it means P(n) is divisible by 133.

4. Let P(n) = 34n+2 + 52n+1

P(1) : 36 + 53 = 854 = 61 × 14
divisible by 14.
Assume P(n) is also divisible by 14 for n = k
P(k) = 34k+2 + 52k+1 = 14 …..(1)
Now put n = k + 1
P(k + 1) = 34k+6 + 52k+3

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 PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL
INDUCTION
= 81.34k+2 + 25.52k+1
= 81.34k+2 + 81.52k+1 – 56.52k+1
= 81(34k+2 + 52k+1) – 14 × 4 × 52k+1
= 81 ×  – 14 × 4 × 52k+1
= 14k
It means P(n) is always divisible by 14.

5. Let n = 6
6! = 720
36 = 729
so P(6) is not true
Now put n = 7
n! > 3n
7! = 5040
37 = 2187
so P(7) is true
Now assume that P(k) is true
That is k! > 3k ….(1)
Let n = k + 1
Then,
(k + 1)! = (k + 1)k! > (k + 1)3k ….(2)
Now k  7
so, (k + 1) > 3 …..(3)
From equation (2) & (3)
(k + 1)k! > 3.3k
(k + 1)! > 3k+1
Then P(n) holds for n = k + 1, as thus for all n  7,

a 1
P(1) : A  
a 
6. ....(1)
0
a 1   a 1   a2 2a 
P(2) : A2 =   =  ….(2)
0 a 0 a  0 a2 
 an na n 1 
From equation (2), acceptable general solution is  .
0 an 
Assume this is also true for n = k
 a k k.a k 1 
P(k) : Ak =  
0 ak 
k+1 k  a k k.a k 1   a 1 
Now A = A . A =   
0 ak   0 a 
 a k 1 (k  1)a k 
= 
 0 a k 1 
= P( k + 1)
Assumed general solution is true for all n  N.
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 PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL
INDUCTION
1  1.2 2.3 3.4 
7.   3  3  ............ 
4  1 1 2 1 2 3 3 3 3

 
 
th 1  n(n  1) 
n term of this series Tn =
4   n(n  1)  2 
  
 2  
1  4  1
Tn =  =
4  n(n  1)  n(n  1)

Tn =  
1 1 

 n n1 
1 1
T1 = 
1 2
1 1
T2 = 
2 3


1 1
Tn = 
n n1
––––––––––––––––
Sn = 
n 

 n1 
1
check for n = 1, P(1) = is true
2
assume P(n) is true for n = k.
1 2 2 3 k k 1
. . .
= 
2 2  2 2 +………..+ 2 2 k 
 ……………(1)
1 3
1 2
3 3
1  2  .....  k
3 3 3
 k 1 
Now check for n = k + 1
1 2 2 3 k k 1 k 1 k  2
. . . .
P( k + 1) : 2 32  32 2 3 +………..+ 3 23 2 + 2 2
1 1 2 1  2  .....  k 3
1  2  .....  (k  1)3
3 3

From equation (1)

(k  1) (k  2)
= 
k 
+
 k 1   (k  1)(k  2) 
2

4 
 2 
 k  1
= +
 k  1  (k  1) (k  2)
k(k  2)  1 k2  2 k1
= =
(k  1) (k  2) (k  1) (k  2)

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 PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL
INDUCTION
(k  1)
=  P(k + 1)
(k  2)
 P(n) is also true for n = k + 1

8. P(n) : 72n – 48n – 1

P(1) : 72 – 48 – 1 = 49 – 48 – 1 = 0
P(2) : 74 – 96 – 1 = 2304
 P(n) is divisible by 2304 for n = 1, 2
Assume P(n) is also divisible by 2304
for n = k
P(k) : 72k – 48k – 1 = 2304
Now P(k + 1) : 72k + 2 – 48(k + 1) – 1
= 49.72k – 48k – 49
= 49.72k – 49.48k + 49.48k – 48k – 49
= 49(72k – 48k –1) + 2304k
= 49 × 2304+ 2304k
= 2304 (49+ k)
 P(n) is divisible by 2304  n  N.

9. P(n) : 32n – 2n + 1
P(1) : 32 – 2 + 1 = 8
P(1) is divisible by 2, 4 and 8.
Now put n = k
32k – 2k + 1 = (2 + 1)2k – 2k + 1
= 2kC0 . 22k + 2kC1.22k–1 +……….+ 2kC2k–1.2 + 2kC2k – 2k + 1
= 2 .…(1)
Where  = ( C0 . 22k–1 + 2kC1.22k–2 +……….+ 2kC2k–1 – k )
2k

Now check for n = k + 1

32k + 2 – 2(k + 1) + 1 = 32k + 2 – 2k – 1
= 9(32k) – 2k – 1
= 9(2+1)2k – 2k – 1
= 9(2+1) – 2k – 1
= 18 – 2k + 8
= 2(9 – k + 4) = 2 ....(2)
where  = ( C0 2
2k 2k–1
+ 2kC1.22k–2 +……….+ 2kC2k–1)
 = (9 – k + 4)
From equation (2), we can say P(n) is also true for n = k + 1

10. Let n = 3
34 = 81
43 = 64
P(3) is not true.
Put n = 4
35 = 243
44 = 256
P(4) is true
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 PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL
INDUCTION
assume that P(n) is true for n = k
P(k) : 3k+1 < 4k .… (1)
Now put, n = k + 1
4k+1 = 4k . 4 > 4.3k +1 ....(2)
4>3
so from equation (2)
4k+1 > 3.3k+1
4k+1 > 3k+2 .…(3)
 P(n) is also true for n = k + 1.

11. Let n = 5
10n – 2 = 103 = 1000
81n = 81 × 5 = 405
P(n) is true for n = 5
assume that P(n) is true for n = k
10k–2 > 81k ….(1)
Now put, n = k + 1 & from equation (1)
10k–1 = 10k –2 . 10 > 10 × 81k ....(2)
 10 × 81k > 81( k + 1) .…(3)
From equation (2) & (3)
10k–1 > 81(k + 1)
 P(n) is also true for n = k + 1

12. Let P(n) : np – n is divisible by P.

Now P(1) : 1P – 1 = 0 is divisible by P.
Hence P(1) is true.
Now assume P(k) is true i.e.
kP – k is divisible by P
 kp – k = P
so for p(k + 1) : (k +1)p – (k + 1) = pC0kp + pC1kp–1 + ……. + pCp–1k + pCp – k – 1
= C1k p 1  .........  pC p 1k + C0 k p  k = P( + )
p p

   
P P
P
Since P is prime Cr when both r < p and p – r < p is always divisible by P as r < P so no factor
from r! can cancel P from it.
 P(n) is also true for n = k + 1.
Hence P(n) is true for all natural n.
13. Theorem (2),
If P(n) is a statement depending upon n but beginning with any positive integer k, then to prove
P(n) by induction, we proceed as follows :
(i) Verify the validity of P(n) for n = k
(ii) Assume that P(m) is true (m > k), m  N  P(m + 1) is true. Then P(n) is true for
each n  k.
from theorem (2), we can conclude that P(n) is true for all n  5.

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 PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL
INDUCTION
14. Statement – (1)
n 7 n 3 2n 3 n
Let P(n) :    (nN) is an integer
7 5 3 105
1 1 2 1 105
Put n = 1, P(1) :    = =1
7 5 3 105 105
P(n) is true for n = 1
Assume P(k) is also true.
k 7 k5 2k 3 k
   is also an integer …..(1)
7 5 3 105
Now check for n = k + 1
(k  1)7 (k  1)5 2(k  1)3 (k  1)
+ + –
7 5 3 105
1 1
= ( k7 + 7k6 + 21k5 + 35k4 + 35k3 + 21k2 + 7k1+ k0) + (k5 + 5k4 + 10k3 + 10k2 + 5k + k0)
7 5
2 1
+ (k3 + 3k2 + 3k + k0) – (k + 1)
3 105
 k 7 k 5 2k 3 k 
=     + k
6
 3k 5  6k 4
 
7k 3  7k 2  4k 
 1 …………..(2)

7 5

3 105 
 int eger
int eger

From equation (2)

P(n) is also true for n = k + 1
Statement (2)
n 5 n 3 7n 36
Let P(n) :    (n  N) are integer
5
 3
 15
 n

n 5 n 3 7n 36
  is always an integer but is not always integer for n .
5 3 15 n
Hence P(n) is not true for n .
Statement(2) is incorrect.
EXERCISE # II
  
1. P(n)  2  2  2...... = 2cos  n 1  , n  N
2 
 
P(1) = 2 = 2cos  2   P(1) is true.
2 
assume P(n) in true for n = k
  
P(k)  2  2  2...... = 2cos  k 1 
2 
Now check for n = k + 1
        
P(k + 1) = 2  2 cos  k 1  = 4 cos 2  k  2  = 2cos  k  2   R.H.S.
2  2  2 

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 PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL
INDUCTION
 P(n) is also true for n = k + 1
  
It means P(n)  2  2  2...... = 2cos  n 1  is true  n
2 
n
2. P(n) : 3n+1 always divides 23 + 1  n  N
P(1) : 32 = 9
23 + 1 = 9
P(n) is true for n = 1
assume that P(n) is true for n = k
k
P(k) : 3k+1 divides 23 + 1
23 + 1 = k+1
k

  23 = k+1
k

Now check for n = k + 1

  1
k 1 3
P(k + 1) : 23  1  23
k

= (k+1)3 +1
= 3k+1– 3(3k+1)2 + 3(3k+1)
= 3k + 2 (3.32k+1 – 32 3k + )
Hence divisible by 3k + 2

3. Put n = 1,
(1 + x) > (1 + x), Not true
n=2
(1 + x)2 > 1 + 2x, true (x  0)
assume P(n) is true for n = k, k > 1
P(k) : (1 + x)k > 1 + kx …………(1)
Now check for n = k + 1,
P(k + 1) : (1 + x)k+1 = (1 + x)k . (1 + x) from equation (1)
> (1 + x) (1 + kx)
> 1 + x + kx + kx2
> 1 + x(k + 1) + kx2 ....(2)
kx2 > 0 ....(3)
From equation (2) & (3)
(1 + x)k+1 > 1 + x(k + 1)
P(n) is also true for n = k + 1
 P(n) is true for all n > 1 & x  0.

4. P(n) : 3n > n3
P(1) : 3 > 1
P(2) : 9 > 8
P(3) : 27 > 27  Not true
P(4) : 81 > 64
P(n) is true for n = 4
Assume that P(n) is true for n = k, where k 4
P(k) : 3k > k3 ….(1)
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 PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL
INDUCTION
Now check for n = k + 1, where k 4
P(k+1) : 3k+1 = 3.3k > 3.k3 ….(2)
3 3 2
(k + 1) = k + 3k + 3k + 1
 3k3 – (k +1)3 = 2k3 – 3k2 – 3k + 1
= k3 – 3k2 + k3 – 3k + 1
= k2(k –3) + k(k2 – 3) +1
As k 4, k –3 > 0 & k2 – 3 > 0
3 3
Hence 3k – (k + 1) > 0
 3k3 > (k + 1)3 …. (3)
Using equation (2) & (3)
 3k+1 > (k + 1)3
It means P(n) is true for all nN, n 4

5. Put n = 0
P(0) : 32 – 9= 0 , divisible by 64.
Put n = 1
P(1) : 34 – 8 – 9 = 81–17 = 64
P(n) is true for n = 0 & 1
Assume that P(n) is true for n = k
P(k) : 32k+2 – 8k – 9 = 64 ………….(1)
Now check for n = k + 1
P(k + 1) : 32k + 4 – 8( k +1) – 9
= 9.32k + 2 – 8k – 17 From equation (1)
= 9( + 8k + 9) –8k –17
= 64.9 + 64k + 64
= 64(9 + k+ 1) (let 9 + k + 1 = )
= 64
P(k + 1) is also divisible by 64.
P(n) is true for  nN {0}.
6. n<m
 m = 2a –1, n = 2b – 1, a, b  I
m2 – n2 = (m + n) (m – n)
= (2a + 2b – 2) (2a – 2b)
= 4 (a + b – 1) (a– b)
 If (a – b) is even then a + b – 1 is odd
& If (a – b) is odd then a + b – 1 is even
 So (a + b –1) (a – b) is even
4 (a + b –1) (a – b) is divisible by 8.

7. P(n) : 1×1! + 2×2! + 3×3! + ....+ n×n! = (n+1)! – 1

Put n = 1
L.H.S = 1 × 1! = 1
R.H.S = (1 + 1)! – 1 = 2 – 1 = 1
P(n) is true for n = 1
assume that P(n) is true for n = k

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 PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL
INDUCTION
1×1! + 2×2! + 3×3! + ....+ k×k! = (k+1)! – 1 ………….. (1)
Now check for n = k + 1
L.H.S 1×1! + 2×2! + 3×3! + ....+ k×k! + (k+1) × (k+1)!
= (k+1)! – 1 + (k +1) × (k + 1)!
= (k+1)! (k +1 + 1) –1
= (k+2) (k +1)! –1
= (k+2)! –1 = R.H.S.
 P(n) is also true for n = k + 1
Hence statement P(n) " 1×1! + 2×2! + …......+ n×n!" = (n+1)! is true  n  N.

8. P(n) : x(xn–1 – nan–1) + an(n – 1) is divisible by (x – a)2

P(1) : x(x0 – a0) + a(1 – 1) = 0 divisible by (x – a)2
assume P(n) is true for n = k
P(k) : x(xk–1 – kak–1) + ak(k –1) = (x – a)2 …………..(1)
Now check for n = k + 1
P( k + 1) = x(xk – (k + 1)ak) + ak+1.k
= xk+1 – xkak – x.ak + ak+1 . k …………..(2)
from equation (1)
xk = (x – a) – ak(k – 1) + xkak–1 …………..(3)
from equation (2) & (3)
P(k + 1) = x.xk – xkak – x.ak + ak+1 . k
= x(x– a)2 – xak(k – 1) + x2 kak–1 – xkak – xak + ak+1 .k
= x(x– a)2 – xak. k + xak + x2kak–1 – xkak – xak + k.ak+1
= x(x– a)2 + ak–1. k (–xa + x2 – xa + a2)
= x(x– a)2 + ak–1. k (x2 – 2ax + a2) = (x – a)2 (x + k.ak–1)
 P(n) is also true for n = k + 1

1
9. P(n) : n3 – (n – 1)3 + …...+ (–1)n–1.13 = (n + 1)2 (2n – 1)
4
for any odd integer
Put n = 1
L.H.S. = (–1)0. 13 = 1
1
R.H.S. = (4)(1) = 1
4
Assume that P(n) is true for n = k ( k is odd)
1
P(k) : k3 – (k – 1)3 + …....+ 1 = (k + 1)2 (2k – 1)
4
Now check for n = k + 2
L.H.S. = (k + 2)3 – (k + 1)3 + k3 – (k – 1)3 + ……….+ 1
1
= (k + 2)3 – (k + 1)3 + (k + 1)2 (2k – 1)
4
1
= k3 + 6k2 + 12k + 8 – k3 – 3k2 –3k – 1 + (k + 1)2 (2k – 1)
4

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 PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL
INDUCTION
1
= 3k2 + 9k + 7 + (k + 1)2 (2k – 1)
4
1
= (12k2 + 36k + 28 + (k2 + 2k + 1) (2k–1))
4
1
= (12k2 + 36k + 28 + 2k3 – k2 + 4k2 –2k + 2k–1)
4
1 1
= (2k3 + 15k2 + 36k + 27) = (k + 3)2 (2k +1) Proved
4 4
P(n) is true for all odd integers.

10. P = a + (a + 1) + (a + 2) + ……….+ (a + (n –1))

= na + (1 + 2 + 3 + ……….+ (n – 1))
(n  1) n
= na +
2
q = a2 + (a + 1)2 + (a + 2)2 + ………… + (a + (n – 1))2
(n  1)(n)(2n  1) 2an(n  1)
= na2 + +
6 2
n (n  1)(2n 1)
2
n 2 (n  1) 2
nq – p2 = n2a2 + + an2(n –1) – n2a2 – – n2a(n –1)
6 4
n 2 (n  1)  2 n  1 (n 1) 
=   
2  3 2 
n 2 (n  1)  4n  2  3n  3 
=  
2  6 
n (n  1)(n  1)
2
= independent of 'a'.
12
11. let n is odd number, then (n – 1) is even number.
sum = 12 + 2.22 + 32 +2.42 + ………+ 2.(n –1)2 + n2
n 2 (n  1)
=  n2
2
 n  1  2  n (n  1)
2
= n2   =
 2  2
Now verify the sum by using principle of mathematical induction.
P(1) is true
Let assume P(n) is true for n = k , where k is odd
k 2 (k  1)
P(k) : 12 + 2.22 + 32 + 2.42 + …… + k2 =
2
Now check for n = k + 2
P(k + 2) : 12 + 2.22 + 32 + …….. + k2 + 2.(k +1)2 + (k + 2)2
k 2 (k  1)
= + 2(k + 1)2 + (k + 2)2
2

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 PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL
INDUCTION
 k2 
= (k + 1)   2(k  1)  + (k + 2)2
 2 
(k  1) 2
= (k + 4k + 4) + (k + 2)2
2
1 1
= (k +2)2 (k + 1 + 2) = (k + 3) (k + 2)2
2 2
P(n) is also true for n = k + 1

12. S(k) = 1 + 3 + 5 + ………….+(2k – 1) = 3 + k2 ………….(1)

S(k + 1) = 1 + 3 + 5 + ………. + (2k – 1) + (2k + 1)
= 3 + k2 + 2k + 1 from equation (1)
= 3 + (k + 1)2
S(k)  S(k + 1)
Although S(k) in itself is not true but it considered true will always imply towards S(k + 1)

13. Let P(n) : An = nA – (n – 1)I

P(1) : A = A
P(n) is true for n = 1
Assume P(n) is true for n = K
P(k) : AK = KA – (K – 1)I …………….(1)
Check for n = k + 1
P(K + 1) : AK+1 = AK. A
= (KA – (K –1)I) . A
= KA2 – (K – 1)A
= KA2 – KA + A ………….(2)
From equation (1)
A2 = 2A – I …………..(3)
From equation (2) & (3)
P(K +1) : AK+1 = K(2A – I) – KA + A
= KA + A – KI
= (K + 1)A – KI R.H.S.
P(n) is also true for n = K + 1

14. Statement (1)

1 1 1
P(n) =   ... 
1 2 n
1 1
P(2) =  = 1 + 0.707 = 1.707 > 2
1 2
1 1 1
Let us assume that P(k) =   ...   k is true
1 2 k
1 1 1 1
P( k + 1) =  + ……….+   k  1 has to be true.
1 2 k k 1
1 k(k  1)  1
L.H.S > k  =
k 1 k 1
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 PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL
INDUCTION
Since k(k  1) > k (k  0)
k(k  1)  1 k 1
 > = k 1
k 1 k 1
Let P(n) = n(n  1) < n + 1
statement (1) is correct
P(2) = 2  3 < 3
If P(k) = k(k  1) < (k +1) is true
Now P(k + 1) = (k  1)(k  2) < k + 2 has to be true
since (k + 1) < k + 2
 (k  1)(k  2) < (k + 2)
Statement 2 is correct explanation of statement (1)

15. Statement – 2
P(n) = n7 – n
P(1) = 0 divisible by 7
Assume P(k) = k7 – k = 7
Now n = k + 1
 P(k + 1) = (k + 1)7 – (k + 1)
= k7 + 7C1 . k6 + 7C2 . k5 + …….. + 7C6 k + 1 – k – 1
P(k + 1) = (k7 – k) + multiple of 7
As 7 is coprime with 1,2,3,4,5,6 so 7C1.7C2 …………7C6 are all divisible by 7
P(k + 1) is divisible by 7
Hence P(n) = n7 – n is divisible by 7.
Statement – 1
n7 – n is divisible by 7,
 (n +1)7 – (n + 1) is divisible by 7
 (n +1)7 – n7 – 1 + n7 – n is divisible by 7
 (n +1)7 – n7 – 1 +  is divisible by 7
 (n +1)7 – n7 – 1 is also divisible by 7

16. P(n) : n2 – n + 41
P(3) : 9 – 3 + 41 = 47, which is prime.
P(5) : 25 – 5 + 41 = 61, which is prime
Hence both P(3) & P(5) are true.

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION

SOLUTIONS – QUADRATIC EQUATION

EXERCISE # 1
1. 6x2 – 7x + k = 0 have rational roots
D = 49 – 24k, must be a perfect square
k=1&2
for k = 1, D = 25
for k = 2, D = 1
for no other value of k, D is perfect square
2. x2 – m(2x – 8) –15 = 0

 x2 – 2mx + 8m –15 = 0
D=0
4m2 – 4 (8m –15) = 0
 m2 – 8m + 15 = 0
 (m – 5) (m – 3) = 0
m=5&3

3. x2 – bx – c = 0 
b c
 += ,  =
a a
then, 2 –  + 2 = ( + )2 – 3
b 2 3c b 2  3ac
= 2 =
a a a2
4. ax2 + bx + c = 0
D<0
 D = b2 – 4ac
If b = 0 then a & c must have same sign.  b = 0, a > 0, c > 0
q q
5. x2 + px + q = 0, let y    
 y
2
q q q 2 pq
    p   q  0   q 0
y y y2 y
 q + pqy + qy2 = 0
2
 y2 + py + q = 0

6. x2 + px + q = 0,  = p, =q
 +  = –p &  = q
 p + q = –p & pq = q  q (p –1) = 0
 2p = –q & p =1 & q=0

P = 0, Hence P = 1, 0
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21 21
0 0
 QUADRATIC EQUATION

7. ax2 + bx + c = 0

    a  b     a  b 
 
a  b a  b  a  b  a  b 
a 2  b  2a  b
= 2 
 
  2  2  b     
a   ab  ab  b 2 a 2  ab       b 2
  b 2 2c   b 
a       b   a  b  2ac   b
2 2

 a  a   a  a2 
=  = 
a
c  b  ac  b  b
2 2
a 2    ab    b 2
a  a 
2ac 2
= =
ac  a a

8. ax2 + x + b = 0
 D = 1– 4ab > 0
x 2  4 abx  1  0
D' = 16ab – 4
= –4(1– 4ab)
= –4(+)
= (–) . < 0 roots are imaginary.
9. x2 – 2x + 3 = 0
 1  1 y 
 y    
 1   1 y 
2
 1 y   1 y 
Then,    2 3 0
 1 y   1 y 
 (1+y)2 – 2(1+y) (1–y) +3(1–y)2 = 0
 3y2 – 2y + 1 = 0
 3x2 – 2x + 1 = 0, is required equation

10. x2 – 3x + 1 = 0
1  1  2y 
y =  
2  y 
2
 1  2y   1  2y 
Then,    3y   1  0
 y   y 
 (1+2y)2 – 3y(1+2y) + y2 = 0
 y2 – y – 1 = 0
 x2 – x – 1 = 0, is required equation

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21 21
1 1
 QUADRATIC EQUATION
x 5
11. 0
x  5x  14
2

x 5
 0  x   7, 2    5,  
 x  7  x  2 
Least integral value = – 6
– + – +
–7 2 5
(A)  –7 + 6 = 0
2
(B) 2 + 3 – 4 = 0
 ( – 6) ( – 1) = 0  ( – 1) ( + 4) = 0
  = 6,  = 1
(C) 2 + 5 – 6 = 0 (D) 2 – 5 + 4 = 0
 ( – 1) ( + 6) = 0  2 – 4 –  + 4 = 0
  = 1,  = –6  ( – 4) –1 ( – 4) = 0
 ( – 1) ( – 4) = 0

12. x2–3kx + 2e2loge k  1  0 , k > 0

  = 2e2loge k 1  7
 e2loge k  0
 k2 =4  k=2
case – I k=+2
x2–6x + 2e e    1  0
2log 2

 x2 – 6x + 8 – 1 = 0
x2 – 6x + 7 = 0
case – II k = –2 (Rejected)
Check
 D>0
 36 – 28 > 0 (Accepted) real roots

3p
13.  +  = –p,  =
4
    10
 (–)2 = 10
 (+)2 – 4 = 10
3p
 p2 – 4  = 10
4
 2
p – 3p – 10 = 0
 (p – 5) (p + 2) = 0
 P = {–2, 5}

14. 3 + 3 = –p &  = q
 2
2
 '  , ' 
 
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21 21
2 2
 QUADRATIC EQUATION
 3
p
3
 ' + ' = =
 q
 '' =  = q
 p 
Required equation x2 –  x+q=0
 q 
 qx2 + px + q2 = 0

x 2  bx m  1
15. Equation  , ' + ' = 0
ax  c m 1
 x2 (m + 1) –bx(m + 1) –ax(m–1) + c(m–1) = 0
 x2 (m + 1) –x(a (m – 1) +b(m+1)) + c(m–1) = 0
b  m  1  a  m  1
 ' + ' = 0
 m  1
 bm + am = a – b
ab
 m=  
ab

16. y = x2 + ax + 25
this is upward parabola
D=0
 a2 – 100 = 0
 a = 10

17. a2x2 + bx + 1
D<0
 b2 –4a2 < 0
 b2 < 4a2

18. y = ax2 + bx + c

a<0
b
vertex 0
2a
 –b<0 & f(0) > 0
 b>0 c>0

19. k(6x2 + 3) + rx + 2x2 – 1 = 0 & 6k(2x2 + 1) + px + 4x2 – 2 = 0

 x2(6k + 2) + rx + 3k – 1 = 0 & x2(12k + 4) + px + 6k – 2 = 0
Both roots common
6k  2 r 3k  1 r 1
      2r – p = 0
12k  4 p 6k  2 p 2

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21 21
3 3
 QUADRATIC EQUATION

20. x2 + 2 (a – 3) x + 9 = 0 
f(6) < 0 6
 36 + 2(a – 3)6 + 9 < 0  
 12a – 36 + 36 + 9 < 0
9 3  3 
 a  a  a   , 
12 4  4 

EXERCISE # 2

1. x2 – px + q = 0 
 2   2 
(i) 2      2    
    

=  2
  2  2   2  2   2 
 

=
 3  3  2  2 

      2  2            
=

      2  2        
2

=

             4
2 2
 
=


=

p p2  q p2  4q  
q
(ii) ( – p) + ( – p)–4
–4

  p      p 
4 4
1 1
=  =
   p    p     p    p 
4 4 4 4

                 
4 4

=
    a  p          
4 4

  2  2 
2
 4  4  2 22
= =
     
4 4

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21 21
4 4
 QUADRATIC EQUATION

     2  2  =  p 
2 2 2 2
2
 2q  2q 2
=
   q4
4

p4  4q 2  4p 2q  2q 2
=
q4
 p4  2q 2  4p2q 
=  
 q4 

2. x2 + (2a–1)x + a2 + 2 = 0 2
Sum of roots ' + ' = – (2a–1)
  + 2 = 1 – 2a
 3 = 1 – 2a
Product of roots .2 = a2 + 2
 22 = a2 + 2
2
 1  2a 
  a 2
2
2
 3 



2 1  4a 2  4a  a2  2
9
 2 + 8a2 – 8a = 9a2 + 18
 a2 + 8a + 16 = 0
 (a + 4)2 = 0
a=–4

15 
3. x2 – x +a = 0 2
4
15
Sum of roots  + 2 =
4
 2
4 + 4 – 15 = 0
 (2 + 5) (2 – 3) = 0
5 3
 = ,=
2 2
5 3
Put  = Put  =
2 2
25 75 9 15 3
  a 0    a 0
4 8 4 4 2
125 18  45
 a  a
8 4 2
27
 a
8

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21 21
5 5
 QUADRATIC EQUATION

4. 5x2 – kx + 1 = 0 –1
k
Sum of roots  +  – 1 =
5
 k 5
 =  
 10 
1 1
Product of roots  (  – 1) = = 2 –  = = 52 – 5 –1 = 0
5 5
2
 k 5  k 5
 5   5  1
 10   10 
 k  5  k  5  1
    1 
 10  10  5
 k  5  k  5  1
   
 10  10  5
 k2 – 25 = 20
 k2 = 45
 k = 3 5


5. 5x2 + bx – 28 = 0 
5 + 2 = 1
 3 + 2( + ) = 1
 b   5  2b 
 3  2    1     
 5   15 
2
 5  2b   5  2b 
Then, 5   b   28  0
 15   15 
  5  2b   3b  5  2b   28  45  0
2

 2b2 + 7b – 247 = 0
b = – 13 Integer

6. y = x2 + ax + 25
D=0
 a2 – 100 = 0
 a = 10

 b D   2p  4p  4 13
Vertex 
2
   = (– p , 13–p2)
7. ,  = ,
 2a 4a   2 4 


 p   
2 2
 13  p2 5

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21 21
6 6
 QUADRATIC EQUATION
 2
p + (13–p ) = 252 2
(–p, 13 – p2)
 p2 + 169 + p4 –26p2 = 25
 p4 – 25p2 + 144 = 0
O
 ( p2 – 9) ( p2 – 16) = 0
p=3,p=4

x1 b
8. ax2 + bx + c = 0 x2 x1 + x2 =
a
(i) (ax1 + b)–2 + (ax2 + b)–2
1 1 1 1
 = 
 ax1  b   ax1  b 
2 2 2 2
 b  b
a  x1  
2
a  x2  
2
 a  a
1 1
= 
a 2  x1  x1  x 2  a 2  x 2  x1  x 2 
2 2

1  1 1 
= 2  2
 2
a  x 2 x1 
1   x1  x 2   2x1x 2 
2
= 2  
a   1 2
x x
2 
 
 b 2
2c  
  2   
1  a a  1 a 2  b 2  2ac 
= 2 2
b 2  2ac  
= 2  =
a c2 a c  a2  a 2c2
a2

(ii) (ax1 + b)–3 + (ax2 + b)–3

1 1
= 
 ax1  b   ax 2  b 
3 3

1 1
= 3
 3
 b  b
a 3  x1   a 3  x 2  
 a  a
1  1 1 
= 3  
a    x 2 3   x1 3 
 
1  x 3  x 32 
= 3 1 
a    x1x 2 3 
 
1   x  x 2   3x1x 2  x1  x 2  
3
= 3 1 
a    
3
  x x
1 2

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21 21
7 7
 QUADRATIC EQUATION
  b3  c  b  
 3  3    
1 a
= 3  a  a  
a  c
3 
    
 a 

=

b b 2  3ac 
a 3 c3

9. k (x2 –x) + x + 5 = 0
  k 1  5
kx2 + x (1–k) + 5 = 0  ,       ,  
 5  k
  4
  
  5
 2  2 4
 
 5


    2  2  4
 5
2
 k  1  10
  
  k  k 4

5 5
k
 k  1
2
 10k 4
 
2 5 5
k 
k
k 2  2k  1  10k 4
 
5k 5
 k2 – 12k + 1 = 4k
k1
 k2 – 16k + 1 = 0 k2

 k1  k 2  16 
2
k 12  k 22  2k1k 2
2
k1 k 2  2 1
 = = = = 254
k 2 k1 k1k 2 k1k 2 1


10. ax2 + bx + c = 0 

+
2
Ax + Bx + C = 0 +

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21 21
8 8
 QUADRATIC EQUATION
2
b 2  4ac b c
Prove that =    4 
a 2
a a
= ( + ) – 4
2

= ( – )2
2
B2  4AC  B  4AC
=   2
A2 A A
2
B C
=    4 
A A
= ( +  +  +  )2 – 4 (  +  ) ( +  )
= (( +  ) – ( +  ))2
= ( – )2 Hence Proved
11. (a) ax2 + bx + c = 0
(i) f (, ) = 2 –  f(, ) = 2 –
 f (, )  f (, )
(ii) if (, ) = 2 +2 , f(, ) = 2 + 2
f (, ) = f (, )

(iii) f(, ) = ln = –f (, )  f (, )

(iv) f(, ) = cos ( – ) & f(, ) = cos ( – )
f (, ) = f (, )

(b) x2 – px + q = 0 
 +  = p,  = q
 = (2 – 2) (3 – 3)
= ( + ) ( – ) ( –) (2 +2 + )
= ( – )2 ( + ) (2 +2 + )
= (( + )2 – 4) ( + ) (( +)2 – )
= (p2 –4q) ( p ) (p2 – q)
= (p4 –4p2q – p2q + 4q2) p
= (p4 –5p2q + 4q2) p
= (p5 –5p3q + 4q2p)
 = 32 + 23
= 22 ( + )
= q2 (p)
= pq2
 +  = p5 – 5p3q + 4q2p + pq2
= p5 – 5p3q + 5pq2
 = pq2 (p5 – 5p3q + 4pq2)
= p2q2 (p4–5p2q + 4q2)
x – (p – 5p3q + 5pq2) x + p2q2 (p4 – 5p2q + 4q2) = 0
2 5

x2 –p (p4 – 5p2q + 5q2) x + p2q2 (p4 – 5p2q + 4q2) = 0

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21 21
9 9
 QUADRATIC EQUATION
x  2x  3
2
12. (i)  0 , x2 + 1 is always positive
x2 1
 x2 + 3x – x – 3 < 0
+ – +
 x (x + 3) –1 (x + 3) < 0
–3 1
 (x +3) (x – 1) < 0
x  (–3, 1)
 x  1 x  2 
2
(ii) 0
1  x
 x  1 x  2 
2
+ + – +
 0
 x  1 –2 –1 1

x   , 2   2, 1  1,  

4 2
(iii) x – 2x – 63 ≤ 0
 x4 – 9x2 + 7x2 – 63 ≤ 0
 x2 (x2 – 9) + 7 (x2 – 9) ≤ 0
 (x2 – 9) (x2 + 7) ≤ 0 + – +
 (x + 3) (x – 3) (x2 + 7) ≤ 0 –3 3
x  [–3, 3]
 x  1  1
(iv)
 x  1
2

x  1   x  1
2
 0
 x  1
2

x  1  x 2  1  2x
 0
 x  1
2

 x 2  3x
 0
 x  1
2

x 2  3x – –
 0 + +
 x  1
2
0 1 3

x  x  3
 0 x   ,0    3,  
 x  1
2

x 2  7x  12
(v)  0 , 2x2 + 4x + 5 is always positive
2x  4x  5
2

 (x – 3) (x – 4) > 0 + – +
3 4

x   ,3   4,  
x 2  6x  7
(vi)  2 , x2 + 1 is always positive
x 1
2

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22 22
0 0
 QUADRATIC EQUATION
x  6x  7  2x  2
2 2
 0
x2 1
 –x2 + 6x – 9 ≤ 0
 x2 – 6x + 9  0
 (x – 3)2  0
always true.
x   ,  

x4  x2 1
(vii)  0 , x4 + x2 + 1 is always positive
x  4x  5
2


 0
 x  5 x  1 + – +
–1 5
x   1,5
1 3
(ix) 
x  2 x 3
 3
  0
x  2 x 3

2x  9
 0 – + – +
 x  2  x  3 9 –2 3
2

 9 
x    , 2    3,  
 2 
x  7 3x  1
(viii)  0
x 5 2
2x  14  3x 2  x  15x  5
 0
2  x  5
3x 2  12x  9
 0
2  x  5
 x  3 x  1  0

2  x  5 – + – +
1 3 5
x  1,3   5,  
14x 9x  30
(x)  0
x 1 x  4
14x  x  4   3  3x  10  x  1
 0
 x  1 x  4 

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22 22
1 1
 QUADRATIC EQUATION


2

14x  56x  3 3x  7x  10
2
 0
 x  1 x  4 
5x 2  35x  30
 0
 x  1 x  4 
x 2  7x  6
 0
 x  1 x  4 
 x  6  x  1  0

 x  1 x  4  + – + – +
–1 1 4 6
x   1,1   4,6 
x 2  5x  12
(xi)  3 , x2 – 4x + 15 is always positive
x 2  4x  5
x 2  5x  12  3x 2  12x  15
 0
x 2  4x  15
+ – + 1 
 (x – 3) (2x – 1) < 0 x   ,3 
1
2
3 2 
x2  2
(xii)  2
x2 1
x 2  2  2x 2  2
 0 + – – +
 x  1 x  1 –1 0 1
3x 2
 0 x   1,0    0,1
 x  1 x  1

(xiii)
 2  x 2   x  33  0
 x  1  x 2  3x  4 


 x 2  2  x  33  0 + – – + – +
 x  1 x  4  x  1 – 2 –1 2 3 4


 x  2  x  2   x  33  0 x   2, 1  1, 2   3, 4   
 x  1  x  4 
2

5  4x
(xiv) 4
3x 2  x  4



5  4x  4 3x 2  x  4  0
3x  x  4
2

4x 2  7
 0
x(3x  4)  1(3x  4)
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22 22
2 2
 QUADRATIC EQUATION
7
x2 
 4 0
(3x  4)(x  1)
 7  7 – –
x   x 
+ + +

 2  2   7 –1 7 4
 0 2 2 3
(3x  4)(x  1)
 7  7 4 
x   ,     1,   ,
 2   2   3 
 x  2   x 2  2x  1
(xv) 0
4  3x  x 2
 x  2  x  1
2

 0

 x 2  3x  4  –
–2
+
–1
–
1
–
4
+

 x  2  x  1
2
 0 x   , 2   1, 4 
 x  4  x  1

x 4  3x 3  2x 2
(xvi) 0
x 2  x  30
x 2   x  2  x  1 
 0
 x  6  x  5 +
–5
–
0
–
1
+
2
–
6
+

x   , 5  1, 2    6,  

2x 1
(xvii) 
x 9 x  2
2

2x 1
  0
x2  9 x  2
2x  x  2   x 2  9
 0
 x  3 x  3 x  2 
x 2  4x  9
  0 , x2 + 4x + 9 is always positive
 x  3 x  3 x  2 
– + – +
–3 –2 3
x   , 3   2,3
1 1 1
(xviii)  
x  2 x 1 x
1 1 1
   0
x  2 x 1 x

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22 22
3 3
 QUADRATIC EQUATION
x  x  1   x  2  x   x  2  x  1
 0
 x  2  x  1 x


x 2  x  x 2  2x  x 2  2x  x  2  0
x  x  1 x  2 
x 2
2
 0 – + – + – +
x  x  1 x  2  – 2 0 1 2 2

 x  2  x  2   0

x  x  1 x  2 

x   2,0  1, 2   2,     
20 10
(xix)  1  0
 x  3 x  4  x  4
20  10  x  3   x  3 x  4 
 0
 x  3 x  4 


20  10x  30  x 2  7x  12  0
 x  3 x  4 
x  3x  2
2
 0
 x  3 x  4 
 x  2  x  1  0 –
 + + – +
 x  3 x  4  –2 -1 3 4
x   , 2    1,3   4,  
 x  2  x  4  x  7   1
(xx)
 x  2  x  4  x  7 
 x  2  x  4  x  7    x  2  x  4  x  7   0

 x  2  x  4  x  7 

 x 2  6x  8  x  7    x 2  6x  8  x  7   0
 x  2  x  4  x  7 
6x 2  7x  56
  0 , 6x2 + 7x + 56 is always positive
 x  2  x  4  x  7 
– + – +
 x   , 7    4, 2  –7 –4 –2

9  2x  2 
(xxii) (x2–2x) (2x–2) – 0
x 2  2x

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22 22
4 4
 QUADRATIC EQUATION
 x 2  2x   2x  2   9  2x  2   0
2


x  x  2



2  x  1 x 2  2x 
2
9  0
x  x  2



2  x  1 x 2  2x  3 x 2  2x  3   0
– + – + –
x  x  2
+
–1 0 1 2 3
2  x  1 x  3 x  1
 0 x   , 1   0,1   2,3
x  x  2

13. (k–12)x2 + 2(k–12)x + 2 = 0

 D<0 For no real root
 2
4(k–12) – 8(k–12) < 0
 (k –12) (k–12–2) < 0
 (k–12) (k–14) < 0

+ – +
12 14
k = 13 only possible integral value.

14. x2 – (k–3)x – k + 6 > 0

D<0
 (k–3)2 – 4(–k+ 6) < 0
 k2 – 6k + 9 + 4k – 24 < 0
 k2 – 2k –15 < 0
 (k – 5) (k + 3) < 0 + – +
–3 5
k  (–3, 5)

15. (P–3)x2 – 2px + 5p = 0 real and positive roots.

Case–I Case–II Case–III

p–3 > 0 p–3<0 p =3
p>3 p<3
b
case – I D  0, f(0) > 0, 0
2a
For D 
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22 22
5 5
 QUADRATIC EQUATION
 4p – 4(p–3) 5p  0
2

+ – +
 p2 – (p–3) 5p  0 0 15 ………………(A)
4

 p2 – 5p2 + 15p  0
 4p2 – 15p ≤ 0  p(4p –15) ≤ 0
for f(0) > 0
p > 0…………..(B)
b
For 0
2a
2p
 0 …………(C)
2  p  3
From equation (A), (B) & (C)
 15 
p   3, 
 4
0 3 15
4
Case –2 P < 3
 15 
DO  pp    0
 4
f(0) < 0, P < 0
P
Case – 3 P=3
(P –3)x2 –2px + 5p = 0
–6x + 15 = 0
5
x=
2
taking union of all three cases.
 15 
P  3, 
 4
16. 2
(a+4)x – 2ax + 2a – 6 < 0 for all x  R
 (a+4) < 0
 a < – 4 ……….(1)
D<0
 4a2 – 4(a + 4) (2a – 6) < 0
 a2 – (2a2 + 2a–24) < 0
 –a2 – 2a + 24 < 0
 a2 + 2a – 24 > 0  a2 +6a – 4a – 24 > 0
(a + 6) (a – 4) > 0…………….(2)

+ – +
–6 4

from equation (1) & (2), a  (–, –6)

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22 22
6 6
 QUADRATIC EQUATION
17. y = 2ax + 1 and y = (a – 6)x2 –2 no solution.
 2ax + 1 = (a – 6)x2 –2
 (a – 6)x2 – 2ax – 3 = 0 ,
D<0
 4a2 + 4 × 3 (a – 6) < 0
 a2 + 3a – 18 < 0
 (a – 3) (a + 6) < 0
+ – +
–6 3

a  (–6, +3)
ax 2  2(a  1) x  9a  4
18. f(x) =  0 , x2 – 8x + 32 is always positive
x  8x  32
2

 2
ax + 2(a+1) x + 9a + 4 < 0
a<0 …………………..(1)
D<0
 4 (a+1)2 – 4a (9a + 4) < 0
 a2 + 2a + 1 – 9a2 – 4a < 0
 –8a2 – 2a + 1 < 0
 8a2 + 2a –1 > 0
 (4a – 1) (2a + 1) > 0 ………….(2)

1 1
2 4
0
From equation (1) & (2)
 1 
a   , 
 2 
a c
19. x2 + 3x – k = 0 x2 + 3x – 10 = 0
b d
 | – | = 2 |c – d|
 (a–b)2 = 4(c–d)2
 a2 + b2 – 2ab = 4 (c2 + d2 –2cd)
 (a + b)2–4ab = 4 ((c+d)2 – 4cd)
 9 + 4k = 4 ( 9 + 40)
187
k= , then m + n = 187 + 4 = 191
4

20. Let  is common root

x2 –11x + m = 0  2 – 11 + m = 0
 x2 – 14x + 2m = 0  2 – 14 + 2m = 0

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22 22
7 7
 QUADRATIC EQUATION
 2
 1
  
11 m 1 m 1 11
14 2m 1 2m 1 14
2  1
  
22m  14m m 3
m 8m m2 8m
  = & 2 =  
3 3 9 3
 m2 – 24m = 0
 m( m – 24) = 0
m=0 or m =24

21. x2 + bx + ca = 0 2 + b + ca = 0


x2 + cx + ab = 0 2 + c + ab = 0

2  1
  
b ca 1 ca 1 b
c ab 1 ab 1 c
2  1
   ………….(1)
ab  ac
2 2
a  b  c c  b
a c  b
 =
c  b
 =a common root ……….. (2)
a  b  c  b  c 
from equation (1) 2 =
c  b
a  b  c  b  c 
 –a2 = (Put  = a)
 b  c
 a = – (b + c)
Sum of roots  +  = –b
 = – b –a
 = a + c –a
 =c
Sum of roots  +  = –c
 =–c–
=–c–a
=–c+b+c
 =b
x2 – ( + )x +  = 0
 x2 – (b + c)x + bc = 0
x2 + ax + bc = 0 Hence proved
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22 22
8 8
 QUADRATIC EQUATION
22. f(x) = x2 – 4ax + 5a2 – 6a
(a) D<0
 16a2 – 4(5a2 – 6a ) < 0
 4a2 – 5a2 + 6a < 0
 –a2 + 6a < 0
 a2 – 6a > 0 + – +
0
 a (a – 6) > 0 6
smallest positive integer = 7
(b) x2 – 4ax + 5a2 – 6a

 x1 , x2 =

4a  16a 2  4 5a 2  6a 
2
= 2a  4a 2  5a 2  6a
= 2a  6a  a 2
& 
(x1 – x2)= 2a  6a  a 2 –   2a  6a  a 2 

= 2 6a  a 2 = 2  a 2  6a  9  9 
(x1 – x2)= 2 9   a  3  (x1 – x2)max = 2 × 3 = 6
2
 for a = 3

D
(c)  8
4a



16a 2  4 5a 2  6a
8

–8
4
 4a2 – 5a2 + 6a = 8
 a2 – 6a + 8 = 0
 (a – 4) (a – 2) = 0
 a=4 & a=2

2x 2  2x  3
23. p
x2  x 1
2x 2  2x  3  px 2  px  p
  0 , x2 + x + 1 is always positive
x  x 1
2

D<0
 x2 (2–p) + x(2–p) + (3–p) ≤ 0
 2–p<0
p >2 & D≤0
 2
(2 – p) – 4(2–p) (3–p) ≤ 0
 (2 – p) (2–p–4 (3–p)) ≤ 0
 (2–P) (2–P–12+4P) ≤ 0
 (2–P) (3P–10) ≤ 0

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22 22
9 9
 QUADRATIC EQUATION

 (P–2) (3P–10)  0 + – +
2 10
10 
 P   , 3
3 
smallest integral = 4

24. x3 – 3x2 + 1 = 0 

  2y 
  y,    
2  y 1 
x3 – 3x2 + 1 = 0
3 2
 2y   2y 
    3  1  0
 y 1   y 1 
 8y3 – 3 × 4y2 (y–1) + (y –1)3 = 0
 –3y3 + 9y2 + 3y – 1 = 0
 3y3 – 9y2 – 3y + 1 = 0
 3x2 – 9x2 –3x + 1 = 0
( – 2) ( – 2) ( – 2) = ( –2 ( +) + 4) ( – 2)
=  – 2 (+) + 4 – 2 + 4 (+ ) – 8
= –1 –2 ( +  + ) + 4( + +) – 8
= –1 –2 (0) + 4(3) – 8
= 3
x
25.  =y
x  5x  9
2

 x = yx2 – 5xy + 9y
 yx2 – x (5y + 1) + 9y = 0
D0
 (5y + 1)2 – 4 × y × 9y  0
 25y2 + 1 + 10y – 36y2  0
 –11y2 + 10y + 1  0 + – +
 11y2 – 10y – 1 ≤ 0 1 1
(11y + 1) (y – 1) ≤ 0 11

x2
26.  =y
2x  3x  6
2

 2yx2 + x(3y–1) + 6y –2 = 0
D0
 9y2 + 1 – 6y – 4 × 2y × (6y – 2)  0 + – +
 39y2 – 10y – 1 ≤ 0 1 1
13 3

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
 (13y +1) (3y –1) ≤ 0
1
Greatest value =
3
27. m = ? y2 + 2xy + 2x + 3y – 3 be capable of resolution into two rational factors.
D0 y2 + y(2x + m) + 2x –3 = 0
 (2x +m)2 – 4 (2x–3)  0
 4x2 + 4x (m–2) + m2 + 12  0
 16(m–2)2 – 4 × 4 (m2 + 12) ≤ 0 (D )
 m2 + 4 – 4m – m2 – 12 ≤ 0
m–2
28. 9x2 + 2xy + y2 – 92x – 20y + 244 = 0
 y2 + 2y (x–10) + (9x2 – 92x + 244) = 0
D0
 4(x–10)2 – 4 (9x2 – 92x + 244)  0
 x2 +100 – 20x –9x2 + 92x – 244  0
 –8x2 + 72x – 144  0
 (x2 – 9x + 18) ≤ 0
 (x–3) (x–6) ≤ 0 + – +
3≤x≤6 3 6 Proved
similarly
 9x2 + 2x (y – 46) + (y2 – 20y +244) = 0
D0
 4(y – 46)2 – 4 × 9 (y2 –20y + 244)  0
 y2 +462 – 92y – 9y2 + 180y – 9 × 244  0
 –8y2 + 88y + 462 – 9 × 244  0
 8y2 – 88y + 80 ≤ 0
 y2 –11y + 10 ≤ 0
 (y–10) (y–1) ≤ 0
+ – +
1 10
1 ≤ y ≤ 10 Proved

29. (a2 – 6a + 5)x2 – a 2  2a x + (6a –a2– 8) = 0

 a2 – 6a + 5 > 0 & a2 + 2a  0 o
 (a–5) (a–1) > 0 & a (a + 2)  0
Case (1) Case (II)
 a < 1 & a > 5 ………..(1) 1<a<5
 f (0) < 0 f (0) > 0
 6a – a2 – 8 < 0 (a – 4 ) (a –2) < 0
(a – 4 ) (a –2) > 0……….(2) a   2, 4  ……(4)
From equation (1) & (2)

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
 a   , 2  0,1   5,   ………(3)
from equation (3) & (4)
 a   , 2  0,1   2, 4   5,  

30. f(0) > 0 f(3) > 0 D0

always true 9–3a + 2 > 0 a2 – 8  0 0 3
11
a< ……(1)
3
a  2 2 a  2 2   0 ……………..(2)
B
0 3
2A
a
0 3
2
0 < a < 6 ……………..(3)
 11 
From equation (1), (2) & (3), Common solution – a   2 2, 
 3

EXERCISE # 3 (JM)
1. x2 – x(a – 2)– a – 1 = 0
 2 + 2 = ( + )2 – 2
 = (a – 2)2 + 2(a + 1)
 y = a2 – 2a + 6
 for maxima or minima. y' = 2a – 2 = 0 a = 1

2. x2 – bx + c = 0
b  b2  4c
 ,   for two consecutive integers, b2 – 4c must be perfect square.
2
only possibility = 1

3. x2 –2kx + k2 + k – 5 = 0
D0
 4k2 – 4 (k2 + k – 5)  0
 k2 – k2 – k + 5  0 5b
3
 k  5………………(1)
f(5) > 0
 25 – 10k + k2 + k – 5 > 0
 k2 – 9k + 20 > 20  (k – 4) (k – 5) > 0 …………(2)

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
b 2k
 5  5  k < 5 …………(3)
2a 2

after taking intersection of conditions (1), (2) & (3), k  (–, 4)

4. x2 – 2mx + m2 –1 = 0
f(–2) > 0 f(4) > 0 –2 4
 4 + 4m + m2 –1 > 0 16 – 8m + m2 – 1 > 0 D 0
 m2 + 4m + 3 > 0 m2 – 8m + 15 > 0 4m2 – 4(m2 – 1)  0
 (m + 3) (m +1) > 0 (m –5) (m – 3) > 0 m2 – m2 + 1  0
 + – + + – + 10
–3 –1 3 5
…………..(1) …………….(2) m  R ……….(3)
b
 2  4
2a
2m
 2   4  m < 8
2
 – 2 < m < 4………(4)
From equation (1), (2) & (3) , (4) we get, –1 < m < 3

tan30o
2
5. x + px +q = 0
tan15º
tan30º + tan15º = – p
tan30º tan15º = q
 2+q–p = 2 + tan30o tan15o + tan30o + tan15º
     2 + tan30o ( 1+ tan15o )+ tan15º
     2
1
3

1 2  3  2  3 
3 3
     4  3
3
     4  3 1  3
     3
3x 2  9x  17
6. Let y
3x 2  9x  7
3x 2  9x  7 10 10
 y +  1+ 2
3x  9x  7
2
3x  9x  7
2
3x  9x  7
2
for y max., 3x + 9x + 7 must be minimum

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION

For minimum value,

D  b  4ac

 2

4a 4a
 81  4  3  7 
     
12
  81  84 
     
12
1
     
4

10
  1
 
y = 41
1
max 4

7. x2 + ax + 1 = 0
 | –  | < 5
  +  – 2 < 5
2 2

 ( + )2 – 4 < 5

 a2 – 4 < 5
 a2 – 9 < 0
 (a + 3) (a –3) < 0
+ – +
–3 3 a  (–3, 3)

8. x2 – 6x + a = 0 x2 – cx + 6 = 0

   
 +=6 +=c
  = a  = 6
 a 4
  (given)
 6 3
 a=8
+=6
8
 + =6

  – 6 + 8 = 0
2

  = 4, 2

 4
  3 = 4
 3

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION

  4 α =2 
 
 2 β =4  then common root is 2
3 γ =3 integer 
 
2

9. bx2 + cx + a = 0
for imaginary roots
D<0 
–c2
 c2 – 4ab < 0
 c2 < 4ab
 –c2 > – 4ab
Expression 3b2x2 + 6bcx + 2c2 represents upword parabola
D   36b c  4  3b  2c   12b c 
2 2 2 2 2 2
   c2 , greater than –4ab
4a 4  3b 2
12b 2

10. P(x) = 0
 f(x) = g(x)  ax2 + bx + c = a1x2 + b1x + C1
 (a – a1) x2 + (b – b1) x + (c – c1) = 0.
It has only one solution x = –1
 b – b1 = a – a1 + c – c1 …(1)
b  b1
Vertex (–1, 0)   1  b – b1 = 2(a – a1) …(2)
2(a  a1 )
 f(–2) – g(–2) = 2  4a – 2b + c – 4a1 + 2b1 – c1 = 2
 4(a – a1) – 2(b – b1) + (c – c1) = 2 …(3)
1
by (1), (2) and (3) (a – a1) = (c – c1) = (b – b1) = 2
2
Now P(2) = f(2) – g(2)
= 4 (a – a1) + 2 (b – b1) + (c – c1)
= 8 + 8 + 2 = 18

11. Sachin reads sum of roots correctly = 7

Rahul reads product of roots correctly = 6
Hence required equation is x2 – 7x + 6 = 0
 x = 6, 1

12. esinx – e–sinx – 4 = 0 y = esinx can’t be negative

 esin x 
2
  4esin x  1  0 esinx = 2 + 5
 y2 – 4y – 1 = 0 (sinx) cannot be greater than unity, so no solution.
4  16  4
 y  2 5
2

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
13. x2 + 2x + 3 = 0 ax2 + bx +c = 0
D<0
so imaginary roots, so both roots are common
1 2 3
    a:b:c=1:2:3
a b c


14. x2 – 6x – 2 = 0 an = n – n n1

 x8 (x2 – 6x – 2) = 0
 x10 – 6x9 – 2x8 = 0
 10 – 69 – 28 = 0 ……….(1)
10 – 69 – 28 = 0………..(2)
 (10 – 10) + 6(9 – 9) + (8 – 8) = 0


  
10  10  2 8  8 
3

2 9  9 
2
15. (x2 – 5x + 5)x + 4x – 60 = 1
case –(1)
 x2 – 5x + 5 = 1
 x2 – 5x + 4 = 0
 (x – 4) (x – 1) = 0
 x = 4, 1
case – (2)
x2 – 5x + 5 = –1
 x2 – 5x + 6 = 0
 (x – 3) (x – 2) = 0
 x = 3, 2
For x = 3 (x2 + 4x – 60) = 9 + 12 – 60 = –39 odd power (Rejected)
For x = 2 (x2 + 4x – 60) = 4 + 8 – 60 = 48 even power (Accepted)
case – (3)
x2 + 4x – 60 = 0
 x2 + 10x – 6x – 60 = 0
 x(x +10) – 6(x +10) = 0
 (x –6) (x +10) = 0
 x=6 x = –10
sum of all real values of x = 4 + 1 + 2 + 6 – 10
 13 – 10
3

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
EXERCISE # 4 (JA)
1  2x  5x 2
1.  =y
3x 2  2x  1
 1–2x+ 5x2 = 3yx2–2xy–y
 x2 (3y–5) – 2x(y–1) – (y+1) = 0
D 0
 4(y–1)2 + 4(3y–5)(y+1)  0
 y2–2y+1 + 3y2+3y–5y– 5  0
 4y2–4y–4  0
 y2–y–1  0
  1  5    1 5  
  y  
  
  y      0
  2    2 
 + – +
 1 5   1 5 
   
 2   2 
 1 5   1 5 
 y     y  
or 
 2   2 
 1 5   1 5 
 sint   sint  
 4  or
 4 
   
     3  
 Hence range of t is  ,    , 
 2 10   10 2 

2. (a) a, b, c be the sides of a triangle, No two of them are equal

 x2 + 2(a + b + c)x + 3(ab + bc + ca) = 0
D0
 4(a + b + c)2 – 12 (ab + bc + ca)  0
 (a + b + c)2 – 3 (ab + bc + ca)  0
a  b  c
2
 
3  ab  bc  ca 
a 2  b2  c2 2
   +
3  ab  bc  ca  3
 |a –b| < c  a2 + b2 – 2ab < c2 ………….(1)
 |b –c| < a  b2 + c2 – 2bc < a2 ………….(2)
 |c –a| < b  c2 + a2 – 2ca < b2 ………….(3)
from equation (1), (2) & (3)
a 2  b2  c2
 2
 ab  bc  ca 

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
2 2 4
    
3 3 3
a
(b) x2 – 10cx – 11d = 0
b
c
x2 – 10ax – 11b = 0
d
Sum of roots, a + b = 10c & c + d = 10a
 a + b + c +d = 10 (a + c)
 b + d = 9(a + c ) ……………(1)
Product of roots, ab = 11d & cd = –11b
 abcd = 121 bd
 ac = 121 …………….(2)
Now, a2 – 10ac – 11d = 0
c2 – 10ac – 11b = 0
 (a2 + c2) – 20ac – 11(b + d) = 0
 (a2 + c2) – 20ac – 11× 9(a + c) = 0
 (a + c)2 – 22ac – 99 (a + c) = 0
 (a + c)2 – 99(a + c) –22 × 121 = 0
 (a + c) = 121 or –22 (rejected)
a + c = 121
b + d = 9 × 121
a + b + c + d = 1210


3. (a) x2 – px + r = 0

/2
x2 – qx + r = 0
2

 2  q & +=p &  = r
2
  + 4 = 2q
 3 = 2q – p  = p – 
 2q  p   2q  p 
 =     = p 
 3   3 
 4p  2q 
  
 3 
 = r
2  2p  q  2q  p 
 r
9
2
 r   2p  q  2q  p 
9

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
x  6x  5
2
(b) f x  y
x 2  5x  6

x 2  6x  5
f x 
x 2  5x  6


 
1 x 2  5x  6   x  1 y=1

 x 2  5x  6
 = 1
 x  1 1 2 3 4
 x  2  x  3

(A) if – 1 < x < 1

 0 < f(x) < 1
 f(x) > 0 (A) 
 p ,r ,s
 f(x) < 1
(B) if 1 < x < 2
 f(x) < 0
 f(x) < 1 (B) 
 q, s
(C) if 3 < x < 5
 f(x) < 0
 f(x) < 1 (C) 
 q, s
(D) if x > 5
 0 < f(x) < 1
 f(x) > 0 (D) 
 p, r ,s
 f(x) < 1


4. x2 + 2px + q = 0


ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 & 2  {–1, 0, 1}
1/
1
suppose roots are imaginary, then    and 

1
  not possible . [ 2  {–1, 0, 1}]

roots are equal
 D1  0 D2 0
 4p2 – 4q  0 4b2 – 4ac  0
 (p2 – q) (b2 – ac)  0 statement (1) is true.

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
1 2b  c
   & 
 a  a
  +  = –2p  = q
statement (2)  one root is common
2  1
 = = for defining of 
2pc  2bq aq  c 2b  2ap
b  ap, aq  c
 statement (1), (2) both true.
But (2) is not a correct explanation for statement (1).

5. x2 –8kx +16(k2 –k +1) = 0

f(4) 0
 16 – 32k + 6(k2 – k + 1)  0 
 1 – 2k + ( k2 – k + 1)  0 4
 k2 –3k + 2  0
 (k–2) (k–1)  0……………(1)
D0
 64k2 – 64(k2 – k +1)  0
 k  1………………(2)
b
4
2a
8k
 4
2
 k > 1 …………(3)
from equation (1), (2) & (3)
 k   2,   Hence smallest value = 2

6. p  0, p3  q and p3  – q
  +  = – p,  +  = q
3 3

New roots
   2  2
sum =  =
  

=
    2  2

3p 2q
= 3 2
p q
3p3  2p3  2q
=
p3  q

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
p  2q
3
=
p3  q
( + )3 = 3 + 3 + 3 ( + )
 p3  q  p3  q 
     
3p  3p 
New required equation
 p3  2q 
 x2   3  x 1  0  (p3  q) x 2  (p3  2q) x  (p3  q)  0
 p q 

7. x2 – 6x – 2 = 0
2 – 6 – 2 = 0
10 – 69 – 28 = 0 …………(1)
10 – 69 – 28 = 0 …………(2)
 (10–10) + 6 (9 – 9) + 2 (8 –8) = 0


  
10  10  2 8  8
3


2 9  9 
8. x2 + bx – 1 = 0
x2 + x + b = 0 let  is common root.
  + b – 1 = 0
2

 2 +  + b = 0
2  1 2  1
= =  = =
b 1 1 1 1 b b 1 b 1 1 b
2

1 b 1 b 1 1
 1  b  b2  1
  ……………(1)  2 = ……………(2)
1  b  1 b
from equation (1) & (2)
b2  1   1  b  
2
b 2  1 1  b 
2
    
1  b  1  b   1  b  1  b 2
 b2 + 2b + 1 = b2 + 1 – b3 – b  b3 + 3b = 0
 b(b2 + 3) = 0  b = 0, b   3i all are accepted

x1
9. x – x +  = 0
2
x2
 |x1 – x2| < 1  (x1 + x2)2 – 4 x1x2 < 1
2
1 1
5  0
    4 1 
 2

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
1
 1–52 < 0  2 >
5
 1   1   1   1 
      > 0  a   ,  ,
 5  5  5  5 

  2 1
10.  , x – 2x sec + 1 = 0
6 12 1
2
x2 + 2x tan – 1 = 0
2
 Sum of roots. 
1 + 1 = 2sec & 2 + 2 = –2tan
Product of roots
 11 = 1 & 2 2 = –1
2sec   4sec   4
2
 
1 , 1 = 
2 6 12
2sec   2 tan 
= 1 > 1
2
1 , 1 = sec  tan 1 = sec – tan
1 = sec + tan
2 tan   4 tan 2   4
 2 , 2 =
2
2 tan   2sec 
=
2
= –tan  sec
 
 2 = – tan + sec, 2 = – tan – sec
6 12
 2 > 2
 2 + 2 = sec – tan – tan – sec = – 2tan

Paragraph for Q.No. 11 to 12

x2 – x + 1,  For n = 0, 1, 2..

 2 =  + 1, 2 = + 1, an = pn + qn
a11 + a10 = p11 + q11 + p10 + q10
= p10 ( +1) + q10 ( + 1)
= p10 2 + q10 .2
= p12 + q12
= q12
q12 = q11 + q10
an+2 = an +1 + an
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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
1 5 1 5
  , 
2 2
a4 = a3 + a2
= a2 + a1 + a1 + a0
= a1 + a0 + 2a1 + a0
= 3a1 + 2a0
= 3(p + q) + 2(p + q)
  1 5   1 5  
a 4  3  p 
   q     2  p  q 
  2   2 
3p 3 5 3q 3 5
28 =  p  q  2p  2q
2 2 2 2
because p & q are integers (rational) so not equal to (irrational) only possibility p = q
7p 7q
28 = 
2 2
p+q=8
p=q=4
p + 2q = 4 + 8 = 12
EXERCISE # 5
1. x2 – 3x + y + 2 = 0
 y = –x2 + 3x – 2
D
y  k y=k
max 4a
  9  4  1 2   o
 k
4
1
 k
4

2. D<0
 4b2 + 20ac < 0
 b2 + 5ac < 0
for equation to be true, a & c have opposite sign
 4a + 4b + 4c > 9c
 4a + 4b – 5c > 0
 for make it definitely positive.
a > 0, b > 0, c < 0
3. Ramesh reads sum of roots correctly = 10
Mahesh reaeds product of roots correctly = –11
Hence required equation is x2 – 10x + 11 = 0
 (x – 11)(x + 1) = 0
 x = 11, –1
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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
4. 4x2 – 20kx + ( 25k2 + 15k – 66) = 0
condition (1), D  400k2 – 4 × 4 (25k2 + 15k – 66)  0
 400k2 – 400k2 – 16 (15k – 66)  0
 15k – 66 ≤ 0
2
22
 k≤ ………….(1)
5
condition (2), f (2) > O
+ – +
16 – 40k + 25k2 + 15k – 66 > 0
–1 2
 25k2 – 25k – 50 > 0
 k2 – k – 2 > 0
 (k – 2) (k + 1) > 0 ………….(2)
B 20k 4
condition (3), <2  <2  k< …………(3)
2A 8 5
from equation (1), (2) & (3)
 (1)
(3)
 x  (–, –1)
–1 4 2 22
5 5
(2)

5. Let p(x) = kx3 + 2k2x2 + k3, (x–2) is a factor

 p(2) = 0
 8k + 8k2 + k3 = 0
 k (8 + 8k + k2) = 0
 k = 0, k2 + 8k + 8 = 0
8  32
 k=  4  8  k1 = 0, k2  4  8 , k3  4  8
2
 k1 + k2 + k3 = – 8
More than on correct
6. f(x) = x2 + bx +c and f (2+ t) = f(2 – t)  real number t.
if t = 1 if t = 2
 f (3) = f(1)  f(4) = f(0)
 9 + 3b + c = 1 + b + c  16 + 4b + c = c
 8 = –2b  b = –4
 b = –4
 b  4
f(x) = x2 – 4x + c upward parabola vertex    = =2
symmetric  2a  2

(2,0)

At same distance from here.

(we attain same value)

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4 4
 QUADRATIC EQUATION

1 2 4 3
1.5 2 2.1

from fig. we can say that (B) & (D) are correct.

7. x  [1,5] , y = x2 – 5x + 3
f(1) = 1– 5 + 3 = –1
f(5) = 25 – 25 + 3 = 3 3
D   25  12  13
    3.25 1 1.5 2.5
4a 4 4 5
b 5 –1
   2.5 –(3.25)
2a 2
x  [1, 5]
from fig. we can say that (B) & (C) are correct.

8. y = ax2 + bx + c
a>0
b
  0 b < 0
2a
D > 0 distinct & real roots
 f(0) < 0  C<0
y
9. f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
 a<0 f(0) > 0
 c>0  
x
o
–1 1
from fig. we can say (A), (B), (C) & (D) all are correct

2x  1
10. 0
2x  3x 2  x
3

2x  1 2x  1
 0  0
x  2x 2  3x  1 x  x  1 2x  1

+ – + – +
–1 1 0 1
2 2
Option (A) & (D) are correct

11. ax2 + bx +c = 0 (a > 0)

b
sum of roots sec2 + cosec2 =
a
b
 1+ tan2cot2  
a
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24 24
5 5
 QUADRATIC EQUATION
c c
Product of roots sec2 cosec2 = ,  0 c > 0
a a
c
 1+ tan2cot2
a
c
 1+ tan2cot2
a
b c
 =
a a
 c+b=0 ………… (A) is correct
 roots are real so, b2 – 4ac  0 ……………(B) is correct
D
 0
4a



 b2  4ac 
0 from (A) b = – c
4a



 c2  4ac 
 0 
c  4a  c 
 0  4a – c ≤ 0  c  4a (C) is correct
4a 4a
 4a – c ≤ 0 and c = –b
 4a + b ≤ 0 (D) is incorrect

12. y = ax2 + bx + c (a, b, c  R)

(A) Product of roots of the corresponding quadratic equation is positive.
(a +ib) (a – ib) = a2 + b2
(B) D < 0 no real root.
(C) Nothing definite can be said about the sum of the roots, whether positive, negative or zero.
 b 
  0  according to graph
 2a 
b y
 0  sum of roots = 0
a
b  b 2  4ac
 (D)  , =
2a x
b  b  o
  +  = –  0  vertex at y axis  0
 b D 
 , 
a  2a   2a 4a 

 a>0
 b=0
D<0
b2 – 4ac < 0 ac > 0  c > 0
Both roots of the quadratic equation
 b=0
 ax2 + c = 0

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24 24
6 6
 QUADRATIC EQUATION
c c
  x2   x  i Purely imaginary
a a
Comprehension Type
13. f(x) = ax2 + bx + c

  (AB) = 2 ,  (AC) = 3
 2
b – 4ac = 4 A 3 C
2
b D
  3 & 2  a 1 B
2a 4a  2
 b = 6a
 b=3
 b2 – 4ac = –4
1
 9–4× ×c=–4
2
13 1 13
 c=  a + b + c =  3  = 10
2 2 2

14.   b ac
1 13
=3+ 
2 2
=3+ 7  =3– 7
(x – ) (x – ) = 0
x2 – (  + ) x +  = 0
x2 – 6x + 2 = 0

 1  1
15. Range of g(x) =  a   x 2   b  2  x   c   for x  [–4, 0]
 2  2
g(x) = x2 + 5x – 6 upward parabola.
b 5 D   25  24  49
 x vertex   ymin   
2a 2 4a 4 4
 x vertex   4,0 g (0) = – 6
g ( –4) = –10
 49 
–4 5 0 g(x)   , 6 
2  4 
(0,–6)
(–4,–10)
 5 2,49 4  

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24 24
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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
EXERCISE # 6
1. smallest natural number ‘b’
 x2 + 2(a + b)x + (a – b + 8) = 0 has unequal real roots  a  R
D>0
 4 (a + b)2 – 4(a – b + 8) > 0
 (a +b)2 – (a – b + 8) > 0
 a2 + b2 + 2ab – a + b – 8 > 0
 a2 +(2b– 1)a + (b2 + b – 8) > 0 quadratic in a
 (2b–1)2 – 4(b2 + b – 8) < 0
 4b2 – 4b + 1 – 4b2 – 4b + 32 < 0
 8b > 33
33
 b> = 4.12  smallest natural no. b = 5
8

2. x2 + bx + c = 0
bx2 + cx + 1 = 0 have a common root
prove that either b + c + 1 = 0
  b2 + c2 + 1 = bc + b + c
 (b + c + 1) (b2 +c2 +1 – bc –b – c) = 0
 b3 + bc2 + b – b2c – b2 – bc + b2c + c3 + c – bc2 – bc – c2 + b2 + c2 + 1 – bc –b –c = 0
 b3 – 3bc + c3 + 1 = 0 ……………….(1)
 2 + b + c = 0
 b2 + c + 1 = 0 , if one root is common.
2  1
 = =
b c 1 c 1 b
c 1 b 1 b c
2  1
  
bc 2
bc  1 c  b2
 b  c2   bc  1 
 2   2 
 2 
cb  cb 


 bc  1 =
2
 b  c2 

   c  b2 
2
c  b 2

 b2c2 + 1 – 2bc = (b – c2) (c – b2)

 b2c2 + 1 – 2bc = bc – c3 – b3 + b2c2
 b3 + c3 – 3bc + 1 = 0……………….(2)
 from equation (1) & (2) Hence proved
that one common root only if b+c+1=0
or b2 + c2 + 1 = bc + b + c

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
3. P(x) = 4x2 + 6x + 4
 3
2
9
=  2x    4  
 2 4 
 3  7
2
=  2x     ….(1)
 2  4 
Q(x) = 4y2 – 12y + 25
=  2y  3  25  9 
2
 
=  2y  3  16 
2
….(2)
 
P(x). Q(y) = 28
 3  7 
2
 3
2
7  3
2
 2x      2y  3  16 =  2x    2y  3  +  2y  3 + 16  2x    28
2 2

2

 2  4     2 4  2
for making product equal to 28.
3 3
 2x + = 0 x =
2 4
3
 2y – 3 = 0  y =
2
 3 3 
 unique pair  , 
 4 2

4.  x2 + 18x + 30 = 2 x 2  18x  45
 y + 30 = 2 y  45
 y2 + 900 + 60y = 4(y + 45)
 y2 + 56y + 720= 0
 (y + 36) (y + 20) = 0
 y = –36 or y = –20
 x2 + 18x = – 20 x2 +18x = –36
 x2 + 18x + 20 = 0 x2 +18x + 36 = 0
(accepted) (rejected)
so only two roots are possible L.H.S. (x2 + 18x + 36)– 6 = – 6
2 x 2  18x  45  negative
then product of roots x1x2 = 20

 x 2  ax  2 
5. a=? 3   2 2 x R
 x  x  1 

 D < 0 means. Positive

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION

     
3 x 2  x  1  x 2  ax  2  2x 2  2x  2 
 2
4x + (3 + a) x +1 > 0 2
x + (2 – a)x + 4 > 0
 D<0 D<0
 (3+ a)2 – 4 × 4 < 0 (2 – a)2 –16 < 0
 a2 + 6a – 7 < 0 (a – 2)2 – 42 < 0
 (a + 7) (a – 1) < 0……….(1) (a + 2) (a – 6) < 0 ………(2)
from equation (1) & (2)

–7 –2 1 6
 –2 < a < 1
 a  (–2, 1)

6. a & b are positive

1 1 1
prove that    0 has real roots one between a & 2a
x x a x b 3 3
and the other between 2b 3 &  b 3
 (x – a) (x + b) + x(x + b) + x(x – a) = 0
 x2 – ax + bx – ab + x2 + bx + x2 – ax = 0
 3x2 + 2(b – a)x – ab = 0 two real roots
D = 4  b  a  + 12ab
2
  >0
 Positive
Positive
two real roots

2b 
3

  a2  
 f a  3  
. f 2a
3
  9 
a
= 3    2  b  a   ab 
3 
 4a 2
3 
 9
 2a 
 3 

 2  b  a     ab 

a 2
2ab 2a 2   4a 2 4ab 4a 2 
=     ab      ab 
3 3 3   3 3 3 
 a 2 ab   ab 
=     
 3 3  3 
 a 2 ab   ab 
=      0
3 3   3 

Positive Positive

ensures that one root between a 3 & 2a 3

Similarly

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
 2b   b   4b 2
 2b    b2  b  
 f   
f =  3   2  b  a     ab   3   2  b  a     ab 
 3   3   9  3   9  3  
 4b2 4b2 4ab   b2 2b 2 2ab 
=     ab      ab 
 3 3 3   3 3 3 
 ab   b 2 ab 
=    
 3  3 3 

=
 
 b 2  ab  ab 
<0 Hence proved
9
7. f(y) = y2 + my + 2 divided by y – 1, remainder R1
 f(1) = 1 + m + 2 = m + 3 = R1 ………………..(1)
f(y) = y2 + my + 2 divided by y +1, remainder R2
 f(–1) = 1 – m + 2 = 3 – m = R2 ………………..(2)
equation (1) – equation (2)
 2m = R1 – R2 = 0  R1 = R2 given.  m=0
8. x2 – ax + b = 0 are real & differ by a quantity which is less than c(c > 0) prove that b
1
lies between 1 4 (a2 – c2) &   a 2 .
4
 2
x – ax + b = 0 a  a 2  4b
a  a 2  4b 2

2
a  a 2  4b

2
a  a 2  4b a  a 2  4b
 – <c
2 2
 a 2  4b  c a2 – 4b  0
 a – 4b < c2
2
a2  4b
 a2 – c2 < 4b
 a2 
 
1 2 2

a  c  b ……..(1)    b ………….(2)
4  4

from equation (1) & (2), we can say that

1 2 2
4
a c  b  
a2
4

check for boundary
a2 a2
 b then, x2 – ax + 0
4 4
 4x2 – 4ax + a2 = 0
a2
 so b  (not acceptable)  (2x – a)2 = 0 No differ roots
4

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1 1
 QUADRATIC EQUATION
a 
 
2
1 2 2
 so a c  b    Hence proved
4  4

9. Let x2 +y2 + xy + 1  a (x + y)  x, y  R
 x2 + x(y –a) + y2 –ay + 1  0
D0
 (y – a)2 – 4(y2 – ay + 1)  0
 y2 – 2ay + a2 – 4y2 + 4ay – 4 
 –3y2 + 2ay + a2 – 4  0
 3y2 – 2ay + 4 – a2  0
D 
 4a2 – 4 × 3 × (4 –a2)  0
 a2 – 12 + 3a2 0
 4a2 – 12 
 a2 – 3  0
 a  3 a  3   0
 + – +
 3 3
–1.71 +1.17
So possible integral solutions. = {–1, 0, 1}
p
10. (x – ) (x – 4 + ) + (x – 2 + ) (x + 2 – ) = 0
q
 (x – ) (x – 4 +) + (x – 2 + ) (x + 2 –) = 2(x – p) (x – q)………..(1)
leading coefficient using comparison = 2
 2(x –p) (x – q) – (x – ) (x – 4 + ) = 0
from equation (1)
 2(x –p) (x – q) – (x – ) (x – 4 + ) = (x – 2 + ) (x + 2– ) ………… (2)

(– 2) (2– )
from equation (1)
 2(x –p) (x – q) – (x – 2 + ) (x + 2 –  ) = (x – ) (x – 4 + ) ………… (3)

 4–
absolute value of sum of the roots of the equation (2) & (3)
= |2 –  +  – 2 +  + 4 –|
=4

1
3 2 2
11. f(x) = x + px + qx + 72 x + ax + b = 0
=b

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2 2
 QUADRATIC EQUATION
1
x2 + bx + a = 0
=a
 2 2
x + ax + b = 0 & x + bx + a = 0
contains one common root.
 2 + a + b = 0
 2 + b + a = 0
2  1
    =1
 
2 2
a b ba
 &  . . 1 = –72 ab = 72
1
 p (x) = x2 + ax + b

 put x = 1
 p(1) = 0  1 + a + b = 0
 1++=1+b+a=0
 1+b+a=0
72
 1+b  =0
b
 2
b + b – 72 = 0
 b2 + b – 72 = 0
 (b + 9) (b – 8) = 0
 b = –9, a = 8 or b = 8, a = 9
12 + 2 + 2 = 1 + 81 + 64 = 146

12. f(x) = (a –2)x2 + 2ax + a + 3 lie on the interval (–2, 1) ?

 D0
 4a2 – 4(a – 2) (a + 3)  0
 a2 – (a – 2) (a + 3)  0
 a2 – (a2 + a – 6)  0
 –a + 6  0
 a  6 ……..(1)
 
case – (1) a > 2

–2 1
 f(–2) > 0 f(1) > 0
 4(a –2) –4a + a + 3 > 0 (a –2) + 2a + a + 3 > 0
 a – 5 > 0 ……….(2) 4a + 1 > 0 ………….(3)
from equation (1), (2) & (3)
 a  (5, 6]

case – (2) a < 2, f (–2) < 0, f(1) < 0 

–2 1
we get, a  (–, 14 )
case – (3) a = 2
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25 25
3 3
 QUADRATIC EQUATION
 2
0.x + 4x + 5 = 0
5
 x , a = 2 (accepted)
4
 1 
From case (1), (2) & (3) we get, a   ,   2   5, 6
 4 

13. Let , ¸  be distinct real numbers such that

a2 + b + c = (sin)2 + (cos)
a2 + b + c = (sin)2 + (cos)
a2 + b + c = (sin)2 + (cos) where (a, b, c  R)
 a  sin   2   b  cos     c  0

 a  sin   2   b  cos     c  0  these are identities so satisfied for all the values.

 a  sin    2   b  cos     c  0 
 a – sin = 0 a = sin
 b – cos = 0 b = cos
 c=0
a 2  b2
(a) Maximum value of expression = 2
a  3ab  5b 2
sin 2   cos2 
y=
sin 2   3sin  cos   5cos 2 
1
=
1  3sin  cos   4cos 2 
1
=
3
1  sin 2  2  cos 2  1
2
1
=
3 
3   sin 2  2cos 2  
2 
3 
for maximum,  sin 2  2cos 2 
2 
must be minimum
 9 9 
   4,  4
 4 4 
 5 5 
  2 , 2 
1
 ymax  2
5
3
2

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 QUADRATIC EQUATION
 
(b) V1  ai  bj  ck makes an angle with
3

 V2  i  j  2k =?
  
 V1 V2  V1 V2 cos 60o

 a  b 2c  a 2  b2  c2 . 1  1  2 cos 60o
 sin + cos = sin 2   cos 2 . 4 cos 60 o
 sin + cos = 4 cos 60o
1
 sin + cos = 4
2
 
 sin + cos = 1  θ = 2nπ or  4n  1 
 2
 between   [0, 2]

for three difference  0,  , 2
2 
x 2  ax  b
14. y is [–5, 4] a, b  N (a2 + b2) = ?
x  2x  3
2

 x2(y – 1) + x(2y –a) + 3y – b = 0 ……………….(1)

difference with respected to x.
 dy   2dy  3dy
 2x( y– 1) + x2   + (2y –a) + x  + =0
 dx   dx  dx
dy
 (x2 + 2x + 3) + 2x(y – 1) – a + 2y = 0
dx
dy
for maxima or minima, 0
dx
 2x( y – 1) + 2y – a = 0
a  2y
 x ………..(2)
2  y  1
Put (2) in (1)
 a  2y  y  1  a  2y  2y  a + 3y – b = 0
2

2    
 +
4  y  1 2  y  1
 (a –2y)2 + 2(a – 2y) (2y – a) + 4(y –1) (3y – b) = 0
 (a – 2y)2 – 2(a – 2y)2 + 4(y –1) (3y – b) = 0
(a – 2y)2 = 4(y –1) (3y – b) ……………………..(3) this has –5 & 4 as roots
Put y = –5
 (a + 10)2 = 4(–6) (–15–b)
 (a + 10)2 = 360 + 24b ……………(4)
Put y = 4
 (a – 8)2 = 144 – 12b ……………(5)
equation (4) + equation (5) × 2
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25 25
5 5
 QUADRATIC EQUATION
 2 2
(a + 10) + 2(a – 8) = 360 + 24b + 288 – 24b
 a2 + 20a + 100 + 2a2 – 32a + 128 = 648
 3a2 – 12a + 228 = 648
a = 14, b = 9
 3a2 – 12a – 420 = 0  a2 – 4a – 140 = 0
a = –10, b = –15 a, b  N (rejected)
 2 2 2
a + b = 14 +81 = 277

6
 1  6 1 
 x     x  6  2
15.   x  x 
3
 1  3 1 
x   x  3 
 x  x 
6 2  3
1  1   
3
1  1 
 1  3 1    x     x 3  3    x     x 3  3  
x   x  3   x  x   x  
   x  x 
    x 

3
1  3 1   3
1  1 
x   x  3    x     x3  3  

 x  x 
 x  x  
3
 1  3 1 
  x   x  3  minimum value = (2)3 – 2 = 6
 x  x 

16. x, y  R, x2 + y2 > 0
maximum and minimum value of the expression
x 2  y2
  E= 2 Homogeneous equation put y = x
x  xy  4y 2
1  2
  E= y
1    4 2
  1 + 2 = 42y + y + y
  2 (4y – 1) + (y) + (y–1) = 0
D 
  y2 – 4(4y –1) (y –1)  0
  y2 – 4(4y2 –5y + 1)  0
  –15y2 + 20y – 4  0

  15y2 – 20y + 4 

 

  M=, m = ,     20  2
A
2 15  2 3
2
  (2007)A = 2007 × = 669 × 2 = 1338
3

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES

SOLUTIONS – SEQUENCE & SERIES

EXERCISE # 1
1. a4 – a7 + a10 = m
a + 3d – a – 6d + a + 9d = m
a + 6d = m
n
S13   2a  12d 
2
13
=  a  6d   2
2
S13  13  m 

p
 2a   p  1 d 
2. 2 p3
 3
q
 2a   q  1 d  q
2
a
 p  1 d
2 p2 a6 a  5d
 2 ….(1) &  ….(2)
a
 q  1
d
q a 21 a  20d
2
On comparing equation (1) & (2)
 p 1  q 1
    5 2  20
 2 
p = 11, q = 41
 Put p = 11 & q = 41 in equation (1)
a  5d 112 121
  
a  20d 412 1681

3. A.P. Sn = 2n + 3n2
S1 = a1 = 2 + 3 = 5
S2 = a1 + a2 = 4 + 12 = 16
 a2 = 16 – 5 = 11
d = a2 – a1 = 11 –5 = 6
Now new A.P. a = 5 ,
d = 12
n
Sn = 10   n  112 
2
= 5n + 6n (n–1)
 6n – n
2

4. a=A–D
b=A

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
c=A+D
2 2
(a – c) = (A–D–A–D)
2 2
= 4D = 4(b – ac)
 b – ac = A2 – A2 + D2
2
2
=D
2
5. Sn = Pn + Qn
a1 = P × 1 + Q × 1 = P + Q .…(1)
S2 = a1 + a2 = 2P + 4Q
  a2 = 2P + 4Q–a1
 a2 = 2P + 4Q– P –Q
 a2 = P + 3Q .…(2)
Common difference = a2 – a1
d = P + 3Q – P – Q
= 2Q

G.P
6. a ar ar 2 a 2
a – ar = 6 ….(1)
 
A.P
2
ar – ar = 6 ….(2)

Equation(1)
=
a 1 r2 
6 
Equation(2) 
a r2  r 6 

1  r 1  r   1
r2  r 
 (1 + r) (1 – r) = –r (1– r)
 r = 1, – 1/2
6 6 6 4
 Last term a= = = =8
1 r 2
1
1 3
4

7. Common ratio r
first term = 1
every term is equals to the sum of successive terms.
S = a1, a2, a3, a4 ……………….
1
S 
1 r
a1 = a2 + a3 + a4………………..
= S  a1
1
  1
1 r

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
1 1  r r
  
1 r 1 r
r
   a1
1 r
r
  1  r = 1/2
1 r
3 1 1 1
4th term ar = a  = 1× =
8 8 8
2
8. G = xy
1 1
 + 2
G x
2 2
G  y2
1 1
 
xy  x 2
xy  y 2
1 1
 
x  y  x  y  x  y
 1  1 1   1  y  x  1
        y  x   xy   G 2
 y  x  x y    

9. S = 2 + 4 + 7 + 11 + 16 + …………..+ Tn ….(1)
S= 2 + 4 + 7 + 11 +.…………..+ Tn–1 + Tn ….(2)
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
0 = 2 + ( 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + …………..) – Tn
 n 1 
 Tn = 2     4   n  2 1
 2 

 Tn = 2 
 n  1 n  2 
2
4n n 2
2
  =
2
n n2
2
  = 
 2 
  Tn 
1
2
 n 2  n  2 .1
1  n  n  1 2n  1 n  n  1 
      2n 
2 6 2 
n  2n 2  3n  1 n  1 
      2
2 6 2 
n  2n  3n  1  3n  3  12 
2
    
2 6 
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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
n  2n  6n  16 
2
    
2 6 
  n  3n  8 
n 2
 
6

1 1 1 1
10.   
b a c b
a b bc a  b ab a
    
ab bc b  c bc c

a b c
  1
 a b
b c a    3 c 
11.  
3 b c a
a b c
    3
b c a
+
The value of a + a + a +……….anR and a1.a2.a3 ……an =1 then minimum value of
1 2 3
12.
1  a1  a12 1  a 2  a 22 ...........1  an  a n2   ?

1  a1  a12 
 1.a1.a1 2 3
1

3
 1  a1  a12   3a1...........1
 1  a 2  a 22   3a 2
.
.
  1  a n  a n2   3a n
  1  a1  a12 1  a 2  a 22 1  a3  a32 ........... 1  a n  a n2   3n a1a 2a 3......a n   3n
2
13. Tn = (2n – 1)
2
Tn = 4n – 4n + 1
   Tn  4 n 2  4 n  1. .1
4n  2n  1 n  1 4n  n  1
    n
6 2
 4  2n  1  12 
   n  n  1  n
 3 2 
 4n  2  6 
   n  n  1    n
 3

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES

  
n 2

 n  4n  4   3n
3
4n   4n   3n
3
  
3

 

n 4n  1
2

3
= 2n –1 = 25  n = 13

 nT 
 

13 4 132  1 13  4 169  1
3 3
13  676  1 675 13
     225 13  2925
3 3

1 2
14. Tn  
1  2  .......  n n  n  1
1 1 
 Tn  2  
 n n  1 
 1
  T1  2 1  
 2
1 1
  T2  2   
 2 3
.
.
.
1 1 
T9  2   
 9 10 
  1 1
T10  2   
10 11 
––––––––––––––––––––––
2 20
 S10  2  
11 11

1 1 1
15. a , b , c
1 x 1 y 1  xy
1 1
    2   x  y
a b
1 1
    1  x 1  y   1   x  y   xy
a b
1 1 1   1
   1     2   1  
ab a b   c

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
1 bc  ac  ab
    ac + bc = c + ab
ab abc

a a a  ar 
16. x  a   2  .............to   x  
r r  1   r 1 
 1  
 r
b b a  br 
 y  b   .............to   y  
r r2  1   r 1 
 1  
 r
c c c  cr 2 
 z c   .............to   c  2 
r2 r4  1   r 1 
1  2 
 r 
xy  ar  br  r  1 ab

2
 
Then,   
z  r  1  r  1  cr 2 c  
2 3
17. ab c = 64
1 1 1 1 1 1
     1
a b b c c c  1 1 1  6
    2  3
6 a b c 
1
 1 2 3  1 6
       6 
a b c  64 
1 2 3
     3
a b c

18. a=1
 f(r) = 4T2 +5T3
2
 f(r) = 4 × 1 × r + 5 × 1 × r
2
 = 4r + 5r
f '(r) = 4 + 10r = 0
2 2
  r [ 4T2 + 5T3 is minimum at r  ]
5 5
 f ''(r) = 10 > 0 minimum

Tn 
 2n  1  2n  1  6  6
= 

19. = 
12  22  32  .....  n 2 n  n  1 2n  1  n  n  1 
1 1 
 Tn  6  
 n n  1 
 1
 T1  6 1  
 2
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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
1 1
 T2  6   
 2 3

1 1
 T11  6   
11 12 
–––––––––––––––––––––––––
 1  66 22 11
 S11  6 1     
 12  12 4 2
2 3
20. Tn = n(2n) = 4n
  n  n  1  
2

  Tn 4 n 3  4  
 2 
2
10 11  2 2
 Sn 4  = (10 × 11) = (110) = 12100
n 10  2 

EXERCISE # 2
n
 2A   n  1 D 
2 7n  1
1. (i) 
 2a   n  1 d  4n  27
n
2
A
 n  1 D
7n  1
 2 
a
 n  1 D 4n  27
2
replace
   N 1
n  1
 2
n  2N  1
A   N  1 D 7  2N  1  1  14N  6 
Ratio of Nth terms,   
a   N  1 D 4  2N  1  27  8N  23 
st
(ii) A.P. I term ‘a’
p 2a
 Sp =  2a   p  1 d   0  d
2 1 p
 Snext q terms = Sp + q –Sp
pq
= 
p
 2a   p  q  1 d   2a  p  1 d 
 2  2
 pq
=   2a   p  1 d  qd 
 2 

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
pq
=    qd 
 2 
p  q   q  2a   aq  p  q  
=      
 2  1 p   p 1 

172o 8o
2.
o o o
 8 + 12 + 16 + …………
n
  360 = ( 2 × 8 + (n –1) 4)
2
  360 = 8n + 2n (n –1)
2
  360 = 8n + 2n – 2n
2
  180 = 3n + n
2
  n + 3n – 180 = 0
  (n – 12) (n + 15) = 0
  n = 12

3. 1, A, A2 , A3 ........... A n , 3
 
 n 2 terms
 A + (n + 1) d = 31
31  1  30 
  d  
n  1  n  1 
A7 A  7d 5
Now,  
A n 1 A   n  1 d 9
1  7d 5
  
1   n  1 d 9
7  30
1
 
 n  1  5
1
 n  1  30 9
 n  1
n  1  210
  n 1 
5
n  1  30  n  1 9
n 1
n  211 5
  
31n  29 9
  9n + 211 × 9 = 155n – 29 × 5
  2044 = 146n
 n = 14

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
o o o
4. S = 0 + 1.cos1 + 2.cos2 + …………………………...+ 359 cos 359 ….(1)
o o o o
S = 359 cos 359 + 358 cos 358 + ……………….. + 1 .cos1 + 0
o o o o
S = 359 cos 1 + 358 cos 2 + ……………….. + 1 .cos359 .…(2)
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
o o o o
2S = 360 ( cos1 + cos2 + …………….. + cos 359 ) [ Add equation (1) & (2) ]
  359  1    359 1 
2S = 360o × cos 1    1 sin  
  2    2 
1
sin  
2
 1
 
2S = 360o × cos 180o sin 180  
 2
1
sin  
2
1
 1 sin  
2S = 360 ×
o  2   360
1
sin  
2
S = –180
  n  1    n 
cos        sin  

 cos + cos (+) + cos ( + 2)+…….+ cos   n –1 β     2    2 

sin  
2
5. A. P. : a = 1, S9 = 369
9
 S9 =  2  8d   369
2
  [ 1 + 4d ] = 41
  4d = 40
  d = 10
8
G.P. : A1 = 1, A9 = AR = a + 8d
A9 = 1 + 80 = 81
AR8 = 81
R= 3
6
A7 = AR
6
= 1× ( 3 ) = 27

6. S98 = 4949 ( d = 1)
98
   2a1  97 1  4949
2

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
  2a1  97  101
  2a1  4
  a1 = 2
49
   a 2k  a2 + a4 +a6 +.……….+ a98
k 1
 = 3 + 5 + 7 +………..+ 99
49
  Sa  3  99
2k 2
 = 49 × 51
 = 2499.

7. a6 = 4a4
  ar5 = 4ar3
  r2 = 4
  r = 2 ( increasing G.P.)
 a9 – a7 = 192
  ar8 – ar6 = 192
  ar6 (r2 –1) = 192
  a × 26 (3) = 192
  a=1
 1 1 1 1 
      ............. 
i 1 a i  a1 a 2 a 3 
1 1 1 
     2  ............. 
1 2 2 
1
  =2
1
1
2

G.P.

8. a ar ar 2 a

A.P.
a – ar2 = 6 ………….(1)
 ar2 – ar = 6 ………….(2)



a 1 r2  
6
ar  r  1 6
1  r 1  r 
  1
r 1  r 
 1+r=–r
1
 r=
2
From equation (1)
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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
 1
a 1    6
 4
4
a  6
3
a=8
required terms 8 , –4 , 2 , 8

9. 2 , a , b, c, 18
condition (i)
a + b + c = 25
condition (ii)
b – a = a –2
b + 2 = 2a
condition (iii)
18 c

c b
c2 = 18b

 b2
    b  18b  25
 2 
3b
   1  18b  25
2
 3b 
  18b   24  
 2 
9b2
  18b  576   72b
4
9b2
   576  90b  0
4
  9b2  360b  2304  0
  b2 – 40b + 256 = 0
 (b – 8)(b – 32) = 0
  b=8
 c2 = 18 × 8
  c = 12
  a=5
 Required series 2, 5, 8, 12, 18

1 1
10.  21 ,  10
a  9d a  20d
1
 a  9d  .…(1)
21

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
1
 a  20d  .…(2)
10
 From equation (1) & (2)
1
 d
210
From equation (1)

1 1
 a  9  
210 21
1 3 1
a   
21 70 210

210th term
1 1
 T210   1
a  209d 1

209
210 210

1 1
11.  q p  q &  q p  q
a   p  1 d a   q  1 d
1
 a   p  1 d  ….(1)
q p  q
1
 a   q  1 d  …(2)
p p  q

From equation (1) & (2)

1
  d
pq  p  q 
From equation (1)

a
1

 p  1 = 1  p   p  1   1
 
q  p  q  pq  p  q   p  q   pq  pq  p  q 

1
(a)  a   p  q  1 d
Tpq

=
1

 p  q  1
pq  p  q  pq  p  q 
 p  q  1  1  1
=
pq  p  q  pq
1 1
    pq Proved
Tpq a   p  q  1 d

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
1
(b)  a   pq  1 d
Tpq
1

 pq  1 1
= 
pq  p  q  pq  p  q  p  q
  Tpq   p  q  Proved

(c) p>2 & q>2

1 1 1 1
   & 
p 2 q 2
1 1 1 1
    
p q 2 2
pq
  1
pq
  p + q < pq
  Tpq < Tp+q Proved

2ab ab
12. (a) 4 ….(1), A ….(2), ab  G ….(3)
ab 2
  2A + G2 = 27
ab
  2   ab  27
 2 
  (a + b) + ab = 27 from equation (1)
ab
   ab  27
2
3ab
   27
2
  ab = 18 ….(A)
(a + b) + ab = 27
a + b + 2(a + b) = 27
(a + b) = 9 ….(B)
=a
  x2 – (a+b)x + ab = 0 =b
  2
x – 9x +18 = 0
(x – 6)(x – 3) = 0
  x = 3, x = 6
  a = 3, b = 6

(b) A – G = 15 ….(1)
 A – H = 27 ….(2)
2
 G = AH from, eqn. (1) & (2)
  G2 = (15+G) (A –27)
2
  G = (15+G) (15+G –27)
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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
2
 G = (15+G) (G –12)
2 2
 G = 15G + G –12G – 180
 3G = 180
 G = 60
 A = 15 + 60 = 75
 H = 75 – 27 = 48
ab
=75 a+b = 150 ….(3)
2
a × b = 3600 ….(4)
(150 – b)b = 3600
2
b –150b + 3600 = 0
(b –30) (b – 120) = 0
b = 30, 120
a = 120, 30 respectively.

13. a, A1 , A2, A3, ……….A51, b

ba
 d= ….(1)
52
 b  A51   A1  a   b  a  51d   a  d  a 
    =    from equation (1)
 b  A51   A1  a   d   d 
 b  a  50d   52d  50d 
=    102
 d   d 

 1 1 1 
a  a  a  a   3  4 
2 2 3
 a  1
a a
14.  1 7
7
  (a + 2a2 + a3 + 15 + a–1 + a–3 + a–4) + 15  22

 a  a  b  b  b  b  2c  2c  2c  8d   1
15.
10
 64a 2b4c3d 10
1
2  a  2b  3c  4d   64a 2 b 4c3d 10 1
     16 10
10  16 
1
2  50  a 2 b 4c3d 10 1
      64 16 10
10  16 
1
 a 2 b4c3d 10
  5  , max. value = 5
 16 

16. Tn = n.2n+2–2n S10 = 10(B.210+1) BN

 T1 = 1.23–21
 T2 = 2.24–22
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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
 T3 = 3.25–23

12 10
T10 = 10.2 –2
––––––––––––––
   
S10 = 1.23  2.24  3.25  .........  10.212  21  22  23  .........  210
 
 ….(1)

 2 1  10
     2
 S10 =    2
  2  1 

210  1 ….(A)
 
3 4 5 12
 from equation (1)  = 1.2 + 2.2 + 3.2 +………………+10.2
4 5 12 13
2 = 1.2 + 2.2 + ………………+9.2 + 10.2
_________________________________________________
3 4 5 12 13
– = 1.2 + 1.2 + 1.2 + ………………+ 1.2 – 10.2

– = 23 
 
 210  1 
 – 10.2
13

  2  1 
 
13 13
– = 2 – 8 – 10.2
 = 9.213 + 8
from equation (A) S10 = 9.213 + 8 –2.210 + 2
= 72.210 + 10 –2.210
= 70.210 + 10
= 10 (7.210 + 1) on comparing
B =7
17. (i) S = 1 + 5 + 13 + 29 + 61 + ………………+ Tn
 S= 1 + 5 + 13 + 29 + ………………+ Tn–1 + Tn
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
 0 = 1 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 32 +………………– Tn

Tn = 1 + 4 
2n 1  1 
n+1
= (2 –3)
 2  1
2
T1 = 2 –3
T2 = 23–3
T3 = 24–3

n+1
Tn = 2 –3
––––––––––––
2 3 4 n+1
Sn = (2 +2 +2 ……...+2 ) – 3n
22  2 n  1
Sn = –3n = 2n+2 – 3n – 4
 2  1

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
(ii) S = 6 + 13 + 22 + 33 + ………………+ Tn
S= 6 + 13 + 22 + ………………+ Tn–1 + Tn
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
  0 = 6 + 7
+ 9 + 11 + .
.  . . – Tn
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
 n-1terms
 n  1 14 
  Tn = 6 +  n  2  2
2 
  Tn = 6 + ( n –1) [ 7 + n – 2 ]
  Tn = 6 + ( n –1) [ 5 + n ] = 6 + 5n – 5 + n2 – n
  Tn = n2 + 4n + 1
 Sn = n2 + 4n + .1
n  n  1 2n  1 4n  n 1
 =  n
6 2
n  n  1 2n  1
 =  2n  n  1  n
6
 2n  1  12 
 = n  n  1    n
 6
1
 Sn  n  n  1 2n  13  n
6
1 1 1
18. (i)    ..............
1.4.7 4.7.10 7.10.13
1
  Tn 
 3n  2  3n  1 3n  4 
1 1 1 
  Tn    
6   3n  2  3n  1  3n  1 3n  4  
1 1 1 
 T1    
6  1.4 4.7 
1 1 1 
 T2    
6  4.7 7.10 

1 1 1 
 Tn    
6   3n  2  3n  1  3n  1 3n  4  
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
1 1 1 
 Sn    
6 1.4  3n  1 3n  4  
 
 1  
Sn    
1
   1 
  S   
 24  24n 2  3  1  3  4    24 
   
 n  n  
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 SEQUENCE & SERIES

 r  r  1 r  2  r  3
n
(ii)
r 1
 Tn = n(n+1) (n+2) (n+3)  n  4   n 1
1
  Tn =  n  n  1 n  2  n  3  n  4   n 1 n n 1n  2 n  3 
5
1
 T1 = 1.2.3.4.5  0 
5
1
 T2 =  2.3.4.5.6 1.2.3.4.5 
5
1
 T3 = 3.4.5.6.7  2.3.4.5.6 
5

1
Tn   n  n  1 n  2  n  3 n  4    n  1 n  n  1 n  2  n  3
5
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
1
  Sn   T1  T2  ........  Tn   n  n  1 n  2  n  3 n  4 
5
n 1 n 1
(iii)  2 = 
r 1 4r  1 r 1  2r  1 2r  1

1 1 1 
Tr    
2   2r  1  2r  1 
1 1 1 
 T1  
2 1 3 
1 1 1 
 T2    
2 3 5
1 1 1 
 T3    
2 5 7 

1 1 1 
Tn    
2  2n  1 2n  1 
––––––––––––––––––––––
1 1 1 
Sn    
2  1 2n  1 
1  2n  1  1 
Sn   
2  2n  1 
 n 
Sn   
 2n  1 

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
EXERCISE # 3 (JM)
p
 2a1   p  1 d 
1. 2 p2
 2
q
 2a1   q  1 d  q
2

2  a1 
 p  1 d 

   2 p ….(1)

2  a1 
 q  1 d  q

 2 
a6 a  5d
  ….(2)
a 21 a  20d
From equation (1) & (2)
p 1 q 1
 5  20
2 2
  p =11 , q = 41
 put p = 11 & q = 41
a1  5d 11
  
a1  20d 41

2. a1, a2 ……….an are in H.P.

1 1 1  1
  , , , ,............, are in A.P.
a1 a 2 a 3 a 4 an
1 1
Let  d
a 2 a1
a1  a 2
  d
a1a 2
a a
  a1a 2  1 2 …………(1)
d
1
Let  b1
a1
1
 b1   n  1 d
an
1 1
    n  1 d
a1 a n
a n  a1
 1  n  d ……………. (2)
a1a n

a1 a 2 a 2 a 3 a a
  Sn      ..........  n 1  n
d d d d d d
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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
a1 a n a1  a n
    from equation (2)
d d d
 
 n  1 d a1a n
d
Sn   n  1 a1a n

3. a , ar, ar2……….
 a = ar + ar2
  1 = r + r2
  r2 + r – 1 = 0
1  5
| r | > 1 ( r < 0 then rejected
2
1  1  4 1  5
  r 
 
2 2 1
5 1 | r | < 1 r > 0 then accepted
2

because progression contains only positive terms.

4. a + ar = 12
  ar2 + ar3 = 48
a 1  r  12
  
ar 2 1  r  48
1 1
  
r2 4
  r2 = 4
r = – 2 (r < 0 as G.P. have alternatively positive and negative term)
a (1 + r) = 12
a (1 – 2) = 12
a = –12

2 6 10 14
5. S  1   2  3  4  .........is
3 3 3 3
S 1 2 6 10
     .........................
3 3 32 33 34
S 1 4 4 4
 S   1   2  3  4  ...................
3 3 3 3 3
 
2 4 4 4 1 1 1 
S   2  3  ....................  4   2  3  ......... 
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 
2 4/3 4 3
  S   2
3  1 3 2
1  
 3

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
2S
  2
3
S=3

6. a1 = a2 = a3 = ……………… = a10 = 150

a1 + a2 + a3 + ……………… + a10 = 1500
Remaining = 4500 – 1500 = 3000 notes
a10  a11 a12
150 148 146
a10 Already counted in total of 1500

n
 3000  148  2   n  1 2 
2
  3000 = n [ 148 – n + 1]
  3000 = 149n – n2
  n2 – 149n + 3000 = 0
  n2 – 125n – 24n + 3000 = 0
  n(n – 125) – 24 (n – 125) = 0
  n = 24 (n  125  Repetition of same negative terms)
total 24 + 10 = 34 min

7. 200 200 200 240 280 320

 
3months n months
saving after 3 months
11040 – 600 = 10440
n
   2a   n  1 d   10440
2
n
   2a   n  1 40  10440
2
  n 240   n  1 20  10440
  24n + n(n–1) 2 = 1044
  12n + n(n–1) = 522
  n2 + 11n – 522 = 0
  (n – 18) (n + 29) = 0
  n = 18 (n > 0)
total = 18 + 3 = 21 months.
100 100
8.  a 2r   and  a 2r 1  
r 1 r 1
 a2 + a4 + a6 +………….+ a200 =  ….(1)
 a1 + a3 + a5 +………….+ a199 =  ….(2)
subtract from equation (1) – (2)
{d  d  ........  d}    
  
100 times

100d =  – 
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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
   
d 
 100 
100
  2a 2  100  1 2d    ….(3)
2 
100
  2a1  100  1 2d    ….(4)
2 
From equation (3) & (4)
  
(a2 – a1) = d   
 100 

 
n
9.   k 3  k 3  1  3k 2  3k 
k 1 
n
    k 3  k 3  1  3k 2  3k 
k 1
n
   3k 2  3k  1 = 3 k 2  3 k   .1
k 1
3  n  n  1   2n  1 3n  n  1
 =  n
6 2

   =
 n  n  1  2n 1  3n  n  1
n
2 2
  n  1 2n  1 3  n  1 
   = n   1
 2 2 
  n  1 2n  1  3  n  1  2 
   = n 
 2 

   =n

2n 2  3n  1  3n  3  2 
2

    =
n 2n 2
= n3
 
2
Last term (361 + 380 + 400) = 1141
  3k2 – 3k + 1 = 1141
  3k2 – 3k – 1140 = 0
  k2 – k – 380 = 0
  k2 – 20k + 19k – 380 = 0
  (k – 20) (k + 19) = 0  k = 20
statement (1), (20)3 = 8000

10. 100(a + 99d) = 50(a + 49d)

  50a + (9900 – 2450)d = 0
  50a + 7450d = 0
  a + 149d = 0
a150 = 0
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 SEQUENCE & SERIES

7
11. 0.9  0.99  0.999  ...........
9
7
= 1  0.1  1  .01  1  .001  ............ 
9
7 1 1 1 1 
 =  20    2  3  ...........  20  
9 10 10 10 10  
   1 20  
 1     
7 1   10   
  20  1  
=
9 10 
 1  
  10  
 
7 
20    1  1020  
1 10
 = 
9 10 9 

 =
7
 20 
 
1  1020 

9 9 
 
7
 = 180  1  1020 
81 
7
 = 179  1020 
81 

q
12.   
p
r
  
p
1 1
 4
 
 
4

q

p
4
r
p
q
4
r
4r + q= 0
q
 4 ….(1)
r
p , q, r in A.P.
2q = p + r
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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
– 8r = p + r
p
 9 ….(2)
r
from equation (1) & (2)
q 4

p 9

  
2
     4
q 2 4r
  
p2 p
16  1 
   4 
81  9 
16 4
  
81 9
52
 
81
2 13
 
9

13. a ,ar, ar2 G.P.

 a, 2ar, ar2 A.P.
  2(2ar) = a + ar2
  4r = 1+ r2
  r2 – 4r + 1 = 0
4  16  4
  r= = 2  3 ( r > 0 for increasing G.P.)
2

2 9
 11   11   11 
14. k  1  2    3    .............  10  
 10   10   10 
2 9 10
11k 11  11   11   11 
  2    .............  9    10  
10 10  10   10   10 
2 9 10
11k  11   11   11   11 
k  1        .............     10  
10  10   10   10   10 
  11 10

    1
 k   10   10
  11 
    10  
10  11   10 
  1
 10 

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
k   11 
10   11 
10
   10     1    10
10   10    10 
 
  11 10  11  
10
   10     1      10
  10   10  

  k = 100

15.  , m, n A.P.
 G1 G2 G3 n are in G.P.
n  r 4
1
 n 4
n  
r
1
 n 4 n
G1      G14  4   
 
2
2
 n 4 n
G 2      G 42  4   
 
3
3
 n 4 n
G 3      G 34  4   
 
 n 2n 2 n 3 
  G14  2G 24  G 34  4   2  3 
   
4  n  2n n 2 
= 1   
   2 
2
 n
 =   n 1  
3
 
  n 
2
 = 3
n
2
 = n  (  +n)2
 = n  (2m)2
 = 4  m2 n

16. a2 = a + d
a5 = a + 4d
a9 = a + 8d
a5 a9
 
a 2 a5
  (a + 4d)2 = (a + d) (a + 8d)
  a2 +16d2 + 8ad = a2 + 9ad + 8d2
  8d2 – ad = 0
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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
  d(8d – a) = 0
a
  d
8
a a  4d 8d  4d 12d 4
common ratio = 5 =   
a2 a d 8d  d 9d 3

2 2 2 2
 3  2  1  4 16
17. S  1    2    3   42   4  +………. is m
 5  5  5  5 5
2 2 2
 8   12   16 
  S10          +……….
5  5   5 
 
S10  2 8  12  16  ..........  4  4
1  2 2
  2 2 2
5    
 10terms 
S10  2   (4n)2  42 
1 11
 
5  n1 
1  n  n  1 2n  1 
  S10  2 16. n 11
 16 
5  6 
1 8 
  S10   1112  23  16
25  3 
1616 16
  S10  = 101  m = 101
25 5

18. Tn = (x + (n–1) (x + n))

= x2 + (n–1+n)x + n (n–1)
= x2 + (2n–1)x + n (n–1)
Tr = x2 + (2r–1)x + r(r–1)
Sn   x 2   2r  1 x  r  r  1
 x 2  .1  2x  r  x  .1  r 2  r
n  n  1 n  n  1 2n  1 n  n  1
 x 2 .n  2x  x.n  
2 6 2
 2x  n  1  n  1 2n  1   n  1 
  10n  n  x 2  x 
 2 6 2 

  10  x 2   n  1 x  x 
 n  1  2n  1  3 
2  3 


  x 2  nx 
n 1
2
  10
3

  x  nx 
2
n 2  31 
0
3

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES

 +1 two consecutive integral roots

 Sum of roots 2 + 1 = – n
(n  1)
  =
2
product of roots
n 2  31
 ( + 1) =
3
  n  1  n  1  n 2  31
 2  1  3
2  
  n  1 1  n  n 2  31
  2  3
2  
 2 2
3(n –1) = 4(n –31)
  124 – 3 = n2
 n2 = 121  n = 11 n = 11 positive

19. 9(25a2 + b2) + 25(c2 – 3ac) = 15b(3a + c)

(15a2) + (3b)2 + (5c)2 – (15a) (5c) – (15a) (3b) – (3b) (5c) = 0
1
15a  3b    3b  5c    5c  15a    0
2 2 2
 
2 
It is possible when 15a = 3b = 5c
5c c
  b= , a=
3 3
  a + b = 2c
b, c, a are in A.P.

20. f(1) = a + b + c = 3
 f(2) = f(1+1) = f(1) + f(1) + 1 × 1
=6+1=7
 f(3) = f(2+1) = f(2) + f(1) + 2 × 1
= 7 + 3 + 2 = 12
 f(1) = 3
 f(2) = 7
 f(3) = 12
 f(4) = 18
 S = 3 + 7 + 12 + 18 + ………….+Tn
 S= 3 + 7 + 12 + 18 + ………….+Tn–1 + Tn
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
 0 = 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + …………… – Tn
 Tn = 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + ……………
n  n  n  5 
 Tn  6   n  1 1   
2  2 
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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
 Sn 
1
2

 n 2  5 n 
1  n  n  1 2n  1 5n  n  1 
    
2 6 2 
1  10 11 21 5 10 11 
    
2 6 2 
1
   35 11  25 11
2
1
   60 11
2
  30 11 330

EXERCISE # 4 (JA)
3   3  n
1   

4   4 
 = 3 1   3  
n
1. An      …………….(1)
 3  7   4  
1  
 4 
  Bn = 1– An and Bn > An for all n  n0

1–An > An
2An < 1 from equation (1)
6   3  
n
  1      1
7   4  
n
 3  1
    
 4  6
  (–1)n+1 3n . 3 < 22n–1
(–3)n+1 < 22n–1
For n to be even equality always holds
For n to be odd it holds for n 7
Therefore, the least natural number for which it holds is 6.
n0 = 6 for which Bn > An  n  n0

Comprehension (3 questions)
n  r 
 v r =    2r   r  1 2r  1  
n
2.
r 1 r 1  2 

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
n  2
r r
=   r3   
r 1  2 2
1 1
=  n3   n 2   n
2 2
n  n  1 n  n  1 2n  1 n n 1
2 2
=  
4 12 22
n  n  1   2n  1  1
=  n  n  1  
4  3 
n  n  1 3n  n  2 
2
=
12

3. Tr = r + (r–1) (2r–1)
 = r + 2r2 – 2r – r + 1
 = (2r2 – 2r + 1)
 = (r + 1) (3r –1)
For each r, Tr , has two different factors other than 1 and itself therefore.
Tr is always a composite number.

4. Qr+1 – Qr = (Tr+2 –Tr+1 ) – (Tr+1– Tr)

= Tr + 2 – 2Tr+1 + Tr ( Tr = (r + 1) (3r–1))
= (r + 2 +1) (3(r + 2) –1) –2(r + 1 +1) (3(r+1)–1) + (r+1) (3r–1)
= (r + 3) (3r + 5) – 2 (r + 2) (3r + 2) + (r + 1) (3r – 1)
= 3r2 + 9r + 5r + 15 – 6r2 – 12r – 4r – 8 + 3r2 + 3r – r – 1
= 6 constant
Q, Q2, Q3 are in A.P. with common difference 6.

Comprehension (3 questions)
ab 2ab
5. A1  , G1  ab , H1 
2 ab
A  H n 1 
A n  n 1 
2 
  G n  A n 1  H n 1   G n  A n H n  A n 1  H n 1
2

2A n 1.H n 1 
Hn 
A n 1  H n 1 
similarly we can prove
  AnHn = An–1 Hn–1 = An–2 Hn–2 = ……….. = A1H1
AnHn = ab
  G12  G 22  G 23  ...........  G2n  ab
  G1 = G2 = G3 = ……… = ab

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
6. We have
A n 1  H n 1
  An 
2
A  H n 1
  A n  A n 1  n 1  An 1
2
H  A n 1
  n 1  0   An 1  Hn 1 
2
  An < An –1 or An–1 > An
we can conclude that
A1 > A2 > A3 >………

7. We have
ab
  AnHn = ab or Hn 
An
1 1
    H n 1  H n
A n 1 A n
 H1 < H2 < H3 …………..

8. PS × ST = QS × SR
property of chords P
  A.M.  G.M.
1 1

  PS ST  1  1 O
2 PS ST
R
or
Q S
1 1 2
    ………………..(1)
PS ST QS  SR T
QS  SR
   QS  SR
2
1 2
   …………….(2)
QS  SR QR
1 1 4
    From equation (1) & (2)
PS ST QR

9. a1 = a1 , a2 = a1r , a3 = a1r2 , a4 = a1r3

  b1 = a1
  b2 = a1 + a1r
  b3 = a1 + a1r + a1r2
  b4 = a1 + a1r + a1r2 + a1r3
10. tn = c{n2 – (n–1)2}
= c{n2 –n2 + 2n–1}
= c(2n –1}
tn = c2(4n2 – 4n + 1)
2

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
n  4n  n  1 2n  1 4n  n  1 
 t n 2  c2    n
n 1  6 2 
c2 n
=
6
4  n  1 2n  1 12  n  1  6
=
c2 n
3

4n 2  6n  2  6n  6  3 
=
c2 n
3

 4n 2  1 
11. ak = 2ak1 – 9k–2  a1, a2, a3………a11 are in A.P.
a12  a 22  ........  a11
2


11a 2  d 2   2d   ........  10d 
2 2
  2a d  2d  ......  10d 
11 11

11a 2  d 2
10 11 21   2a  10 11  d
 

6  2 
11
= a2 + 35d2 + 10ad
= 225 + 35d2 + 150d = 90
9
  35d2 + 150d + 135 = 0  d = –3,
7
a1  a 2  ........  a11 27
 a2  so d = –3 [ acceptable]
11 2
11
  ( 2×15 + 10×(–3)) = 11(15 –15) = 0
2
12. a–5, a–4, 3a–3, 1, a8 and a10 with a > 0
 a 5  a 4  a 3  a 3  a 3  1  a 8  a10  1
     (1) 8
 8 
5 4 3 3 3
 a  a  a  a  a 1 a  a  8 10
    8
 8 
minimum value = 8
5n
6   5n  1 d  5 6   5n  1 d 
 
s m s5n 2
13.  
sn sn n
6   n  1 d  6  d  nd 
2
sm
  independent of n, when 6 – d = 0  d = 6 or d=0
sn
 a2 = 3 + 6 = 9 or a2 = 3 + 0 =3
14. a1, a2, a3 ……… are in H.P.
1 1 1
  , , ……… are in A.P.
a1 a 2 a 3

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
1 1
     n  1 d  0
a n a1
1 1

  25 5  d   4 
 
 20  1  19  25 
1  4 
    n  1  0
5  19  25 
4  n  1 1
  
19  25 5
19  5
   n  1 
4
19  5
  n 1
4
  n > 24.75
  n = 25
k k 1
4n
Sn    1
2
15. .k 2
k 1
 – 12 – 22 + 32 + 42 – 52 – 62 + 72 + 82 +……..
 – 2(1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 +……..)
n  n  1
16. Sum of n cards =
2
removed 2 consecutive cards.
remove highest value cards.
n  n  1 n 2  n  4n  2  n 2  3n  2 
then sum =  n   n  1 =  
2 2  2 
remove lowest value cards.
n  n  1  n2  n  6 
sum = 1  2 =  
2  2 
 n2  n  6   n 2  3n  2 
    1224  
 2   2 
  n + n – 6  2448  n – 3n + 2
2 2

 n2 + n – 2454  0 n2 – 3n + 2 – 2448  0
n2 – 3n – 2446  0
  49 < n < 57 n = 50
n  n  1
   k   k  1 = 1224
2

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
50  51
   2k  1  1224
2
  2k = 50
  k = 25   k – 20 = 25 – 20 = 5
17. a, b, c in G.P.
b c
   = integer
a b
b2
  b2 = ac c =
a
 A.M. of a, b, c is b + 2
a bc
   b2
3
  a + b + c = 3b + 6
  a – 2b + c = 6
2
b2 2b b 2 6 b  6
  a – 2b  6   1      1 
a a a2 a a  a
b
for is integer
a
 a=6
a 2  a  14 36  6  14 28
  = = =4
a 1 7 7
7
S7  2a  6d  6
18.  2 
S11 11 2a  10d 11
2
 
  14a + 42d = 12a + 60d
  2a = 18d
  a = 9d
 a7 = a + 6d = 15d
  130 < 15d < 140
  8.66 < d < 9.33
d=9
19. a2 , a3 , ……..a50 are in A.Ms
b2 , b3 , ……..b50 are in G.Ms
between a1 (=b1) and a51 (=b51)
Hence b2 < a2 , b3 < a3 ………..
  t<s
also a1, a51, a101 is an A.P.
b1, b51, b101 is a G.P.
a1 = b1 & a51 = b51
b101 > a101

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
A.M. > G.M.
for a51 = b51 , A.M. = G.M.

13 1
20.   Vk
k 1    k  1     k 
sin    sin   
 4 6  4 6 
     k  
 Tk  2  cot    k  1   cot    
 4 6  4 6 
 Tk = Vk–1 – Vk
 S13 = V0 – V13
    13  
= 2  cot    cot   
 4 4 6 
 5 
 = 2 1  cot 
 12 
  
= 2 1  2  3   2  3 1
3a
(a–d) , a . (a+d) s= (semi perimeter)
2
3a  3a  3a  3a 
 Ar =   a  d   a   a  d 
2 2  2  2 
3a  a  2d  a  a  2d 
 =    
2  2  2  2 

3a 2  a 2  4d 2  = × base × height = 24
1 1
 Ar =
4 2
 =
1
16
 
3a 2  a 2  4d 2   24  24 ……………..(1)
 (a – d)2 + a2 = (a + d)2
 a2 + d2 – 2ad + a2 = a2 + b2 + 2ad
 a2 = 4ad
 a = 4d ………………(2)
from equation (1) & (2)
 
1
16
 
3 16d 2 16d 2  4d 2   24  24
  3×12d4 = 24 × 24
  d4 = 16
  d=2
smallest side. a – d = 8 – 2 = 6

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
EXERCISE # 5
1 1 1
1. x , y , z ( a, b, c are in AP)
1 a 1 b 1 c
1 1 1
 x  , y , z Let 1 –A = 
1 A  D 1 A 1 A  D
1 1 1
 x  , y , z
D  D
 x, y, z are in H.P.

1 1 1
2. a , , b
c
AD A AD
1 1 1 1
 
ba bc
   A AD + A AD
ba bc 1

1 1

1
A AD A AD
2A  D 2A  D
= 
D D
D  2A  2A  D
= 2
D

3. Ln, …………..L3, L2, L, M, R, R1, R2, R3…………Rn

R1 = 2 × 10
R2 = 2 × 20

Rn = 2 × 10n
––––––––––––
Total distance = 20 [ 1 + 2 + 3 + …………+ n ]
20n  n  1
  =  10n  n  1 ….(1)
2
Same for left hand side total distance covered
2 × 10n (n +1) = 4800

2
n + n – 240 = 0
 ( n + 16) (n – 15) = 0
  n = 15 ( n > 0)
So total stone = 2n + 1 (middle stone) = 31

S =   2n  1
2
4.
 = 4n – 4n + 1
2

 = 4 n 2  4 n  .1
n  n  1 2n  1 4n  n 1
 = 4   n
6 2

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
2n  1 
 = 2n  n  1   1  n
 3 
2n  n  1 2n  2   3n
 =
3

 =
 
4n n  1  3n
2
=
4n 3  n
=
4  503  50
= 166650
3 3 3
 
2 2 2 2
x = 2 + 4 + 6 +…………+100
100 100  1 200  1 100 101 201
  x+s= =
6 6
100 101 201
  x=  166650  171700
6
  x = 5050 + s

n
5. Sn   2a   n  1 d  ………… (1)
2
2n n
Sn 2n   2a   2n  1 d    2a   n  1 d 
2 2
n
  4a  2  2n  1 d  2a   n  1 d 
2
n
  2a  d  4n  2  n  1
2
n
  2a   3n  1 d  ………. (2)
2
 From equation (1) & (2)
n
 2a   n  1 d 
Sn
   2 
Sn 2n n  2a  3n  1 d 
  
2
2a   n  1 d a 1
   Put d = 2a  
2a   3n  1 d d 2
2a 1  n  1 1
     independent of n
2a 1  3n  1 3

6. Arithmetic mean of {9, 99, 999,……..999999999}

  A.M. 
9  99  999  ........  999999999
9
9 1  11  111  ........  111111111
  
9
 
 The number N does not contain the digit = 0

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
7. a1 + a3 + a5 = – 12
 a + a + 2d + a + 4d = – 12
 3a + 6d = –12
 a + 2d = – 4 ….(1)
a1 a2 a3 = 8
a (a + d) (a + 2d) = 8
a(a + d) = – 2 .…(2)
(– 4 – 2d) (– 4 – 2d + d) = – 2
(4 + 2d) (d + 4) = –2
(2 + d) (d + 4) = –1
2
d + 6d + 9 = 0
2
(d + 3) = 0
d = –3 & a = 2
 a2 + a4 + a6 = a + d + a + 3d + a + 5d
 = a + 9d
  = 

 2  2
 
1 3  3 2
8. H.M. =    = 
3 1   1  3  1  3
3  3
2
  3
2
 1  3
  6    
 2    
1  9 
2
3
 
4 2


2
1 + 81 – 18 = 12

2
81 – 30 + 1 = 0
 (3 –1) (27 – 1) = 0
1
 ( for  = 1/3, all three terms are equal)
27

1+x 1–x a x –x
9. (5 +5 ), , (25 + 25 ) are in A.P.
2
–x

1+x 1–x x
a = 5 + 5 + 25 + 25
–2x
 =5.5 + 5.5 + 5 + 5
x x 2x

5 1
 =5t + + t + 2
2
t t
 1   1
 = 5  t     t 2  2 
  t   t
2 2
 amin = 5 × 2 + 2 = 12
 a  12,  
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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
11 19
10.  2a  10d   2a  18d 
2 2
  11[a + 5d] = 19 [a + 9d]
  8a + d (19 × 9 – 55 ] = 0
  8a + 116d = 0
  2a + 29d = 0 ………….(1)
S30 = 15[2a + 29d] = 0

10 15
11.   si   t i
i 1 i 1
10 15
  2s1  9d   2t1  14D
2 2
  2 2s1  9d   32t1  14D
  18d – 42D = 2s1  s1 = t 1
  s1 = 9d – 21D …………(1)
  s2 = 2t2
  s1 + d = 2 (t1 + D)
  s1 + d = 2t1 + 2D
 d – 2D = S1 ……………(2)
from equation (1) & (2)
  d – 21D = d – 2D
  d = 19D
d 19

D 8

n
 2   n  1 2 
12. 2 
20
n
8   n  1 3 7 log10 x
2
2  2n  2 20
  
8  3n  3 7 log x
10
2n 20
  
3n  5 7 log x10
n 10
   …………………(1)
3n  5 7 log x10
 1 1 1 
  n  log10 x 1     .........
 2 4 8 
1
  n log10 x  2 log x
1 10
1
2

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
n
  log10 x  ……………………(2)
2
from equation (1) & (2)
n 10
 
3n  5 7  n
2
n 20
  
3n  5 7n
 
2
7n – 60n – 100 = 0
  n – 10) (7n + 10) = 0
  n = 10 ( n > 0)
for  n = 10
n
  log10 x   5
2
 
5
x = 10

1 1 1
13. Sum of   ............ 
a1a 2 a 2a 3 a n a n 1
1 1 1  1 1 1  1 1 1  1 1 1 
   +    + ….. +    =   
d  a1 a 2  d  a 2 a 3  d  a n a n 1  d  a1 a n 1 
1  a a 
=  n 1 1 
d  a1a n 1 
1  a1  nd  a1 
=  
d  a1a n 1 
n n 1
  = = (for n )
a1  a1  nd   a1  a1d
a1n   d 
n 

a 1 
14.  a  ar  21  a   1  r   21 …………….(1)
r r 
a2
 2
 a 2  a 2 r 2  189
r
1 
  a 2  2  1  r 2   189 ……………(2)
r 
from equation (1)
1 2 
 a 2  2  1  r 2   2r  2   441
r r 
 189  21  
  a 2  2  2     441 From equation (1) & (2)
 a  a 
  189 + 42a = 441
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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
252
  a
42
a=6
from equation (1)
1 
 6   1  r   21
r 
 1 r  r2 
  2 7
 r 
 
2
2r + 2r + 2 = 7r
 
2
2r – 5r + 2 = 0
  (r – 2) (2r – 1) = 0
r=2 (r > 1 for increasing G.P.)
required G.P. 3, 6, 12

3 2n  1   3 2n  1
 Sn 
 2  1
 

na + (na ) + (na ) +………….= 3(na + (na) + (na) +…………) where a  1

2 2 2 2 3 2 3
15.
na 2  na 
   3 
1  na 2
 1  na 
  2na (1– na) = 3na(1 – 2na)
 
2 2
2na –2n a = 3na – 6n a
 
2
4n a = na
  na (4na –1) = 0
1
  na = ( a  1)
4
1
  a= e4
  a= 4
e

 a 2  b 2  c2  d2  ab  ac  ad  bc  bd  cd   1
16.
10
 5 5 5 5 10
a bcd 
 
 a  b  c  d 2  ab  ac  ad  bc  bd  cd
2 2 2
  10 1 1
10
10

 
 a  b  c  d  ab  ac  ad  bc  bd  cd
2 2 2 2
  10
10

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
n
 k2
12  22  32  ........  n 2 n  n  1 2n  1 2n  1 
17. k 1
 = =  
n
1  2  3  ...........  n n  n  1  3 
k 6
k 1 2
 if n  1  3k , k0
2 1  3k   1 3  2k  3
 then = = (2k+ 1) integer
3 3
(D) most correct option.
a bc 1
18.   abc  3
3
a bc
    abc 
27
 a  b  c   27  abc  …………………(1)
3
 
according to equation (1) & statement (1) equality holds only when
3
(a + b + c) = 27 abc
  a=b=c
  3a + 4b + 5c = 12
  12a = 12
1 1 1 1 1 1
  a=1 then, 2  3  5     3  10
a b c 1 1 1
so statement (1) is incorrect.
Statement (2) A.M  G.M.
19. a1 , a2, a3 ………….and b1, b2, b3…………..A.P., a1 = 25 , b1 = 75
a100 + b100 = 100 then.
  25 + 99d + 75 + 99D = 100
  100 + 99(d + D) = 100
  d+D=0
  d=–D
(A) The difference between successive terms in progression ‘a’ is opposite of the different
is progression ‘b’.
(B) an + bn = 100
an + bn = 25 + (n –1)d + 75 + (n–1)D = 100 + (n – 1) (d + D) = 100
(C) (a1 + b1) , (a2 + b2) , (a3 +b3) +……………….are in A.P.
|| || ||
100 100 100

  a r  br   10000
100
(D)
r 1
(a1 + b1) + (a2 + b2) + (a3 +b3) +……………….+ (a100 + b100)
|| || || ||
100 100 100 100
= 100 × 100 = 10000
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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
2 1 1
20.  
sin x sin  x  y  sin  x  y 
2  sin  x  y   sin  x  y  
   
sin x  sin  x  y  sin  x  y  
2 2sin x cos y
  
sin x sin 2 x  sin 2 y
 
2 2 2
sin x cosy = sin x – sin y
 
2 2 2
sin y = sin x – sin xcosy
 
2 2
1 – cos y = sin x (1 – cosy)
 
2
(1 + cosy) (1– cosy) = sin x (1 – cosy)
2 y
 
2
1 + 2cos –1 = sin x
2
y
 
2
2 = sin x . sec2
2
y
  sinx.sec =  2
2

EXERCISE # 6
3 2
1. 2x – 19x + 57x – 54 = 0
2
  (x – 2) (2x – 15x + 27) = 0
  (x – 2) (x – 3) (2x – 9) = 0
9
, 3, 2 decreasing order.
2
9
9 3 27
S  2 =  
 2 2 1 2
1  
 3

2. Tr 
 2r  1 2r  1  4r 2  1  4r 2 
1
r r r
2 2 2 2r 2
 1 1  22  1  32  1  n2  1
  Tr  4  1   1 + 4  1   2 + 4  3   3 +…..+ 4  n   n
r 1 2  2 2  2 2  2 2  2
 1 22 32 n2   1 1 1 1 
= 4  1  2  3  .........  n     2  3 ......... n 

2 2 2 2  
2 2 
2 2
 
X Y
 n
  n2    n2 
 x  n   n 
n 1  2  n 0  2 

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
   n  1 
2
  n2 
 x    n     n 1 
n 1  2  n 0  2 
 
 x = 2x – x
   n  1 
2
  n2 
 x      
n 0  2n  n 0  2n 
 
  n 2  2n  1  n 2 
 =   
n 0  2n 
2n  1
=   n  =   n  +   n  = 4 + 2 = 6
  2n  1

n 0  2  n 0  2  n 0  2 
(I) (II)
 n  1 2 3 4
(I)   n    2  3  4  ............
2  2 2 2 2
1 11 1 2 1 3
    2  3  4  ..............
2 2 2 2
1 1 1  1 2 3 
     2  3  ..............     2  3  ..............
2 2 2  2 2 2 
 1 
  11 2 3 
    2     2  3  .............. 
 1  2  2 2 2 
1
 2
1
I = 1 +  I
2
I
=1
2
I=2
  1   1 1 
(II)   n   1   2  .......... 
n 0  2   2 2 
1
   2
1
1
2
 1 
 1 1 1 1   2 
Y =   2  3 ......... n  =  =1
2 2 2 2  1 1 
 2
From (I) & (II)
 S  4  6  1  24  1  23


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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
 
100  1 1 1 1 
3. S= 5   2  3  ................  99 50 
25  2550
25  25 50
25  25 50
25  25
  
 99terms 
1 1
First & last = a1 + a99 =  99
25  25 50
25  2550
1 1
 =  50
25 1  25 49
  
25 1  2549 
   

= 50
2549  1

1
25 1  25   2550
49

1
 a2 + a98 =
 25
50

 49 1 
S   25 
50
  
  25 2550  2550 
50

 25  49  1    99 
50
 S  
 25  1 2   2 
50

 S  49.5  49
34
4. 28  32sin 2x 1 
32sin 2x
t 34
  28  
3 t
  28 × 3t = t2 +35
  t2 – 84t + 243 = 0
  (t – 81)(t – 3) = 0
t = 3 (t  81  sin2x  2)
  32sin2x = 3
  2sin2x = 1
1
  sin2x = ….(1)
2
sum 1 + sin2x + sin22x + ………….
1 1
  S   2
1  sin 2x 1  1
2

5. ax3 – ax2 + 9bx – b = 0 


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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
b
3 
3
=   =
3 a 1
 H.M. = independent of a & b
1 1 1
     9b  3
    
 a 
   a/a 1
  = = A.M. = H.M. only possible when  =  = 
3 3 3
1 1 1 9b
        (  + +  = 1   =  =  = 1/3)
9 9 9 a
1 9b
  
3 a
  a = 27b
  a + b = 28b
  Put b = 1 so min(a + b) = 28 [ a, b  N ]

    
6. tan 2    tan   x  tan   x 
 12   12   12 
     
 tan  tan x   tan  tan x 
 
tan 2       
12 12
 

 12  1  tan tan x  1  tan tan x  
  
 12  12 

tan 2  tan 2 x
   12
  tan 2   
  1  tan 2  tan 2 x
12
12
  
  tan 2    tan 4   tan 2 x  tan 2  tan 2 x
 12   12  12
  2
tan x = 0
  tanx = 0 x  n ……….. (1)
 Sum of all the solutions in [0, 314]  [0,100)
( 100 > 314)
From equation (1) x = {0, , 2………..99}
99 100 
=  = 99 × 50 ×  = 4950 = k
2
 k = 4950
7. If the roots of 10x3 – cx2 – 54x – 27 = 0 are in H.P……………..(A)
1
Put x =
t
 27t3 + 54t2 + ct – 10 = 0 roots in A.P. ………………… (B)
 Let (a – d), a, (a + d) are roots of equation (B)
54
     3a  
27
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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
2
  a
3
10
 (a – d) a (a + d) =
27
24 2 10
   d  
39  27
4 2 5
   d  
9  9
  d =1 
2
d=1
2 1 2 2 5
 if d=1   1  ,  ,  1 
3 3 3 3 3
2 5 2 2 1
if d = –1  1  ,  ,  1 =
3 3 3 3 3
For equation B
C
   
27
2 10 5 C
    
9 9 9 27
3 C
= C = 9
9 27
3 3
from equation A, real roots are  '  3  '  '
2 5

sum of first eleven terms 1

8. 
sum of last eleven terms 8

a r11  1 
 r  1 
1
 
  1 11  8
ar n 1 1    
 r 
 
 1 
1  
 r
 r11  1
 
 r  1 
1

r n 1 
r 11
1  8
11
r
 r  1
r

 
r 
n 1 11

r  1 r11  r  1 1
 11 
 r  1 r 1 r 8 
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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
1 1
  n 11

r 8
  rn–11 = 8 ………………….(1)
sum of all the terms without the first nine
 2
sum of all the terms without the last nine

ar 9 r n 9  1 
 r  1 2
1
   r = 2 
9
r 29 …………..(2)

a r n 9  1 
 r  1
from equation (1) & (2)
n 11
n  11
  2  9  23  3 n
9

9. Ax2 + Bx + C  3 2  =0
1
   49  20 6  4 x2 
24
xc  3 2 0 
 3 2 
1

  4 24
 
4
   3 2  x 
2
xc 3 2 0
   3 2 
  x2 + 24x + c = 0 ….(1)
1 1 1 1

  

A = 49  20 6 =  5  2 6  = 5  2 6
4
2 4


    2 = 

 3 2 
2 2 =


 3 2 
8 6 16
 B= 8 3   ..........
3 3
8 3  8 3  3   24 
  =      
1
2  3  2   3 2
3
  k  log 6 10  2log6 5  log6  log6 18  log 6 72 
 10  1
  log 6    log 6  log 6 18  72  
 5 2
1
 log 6 2  log 6 log 6 64
2
 
1
 log 6 2  log 6 4  2log 6 2 = log 6 4
2
 
k
     6 6
3 3
log6 4
     6 2
  4 = 8 2

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
   +  – 2 = 64
2 2

   + )2 – 4 = 64
  )2 – 4C = 64
  C 

2ce
10. 2b = a + c ……..(1) c2 = bd……..(2) d= ……..(3)
ce
c2 
a  c 
2ce   a  c  ce
 
2 ce ce
c3  c2e  ace  c2e ….(4)
(i) c2 = ae from equation (1)
2
(ii) (2b – a) = ae
 2b  a 
2
e
a
(iii) If a =2 & e = 18
6 2b = a + c = 8 b = 4
c
c2 = ae = 36 c = 6
c
6 2b = –4 b = –2

c2
c b d
b
6 4 9
6 2 18

o o o
11. S = 2 sin2 + 4 sin4 +……………… + 178sin178
o o o
S = 178sin2 + 176sin4 + ………………+ 2 sin178
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
o o o
2S = 180(sin2 + sin4 + ………………+ sin178 )
  89  1  
 2   2 2
    89  2 
 2S  180sin  sin  
2  2 
sin  
2

  180
   
sin 90o sin 89o
sin 1o 
cos1o
  180 o
 180cot1o  S = 90 cot1o
sin1
S
 avg.   cot1o
90

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 SEQUENCE & SERIES
12. A.M. G.M.
 1
  2

xy  p  x.  y  3  , q  x  y 3  , Y
X, a , Y X,      
2  x   x 
   
y y2
  L.H.S. p3  q3  x 3   x3  2 R.H.S. = 2apq
x x
 = x2y + xy2 = 2
 x  y  x2  y
2 x
 = xy( x + y ) = xy (x + y)

r
13. Tr = , r  1, 2,3,........n
1 r  r4
2

r
=
 r 2  r  1 r 2  r  1
1 1 1 
=  2  2
2  r  r  1 r  r  1 
Therefore, sum of the series is
n 1n  1 1 
  Tr     2  2 
r 1 2  r 1  r  r  1 r  r  1  
1  1   1 1   1 1   1 1 
=  1            ..........   2  2 
2  3   3 7   7 13   n  n  1 n  n  1 
1 1 
= 1  2
2  n  n  1 
n2  n
=

2 n2  n  1 

H.O. 92, Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota (Raj.) Mob. 97831-97831, 70732-22177, Ph. 0744-2423333 304
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