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Low Cost Universal Battery Charger Schematic

Low cost solution for charging of both NiCd and NiMh batteries

Here is the circuit diagram of a low cost universal charger for NiCD – NiMH batteries. This circuit is Ideal for car use. It has ability
to transform a mains adapter in to a charger . This one can be used to charge cellular phone, toys, portables, video batteries, MP3
players, … and has selectable charge current. An LED is located in circuit to indicate charging. Can be built on a general purpose
PCB or a veroboard. I hope you really like it.

Picture of the circuit:

A Low Cost Universal Charger Circuit Schematic

Circuit diagram:

A Low Cost Universal Charger Circuit Diagram

Parts:

R1 = 120R-0…5W

R2 = See Diagram

C1 = 220uF-35V

D1 = 1N4007

D2 = 3mm. LED

Q1 = BD135

J1 = DC Input Socket
Specifications:
Ideal for in car use.

LED charge indication.

Selectable charge current.

Charges Ni Cd or NiMH batteries.

Transforms a mains adapter into a charger.

Charge cellular phone, toys, portables, video batteries …

Features:
LED function indication.

Power supply polarity protected.

Supply current: same as charge current.

Supply voltage: from 6.5VDC to 21VDC (depending on used battery)

Charge current (±20%): 50mA, 100mA, 200mA, 300mA, 400mA. (selectable)

Determining the supply voltage:

This table indicates the minimum and maximum voltages to supply the charger. See supply voltage selection chart below.

Example:

To charge a 6V battery a minimum supply voltage of 12V is needed, the maximum voltage is then 15V.

Voltage selection:

Voltage Selection Chart For Low Cost Universal Battery Charger

Determining the charge current:

Before building the circuit, you must determinate how much current will be used to charge the battery or battery pack. It is
advisable to charge the battery with a current that is 10 times smaller then the battery capacity, and to charge it for about 15 hours.
If you double the charge current , then you can charge the battery in half the time. Charge current selection chart is located in
diagram.

Example:

A battery pack of 6V / 1000mAh can be charged with 100mA during 15 hours. If you want to charge faster, then a charge current of
200mA can be used for about 7 hours.

Caution:
The higher charge current, the more critical the charge time must be checked. When faster charging is used, it is advisable to
discharge the battery completely before charging. Using a charge current of 1/10 of the capacity will expand the lifetime of the
battery. The charge time can easily be doubled without damaging the battery.

Note:

Mount the transistor together with the heatsink on the PCB, bend the leads as necessary. Take care that the metal back of the
transistor touches the heatsink. Check that the leads of the transistor do not touch the heatsink.

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Cell Phone Battery Meter 3.6 Volt circuit and explanation

Cell Phone Battery Meter 3.6 Volt

This is a similar circuit to the above and provides a 4 LED bar graph indicating the voltage of a common 3.6 volt Lithium – Ion
recharable cell phone battery. The reference voltage is provided by a TL431 programmable voltage source which is set to 3.9 volts
where the TL431 connects to the 1K resistor. The lower reference for the LED at pin 14 is set with the 5K adjustable resistor.

The programmed voltage of the TL431 is worked out with a voltage divider (10K 5.6K). The adjustment terminal or junction of the
two resistors is always 2.5 volts. So, if we use a 10K resistor from the adjustment terminal to ground, the resistor current will be
2.5/10000 = 250uA. This same current flows through the upper resistor (5.6K) and produces a voltage drop of .00025 * 5600 = 1.4
volts. So the shunt regulated output voltage at the cathode of the TL431 will be 2.5 + 1.4, or 3.9 volts.

Working out the LED voltages, there are three 390 ohm resistors in series with another adjustable (5K) resistor at the bottom.
Assuming the bottom resistor is set to 2K ohms, the total resistance is 390+390+390+2000 = 3170 ohms. So, the resistor current is
the reference voltage (3.9) divided by the total resistance, or about 3.9/ (390 + 390 + 390 + 2000) equals 1.23 mA. This gives us
about .00123*2000= 2.46 volts for the bottom LED, and about .00123*390 = .48 volts for each step above the bottom. So, the LEDs
should light at steps of 2.46, 2.94, 3.42, and 3.9. A fully charged cell phone battery is about 4.2 volts. You can adjust the 5.6K
resistor to set the top voltage higher or lower, and adjust the lower 5K resistor to set the bottom LED for the lowest voltage. But you
do need a 6 to 12 volt or greater battery to power the circuit.

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20VAC 60 Watt Sunrise Lamp Circuit

 20VAC 60 Watt Sunrise Lamp Circuit

20VAC 60 Watt Sunrise Lamp Circuit

In this circuit, a 120VAC lamp is slowly illuminated over a approximate 20 minute period. The bridge rectifier supplies 120 DC to the
MOSFET and 60 watt lamp. A 6.2K, 5 watt resistor and zener diode is used to drop the voltage to 12 volts DC for the circuit power.
The bridge rectifier should be rated at 200 volts and 5 amps or more. In operation, a 700 Hz triangle waveform is generated at pin 1
of the LM324 and a slow rising voltage is obtained at pin 8. These two signals are compared at pins 12 and 13 to produce a varying
duty cycle rectangular waveform at pin 14, which controls the MOSFET and brightness of the 60 watt lamp. When power is applied,
the lamp will start to illuminate within a minute or so, and will slowly brighten to full intensity in about 20 minutes. You can make
that longer or shorter with adjustments to the 270K resistor at pin 9. The 2.2 ohm resistor and .015uF cap connected to the lamp
serve to supress RFI. The diode at pin 9 and 10K resistor on pin 8 are used to discharge the 3300uF cap when power is removed.
Power should be off for a few minutes before re-starting.

Caution: This circuit is connected directly to the AC line and presents a hazard if any part is touched while connected to the line.
Use caution and do not touch any parts while the circuit is connected to the AC line. You may want to use a 9 volt battery
connected across the 12 volt zener to check the basic operation. The DC voltage at pins 1,2,3,5,6,7 will all be around 4.3 volts if the
circuit is working correctly. If the DC voltages are all correct, you can use a variac to slowly apply the full line voltage and check for
proper operation.

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FET Audio Mixer This simple circuit mixes two or more channels into
one channel (eg. stereo into mono). The circuit can mix as many or as
few channel
FET Audio Mixer

This simple circuit mixes two or more channels into one channel (eg. stereo into mono). The circuit can mix as many or as few
channels as you like and consumes very little power. The mixer is shown with two inputs, but you can add as many as you want by
just duplicating the "sections" which are clearly visible on the schematic.

Schematic

Parts

Part Total Qty. Description

R1, R3 2 10K Pot

R2, R4 2 100K 1/4 W Resistor

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25W Mosfet audio amplifier -- High Quality simple unit -- No need for
a preamplifier Circuit diagram: 25 Watt Amplifier Parts: R1,R4 = 47K
1/4W
25W Mosfet audio amplifier

-- High Quality simple unit

-- No need for a preamplifier

Circuit diagram:

25 Watt Amplifier

Parts:

R1,R4 = 47K

1/4W Resistors

R2 = 4K7 1/4W Resistors

R3 = 1K5 1/4W Resistors

R5 = 390R 1/4W Resistors

R6 = 470R 1/4W Resistors

R7 = 33K 1/4W Resistors

R8 = 150K 1/4W Resistors

R9 = 15K 1/4W Resistors

R10 = 27R 1/4W Resistors

R11 = 500R

1/2W Trimmer Cermet

R12,R13,R16 = 10R 1/4W Resistors

R14,R15 = 220R 1/4W Resistors

R17 = 8R2 2W Resistor

R18 = R22 4W Resistor (wirewound)

C1 = 470nF 63V Polyester Capacitor

C2 = 330pF 63V Polystyrene Capacitor

C3,C5 = 470?F 63V Electrolytic Capacitors

C4,C6,C8,C11 = 100nF 63V Polyester Capacitors

C7 = 100?F 25V Electrolytic Capacitor

C9 = 10pF 63V Polystyrene Capacitor

C10 = 1?F 63V Polyester Capacitor

Q1-Q5 = BC560C 45V100mA Low noise High gain PNP Transistors

Q6 = BD140 80V 1.5A PNP Transistor

Q7 = BD139 80V 1.5A NPN Transistor

Q8 = IRF532 100V 12A N-Channel Hexfet Transistor

Q9 = IRF9532 100V 10A P-Channel Hexfet Transistor

Power supply circuit diagram:

Power supply

Parts:

R1 = 3K3 1/2W Resistor

C1 = 10nF 1000V Polyester Capacitor

C2,C3 = 4700?F 50V Electrolytic Capacitors

C4,C5 = 100nF 63V Polyester Capacitors

D1 200V 8A Diode bridge

D2 5mm. Red LED

F1,F2 3.15A Fuses with sockets

T1 220V Primary, 25 + 25V Secondary 120VA Mains transformer

PL1 Male Mains plug

SW1 SPST Mains switch

Notes:

*Can be directly connected to CD players, tuners and tape recorders. Simply add a 10K Log potentiometer (dual gang for stereo)
and a switch to cope with the various sources you need.

*Q6 & Q7 must have a small U-shaped heatsink.

*Q8 & Q9 must be mounted on heatsink.

*Adjust R11 to set quiescent current at 100mA (best measured with an Avo-meter in series with Q8 Drain) with no input signal.

*A correct grounding is very important to eliminate hum and ground loops. Connect in the same point the ground sides of R1, R4,
R9, C3 to C8. Connect C11 at output ground. Then connect separately the input and output grounds at power supply ground.

Technical data:

Output power: well in excess of 25Watt RMS @ 8 Ohm (1KHz sinewave)

Sensitivity: 200mV input for 25W output

Frequency response: 30Hz to 20KHz -1dB

Total harmonic distortion @ 1KHz: 0.1W 0.014% 1W 0.006% 10W 0.006% 20W 0.007% 25W 0.01%

Total harmonic distortion @10KHz: 0.1W 0.024% 1W 0.016% 10W 0.02% 20W 0.045% 25W 0.07%

Unconditionally stable on capacitive loads

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Low pass filter - Subwoofer The acoustic spectrum is extended by

very low frequencies 20Iz and reaches as the 20000Iz in high
frequencies. In the lo

Low pass filter - Subwoofer

The acoustic spectrum is extended by very low frequencies 20Iz and reaches as the 20000Iz in high frequencies. In t
low frequencies is degraded the sense of direction. This reason us leads to the utilization speaker for the attribution
very low frequencies. The manufacture that to you we propose distinguishes these frequencies, in order to him we le
to the corresponding amplifier. The acoustic filters are met in various points in the sound systems. The known
application they are the filters baxandal for regulating tone low and high frequencies and filters crossover where t
acoustic region is separated in subareas, in order to it leads the corresponding loudspeakers. The application that
you we propose is a simple filter of region that limits the acoustic region (20-20000Hz) in the region 20-100Hz.

With the manufacture that to you we propose you can make a active filter in order to you lead a loudspeaker of very l
frequencies. With this you will place one bigger speaker between the HIFI speakers of you. In order to you have
complete picture of sound you will need also the corresponding amplifier. In the entry of circuit you will connect the t
exits of preamplifier or the exit of line of some preamplifier. The circuit of manufacture allocates a exit in order to is
means of circuit of force subwoofer. If for some reason you do not have space in order to you place the third speake
space of hearing, then you can select smaller speaker. The output will depend from the type of music that you hear. If
deed you have space, then after you make a filter and remain thanked, you can him recommend in your friends or s
make other same for your friends.

Theoretical circuit

In the form it appears the theoretical circuit of filter. In first glance we see three different circuits that are mai
manufactured round two operational amplifiers. This circuits constitute mixed, amplifier with variable aid and a varia
filter. The manufacture end needs a circuit of catering with operational tendency of catering equal with ±12. t
operational amplifiers that constitute the active elements for this circuits of are double operational type as the TL0
and NE5532. The operational these amplifiers belong in a family provided with transistor of effect of field IFET in th
entries. Each member of family allocates in their circuit bipolar transistor and effect of field. This circuits can funct
in his high tendency, because that they use transistor of high tendency. Also they have high honor of rhythm
elevation (slew rate), low current of polarization for the entries and are influenced little by the temperature. T
operational these amplifiers have breadth of area unity gain bandwidth 3MHz. A other important element for th
choice is the big reject of noise, when this exists in the line of catering.

The price of reject is bigger than 80dB, their consumption is small, from 11 until 3 mA. They are internally sold
nutshell with eight pins and allocate two operational amplifiers, In the same line in nutshell 14 pins they incorpor
four operational, In the trade they are sold with code TL074, TL084 and TL064, In nutshell with eight pins they are s
operational amplifiers TL061 TL071 kajTL081. In the manufacture we used the TL082 that has two operational. F
operational from the TL082 it works as amplifier and mixed for the two channels, In his negative entry he exists o
small mixed with two resistances. A potentiometer in this rung determines the aid of circuit. In the point this left wing
and the right channel of preamplifier they are added means of two resistances. En continuity the operatio
strengthens signal with aid made dependent from the price that has the potentiometer.

The place of runner is proportional with the aid of circuit. The second operational amplifier is the filter of manufactu
The filter of is acoustic frequency of second class and he is made with the materials that are round the operatio
amplifier. The filter of is low passage with variable frequency of cutting off. This frequency can be altered and ta
prices from very low frequency the 30Hz or still exceed 150Hz. The frequency of cutting off of filter depends from t
prices that have the elements of circuit. Altering the values of elements we can have frequency of cutting off 150
130Iz, J00Iz, 7Ïz, 6Íz even 3Íz, this prices they can be achieved with the simple rotation of double potentiometer. T
circuit of filter has been made around one operational' that it has completed TL082 that is double operational amplifi
In the exit of filter we will link the plug of expense where is connected the amplifier. In the exit of circuit is present
the limited as for the breadth of frequencies, signal that we apply in the entry of circuit.

Manufacture Parts

R1 = 39 Kohm R2 = 39 Kohm

R3 = 47 Kohm R4 = 10 Ohm

R5 = 22 Kohm R6 = 4,7 Kohm

R7 = 22 Kohm R8 = 4,7 Kohm

R9 = 10 Ohm R10 = 220 Ohm

C1 = 39 pF C2 = 0.1 uF

C3 = 0.1 uF C4 = 0.2 uF

C5 = 0.4 uF C6 = 0.1 uF

C7 = 0.1 uF IC1 = TL064

In order to you make the manufacture you will need printed that appears in the form. In this you will place the materi
according to the following form. The materials are enough also easy can become certain errors. With few attent
however you can him avoid. If they are presented difference malfunctions, you check carefully the circuit. The circuit,
we said, is filter and it should they are used materially good precision and quality, particularly for the capacitors. T
capacitors of filters will have tolerance 5%. Of course, the manufacture will also work with material of lower quality, t
trial of manufacture can become with acoustic signal of generator We apply the generator in the entry of manufact
and we measure with a voltmeter the tendency in the exit of filter. If we alter the potentiometer and are altered t
tendency, then all have well.

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3 Watt FM Transmitter This is the schematic for an FM transmitter

with 3 to 3.5 W output power that can be used between 90 and 110
MHz. Although the
3 Watt FM Transmitter

This is the schematic for an FM transmitter with 3 to 3.5 W output power that can be used between 90 and 110 MHz. Although the
stability isn't so bad, a PLL can be used on this circuit.

Schematic

This is the schematic of the 3W FM Transmitter

Parts

Part Total Qty. Description Substitutions

R1,R4,R14,R15 4 10K 1/4W Resistor

R2,R3 2 22K 1/4W Resistor

R5,R13 2 3.9K 1/4W Resistor

R6,R11 2 680 Ohm 1/4W Resistor

R7 1 150 Ohm 1/4W Resistor

R8,R12 2 100 Ohm 1/4W Resistor

R9 1 68 Ohm 1/4W Resistor

R10 1 6.8K 1/4W Resistor

C1 1 4.7pF Ceramic Disc Capacitor

C2,C3,C4,C5,C7,

C11,C12 7 100nF Ceramic Disc Capacitor

C6,C9,C10 3 10nF Ceramic Disc Capacitor

C8,C14 2 60pF Trimmer Capacitor

C13 1 82pF Ceramic Disc Capacitor

C15 1 27pF Ceramic Disc Capacitor

C16 1 22pF Ceramic Disc Capacitor

C17 1 10uF 25V Electrolytic Capacitor

C18 1 33pF Ceramic Disc Capacitor

C19 1 18pF Ceramic Disc Capacitor

C20 1 12pF Ceramic Disc Capacitor

C21,C22,C23,C24 4 40pF Trimmer Capacitor

C25 1 5pF Ceramic Disc Capacitor

L1 1 5 WDG, Dia 6 mm, 1 mm CuAg, Space 1 mm

L2,L3,L5,L7,L9 5 6-hole Ferroxcube Wide band HF Choke (5 WDG)

L4,L6,L8 3 1.5 WDG, Dia 6 mm, 1 mm CuAg, Space 1 mm

L10 1 8 WDG, Dia 5 mm, 1 mm CuAg, Space 1 mm

D1 1 BB405 BB102 or equal (most varicaps with C = 2-20

pF [approx.] will do)

Q1 1 2N3866

Q2,Q4 2 2N2219A
Q3 1 BF115

Q5 1 2N3553

U1 1 7810 Regulator

MIC 1 Electret Microphone

MISC 1 PC Board, Wire For Antenna, Heatsinks

Notes

1. The circuit has been tested on a normal RF-testing breadboard (with one side copper). Make some connections between the two
sides. Build the transmitter in a RF-proof casing, use good connectors and cable, make a shielding between the different stages,
and be aware of all the other RF rules of building.

2. Q1 and Q5 should be cooled with a heat sink. The case-pin of Q4 should be grounded.

3. C24 is for the frequency adjustment. The other trimmers must be adjusted to maximum output power with minimum SWR and
input current.

4. Local laws in some states, provinces or countries may prohibit the operation of this transmitter. Check with the local authorities.

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Allpass network shifts signals 90° Unlike lowpass, bandpass, and

other magnitude-altering filters, allpass filters can shift the phase of a
signal wi
Allpass network shifts signals 90°

Unlike lowpass, bandpass, and other magnitude-altering filters, allpass filters can shift the phase of a signal without affecting its
amplitude. For a first-order allpass circuit, the transfer function is

As you sweep the variables from zero (dc) to infinity, the sign of H(s) changes from plus to minus, indicating a change in phase
from 0 to 180°. You can realize this transfer function in two wideband transconductance amplifiers (WTAs). The circuitry inside the
dashed lines in Fig 1 is one allpass network.

A WTA's transfer function is IOUT8VIN/Z, where 8 is simply an internal constant and Z is an external gain-setting component
connecting the WTA's Z+ and Z- pins. The transfer function for voltage amplification is VOUT/VINIOUTxZOUT. Most applications
require a resistive Z. But the WTA also accepts an inductor, a capacitor, or any other impedance network for Z.

The allpass circuit combines a resistive-Z WTA (IC1) with a capacitive-Z WTA (IC2). At low frequencies, IC1 dominates the circuit's
output because the capacitor's high impedance allows only a low IOUT from IC2. Rising frequencies lowers this impedance,
causing the current from IC2 to dominate at high frequencies. Moreover, IC2 inverts, and IC1 does not, producing the desired
noninverting unity gain at dc and inverting unity gain at high frequencies.

Communications and signal-processing applications use allpass networks widely. An example is a 90°-phase-shift network, which,
with appropriate mixers, produces a single-sideband signal. In Fig 1, the two allpass circuits have corner frequencies that differ by a
factor of 7.5. The output RC networks determine these corner frequencies. The result is an output-phase difference that remains
close to 90° over a wide frequency range. Measurements show 0.2-dB amplitude variations and a phase difference of 90°±7° from
180 to 740 kHz-a 4:1 range. (DI #1696)

Two wideband transconductance amplifiers (WTAs) form an allpass network (within dashed lines). Combining two such networks
produces two outputs having a constant 90° phase shift versus frequency between them.

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Quadraphonic Amplifier Description: This is a four channel amplifier

ideally suited for use with quadraphonic equipment such as a Sound
Blaster Liv

Quadraphonic Amplifier

Description:

This is a four channel amplifier ideally suited for use with quadraphonic equipment such as a Sound Blaster Live ca
There is no volume control,audio levels being directly controlled from the sound card itself.

circuit:

Parts List:

D1-D4: 1N4001 (4)

C1,C20: 1000u CAP (2)

C2,C11: 47u CAP (2)

C3,C5,C7,C8,C12,C14,C16,C17,C21,C22: 0.1u CAP (10)

C4,C6,C13,C15: 10u CAP (4)

C9,C10,C18,C19: 2200u CAP (4)

R1,R4,R9,R12: 1M RESISTOR (4)

R2,R6,R10,R14: 100k RESISTOR (4)

R3,R5,R11,R13: 1k RESISTOR (4)

R7,R8,R15,R16: 2R7 RESISTOR (4)

IC1: 7812 (1)

IC2,IC3: LM1778N (2)

SPK1,SPK2,SPK3,SPK4: 8R 2 Watt speakers (4)

Notes:

Construction is straight forward and is suitable for Verobaord. Overall gain is controlled by the ratio R14/R13 a
R6/R5. Used with small hi-fi speakers the volume was too loud for my room so I reduced R14 and R6 to 33k. The zo
network formed by R7,C7,R8,C8,R15,C16,R16,C17 prevents instability which can happen with long speaker wires. T
input impedance is high, 1M and if very long input cables are present could pick up noise. Screened cable should
used, in my case I used 10k resistors between points A & C, B & C, D & F, E & F. This provides a DC path to ground a
higher noise immunity. If instability does occur, then you will notice sound distortion and the LM1877N will become
to touch.

Connections:

 The back of a sound blaster live card has color coded 3.5mm stereo jacks. The image below shows a close up of t
rear of my Sound Blaster Live card. As well as color coding, each connector has an appropriate marking, for ea
connectivity.

The normal output connector is green and the rear speaker connector is black. Creative provide utilities and sou
mixer for use with Windows. Under Linux the utility Gamix can be used, which allows independent volume control for
channels.

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200W Audio Amplifier circuit and explanation

200W Audio Amplifier

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Single Chip 50 Watt / 8 Ohm Power Amplifier

Single Chip 50 Watt / 8 Ohm Power Amplifier

________________________________________

Circuit Description

There are many instances where a simple and reliable power amplifier is needed - rear and centre channel speakers for surround-
sound, beefing up the PC speakers, etc.

This project (unlike most of the others) is based almost directly on the "typical application" circuit in the National Semiconductor
specification sheet. As it turns out, the typical application circuit is not bad - would I go so far as to say hi-fi in the audiophile sense?
Perhaps - with caveats. It has good noise and distortion figures, and is remarkably simple to build if you have the PCB.
26 Sept 2000

From testing the prototype boards, I was a little more critical of everything. The sound quality is excellent! As long as the protection
circuitry is never allowed to operate, the performance is exemplary in all respects.

The ESP version of the circuit has connections for a SIM (Sound Impairment Monitor), and if the amp is going to be used anywhere
near its limits, I strongly recommend that you use the add-on SIM circuit. I will eventually simplify the "simple" version of the SIM so
that it can be used more easily for exactly this purpose.

Figure 1 shows the updated schematic - this is almost the same as in the application note (redrawn), polyester bypass capacitors
have been added, and the mute circuit has been disabled (this function would more commonly be applied in the preamp, and is not
particularly useful anyway IMHO).

Figure 1 - LM3876T Power Amplifier Circuit Diagram

Voltage gain is 27dB as shown, but this can be changed by using a different value resistor for the feedback path (R3, currently 22k,
between pins 3 and 9). The inductor consists of 10 turns of 0.4mm enamelled copper wire, wound around the body of the 10 Ohm
resistor. The insulation must be scraped off each end and the wire is soldered to the ends of the resistor.

The 10 Ohm and 2.7 Ohm resistors must be 1 Watt types, and all others should be 1% metal film (as I always recommend). All
electrolytic capacitors should be rated at 50V if at all possible, and the 100nF (0.1uF) caps for the supplies should be as close as
possible to the IC to prevent oscillation.

The supply voltage should be about +/- 35 Volts at full load, which will let this little guy provide a maximum of 56 Watts (rated
minimum output at 25 degrees C). To enable maximum power, it is important to get the lowest possible case to heatsink thermal
resistance. This will be achieved by mounting with no insulating mica washer, but be warned that the heatsink will be at the -ve
supply voltage and will have to be insulated from the chassis. For more info on reducing thermal resistance, read the article on the
design of heatsinks - the same principles can be applied to ICs - even running in parallel. I haven't tried it with this unit, but it is
possible by using a low resistance in series with the outputs to balance the load.

Figure 2 - IC Pinouts

Figure 2 shows the pinouts for the LM3876, and it should be noted that the pins on this device are staggered to allow adequate
sized PCB tracks to be run to the IC pins. The 3886 has (almost) identical pinouts, and can be used instead if a little more power is
required.

If the LM3886 is used, Pin 5 must be connected to the +ve supply - if you have the PCB, a link is necessary to make the connection,
as it is not provided on the board.

The PCB for this amp is for a stereo amplifier, is single sided, and supply fuses are located on the PCB. The entire stereo board
including four fuses is 115mm x 40mm (i.e. really small).

To reiterate a point I have made elsewhere, never operate this amp without a heatsink (this applies to nearly all amplifiers). It will
overheat very quickly, and although the internal protection will shut the amp down to protect it from damage, this is not something
you want to test for no good reason.

________________________________________

How Does It Sound?

The sound quality is very good - as I said at the beginning, I would call it audiophile hi-fi - with caveats. Provided the amp is never
allowed to go anywhere near clipping it sounds very good indeed. This is the rub - because of the comprehensive overload
protection (which I have never liked in any form) this amp provides more and nastier "artefacts" as it clips than a "normal" amplifier.

The protection circuitry is called SPiKe™ by National - this stands for Self Peak instantaneous Temperature (°Ke) (sic) and will
protect the amp from almost anything. Although in theory this is a good thing, it's not so good when the protection circuits operate,
so make absolutely sure that the amp is only used in applications where clipping will never occur, or is relatively lightly loaded.

This might sound like a tall order, but for rear speakers in a surround system, or to put some serious grunt into those 400W PMPO
PC speakers (with the 5W RMS amplifiers - I'm not kidding), this amp is a gem.

It could also be used as a midrange and/or tweeter amp in a tri-amped system - there are a lot of possibilities, so I will leave it to
you to come up with more.

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Loudspeaker Protection with Soft Start circuit and explanation

Loudspeaker Protection with Soft Start

This is a small protection circuit from loudspeakers, from DC voltage that likely to exist after some damage in the power amplifier.
If a DC voltage is presented in the exit of amplifier, RL1 it interrupts immediately the line of loudspeakers preventing thus to reach in
he. Parallel it provides a delay time of 3 seconds from the moment where the power supply will be applied. This delay protects the
loudspeakers from undesirable bangs that are observed when open the supply switch. The Leds D 4-5 provide a optical indication
for the circuit operation [D4 (green)=OK and D5(red)= delay or presence DC voltage]. The supply of circuit becomes from a
symmetrical ?12Volts, which we can take from small independent power supply or from afterwards suitable demotion of main
power supply. It will be supposed you make a circuit of protection for each final amplifier that you dispose. Proportional attention it
should you show for the quality of RL1 that the contacts of will be supposed to bear the current that passes from he.

Part List

R1=22Kohm

R2-3=390Kohm

R4=470Kohm

R5=1Mohm

R6-7-8-9-10-12=10Kohm

R11=820 ohm

RL1=Relay 12VDc Omron G2R2

C4-5=100uF 25V

C1-2-3=47uF 63V

IC1=TL071

Q1=BC560C

Q2-3-4=BC550C

Q5=BD139

D1-2-3=1N4148

D4=Green 5mm Led

D5=Red 5mm Led

J1=3pin connector with 2.54mm step

J2=2pin connector with 2.54mm step

J3=2pin connector with 3.96mm step

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DC Protection / Time Delay for Loudspeaker circuit and explanation

DC Protection / Time Delay for Loudspeaker

A exceptionally useful circuit for all the final amplifiers, but also in other applications that we needed some time delay and
protection DC. The particular circuit combines enough operations, as: [ 1 ] Smooth departure of benefit of AC line of network, with
delay 1sec, to the transformers of power supply of amplifier, via the RL1 and the resistance Rx. (see block diagram). [ 2 ] Delay of
connection of expenses of final amplifiers, in headphone, in order that noises emanating from the charge - uncharged of capacitors
of power supply, they do not pass in them. Simultaneously becomes control of exit of amplifiers for existence of continuous
voltage [DC]. If all go well it connects, the amplifiers in loudspeaker. At the duration of operation of amplifiers, exists continuous
control, for DC voltage in the exit of amplifiers, unplug him loudspeaker, if is presented problem ph. "opens" some transistor in the
final stage and passes the voltage of supply to loudspeaker. [ 3 ] Clue of situation ERROR, optically with the LD3 (can is flash led)
and soundly with buzzer (BZ). [ 4 ].

A other operation that exists and with difficulty will find in proportional circuits, is also the existence second relay (RL3), with
parallel contacts in the main relay (RL2), connection the loudspeaker in the amplifiers, that it little closes afterwards the RL2. The
idea I add one still relay, was supported in the problems that exist, after frequent use of RL2, his contacts are degraded by the
electric arcs that are created when it opens and closes relay. Result is a spectrum of frequencies, because the high resistance that
is developed in the contacts, the sound of be degraded.

This problem is untied to a large extent, if are added, other contacts at the same time with first, that would close after them,
remaining thus clean, one and are not created, on them, differences of potential, so that they are degraded. The circuit can work
excellently also in actively loudspeaker one and the circuits of detection DC, afterwards the J2, can make so much all loudspeakers
we have. In this case, they will need so much circuits of protection, that actively loudspeaker, we have. In the BLOCK diagram I give
a flavour of typical connections, that can become, when the circuit use in stereo amplifier and his supply are taken from main
power supply his.

How it works.

The supply of circuit becomes from a AC line in the J1. This voltage can be from a separate transformer 2X12V (the prices of
materials that I give it is for 2X12V AC), from existing coil 12V in their M/T of power amplifier or if it cannot become somebody
from the two, then from the coils of mainly supply final amplifier, adapting always the prices of resistances R1/2 and R3,
proportionally the price of voltage that is supplied the amplifier, according to the law of Ohm and the fall of voltage that we want to
achieve (R=V/i). The voltage that it should we have in point A, before the IC2, should is bigger than + 15V 200mA, the IC2 supplies
all the relay and led. The remainder circuit is supplied by the R3/D9. When we supply the amplifier with voltage of network (220V
AC), charge the C6 via the R4, the price in the entry of IC1a is (H) exit (L) Q1- RL1, is in cutting off. In line with being first the M/T of
power supply, intervenes the RX, which ensures smooth connection the M/T in the network, avoiding the burn of fuses, specifically
if the force power supply, is big. After 1sec after charge the C6, his negative pole goes to 0V, the entry of IC1A becomes 0V (L),
conduct Q1 closes the RL1, short the resistance RX and all the voltage of network is applied in the M/T. Simultaneously turns on LD
1. Via the R5 charge slow the C7 (~5sec), when charge the situation in the pin5 of IC1b become (H), (the other are already (H) from
the R23), exit is (L) and the exit of IC1C (H), the Q2 drive the RL2, giving the output of amplifiers in loudspeaker. Simultaneously via
the R13 charge the C8 (~2 sec). Hardly charge the C8, conduct the Q3 and close the contacts of RL3, at the same time with those
of RL2. The circuit is in complete operation. If we interrupt the line of network all the supply?s fall very fast, with result all relay is
cut off, very rapidly cut off, him loudspeakers. If are presented some continuous voltage in entries J2/1 and J2/4, the two circuits
of detection DC, then the Q5 or Q6 conduct and lead the entry of IC1b to pin 5 to 0V (L), with result the exit is become (H), the exit
of IC1c to be become (L), transistors Q2-3 are cut off and away also the RL2-3 to open, disconnect, him loudspeakers, from the
output of amplifiers, until is raised the cause of presence DC.. The same time the exit of IC1D, becomes (H), Q4 conduct, the buzzer
[BZ] sounds and turns on the LD3, signaling error. The intensity of sound of BZ, can be regulated from the TR1, but it can it is
suppressed if we do not want sound clue of error. The prices of times can change, if are changed capacitors C7-8, with different
capacity. Resistances R1-2 if use finally, R3 and R?, should be in some distance from pcb, one and likely hot. The IC2 should enter
on heatsink, specifically if the voltage of entry exceeds the +15V. Big attention it should we give in the circuit round resistance
RX/CX and the contacts of RL1, because the voltage of network is dangerous (DANGER of ELECTROCUTION). For this reason good
it is insulation. What it should we are careful is the quality of all relay, is very good and from known constructor.

R1-2=See text*

D1-4= 1N4007

R3=470R 1W*see text

D5-8= 1N4148

R4-5= 1M D9=12V 1.2W Zener

R6-7= 1K D10-22= 1N4148

R8-14= 15K LD1-2= LED

R9-15= 56K LD3=Flash Led [RED]

R10-16= 56K BZ= BUZZER 12V

R11-17= 10K J1-4= Connectors

R12-13= 39K TR1= 10K Trimmer

R18= 39K RL1-3= 12V 2X2(10A)RELAY

R19= 1K2

R20= 1K

R21-22= 3K9

R23= 22K

R24= 39K

RX= 47R 10W

C1= 220uF 63V

C2-5= 47uF 63V

C3-4=100nF

C6= 1uF 25V

C7= 4.7uF 25V

C8= 470uF 16V

C9-14= 22uF 16V

C10-13= 33uF 63V

CX= 33nF 630V

IC1= 4093 cmos

IC2= 7812T

Q1-4= BD679

Q5-6= BC550C

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Linear FM 30Watt circuit and explanation

Linear FM 30Watt

A amplifier of medium force RF for the FM, is always essential for the amateur that wants it strengthens some sm
transmitter, that likely it has already it manufactured! The present circuit can give force 25-30W, with control no bigg
than 4-5 W.

As it appears in the analytic drawing, the amplifier is manufactured with the transistor TR1 of type ?LY89 of Phillips. T
transistor this is specifically drawn for operation in frequencies up to 175?hz, with very good results. His special
characteristics appear below:

· Tendency of operation: 18V

· Current of Collector: max 3 5th

· Gain: max 10dB

· Force of Expense: 25-30 W

· Output (order C): > 60%

Variable capacitors C1, C2, with inductor L1, constitute the coordinated circuit that adapts the exit of our transmitte
this amplifier RF. the circuit has been calculated suitably, so that it covers all band the FM with the biggest possi
output. Inductor RFC1 polarize the transistor, so as to it works in order C that is to say with the biggest output. Induc
L2 in the collector of TR1, constitutes the charge of amplifier, while RFC2 prevents the RF signals escape in the line
catering. Capacitor C2 and resistance R1, protect the circuit from auto polarize.

The coordinated circuit of expense that is constituted by inductor L2 and variable capacitors C3, C4, adapts the exit
amplifier RF with the next stage that can be some amplifier RF of high force (> 100W) or a aerial.

MANUFACTURE

The manufacture of amplifier is very simple and easy. Puncture the point PCB that will pass the nutshell of TR1. St
the capacitors, variable, the resistance, the RF tsok and the inductors. Finally you stick the TR1, being careful
overheats at the welding and blend pin his. Clean finally PCB from the residues of soldering. Make a very careful cont
for by any chance errors, omissions, short-circuits, chills you stick also anything other that could you make wonder w
does not work the amplifier.

PARTS

C1, C2, C3, C4 = 10 ? 80pF

C 5 = 10nF

C6 = 1000pF

C7 = 100nF

C8 = 2200mF/35V

L1 = 1 coil with diameter of 10 mms, 1 mm

L2 = 7 coils with diameter of 10 mms, 0,8 mm

L3 = 3 coils with diameter of 10 mms, 1 mm

TR1 = BLY89

RFC = RF tsok

If all they are it includes, you connect the exit of your transmitter (3-4W) in the entry of amplifier. The exit of amplifi
him you will connect in some charge (dummy load) or in the aerial, through a bridge stagnant. Be supplied w
tendency 11-15V your amplifier. (Power supply it should it provides current 45th). Regulate the 4 variable (C1-C4, u
you take the biggest force of expense. The amplifier is ready.

Note: The TK1 needs a wiper of dimensions 5x10cm for trouble free operation. This wiper screw in the TR1 witho
isolators, after his central screw has electric isolation from remainder pins.

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Modular Audio Preamplifier and Tone Control circuit and explanation

Modular Audio Preamplifier High Quality, Discrete Components Design Input and Tone Control Modules

Main Module circuit diagram:

Parts:

R1_______________1K5 1/4W Resistor

R2_____________220K 1/4W Resistor

R3______________18K 1/4W Resistor

R4_____________330R 1/4W Resistor

R5______________39K 1/4W Resistor

R6______________56R 1/4W Resistor

R7,R10__________10K 1/4W Resistors

R8______________33K 1/4W Resistor

R9_____________150R 1/4W Resistor

R11_____________ 6K8 1/4W Resistor

R12,R13________100R 1/4W Resistors

R14____________100K 1/4W Resistor

C1_____________220nF 63V Polyester Capacitor

C2_____________220pF 63V Polystyrene or ceramic Capacitor

C3_______________1nF 63V Polyester or ceramic Capacitor

C4,C7___________47µF 50V Electrolytic Capacitors

C5,C6__________100µF 50V Electrolytic Capacitors

Q1,Q2_________BC550C 45V 100mA Low noise High gain NPN Transistors

Q3____________BC556 65V 100mA PNP Transistor

Q4____________BC546 65V 100mA NPN Transistor

________________________________________

Tone Control Module circuit diagram:

Parts:

R1,R7___________47K 1/4W Resistors

R2_____________220K 1/4W Resistor

R3______________18K 1/4W Resistor

R4_____________330R 1/4W Resistor

R5______________39K 1/4W Resistor

R6______________56R 1/4W Resistor

R8_____________150R 1/4W Resistor

R9______________10K 1/4W Resistor

R10,R16__________6K8 1/4W Resistors

R11,R12________100R 1/4W Resistors

R13____________100K 1/4W Resistor

R14______________1K5 1/4W Resistor

R15,R21,R22______4K7 1/4W Resistors

R17,R24,R26______8K2 1/4W Resistors

R18______________3K3 1/4W Resistor

R19______________1K 1/4W Resistor

R20____________470R 1/4W Resistor

R23,R25_________12K 1/4W Resistors

R27,R28__________4K7 1/4W Resistors

C1_____________220nF 63V Polyester Capacitor

C2_______________1nF 63V Polyester or ceramic Capacitor

C3,C6___________47µF 50V Electrolytic Capacitors

C4,C5__________100µF 50V Electrolytic Capacitors

C7______________10nF 63V Polyester Capacitor

C8,C9__________100nF 63V Polyester Capacitors

Q1,Q2_________BC550C 45V 100mA Low noise High gain NPN Transistors

Q3____________BC556 65V 100mA PNP Transistor

Q4____________BC546 65V 100mA NPN Transistor

SW1,SW2_______2 poles 6 ways Rotary Switches

Simpler, alternative Tone Control parts:

P1______________22K Linear Potentiometer

P2______________47K Linear Potentiometer

R29,R30________470R 1/4W Resistors

R31,R32__________4K7 1/4W Resistors

C10_____________10nF 63V Polyester Capacitor

C11,C12________100nF 63V Polyester Capacitors

________________________________________

Comments:

To complement the 60 Watt MosFet Audio Amplifier a High Quality Preamplifier design was necessary. A discrete components
topology, using + and - 24V supply rails was chosen, keeping the transistor count to the minimum, but still allowing low noise, very
low distortion and high input overload margin. Obviously, the modules forming this preamplifier can be used in different
combinations and drive different power amplifiers, provided the following stages present a reasonably high input impedance (i.e.
higher than 10KOhm).

Main Module:

If a Tone Control facility is not needed, the Preamplifier will be formed by the Main Module only. Its input will be connected to some
sort of changeover switch, in order to allow several audio reproduction devices to be connected, e.g. CD player, Tuner, Tape
Recorder, iPod, MiniDisc etc. The total amount and type of inputs is left to the choice of the home constructor.The output of the
Main Module will be connected to a 22K Log. potentiometer (dual gang if a stereo preamp was planned). The central and ground
leads of this potentiometer must be connected to the power amplifier input.

Tone Control Module:

This Module employs an unusual topology, still maintaining the basic op-amp circuitry of the Main Module with a few changes in
resistor values.A special feature of this circuit is the use of six ways switches instead of the more common potentiometers: in this
way, precise "tone flat" setting, or preset dB steps in bass and treble boost or cut can be obtained. Tone Control switches also allow
a more precise channel matching when a stereo configuration is used, avoiding the frequent poor alignment accuracy presented by
common ganged potentiometers.Six ways (two poles for stereo) rotary switches were chosen for this purpose as easily available.
This dictated the unusual "asymmetrical" configuration of three positions for boost, one for flat and two for cut. This choice was
based on the fact that tone controls are used in practice more for frequency boosting than for cutting purposes. In any case, +5dB
+10dB and +15dB of bass boost and -3dB and -10dB of bass cut were provided. Treble boost was also set to +5dB +10dB and
+15dB and treble cut to -3.5dB and -9dB.

Those wishing to use common potentiometers in the usual way for Tone Controls may use the circuit shown enclosed in the
dashed box (bottom-right of the Tone Control Module circuit diagram) to replace switched controls.

The Tone Control Module should usually be placed after the Main Input Module, and the volume control inserted between the Tone
Control Module output and the power amplifier input. Alternatively, the volume control can also be placed between Main Input
Module and Tone Control Module, at will. Furthermore, the position of these two modules can be also interchanged.

Power supply:

The preamplifier must be feed by a dual-rail, +24 and -24V 50mA dc power supply. This is easily achieved by using a 48V 3VA
center-tapped mains transformer, a 100V 1A bridge rectifier and a couple of 2200µF 50V smoothing capacitors. To these
components two 24V IC regulators must be added: a 7824 (or 78L24) for the positive rail and a 7924 (or 79L24) for the negative
one.The diagram of such a power supply is the same of that used in the Headphone Amplifier, but the voltages of the secondary
winding of the transformer, smoothing capacitors and IC regulators must be uprated. Alternatively, the dc voltage can be directly
derived from the dc supply rails of the power amplifier, provided that both 24V regulators are added.

Note:

" If this preamplifier is used as a separate, stand-alone device, thus requiring a cable connection to the power amplifier, some kind
of output short-circuit protection is needed, due to possible shorts caused by incorrect plugging. The simplest solution is to wire a
3K3 1/4W resistor in series to the output capacitor of the last module (i.e. the module having its output connected to the preamp
main output socket).

________________________________________

Technical data:

Main Module Input sensitivity: 250mV RMS for 1V RMS output

Tone Control Module Input sensitivity: 1V RMS for 1V RMS output

Maximum output voltage: 13.4V RMS into 100K load, 11.3V RMS into 22K load, 8.8V RMS into 10K load

Frequency response: flat from 20Hz to 20KHz

Total harmonic distortion @ 1KHz: 1V RMS 0.002% 5V RMS 0.003% 7V RMS 0.003%

Total harmonic distortion @10KHz: 1V RMS 0.003% 5V RMS 0.008% 7V RMS 0.01%

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