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Topic 2: Vector Analysis: EE220 Electromagnetics For EE Lecture Note

Vector analysis deals with quantities that have both magnitude and direction. Scalars can be defined by their magnitude alone, while vectors require both magnitude and direction to be specified. Examples of vectors include velocity, force, and displacement. Vectors can be represented graphically with arrows. The document then provides definitions and examples of scalars, vectors, fields, and how to plot points in a coordinate system. It also covers dot products, cross products, and provides sample problems calculating vectors, vector magnitudes, and unit vectors.

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69 views

Topic 2: Vector Analysis: EE220 Electromagnetics For EE Lecture Note

Vector analysis deals with quantities that have both magnitude and direction. Scalars can be defined by their magnitude alone, while vectors require both magnitude and direction to be specified. Examples of vectors include velocity, force, and displacement. Vectors can be represented graphically with arrows. The document then provides definitions and examples of scalars, vectors, fields, and how to plot points in a coordinate system. It also covers dot products, cross products, and provides sample problems calculating vectors, vector magnitudes, and unit vectors.

Uploaded by

ricardo martinez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EE220 Electromagnetics for EE

Lecture Note
TOPIC 2: VECTOR ANALYSIS
Vector Analysis, a mathematical shorthand, deals with quantities that have both
magnitude and direction. Some physical and geometric quantities, called scalars, can
be fully defined by specifying their magnitude in suitable units of measure. Thus, mass
can be expressed in grams, temperature in degrees on some scale, and time in
seconds. Scalars can be represented graphically by points on some numerical scale
such as a clock or thermometer. There also are quantities, called vectors, that require
the specification of direction as well as magnitude. Velocity, force, and displacement are
examples of vectors. A vector quantity can be represented graphically by a directed line
segment, symbolized by an arrow pointing in the direction of the vector quantity, with
the length of the segment representing the magnitude of the vector.

SCALAR:
 The term scalar refers to a quantity whose value maybe represented by a single
positive or negative real number x, y, and z are also scalar.
 Examples of scalar are: mass, density, pressure, volume, volume resistivity, and
voltage.

VECTOR:
 A vector quantity has both a magnitude and a direction in space.
 Example of vector are: force, velocity, acceleration, and a straight line from
positive to negative terminal of a storage battery.

FIELD:
 Some functions that connect an arbitrary origin to a general point in space.
 Field concept invariably is related to a region.

PLOTTING POINTS:
 A point is located by giving its x, y, and z coordinates. These are, respectively,
the distances from the origin to the intersection of perpendicular lines dropped
from the point to the x, y, and z axes. An alternative method of interpreting
coordinate.
 Vector:
RPQ =rQ – rP

Course: EE 220 - ELECTROMAGNETICS FOR EE


Instructor: ENGR. JOHN REY B. BAJUYO
 Magnitude of B:
�: �� 2 + �� 2 + �� 2

 Unit vector in the direction of the vector B is


� �
�� = = �
�� 2+ �� 2+ �� 2

Dot product:
 The dot product or scalar product is defined as the product of the magnitude.
 The dot appears between the two vectors and should be made heavy for
emphasis.
 The dot or scalar product is a scalar as one of the names implies and it obeys the
commutative law A . B = B . A
 Perhaps the most common application of dot product is in mechanics, where a
constant force F applied were a straight displacement L does an amount of work
PLcosθ, which is more easily written in F.L.
 Most important application of dot product is that of finding the component of a
vector in a given direction.
A.B = �� �� + �� �� + �� ��
A.A = �2 = �2

Cross product:
 Given two vectors A and B, we shall now define the cross product, or vector
product, of A and B, written with a cross between the two vectors as A×B and
read “A cross B”.
 The use of the cross product may be taken from geometry or trigonometry.
 The cross product may be used to replace the right hand rule familiar to all
electrical engineers.
 As an equation we can write:
A×B= �� |A||B|sinθ��
A× B:
�� = �� �� − �� ��
�� = �� �� − �� ��
�� = �� �� − �� ��

Course: EE 220 - ELECTROMAGNETICS FOR EE


Instructor: ENGR. JOHN REY B. BAJUYO
SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
1. Given the vectors M=−10ax +4ay −8az and N=8ax +7ay −2az, find:
(a) a unit vector in the direction of−M+2N;
(b) the magnitude of 5ax + N−3M;
(c) |M||2N|(M+N).
SOLUTION: Given the vectors M =−10ax +4ay −8az and N = 8ax +7ay −2az, find:
a) a unit vector in the direction of−M+2N.
−M+2N = 10ax − 4ay + 8az + 16ax +14ay − 4az = (26,10,4)
Thus
(26,10,4)
a= = (0.92,0.36,0.14)
| (26,10,4) |

b) the magnitude of 5ax +N−3M:


= (5, 0, 0) + (8, 7,−2) − (−30,12,−24)
= (43, −5, 22), and | (43, −5,22) | = 48.6
c) |M||2N|(M+N):
= | (−10, 4, −8) || (16,14, −4) | (−2,11, −10) = (13.4) (21.6) (−2,11, −10)
= (−580.5,3193, −2902)

2. Vector A extends from the origin to (1,2,3), and vector B extends from the origin to
(2,3,−2). Find (a) the unit vector in the direction of (A−B); (b) the unit vector in the
direction of the line extending from the origin to the midpoint of the line joining the ends
of A and B.
SOLUTION: Given three points, A(4,3,2), B(−2,0,5), and C(7,−2,1):
a) Specify the vector A extending from the origin to the point A.
A = (4,3,2) = 4ax +3ay +2az
b) Give a unit vector extending from the origin to the midpoint of line AB.
The vector from the origin to the midpoint is given by
M = (1/2)(A+B) = (1/2)(4−2,3+0,2+5) = (1,1.5,3.5)

Course: EE 220 - ELECTROMAGNETICS FOR EE


Instructor: ENGR. JOHN REY B. BAJUYO
The unit vector will be
(1,1.5,3.5)
m= = (0.25,0.38,0.89)
|(1,1.5,3.5)|

c) Calculate the length of the perimeter of triangle ABC:


Begin with AB = (−6, −3, 3), BC = (9, −2, −4), CA = (3, −5, −1).
Then
|AB|+|BC|+|CA|=7.35+10.05+5.91 = 23.32

3. A vector field is specified as G=24xyax +12(x2 +2) ay +18z2az. Given two points,
P (1, 2, −1) and Q (−2,1, 3),
Find the following:
(a) G at P;
(b) a unit vector in the direction of G at Q;
(c) a unit vector directed from Q toward P;

SOLUTION: A vector field is specified as G = 24xyax +12(x2 +2) ay +18z2az.


Given two points, P (1,2, −1) and Q (−2,1,3), find:
a) G at P: G (1,2, −1) = (48,36,18)
b) a unit vector in the direction of G at Q: G (−2,1,3) = (−48,72,162), so
(−48,72,162)
aG = = (−0.26,0.39,0.88)
(−48,72,162)

c) a unit vector directed from Q toward P:


P−Q (3,−1,4)
aQP =
|P−Q|
= 26
= (0.59,0.20,−0.78)

Course: EE 220 - ELECTROMAGNETICS FOR EE


Instructor: ENGR. JOHN REY B. BAJUYO

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