SFE3013

BASIC ELECTRONICS
 Course Synopsis
The course covers both analogue and digital
electronics.
Topics in analogue electronics include:
basic circuit theory, semiconductors, p-n
diodes, d.c. power supplies, bipolar junction
transistors, small-signal amplifiers, operational
amplifiers and radio receivers.
Topics in digital electronics include:
numbers and codes, logic gates, combining
logic gates, Boolean algebra, Karnaugh maps,
and flip-flops.
 A202
COURSE EVALUATION

Test (W7) (1 hour) 10%

Individual Assignments 30%
Group Assignment 20%
Final Exam (2 hours) 40%

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HAVE YOU DONE YOUR
HOMEWORK ??

Prove that Vdc = 0.318 Vp

for a half wave rectifier

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 QUESTION TIME
(Previous lecture)
Consider the source, transformer, and load shown in the circuit below.
Determine the rms values of the currents and voltages
(a) with the switch open (b) with the switch closed.

Solution ?
(a) Switch open V1 (rms) = 110V
N 1
V2 (rms) = 2 V1 (rms) = (110) = 22V
N1 5
With the switch open, the secondary current is zero. Hence, the primary
current is also zero.
V2 (rms) 22
(b) With the switch closed, I 2 ( rms ) = = = 2.2 A
RL 10
N 1
I1 (rms) = 2 I 2 (rms) = (2.2) = 0.44 A 5
N1 5
 QUESTION TIME
(Previous lecture)

• Why a dc power supply is needed?

• Draw a block diagram of a basic dc

power supply?
• Then draw the output voltage signal
for each block.
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 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A BASIC
DC POWER SUPPLY

1. TRANSFORMER
2. RECTIFIER
Vdc = 0.318Vp (HW)
3. FILTER
Vdc = 0.636Vp (FW)
4. VOLTAGE REGULATOR

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 Filter Output Voltage

Vpk : peak rectifier output

voltage
Vdc : average (or dc) value
Vr : ripple

r = ripple =
ripple voltage (rms) Vr (rms)
=
V P
x 100%
Vdc
dc voltage Vdc

T
ripple voltage (rms) Vr (rms)
r = ripple = = x 100%
dc voltage Vdc

voltage at no load _ voltage at full load

voltage regulation = x 100 %
voltage at full load
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A complete dc power supply circuit

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Linear Power Supply

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Problem

Can you estimate VRL?

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- BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTORS –
( BJTs)

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• PN junction diode --> only one junction
BJTs have two.

• The term bipolar reflects the fact that

holes and electrons participate in the
injection process into the oppositely
polarized material.

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 Today’s Topic
- Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) -

• Transistor structure

• Symbol & Equivalent circuit

• Basic operation

• I – V characteristics
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1. Explain the amplifying action of a Common
Base amplifier.

2. Explain the circuit operation of a bipolar

transistor.

3. Analyze the Common Base configuration

circuit.

4. Draw the I-V characteristics of a Common

Base amplifier.
The first transistor

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Old

New

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 Transistor

STRUCTURE SYMBOL EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

EB junction CB junction

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 Transistor structure

• heavily doped • lightly doped

•This region “emits” the •This region “collects” the
current carriers current carriers

• very lightly doped

• thin layer
•This region “controls”
the flow of current
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20
TRANSISTOR STRUCTURE

DEPLETION
REGION

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WHAT HAPPEN TO THE DEPLETION
REGION IF THE JUNCTION IS
FORWARD-BIASED ?
REVERSE-BIASED ?
Relates your answer to the previous figure

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 TRANSISTOR OPERATION
Minority
carriers
(holes)
IE = IB + IC

Majority carriers
(holes) Depletion regions

FB RB

Majority and minority carrier flow of a pnp transistor

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24
 TRANSISTOR AMPLIFYING ACTION

Input resistance output resistance

Rin Rout
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• EMITTER- BASE is forward-biased
• LOW RESISTANCE

• COLLECT0R- BASE is reverse-biased

• HIGH RESISTANCE

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• assume Vin = 200mV

• Iin = Vin / Rin = 10mA

• assume a = 1 ( IE ~ Ic )

• Iout = Iin = 10mA

• Vout = Iout x RL = 50 V

• voltage gain Av = Vout / Vin = 250

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Transferring a signal from a low-resistance
region to a high-resistance region

----> TRANSFER RESISTOR

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TRANSISTOR CONFIGURATION

COMMON BASE

COMMON EMITTER

COMMON COLLECTOR

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 Common base configuration

CE junction RB

IE = IB + IC
BE junction FB

Base is common to emitter

(input) and collector (output)

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Common-base circuit

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 I-V CHARACTERISTIC
- CB CONFIGURATON -

output
current active region

input
current

saturation
region output
voltage

cutoff region 32
 Operation in the cutoff, saturation and linear
regions of the BJT

Linear region:

Base-emitter --> FB
Base-collector --> RB

Cutoff region: Saturation region:

Base-emitter --> RB Base-emitter --> FB
Base-collector --> RB Base-collector --> FB
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 Current analysis

IE = IB + IC

IE / IC = IB / IC + IC / IC

define = IC / IE and = IC / IB

then 1/ = 1/ + 1

therefore = /( + 1) and
= /(1- )

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 = output current / input current

= Ic / IE CURRENT GAIN

Ic < IE ------------> <1

CB is not a current amplifier !!

but a voltage amplifier

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DO YOU UNDERSTAND??

ANY QUESTION??
WHAT HAVE YOU LEARNED
TODAY??
THE END

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