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Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning Laboratory Manual

(18CSL76)

Program-1
Implement A* Search Algorithm

Algorithm:
1. Place the starting node list in “OPEN” list.
2. Check if the OPEN list is empty or not
If list is empty then,
return failure and stop
3. Select the node from “OPEN” set which has the smallest value of evaluation f.
If node n is goal node then,
Return success and stop
4. Expand node n and generate all of its successors and put n to the CLOSED list
 For each successor ‘n’ check whether its already there in OPEN and CLOSED list.
 If not compute f value and place into OPEN
Else if node n is already there in OPEN and CLOSE then it should be attached to back
pointer which should reflect lowest g(n) value.
5. Return Step 2.

Program:
#!/usr/bin/env python
#coding utf-8
#ln[1]:

def aStarAlgo(start_node,stop_node):
open_set=set(start_node)
closed_set=set()
g={}

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parents={}
g[start_node]=0
parents[start_node]=start_node
while len(open_set)>0:
n=None
for v in open_set:
if n==None or g[v]+heuristic(v)<g[n]+heuristic(n):
n=v
if n==stop_node or Graph_nodes[n]==None:
pass
else:
for(m,weight) in get_neighbors(n):
if m not in open_set and m not in closed_set:
open_set.add(m)
parents[m]=n
g[m]=g[n]+weight
else:
if g[m]>g[n]+weight:
g[m]=g[n]+weight
parents[m]=n
if m in closed_set:
closed_set.remove(m)
open_set.add(m)
if n==None:
print("path does not exist")
return None
if n==stop_node:
path=[]
while parents[n]!=n:
path.append(n)

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n=parents[n]
path.append(start_node)
path.reverse()
print('path found:{}'.format(path))
return path
open_set.remove(n)
closed_set.add(n)
print("path doesnot exist")
return None
def get_neighbors(v):
if v in Graph_nodes:
return Graph_nodes[v]
else:
return None
def heuristic(n):
H_dist={
'S':7,
'A':6,
'B':2,
'C':1,
'D':0

}
return H_dist[n]

Graph_nodes={
'S':[('A',1),('B',4)],
'A':[('B',2),('C',5),('D',12)],
'B':[('C',2)],
'C':[('D',3)],

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}
aStarAlgo('S','D')

Output:
path found:['S', 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D']
['S', 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D']

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Program 2
Implement AO* Algorithm

Algorithm:
1. Let G be a graph with only starting node INIT.
2. Repeat the following until INIT is labeled as SOLVED or h(INIT)>FUTILITY.
 Select an unexpanded node from the most promising path from INIT (call it NODE).
 Generate SUCCESSORS of NODE.
If ther are none,
Set h(NODE)=FUTILITY(i.e NODE is unsolvable)
Otherwise,
For each SUCCESSORS that is not an ancestor of NODE
Do the following:
1. Add SUCCESSOR toG.
2. If SUCCESSOR is a terminal node,
label it SOLVED and set h(SUCCESSOR)=0
3. If SUCCESSOR is not a terminal node,
Compute its h value
 Propagate the newly discovered information up the graph by doing the following:
1. Let S be set of SOLVED node or nodes whose h values have been changed
and need to have values propagated back to their parents.
2. Initialize S to node, until S is empty.
3. Repeat the following:
Remove a node from S and call it CURRENT.
Program:
class Graph:
def __init__(self, graph, heuristicNodeList, startNode):
self.graph = graph
self.H=heuristicNodeList
self.start=startNode
self.parent={}

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self.status={}
self.solutionGraph={}

def applyAOStar(self): # starts a recursive AO* algorithm

self.aoStar(self.start, False)

def getNeighbors(self, v): # gets the Neighbors of a given node

return self.graph.get(v,'')

def getStatus(self,v): # return the status of a given node

return self.status.get(v,0)

def setStatus(self,v, val): # set the status of a given node

self.status[v]=val

def getHeuristicNodeValue(self, n):

return self.H.get(n,0) # always return the heuristic value of a given node

def setHeuristicNodeValue(self, n, value):

self.H[n]=value # set the revised heuristic value of a given node

def printSolution(self):
print("FOR GRAPH SOLUTION, TRAVERSE THE GRAPH FROM THE START
NODE:",self.start)
print("------------------------------------------------------------")
print(self.solutionGraph)
print("------------------------------------------------------------")

def computeMinimumCostChildNodes(self, v): # Computes the Minimum Cost of child

nodes of a given node v

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minimumCost=0
costToChildNodeListDict={}
costToChildNodeListDict[minimumCost]=[]
flag=True
for nodeInfoTupleList in self.getNeighbors(v): # iterate over all the set of child node/s
cost=0
nodeList=[]
for c, weight in nodeInfoTupleList:
cost=cost+self.getHeuristicNodeValue(c)+weight
nodeList.append(c)

if flag==True: # initialize Minimum Cost with the cost of first set of

child node/s
minimumCost=cost
costToChildNodeListDict[minimumCost]=nodeList # set the Minimum Cost
child node/s
flag=False
else: # checking the Minimum Cost nodes with the current
Minimum Cost
if minimumCost>cost:
minimumCost=cost
costToChildNodeListDict[minimumCost]=nodeList # set the Minimum Cost
child node/s

return minimumCost, costToChildNodeListDict[minimumCost] # return Minimum

Cost and Minimum Cost child node/s

def aoStar(self, v, backTracking): # AO* algorithm for a start node and backTracking
status flag

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print("HEURISTIC VALUES :", self.H)

print("SOLUTION GRAPH :", self.solutionGraph)
print("PROCESSING NODE :", v)
print("-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------")

if self.getStatus(v) >= 0: # if status node v >= 0, compute Minimum Cost nodes of v

minimumCost, childNodeList = self.computeMinimumCostChildNodes(v)
self.setHeuristicNodeValue(v, minimumCost)
self.setStatus(v,len(childNodeList))

solved=True # check the Minimum Cost nodes of v are solved

for childNode in childNodeList:
self.parent[childNode]=v
if self.getStatus(childNode)!=-1:
solved=solved & False

if solved==True: # if the Minimum Cost nodes of v are solved, set the current
node status as solved(-1)
self.setStatus(v,-1)
self.solutionGraph[v]=childNodeList # update the solution graph with the solved
nodes which may be a part of solution

if v!=self.start: # check the current node is the start node for backtracking the
current node value
self.aoStar(self.parent[v], True) # backtracking the current node value with
backtracking status set to true

if backTracking==False: # check the current call is not for backtracking

for childNode in childNodeList: # for each Minimum Cost child node
self.setStatus(childNode,0) # set the status of child node to 0(needs exploration)

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self.aoStar(childNode, False) # Minimum Cost child node is further explored

with backtracking status as false

h1 = {'A': 1, 'B': 6, 'C': 2, 'D': 12, 'E': 2, 'F': 1, 'G': 5, 'H': 7, 'I': 7, 'J': 1, 'T': 3}
graph1 = {
'A': [[('B', 1), ('C', 1)], [('D', 1)]],
'B': [[('G', 1)], [('H', 1)]],
'C': [[('J', 1)]],
'D': [[('E', 1), ('F', 1)]],
'G': [[('I', 1)]]
}
G1= Graph(graph1, h1, 'A')
G1.applyAOStar()
G1.printSolution()

Output:
HEURISTIC VALUES : {'A': 1, 'B': 6, 'C': 2, 'D': 12, 'E': 2, 'F': 1, 'G': 5, 'H': 7, 'I': 7, 'J': 1, 'T':
3}
SOLUTION GRAPH : {}
PROCESSING NODE : A
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HEURISTIC VALUES : {'A': 10, 'B': 6, 'C': 2, 'D': 12, 'E': 2, 'F': 1, 'G': 5, 'H': 7, 'I': 7, 'J': 1, '
T': 3}
SOLUTION GRAPH : {}
PROCESSING NODE : B
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HEURISTIC VALUES : {'A': 10, 'B': 6, 'C': 2, 'D': 12, 'E': 2, 'F': 1, 'G': 5, 'H': 7, 'I': 7, 'J': 1, '
T': 3}
SOLUTION GRAPH : {}
PROCESSING NODE : A
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HEURISTIC VALUES : {'A': 10, 'B': 6, 'C': 2, 'D': 12, 'E': 2, 'F': 1, 'G': 5, 'H': 7, 'I': 7, 'J': 1, '
T': 3}
SOLUTION GRAPH : {}
PROCESSING NODE : G
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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HEURISTIC VALUES : {'A': 10, 'B': 6, 'C': 2, 'D': 12, 'E': 2, 'F': 1, 'G': 8, 'H': 7, 'I': 7, 'J': 1, '
T': 3}
SOLUTION GRAPH : {}
PROCESSING NODE : B
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HEURISTIC VALUES : {'A': 10, 'B': 8, 'C': 2, 'D': 12, 'E': 2, 'F': 1, 'G': 8, 'H': 7, 'I': 7, 'J': 1, '
T': 3}
SOLUTION GRAPH : {}
PROCESSING NODE : A
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HEURISTIC VALUES : {'A': 12, 'B': 8, 'C': 2, 'D': 12, 'E': 2, 'F': 1, 'G': 8, 'H': 7, 'I': 7, 'J': 1, '
T': 3}
SOLUTION GRAPH : {}
PROCESSING NODE : I
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HEURISTIC VALUES : {'A': 12, 'B': 8, 'C': 2, 'D': 12, 'E': 2, 'F': 1, 'G': 8, 'H': 7, 'I': 0, 'J': 1, '
T': 3}
SOLUTION GRAPH : {'I': []}
PROCESSING NODE : G
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HEURISTIC VALUES : {'A': 12, 'B': 8, 'C': 2, 'D': 12, 'E': 2, 'F': 1, 'G': 1, 'H': 7, 'I': 0, 'J': 1, '
T': 3}
SOLUTION GRAPH : {'I': [], 'G': ['I']}
PROCESSING NODE : B
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HEURISTIC VALUES : {'A': 12, 'B': 2, 'C': 2, 'D': 12, 'E': 2, 'F': 1, 'G': 1, 'H': 7, 'I': 0, 'J': 1, '
T': 3}
SOLUTION GRAPH : {'I': [], 'G': ['I'], 'B': ['G']}
PROCESSING NODE : A
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HEURISTIC VALUES : {'A': 6, 'B': 2, 'C': 2, 'D': 12, 'E': 2, 'F': 1, 'G': 1, 'H': 7, 'I': 0, 'J': 1, 'T':
3}
SOLUTION GRAPH : {'I': [], 'G': ['I'], 'B': ['G']}
PROCESSING NODE : C
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HEURISTIC VALUES : {'A': 6, 'B': 2, 'C': 2, 'D': 12, 'E': 2, 'F': 1, 'G': 1, 'H': 7, 'I': 0, 'J': 1, 'T':
3}
SOLUTION GRAPH : {'I': [], 'G': ['I'], 'B': ['G']}
PROCESSING NODE : A
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HEURISTIC VALUES : {'A': 6, 'B': 2, 'C': 2, 'D': 12, 'E': 2, 'F': 1, 'G': 1, 'H': 7, 'I': 0, 'J': 1, 'T':
3}
SOLUTION GRAPH : {'I': [], 'G': ['I'], 'B': ['G']}
PROCESSING NODE : J
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HEURISTIC VALUES : {'A': 6, 'B': 2, 'C': 2, 'D': 12, 'E': 2, 'F': 1, 'G': 1, 'H': 7, 'I': 0, 'J': 0, 'T':
3}

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SOLUTION GRAPH : {'I': [], 'G': ['I'], 'B': ['G'], 'J': []}
PROCESSING NODE : C
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HEURISTIC VALUES : {'A': 6, 'B': 2, 'C': 1, 'D': 12, 'E': 2, 'F': 1, 'G': 1, 'H': 7, 'I': 0, 'J': 0, 'T':
3}
SOLUTION GRAPH : {'I': [], 'G': ['I'], 'B': ['G'], 'J': [], 'C': ['J']}
PROCESSING NODE : A
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FOR GRAPH SOLUTION, TRAVERSE THE GRAPH FROM THE START NODE: A
------------------------------------------------------------
{'I': [], 'G': ['I'], 'B': ['G'], 'J': [], 'C': ['J'], 'A': ['B', 'C']}

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Program 3

For a given set of training data examples stored in a .CSV file, implement and demonstrate
the Candidate-Elimination algorithm to output a description of the set of all hypotheses
consistent with the training examples.

Algorithm:

1. Initialize G to the set of normally general hypothesis in H.

2. Initialize S to the set of maximally specific hypothesis in H.
3. For each training example d, do:
a. If d is positive example
 Remove from G any hypothesis h inconsistent with d
 For each hypothesis s in S not consistent with d:
 Remove s from S
 Add to S all minimal generalizations of S consistent
with d & having a generalization in G
 Remove from S any hypothesis with a more specific h i
nS
b. If d is negative example
 Remove from S any hypothesis h inconsistent with d
 For each hypothesis g in G not consistent with d:
 Remove g from G
 Add to G all minimal specializations of g consistent
with d &having a specialization in S
 Remove from G any hypothesis having a more general
hypothesis in G

File:Enjoysport.csv
sky airtemp humidity wind water forcast enjoysport
sunny warm normal strong warm same yes
sunny warm high strong warm same yes
rainy cold high strong warm change no
sunny warm high strong cool change yes

Program:

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd

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data=pd.read_csv("enjoysport.csv")

concepts=np.array(data.iloc[:,0:-1])
print("\nInstances are;\n",concepts)
target=np.array(data.iloc[:,-1])
print("\nTarget value are:",target)

def learn(concepts,target):
specific_h=concepts[0].copy()
print("\n Initialization of specific_h and general_h")
print("\n Specific Boundary:",specific_h)
general_h=[["?" for i in range(len(specific_h))] for i in range(len(specific_h))]
print("\n Generic Boundary:",general_h)

for i,h in enumerate(concepts):

print("\n instance ",i+1,"is",h)
if target[i]=="yes":
print("\n Instance is Positive")
for x in range(len(specific_h)):
if h[x]!=specific_h[x]:
specific_h[x]='?'
general_h[x][x]='?'
if target[i]=="no":
print("Instance is negative")
for x in range(len(specific_h)):
if h[x]!=specific_h[x]:
general_h[x][x]=specific_h[x]
else:
general_h[x][x]='?'
print("Specific Boundary after",i+1,"Instance is",specific_h)
print("Generic Boundary after ",i+1,"Instance is",general_h)
print("\n")
indices=[i for i,val in enumerate(general_h) if val==['?','?','?','?','?','?']]
for i in indices:
general_h.remove(['?','?','?','?','?','?'])
return specific_h,general_h

s_final,g_final=learn(concepts,target)
print("Final Specific_h:",s_final,sep="\n")
print("Final General_h:",g_final,sep="\n")

Output:

Instances are;
[['sunny' 'warm' 'normal' 'strong' 'warm' 'same']
['sunny' 'warm' 'high' 'strong' 'warm' 'same']

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['rainy' 'cold' 'high' 'strong' 'warm' 'change']

['sunny' 'warm' 'high' 'strong' 'cool' 'change']]

Target value are: ['yes' 'yes' 'no' 'yes']

Initialization of specific_h and general_h

Specific Boundary: ['sunny' 'warm' 'normal' 'strong' 'warm' 'same']

Generic Boundary: [['?', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?'], ['?', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?'], ['?', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?'], ['?', '?', '?
', '?', '?', '?'], ['?', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?'], ['?', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?']]

instance 1 is ['sunny' 'warm' 'normal' 'strong' 'warm' 'same']

Instance is Positive
Specific Boundary after 1 Instance is ['sunny' 'warm' 'normal' 'strong' 'warm' 'same']
Generic Boundary after 1 Instance is [['?', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?'], ['?', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?'], ['?', '?', '?', '?',
'?', '?'], ['?', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?'], ['?', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?'], ['?', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?']]

instance 2 is ['sunny' 'warm' 'high' 'strong' 'warm' 'same']

Instance is Positive
Specific Boundary after 2 Instance is ['sunny' 'warm' '?' 'strong' 'warm' 'same']
Generic Boundary after 2 Instance is [['?', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?'], ['?', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?'], ['?', '?', '?', '?',
'?', '?'], ['?', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?'], ['?', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?'], ['?', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?']]

instance 3 is ['rainy' 'cold' 'high' 'strong' 'warm' 'change']

Instance is negative
Specific Boundary after 3 Instance is ['sunny' 'warm' '?' 'strong' 'warm' 'same']
Generic Boundary after 3 Instance is [['sunny', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?'], ['?', 'warm', '?', '?', '?', '?'], ['?',
'?', '?', '?', '?', '?'], ['?', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?'], ['?', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?'], ['?', '?', '?', '?', '?', 'same']]

instance 4 is ['sunny' 'warm' 'high' 'strong' 'cool' 'change']

Instance is Positive
Specific Boundary after 4 Instance is ['sunny' 'warm' '?' 'strong' '?' '?']
Generic Boundary after 4 Instance is [['sunny', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?'], ['?', 'warm', '?', '?', '?', '?'], ['?',
'?', '?', '?', '?', '?'], ['?', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?'], ['?', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?'], ['?', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?']]

Final Specific_h:

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['sunny' 'warm' '?' 'strong' '?' '?']

Final General_h:
[['sunny', '?', '?', '?', '?', '?'], ['?', 'warm', '?', '?', '?', '?']]

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Program 4

Write a program to demonstrate the working of the decision tree based ID3
algorithm. Use an appropriate data set for building the decision tree and
apply this knowledge to classify a new sample.

Algorithm:

ID3(Examples, Target_attribute, Attributes)

Examples are the training examples.

Target_attribute is the attribute whose value is to be predicted by the tree.
Attributes is a list of other attributes that may be tested by the learned decision tree.
Returns a decision tree that correctly classifies the given Examples.

1.Create a Root node for the tree

2.If all Examples are positive,
Return the single-node tree Root,
with label = +
3.If all Examples are negative,
Return the single-node tree Root,
with label = -
4.If Attributes is empty,
Return the single-node tree Root,
with label = most common value of Target_attribute in
Examples

Otherwise Begin,
 A ← the attribute from Attributes that best classifies Examples
 The decision attribute for Root ← A
 For each possible value, vi, of A,
 Add a new tree branch below Root, corresponding to the test A = vi
 Let Examples vi, be the subset of Examples that have value vi for A
 If Examples vi , is empty
Then below this new branch add a leaf node with
label = most common value of Target_attribute in Examples
else
below this new branch add the subtree
ID3(Examples vi,Targe_tattribute,Attribute – {A}))
5.End
6.Return Root

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Files:
id3_test_1.csv
outlook temparture humidity wind
rain cool normal strong
sunny mild normal strong

id.csv
Outlook Temperature Humidity Wind Answer

sunny hot high weak no

sunny hot high strong no

overcast hot high weak yes

rain mild high weak yes

rain cool normal weak yes

rain cool normal strong no

overcast cool normal strong yes

sunny mild high weak no

sunny cool normal weak yes

rain mild normal weak yes

sunny mild normal strong yes

overcast mild high strong yes

overcast hot normal weak yes

rain mild high strong no

Program:

import math
import csv
def load_csv(filename):
lines=csv.reader(open(filename,'r'));
dataset=list(lines)

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headers=dataset.pop(0)
return dataset,headers
class Node:
def __init__(self,attribute):
self.attribute=attribute
self.children=[]
self.answer=""
def subtables(data,col,delete):
dic={}
coldata=[row[col] for row in data]
attr=list(set(coldata))
for k in attr:
dic[k]=[]
for y in range(len(data)):
key=data[y][col]
if delete:
del data[y][col]
dic[key].append(data[y])
return attr,dic
def entropy(S):
attr=list(set(S))
if len(attr)==1:
return 0
counts=[0,0]
for i in range(2):
counts[i]=sum([1 for x in S if attr[i]==x])/(len(S)*1.0)
sums=0
for cnt in counts:
sums+=-1*cnt*math.log(cnt,2)
return sums
def compute_gain(data,col):
attValues,dic=subtables(data,col,delete=False)
total_entropy=entropy([row[-1] for row in data])
for x in range(len(attValues)):
ratio=len(dic[attValues[x]])/(len(data)*1.0)
entro=entropy([row[-1] for row in dic[attValues[x]]])
total_entropy-=ratio*entro
return total_entropy
def build_tree(data,features):
lastcol=[row[-1] for row in data]
if(len(set(lastcol)))==1:
node=Node("")
node.answer=lastcol[0]
return node
n=len(data[0])-1
gains=[compute_gain(data,col) for col in range(n)]
split=gains.index(max(gains))

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node=Node(features[split])
fea=features[:split]+features[split+1:]
attr,dic=subtables(data,split,delete=True)
for x in range(len(attr)):
child=build_tree(dic[attr[x]],fea)
node.children.append((attr[x],child))
return node
def print_tree(node,level):
if node.answer!="":
print(" "*level,node.answer)
return
print(" "*level,node.answer)
for value,n in node.children:
print(""*(level+1),value)
print_tree(n,level+2)
def classify(node,x_test,features):
if node.answer!="":
print(node.answer)
return
pos=features.index(node.attribute)
for value,n in node.children:
if x_test[pos]==value:
classify(n,x_test,features)

dataset,features=load_csv("id3.csv")
node = build_tree(dataset, features) # Build decision tree
print ("The decision tree for the dataset using ID3 algorithm is ")
print_tree(node, 0)
testdata, features =load_csv("id3_test_1.csv")
for xtest in testdata:
print("The test instance xtest")
print("The predicted labe1 ", end="" )
classify(node, xtest,features)

Output:

The decision tree for the dataset using ID3 algorithm is

overcast
yes
sunny

normal
yes
high
no

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rain

weak
yes
strong
no
The test instance xtest
The predicted labe1 no
The test instance xtest
The predicted labe1 yes

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Program 5
Build a Artificial Neural Network by implementing the Backpropagation algorithm and test
the same using appropriate data sets.

Algorithm:

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Program:
import numpy as np
X=np.array(([2,9],[1,5],[3,6]),dtype=float)
y=np.array(([92],[86],[89]),dtype=float)

x=x/np.amax(X,axis=0)
y=y/100

def sigmoid(x):
return 1/(1+np.exp(-x))

def sigmoid_grad(x):
return x*(1-x)
epoch=1000
eta=0.2
input_neurons=2
hidden_neurons=3
output_neurons=1
wh=np.random.uniform(size=(input_neurons,hidden_neurons))
bh=np.random.uniform(size=(1,hidden_neurons))
wout=np.random.uniform(size=(hidden_neurons,output_neurons))
bout=np.random.uniform(size=(1,output_neurons))
for i in range(epoch):
h_ip=np.dot(X,wh)+bh
h_act=sigmoid(h_ip)
o_ip=np.dot(h_act,wout)+bout
output=sigmoid(o_ip)
Eo=y-output

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outgrad=sigmoid_grad(output)
d_output=Eo*outgrad
Eh=d_output.dot(wout.T)
hiddengrad=sigmoid_grad(h_act)
d_hidden=Eh*hiddengrad
wout+=h_act.T.dot(d_output)*eta
why=X.T.dot(d_hidden)*eta
print("Normalized input:\n"+str(X))
print("Actual output:\n"+str(y))
print("Predicted Output:\n",output)
Output:
Normalized input:
[[2. 9.]
[1. 5.]
[3. 6.]]
Actual output:
[[0.92]
[0.86]
[0.89]]
Predicted Output:
[[0.89224518]
[0.88542877]
[0.89224316]]

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Program 6
Write a program to implement the navier Bayesian classifier for a sample training data set
stored as a .csv file. Compute the accuracy of the classifier,considering few test data sets.

Explanation:

Bayes’ Theorem is stated as:

Where,

P(h|D) is the probability of hypothesis h given the data D. This is called the posterior
probability.

P(D|h) is the probability of data d given that the hypothesis h was true.

P(h) is the probability of hypothesis h being true. This is called the prior probability of h.
P(D) is the probability of the data. This is called the prior probability of D

After calculating the posterior probability for a number of different hypotheses h, and is
interested in finding the most probable hypothesis h ∈ H given the observed data D. Any
such maximally probable hypothesis is called a maximum a posteriori (MAP) hypothesis.

Bayes theorem to calculate the posterior probability of each candidate hypothesis is hMAP is
a MAP hypothesis provided.

(Ignoring P(D) since it is a constant)

Gaussian Naive Bayes

A Gaussian Naive Bayes algorithm is a special type of Naïve Bayes algorithm. It’s
specifically used when the features have continuous values. It’s also assumed that all the
features are following a Gaussian distribution i.e., normal distribution

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Representation for Gaussian Naive Bayes

We calculate the probabilities for input values for each class using a frequency. With real-
valued inputs, we can calculate the mean and standard deviation of input values (x) for each
class to summarize the distribution.

This means that in addition to the probabilities for each class, we must also store the mean
and standard deviations for each input variable for each class.

Gaussian Naive Bayes Model from Data

The probability density function for the normal distribution is defined by two parameters
(mean and standard deviation) and calculating the mean and standard deviation values of
each input variable (x) for each class value.

Files:
naviedata.csv:

6 148 72 35 0 33.6 0.627 50 1

1 85 66 29 0 26.6 0.351 31 0

8 183 64 0 0 23.3 0.672 32 1

1 89 66 23 94 28.1 0.167 21 0

0 137 40 35 168 43.1 2.288 33 1

… … … … … … … … …

Program:
import csv
import random

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import math

def loadcsv(filename):
lines = csv.reader(open(filename, "r"));
dataset = list(lines)
for i in range(len(dataset)):
#converting strings into numbers for processing
dataset[i] = [float(x) for x in dataset[i]]

return dataset

def splitdataset(dataset, splitratio):

#67% training size
trainsize = int(len(dataset) * splitratio);
trainset = []
copy = list(dataset);
while len(trainset) < trainsize:
#generate indices for the dataset list randomly to pick ele for training data
index = random.randrange(len(copy));
trainset.append(copy.pop(index))
return [trainset, copy]

def separatebyclass(dataset):
separated = {} #dictionary of classes 1 and 0
#creates a dictionary of classes 1 and 0 where the values are
#the instances belonging to each class
for i in range(len(dataset)):
vector = dataset[i]
if (vector[-1] not in separated):
separated[vector[-1]] = []

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separated[vector[-1]].append(vector)
return separated

def mean(numbers):
return sum(numbers)/float(len(numbers))

def stdev(numbers):
avg = mean(numbers)
variance = sum([pow(x-avg,2) for x in numbers])/float(len(numbers)-1)
return math.sqrt(variance)

def summarize(dataset): #creates a dictionary of classes

summaries = [(mean(attribute), stdev(attribute)) for attribute in zip(*dataset)];
del summaries[-1] #excluding labels +ve or -ve
return summaries

def summarizebyclass(dataset):
separated = separatebyclass(dataset);
#print(separated)
summaries = {}
for classvalue, instances in separated.items():
#for key,value in dic.items()
#summaries is a dic of tuples(mean,std) for each class value
summaries[classvalue] = summarize(instances) #summarize is used to cal to
mean and std
return summaries

def calculateprobability(x, mean, stdev):

exponent = math.exp(-(math.pow(x-mean,2)/(2*math.pow(stdev,2))))
return (1 / (math.sqrt(2*math.pi) * stdev)) * exponent

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def calculateclassprobabilities(summaries, inputvector):

probabilities = {} # probabilities contains the all prob of all class of test data
for classvalue, classsummaries in summaries.items():#class and attribute information
as mean and sd
probabilities[classvalue] = 1
for i in range(len(classsummaries)):
mean, stdev = classsummaries[i] #take mean and sd of every attribute
for class 0 and 1 seperaely
x = inputvector[i] #testvector's first attribute
probabilities[classvalue] *= calculateprobability(x, mean, stdev);#use
normal dist
return probabilities

def predict(summaries, inputvector): #training and test data is passed

probabilities = calculateclassprobabilities(summaries, inputvector)
bestLabel, bestProb = None, -1
for classvalue, probability in probabilities.items():#assigns that class which has he
highest prob
if bestLabel is None or probability > bestProb:
bestProb = probability
bestLabel = classvalue
return bestLabel

def getpredictions(summaries, testset):

predictions = []
for i in range(len(testset)):
result = predict(summaries, testset[i])
predictions.append(result)
return predictions
def getaccuracy(testset, predictions):
correct = 0
for i in range(len(testset)):

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if testset[i][-1] == predictions[i]:
correct += 1
return (correct/float(len(testset))) * 100.0
def main():
filename = 'naivedata.csv'
splitratio = 0.67
dataset = loadcsv(filename);

trainingset, testset = splitdataset(dataset, splitratio)

print('Split {0} rows into train={1} and test={2} rows'.format(len(dataset),
len(trainingset), len(testset)))
# prepare model
summaries = summarizebyclass(trainingset);
#print(summaries)
# test model
predictions = getpredictions(summaries, testset) #find the predictions of test data with
the training data
accuracy = getaccuracy(testset, predictions)
print('Accuracy of the classifier is : {0}%'.format(accuracy))
main()
Output:
Split 768 rows into train=514 and test=254 rows
Accuracy of the classifier is : 73.62204724409449%

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Program 7
Apply EM algorithm to cluster a set of data stored in a .CSV file. Use the same data set for
clustering using K-Means algorithm. Compare the results of these two algorithms and
comment on the quality of clustering. You can add Java/Python ML Library classes/API in
the program

Program:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn import datasets
from sklearn.cluster import KMeans
import sklearn.metrics as sm
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np

iris=datasets.load_iris()
X=pd.DataFrame(iris.data)
X.columns=['Sepal_Length','Sepal_Width','Petal_Length','Petal_Width']
y=pd.DataFrame(iris.target)
y.columns=['Targets']
model=KMeans(n_clusters=3)
model.fit(X)
plt.figure(figsize=(14,7))
colormap=np.array(['red','lime','black'])
plt.subplot(1,3,1)
plt.scatter(X.Petal_Length,X.Petal_Width,c=colormap[y.Targets],s=40)
plt.title('Real Clasification')
plt.xlabel('Petal Length')
plt.ylabel('Petal Width')

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plt.subplot(1,3,2)
plt.scatter(X.Petal_Length,X.Petal_Width,c=colormap[model.labels_],s=40)
plt.title('K Mean Classification')
plt.xlabel('Petal Length')
plt.ylabel('Petal Width')
print('The accuracy score of K-Mean:',sm.accuracy_score(y,model.labels_))
print('The Confusion matrix of K-Mean:',sm.confusion_matrix(y,model.labels_))

from sklearn import preprocessing

scaler=preprocessing.StandardScaler()
scaler.fit(X)
xsa=scaler.transform(X)
xs=pd.DataFrame(xsa,columns=X.columns)

from sklearn.mixture import GaussianMixture

gmm=GaussianMixture(n_components=3)
gmm.fit(xs)

y_gmm=gmm.predict(xs)

plt.subplot(1,3,3)
plt.scatter(X.Petal_Length,X.Petal_Width,c=colormap[y_gmm],s=40)
plt.title('GMM Classification')
plt.xlabel('Petal Length')
plt.ylabel('Petal Width')

print('The accuracy score of EM:',sm.accuracy_score(y,y_gmm)*100)

print('The confusion matrix of EM:',sm.confusion_matrix(y,y_gmm))
Output:

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The accuracy score of K-Mean: 0.24

The Confusion matrix of K-Mean: [[ 0 50 0]
[2 0 48]
[36 0 14]]
The accuracy score of EM:30.0
The confusion matrix of EM: [[50 0 0]
[0 5 45]
[ 0 50 0]]

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Program 8
Write a program to implement K-Nearest Neighbour algorithm to classify the iris data
set.Print both correct and wrong predictions.Java/Python ML Library classes can be used for
this problem.

Algorithm:

Program:
from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
iris=load_iris()
print("Features Names:",iris.feature_names,"Iris Data:",iris.data,"Target
Names:",iris.target_names,"Target:",iris.target)
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
X_train,X_test,y_train,y_test=train_test_split(iris.data,iris.target,test_size=.25)

from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsClassifier

clf=KNeighborsClassifier()

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clf.fit(X_train,y_train)
print("Accuracy=",clf.score(X_test,y_test))
print("Predicted Data")
print(clf.predict(X_test))
prediction=clf.predict(X_test)
print("Test Data:")
print(y_test)
diff=prediction-y_test
print("Result is")
print(diff)
print("Total no of samples misclassified=",sum(abs(diff)))
Output:
Features Names: ['sepal length (cm)', 'sepal width (cm)', 'petal length (cm)', 'petal width (cm)']
Iris Data: [[5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2]
[4.9 3. 1.4 0.2]
[4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2]
[4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2]
[5. 3.6 1.4 0.2]
[5.4 3.9 1.7 0.4]
[4.6 3.4 1.4 0.3]
[5. 3.4 1.5 0.2]
[4.4 2.9 1.4 0.2]
[4.9 3.1 1.5 0.1]
[5.4 3.7 1.5 0.2]
[4.8 3.4 1.6 0.2]
[4.8 3. 1.4 0.1]
[4.3 3. 1.1 0.1]
[5.8 4. 1.2 0.2]
[5.7 4.4 1.5 0.4]
[5.4 3.9 1.3 0.4]
[5.1 3.5 1.4 0.3]

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[5.7 3.8 1.7 0.3]

[5.1 3.8 1.5 0.3]
[5.4 3.4 1.7 0.2]
[5.1 3.7 1.5 0.4]
[4.6 3.6 1. 0.2]
[5.1 3.3 1.7 0.5]
[4.8 3.4 1.9 0.2]
[5. 3. 1.6 0.2]
[5. 3.4 1.6 0.4]
[5.2 3.5 1.5 0.2]
[5.2 3.4 1.4 0.2]
[4.7 3.2 1.6 0.2]
[4.8 3.1 1.6 0.2]
[5.4 3.4 1.5 0.4]
[5.2 4.1 1.5 0.1]
[5.5 4.2 1.4 0.2]
[4.9 3.1 1.5 0.2]
[5. 3.2 1.2 0.2]
[5.5 3.5 1.3 0.2]
[4.9 3.6 1.4 0.1]
[4.4 3. 1.3 0.2]
[5.1 3.4 1.5 0.2]
[5. 3.5 1.3 0.3]
[4.5 2.3 1.3 0.3]
[4.4 3.2 1.3 0.2]
[5. 3.5 1.6 0.6]
[5.1 3.8 1.9 0.4]
[4.8 3. 1.4 0.3]
[5.1 3.8 1.6 0.2]
[4.6 3.2 1.4 0.2]

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[5.3 3.7 1.5 0.2]

[5. 3.3 1.4 0.2]
[7. 3.2 4.7 1.4]
[6.4 3.2 4.5 1.5]
[6.9 3.1 4.9 1.5]
[5.5 2.3 4. 1.3]
[6.5 2.8 4.6 1.5]
[5.7 2.8 4.5 1.3]
[6.3 3.3 4.7 1.6]
[4.9 2.4 3.3 1. ]
[6.6 2.9 4.6 1.3]
[5.2 2.7 3.9 1.4]
[5. 2. 3.5 1. ]
[5.9 3. 4.2 1.5]
[6. 2.2 4. 1. ]
[6.1 2.9 4.7 1.4]
[5.6 2.9 3.6 1.3]
[6.7 3.1 4.4 1.4]
[5.6 3. 4.5 1.5]
[5.8 2.7 4.1 1. ]
[6.2 2.2 4.5 1.5]
[5.6 2.5 3.9 1.1]
[5.9 3.2 4.8 1.8]
[6.1 2.8 4. 1.3]
[6.3 2.5 4.9 1.5]
[6.1 2.8 4.7 1.2]
[6.4 2.9 4.3 1.3]
[6.6 3. 4.4 1.4]
[6.8 2.8 4.8 1.4]
[6.7 3. 5. 1.7]

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[6. 2.9 4.5 1.5]

[5.7 2.6 3.5 1. ]
[5.5 2.4 3.8 1.1]
[5.5 2.4 3.7 1. ]
[5.8 2.7 3.9 1.2]
[6. 2.7 5.1 1.6]
[5.4 3. 4.5 1.5]
[6. 3.4 4.5 1.6]
[6.7 3.1 4.7 1.5]
[6.3 2.3 4.4 1.3]
[5.6 3. 4.1 1.3]
[5.5 2.5 4. 1.3]
[5.5 2.6 4.4 1.2]
[6.1 3. 4.6 1.4]
[5.8 2.6 4. 1.2]
[5. 2.3 3.3 1. ]
[5.6 2.7 4.2 1.3]
[5.7 3. 4.2 1.2]
[5.7 2.9 4.2 1.3]
[6.2 2.9 4.3 1.3]
[5.1 2.5 3. 1.1]
[5.7 2.8 4.1 1.3]
[6.3 3.3 6. 2.5]
[5.8 2.7 5.1 1.9]
[7.1 3. 5.9 2.1]
[6.3 2.9 5.6 1.8]
[6.5 3. 5.8 2.2]
[7.6 3. 6.6 2.1]
[4.9 2.5 4.5 1.7]
[7.3 2.9 6.3 1.8]

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[6.7 2.5 5.8 1.8]

[7.2 3.6 6.1 2.5]
[6.5 3.2 5.1 2. ]
[6.4 2.7 5.3 1.9]
[6.8 3. 5.5 2.1]
[5.7 2.5 5. 2. ]
[5.8 2.8 5.1 2.4]
[6.4 3.2 5.3 2.3]
[6.5 3. 5.5 1.8]
[7.7 3.8 6.7 2.2]
[7.7 2.6 6.9 2.3]
[6. 2.2 5. 1.5]
[6.9 3.2 5.7 2.3]
[5.6 2.8 4.9 2. ]
[7.7 2.8 6.7 2. ]
[6.3 2.7 4.9 1.8]
[6.7 3.3 5.7 2.1]
[7.2 3.2 6. 1.8]
[6.2 2.8 4.8 1.8]
[6.1 3. 4.9 1.8]
[6.4 2.8 5.6 2.1]
[7.2 3. 5.8 1.6]
[7.4 2.8 6.1 1.9]
[7.9 3.8 6.4 2. ]
[6.4 2.8 5.6 2.2]
[6.3 2.8 5.1 1.5]
[6.1 2.6 5.6 1.4]
[7.7 3. 6.1 2.3]
[6.3 3.4 5.6 2.4]
[6.4 3.1 5.5 1.8]

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[6. 3. 4.8 1.8]

[6.9 3.1 5.4 2.1]
[6.7 3.1 5.6 2.4]
[6.9 3.1 5.1 2.3]
[5.8 2.7 5.1 1.9]
[6.8 3.2 5.9 2.3]
[6.7 3.3 5.7 2.5]
[6.7 3. 5.2 2.3]
[6.3 2.5 5. 1.9]
[6.5 3. 5.2 2. ]
[6.2 3.4 5.4 2.3]
[5.9 3. 5.1 1.8]] Target Names: ['setosa' 'versicolor' 'virginica'] Target: [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
00000000000000000000000000
0000000000000111111111111111111111111
1111111111111111111111111122222222222
2222222222222222222222222222222222222
2 2]
Accuracy= 1.0
Predicted Data
[2 2 1 2 2 1 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 2 0 2 1 2 1 1 0 0 2 2 1 2 2 0 1 0 2 1 2 1 1 2 0
1]
Test Data:
[2 2 1 2 2 1 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 2 0 2 1 2 1 1 0 0 2 2 1 2 2 0 1 0 2 1 2 1 1 2 0
1]
Result is
[0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0]
Total no of samples misclassified= 0

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Program 9
Implement the non-parametric Locally Weighted Regression Algorithm in order to fit data
points. Select appropriate data set for your experiment and draw graphs.
Algorithm:
Locally Weighted Regression Algorithm:
1. Read the Given data Sample to X and the curve (linear or non linear) to Y

2. Set the value for Smoothening parameter or Free parameter say τ

3. Set the bias /Point of interest set x0 which is a subset of X
4. Determine the weight matrix using :

4. Determine the value of model term parameter β using:

5. Prediction = x0*β
CSV Files:
tips.csv
total_bill tip sex smoker day time size

16.99 1.01 Female No Sun Dinner 2

10.34 1.66 Male No Sun Dinner 3

21.01 3.5 Male No Sun Dinner 3

23.68 3.31 Male No Sun Dinner 2

… … … … … … …

Program:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd

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import numpy as np

def kernel(point, xmat, k):

m,n = np.shape(xmat)
weights = np.mat(np.eye((m)))
for j in range(m):
diff = point - X[j]
weights[j,j] = np.exp(diff*diff.T/(-2.0*k**2))
return weights

def localWeight(point, xmat, ymat, k):

wei = kernel(point,xmat,k)
W = (X.T*(wei*X)).I*(X.T*(wei*ymat.T))
return W

def localWeightRegression(xmat, ymat, k):

m,n = np.shape(xmat)
ypred = np.zeros(m)
for i in range(m):
ypred[i] = xmat[i]*localWeight(xmat[i],xmat,ymat,k)
return ypred

# load data points

data = pd.read_csv('tips.csv')
bill = np.array(data.total_bill)
tip = np.array(data.tip)
#preparing and add 1 in bill
mbill = np.mat(bill)
mtip = np.mat(tip)
m= np.shape(mbill)[1]

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one = np.mat(np.ones(m))
X = np.hstack((one.T,mbill.T))

#set k here
ypred = localWeightRegression(X,mtip,0.5)
SortIndex = X[:,1].argsort(0)
xsort = X[SortIndex][:,0]
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(1,1,1)
ax.scatter(bill,tip, color='green')
ax.plot(xsort[:,1],ypred[SortIndex], color = 'red', linewidth=5)
plt.xlabel('Total bill')
plt.ylabel('Tip')
plt.show();
Output:

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