Session-16.

1
The Crooked Twins - Gerunds and Infinitives (Basics)
Home-work task
(solutions)
✔ Judge ne mulajim (accused) se ✔ The Judge asked the
puchha, “Kya ap apne customers ko accused, “Are you denying
nakli Chinese products sell karke unhe cheating your customers by
thag lene ki baat se inkar kar rhe ho?” selling them fake/counterfeit
Chinese products?”
Thagna – Cheat, Deceive
Past action se Inkar karna – deny
✔ Kisi bhi insaan ko, apne sapno ✔ One should avoid wasting
ko pura karne ke liye, apni sari energy time on needless things to fulfill
ko ek single goal par focus karte hue one’s dreams, (PPSA) focusing
bematlab ki cheezo par time waste one’s whole/entire energy on a
karna avoid karna chahiye. single goal.
- to fulfill one’s dreams
- In order to fulfill one’s
dreams
- In a bid to fulfill one’s
dreams
- So as to fulfill one’s dreams
- With a view to fulfilling
one’s dreams

Full + fill = Fulfill

Koi bhi insaan – One
✔ Durso ko musibat ke waqt ✔ Helping others in the time
madad karna ek aisa sabak hai jo har of difficulty is a lesson that every
ma/bap ko apne bache ko sikane ke parent should consider teaching
bare me consider karna chahiye. his/her child.
✔ To help others in the time
of difficulty is a lesson that every
parent should consider teaching
his/her child.
- Learn = Sikhna
- Teach = Sikhana
 Each (Adj/Pronoun) = Har ek =
Every (Adj)

Each boy in this class is a student

of mine. – Personal connection
Every boy in this class is a student
of mine. – General expression

Each of the boys in this class is a

student of mine.
Every of the boys in this class is a
student of mine. (Every is not a
pronoun)

✔ Jindagi ke kisi ne kisi padav me, ✔ At some point in his/her

kai nakayab log us par hard work na life, many an unsuccessful
karne ko pachhtate hai jisme vo ache person regrets not working hard
the. on what he/she was good at.
(Use many a/an here)
Padav – point, stage, juncture Many an actor has ruined his/her
life on drugs and alcohol.
✔ Interest rates ko kam rakh kar ✔ By keeping the interest
ke, RBI ki bajar me nakdi ko banaye rates low, The RBI continues
rakhne ki koshish abhi bhi jari hai. trying to maintain liquidity in the
(Markets jo pendemic ke bad lagaye markets, which have been hit by
gaye lock-downs se mar kha chuki hai- the lockdowns imposed after the
Relative clause) pandemic.
- having been hit by the
Nakdi – Liquidity lockdowns imposed after
Lockdowns lagana – impose/enforce the pandemic.
Passive Perfect → Passive Perfect
Having been + V3
- Which the lockdowns
imposed after the
pandemic have hit.
The part of Gerund Infinitive
Role
speech (V-ing) (To + Base form)
Yes Yes
• Subject
[Smoking is harmful] [To smoke is harmful]
Yes Yes
o Noun • Object of the verb
[I like driving] [I tried to run]
• Object of the Yes
No
preposition [Thanks for helping]
Yes
o Adjective • Modifies a Noun No
[I found no place to sit]
Yes (For humans)
• Modifies an adj No [Food is necessary to
survive]
o Adverb
Yes
• Modifies a verb –
No [I went to market to
replies why
buy a pen]

Concept-1:
• Gerund → V-ing
• To infinitive → To + base form of the verb
o “To” is not preposition here. It is called part of an
infinitive.
o Three phrases that can replace “to” (when infinitive is
used as an adverb of reason) -
▪ In order to + Base form
▪ So as to + Base form
▪ In a bid to + Base form
▪ With a view to + Gerund (V-ing)
Concept-2:
• Both denote an action but are not the main verb of a sentence.
Hence, “Gerund”, “Infinitive” and “Participle” are called “Semi-
verbs”.
Concept-3: Gerund/Infinitive as “Subject”
 • Gerunds are infinitives – as subject – are nothing but the “Noun”
forms of a “Verb”.

• Gerund (as a subject) – Very common, denotes an existing activity

• Infinitive (as a subject) – Very formal, neutral, idiomatic, a touch
of future.
• Just like regular verbs, gerunds and infinitives can also take their
objects, whenever they need.
o Gerund + object (replies to “What”)
o Infinitive + object (replies to “What”)
• Gerund/Infinitive (as a subject) + singular verb (Always)
Concept-4: Gerund/Infinitive as “Object”
• When – A Verb + Gerund or Infinitive (replies to “What”)
→ They are called objects of the verb
o Category-1: 90% of verbs + Infinitive
o Category-2: 8% of verbs + Gerund
o Category-3: 1% of verbs + Infinitive/Gerund (Same meaning)
o Category-4: 1% of verbs + Infinitive/Gerund (Different meaning)
Category-2 verbs:
Consider Avoid Imagine Practice
Resume Finish Resent Report
Mind Not Mind Can’t help Resist
Enjoy Tolerate
Spend time Waste time
Admit Deny
Keep on Postpone

Category-3 verbs:
Like Dislike Recommend Suggest
Love Hate Can’t Stand Can’t bear
Prefer Neglect
Continue Cease Start Begin
Propose Bother
 Category-4 verbs: Try, Forget, Remember, Stop, Regret
Verb + Gerund + To Infinitive
Experiment Genuine effort
Try
• I tried cooking a pizza. • I tried to reach in time.
To keep an action in mind
To remember a past action
(future)
Remember • I remember watching this
• Please remember to bring
movie.
your examination ticket.
To forget a past action To forget an action (future)
Forget • She forgot watching this • She forgot to bring her
movie. examination ticket.
To cease/discontinue a past To stop on your way to
Stop activity perform an action
• I stopped meeting a friend. • I stopped to meet a friend.
Regret for a past action
Regret for an ongoing action
Regret • You should regret wasting a
• I regret call you at this time.
chance.

Concept-5: Gerund/Infinitive as “the object of a preposition”

Common prepositions: - In, into, on, upon, at, to, by, with, after, before,
above, below, including, following, considering

Extra writing tip-1:

Good, Better, Poor, Bad, Worse... etc + at + something
Extra writing tip-2:
To express an objective (Adverb of reason)
For humans → To infinitive [To play/sing]
For non-humans → For + Gerund [For playing/singing]