Determinants of health

Many factors combine together to affect the health of individuals and communities. Whether
people are healthy or not, is determined by their circumstances and environment. To a large
extent, factors such as where we live, the state of our environment, genetics, our income and
education level, and our relationships with friends and family all have considerable impacts on
health, whereas the more commonly considered factors such as access and use of health care
services often have less of an impact.

The determinants of health include:

 the social and economic environment,

 the physical environment, and
 the person’s individual characteristics and behaviours.

The context of people’s lives determine their health, and so blaming individuals for having poor
health or crediting them for good health is inappropriate. Individuals are unlikely to be able to
directly control many of the determinants of health. These determinants—or things that make
people healthy or not—include the above factors, and many others:

 Income and social status - higher income and social status are linked to better health.
The greater the gap between the richest and poorest people, the greater the differences
in health.
 Education – low education levels are linked with poor health, more stress and lower
self-confidence.
 Physical environment – safe water and clean air, healthy workplaces, safe houses,
communities and roads all contribute to good health. Employment and working
conditions – people in employment are healthier, particularly those who have more
control over their working conditions
 Social support networks – greater support from families, friends and communities is
linked to better health. Culture - customs and traditions, and the beliefs of the family and
community all affect health.
 Genetics - inheritance plays a part in determining lifespan, healthiness and the
likelihood of developing certain illnesses. Personal behaviour and coping skills –
balanced eating, keeping active, smoking, drinking, and how we deal with life’s stresses
and challenges all affect health.
 Health services - access and use of services that prevent and treat disease influences
health
 Gender - Men and women suffer from different types of diseases at different ages.
 Management By Exception (MBE)
Definition: Management by Exception, shortly called as MBE is a management style or
philosophy that empowers the manager to concentrate on the exceptionally important or critical
matters and taking important decisions while facilitating the front line workers to complete the
day to day activities.

Components of MBE

1. . Measurement: Assignment of values to the past and present performances, so as to easily

recognize an exception.
2. Projection: Forecasts that measurement which is relevant to the organizational objectives and
extends the same, to future expectations.
3. Selection: Determines the parameters used by the management to pursue organizational
objectives.
4. Observation: Measurement of existing performance so that the managers are having the
knowledge of the existing state of affairs of the organization.
5. Comparison: Compare the actual and planned performance and indicating the exception which
needs managerial action and reports the variances.
6. Decision Making: Prescription of the course of action which needs to be taken so as to ensure
that the performance is back in control or to adjust expectations, which represents the changing
conditions.
Importance

 Effective utilization of manager’s time, by driving their attention to those areas that need
managerial experience and action.```````````````````````````````````````
 Prompt decision making and a suitable flow of action.
 Better delegation of authority
 Identification of crises

Drugs and Cosmetic Act, 1940

The Drugs and Cosmetics Act of 1940 is an act enacted by the Indian Parliament
that regulates the import, manufacture, and distribution of medicines in the
country. The Act’s principal goal is to ensure that drugs and cosmetics that are
being sold in India are safe, effective, and meet state quality standards. The
associated Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945, provide provisions for categorizing
drugs into schedules, as well as guidelines for storage, sale, display, and
prescription of each category.

Objectives of the Act

 The D&C Act was passed on April 10, 1940, with the main goal of allowing
the import, manufacture, distribution, and sale of drugs and cosmetics. 
 The Act governs the import of medications into India, ensuring that no
substandard or counterfeit drugs enter the nation.
 The statute forbids the manufacture of inferior or counterfeit drugs in the
country.
 The Act mandates the sale and distribution of pharmaceuticals by only
trained and competent individuals, as well as the manufacture, sale, and
distribution of Ayurvedic, Siddha, Unani, and Homeopathic drugs.
 The Act’s provisions govern the import, manufacturing, sale, and
distribution of cosmetics. 
 To have drug inspectors visit licenced premises regularly. 
 Controlling the standards of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics by collecting
samples and studying them in recognised laboratories.
 To make special regulations to govern the preparation, standardisation,
and storage of biological and special products, as well as to prescribe how
various classes of medications and cosmetics should be labelled and
packed.

The Act tends to define a lot of different terms such as:

 Drugs- All medications for internal or external use in humans or

animals, as well as all substances intended to be used for or in the
diagnosis, treatment, mitigation, or prevention of any disease or
disorder in humans or animals, including preparations applied to the
human body to repel insects such as mosquitoes, are prohibited.
 Cosmetic- Any object meant to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled, or
sprayed on, or inserted into, or otherwise applied to, the human body
or any part thereof for washing, beautifying, enhancing attractiveness,
or altering appearance, including any material intended to be used as a
component of cosmetic.
 Misbranded drugs- (a) if it is dyed, powdered, coated, or refined in
such a way that harm is hidden or that it appears to have a better or
 greater therapeutic effect than it does; or (b) when it is not labelled in
the form prescribed.
 Adulterated drugs- (a) if it is totally or partially made up of dirty,
rotten, or decomposing matter; or (b) if it was made up entirely or in
part of any poisonous or deleterious substance that may render the
contents poisonous or deleterious; or (c) if it was made up entirely or
in part of any filthy, putrid, or decomposed substance.
 Spurious drugs- (a) if it is acquired under a title that belongs to
another drug; or (b) if it is a replica of, or a replacement for, another
drug, or matches another drug in a way that is likely to deceive, or has
the name of another drug on it, its label, or container.
 Manufacture- It shall include all processes or parks for preparation,
alteration, ornamentation, alteration, finishing, packing, breakage or
otherwise treatments or for the adoption of any medicament/cosmetics
in the ordinary course of retail businesses, but shall not include the
compounding or delivery of any medicament or the packaging of any
medicinal product or cosmetics.
 Proprietary medicine or Patent- A medicine presented in the form
ready to be administered internally or externally to people or animals
and currently not listed in the Indian Pharmacopoeia edition or any
other pharmacopoeia authorized by the Central Government in this
name.

CV vs. Resume - What’s the Difference

Now that you have a clear idea about what’s a CV and what’s a resume, here’s a
complete list of the differences between the curriculum vitae (CV) and resume:

 Length - The first and most notable difference between a CV and a Resume is how long
each one of them is. A resume is kept short and brief (usually 1 page), whereas the CV
is more comprehensive (it can go up to 2-3 pages depending on your experience).
 Function - The CV is mainly used for academical purposes, such as applying for a
research program, a Ph.D., or joining the staff of a university. The resume, on the other
hand, is written for a regular job in a company.
 Type of information you include - The CV is an academic diary where you include all
your academic qualifications, achievements, and certifications. It is universal in nature as
it can be updated as you go. Whereas, a resume has to be created (or at least
customized) for each job you’re applying for, and has a bigger focus on your
professional achievements, rather than academic.

  A resume is a one page summary of your work experience and background relevant to
the job you are applying to.
  A CV is a longer academic diary that includes all your experience, certificates, and
publications.
   The differences are: (1) A resume is one page (max. two) whereas the CV can be
longer, (2) A resume is used for job hunting in all industries, the CV is used for jobs and
admissions in Academia, (3) The resume is tailored to the specific job you are applying
to, whereas the CV is a comprehensive overview.
  In the EU, both terms mean the same thing.

REPORT

A report is a logical presentation of facts and information. It is self-explanatory statement which

provides information to management for decision making and follows up actions. Report is a
systematic presentation of established facts about a specific event/subject and is a summary of
findings and recommendations about a particular matter/problem

According to Oxford English Dictionary a report is defined as “an account given on a

particular matter, especially in the form of an official document, after thorough investigation or
consideration by an appointed person or body”. Example “the chairman’s annual report”.

Types of Report:

Reports may be 1. Routine Reports 2. Special Reports 3.Formal Reports and 4.

Informal Reports.

1. Routine Reports:

Routine reports are prepared periodically by filling the printed forms, to convey information about the
progress or status of work. They are submitted at regular intervals or soon after the completion of the
task. Following are routine reports.

a. Progress Report: This report gives information about the progress of a project or a task which is in the
process of being completed, such as construction of a building or manufacture of products.

 
b. Inspection Report: It is submitted as soon as inspection is carried out. It is necessary for finding out
any irregularities or changes from standard practice, in day-to-day work. Example internal audit report
submitted by an internal auditor.

c. Performance Appraisal: It is meant for measuring and recording the performance of an employee.

Every supervisor has to fill an assessment report for each of the subordinates annually to evaluate the
performance of individual employees. It also gives feedback to the employees on their performance.

d. Periodical Report: This is prepared by departmental heads at regular intervals on the working of a

section or a department to measure the efficient functioning of each department.

2. Special Reports:

Special reports are prepared when a special situation or problem arises. An individual or a committee of
persons, who have knowledge and understanding in the field, is appointed to investigate and study a
specific problem, collect relevant information, and make suggestions to help the management for
decision making. Following are some of the special reports prepared in the organisation.

a. First information Report (F.I.R.):This report is required when there are sudden accidents occurs like
fire accident, building collapse, robbery etc. It is prepared by the person in charge on the spot, and
submitted to higher authorities for their deliberation. For example report prepared by the branch
manager about fire accident occurs in branch office to Regional Office or Head Office for immediate
action. The report has to give all the information which is available immediately after the incident occurs
such as nature of loss, extent of destruction, time of accident etc.,

b. Investigation Report: It is prepared after making a thorough inquiry on some specific situations. An

investigation is made when there is a problem and the management needs to find out the causes of the
problem, and also the suggestions for solving it. Example, reports on falling sales, declining deposits in a
bank, many customer complaints, losses in a branch, etc.,

c. Feasibility or Survey Report: This report is prepared when an organisation intends to launch a new

product in the market, introduce a new service, or make any major changes that may affect the
company’s customers.

 
d. Project Report: This is written after the initial survey has been completed on the research project. It
describes the proposal as project to be completed in future by showing the cash flow and expected
results. It is used for planning and also for convincing others, especially sanctioning and funding
authorities like government departments and banks.

3. Formal Reports:

A formal report is prepared in the prescribed or standard form and is presented according to the
established procedure and through the proper channel. Reports submitted by officials or committees of
organised bodies (e.g., Companies, Co-operative Societies, Local Bodies, etc.) are usually formal reports.
It may be Statutory Report or Non-statutory Report.

a. Statutory Report: Statutory report is one which is prepared by secretary or directory or auditor under
the provisions of specific law. E.g., Auditors Report, Directors Report, Inspection committee Report Etc.,

b. Non-Statutory Report: Non- statutory reports are those which are not required under the provisions
of any law, but have to be prepared to help top managers for the efficient control and organisations of
the business.

4. Informal Reports:

Informal reports, on the other hand, do not follow any prescribed form or procedure. It is usually takes
the form of a person-to person communication and may even be set up in the letter form.
 Drug addiction

Drug addiction, also known as substance–use disorder, refers to the dangerous and excessive
intake of legal and illegal drugs. This leads to many behavioral changes in the person as well as
affects brain functions. Drug addiction includes abusing alcohol, cocaine, heroin, opioid,
painkillers, and nicotine, among others. Drugs like these help the person feel good about
themselves and induce ‘dopamine’ or the happiness hormone. As they continue to use the drug,
the brain starts to increase dopamine levels, and the person demands more.

Drug addiction has severe consequences. Some of the signs include anxiety, paranoia,
increased heart rate, and red eyes. They are intoxicated and unable to display proper
coordination and have difficulty in remembering things. A person who is addicted cannot resist
using them and unable to function correctly without ingesting them. It causes damage to the
brain, their personal and professional relationships. It affects mental cognition; they are unable
to make proper decisions, cannot retain information, and make poor judgments. They tend to
engage in reckless activities such as stealing or driving under the influence. They also make
sure that there is a constant supply and are willing to pay a lot of money even if they are unable
to afford it and tend to have erratic sleep patterns.

Drug addiction also causes a person to isolate themselves and have either intense or no food
cravings. They stop taking care of their hygiene. Drug addiction affects a person’s speech and
experience hallucinations. They are unable to converse and communicate properly; they speak
fast and are hyperactive. Those addicted have extreme mood swings. They can go from feeling
happy to feeling sad quickly and are incredibly secretive. They begin to lose interest in activities
they once loved. Substance abusers also undergo withdrawal symptoms. Withdrawal symptoms
refer to the symptoms that occur when they stop taking the drug. Some withdrawal symptoms
include nausea, fatigue, and tremors. They stop and starting using again, an endless cycle that
could be life-threatening. Drug addiction can be fatal if not treated timely. It can cause brain
damage and seizures as well as overdose, heart diseases, respiratory problems, damage to the
liver and kidneys, vomiting, lung diseases, and much more.

Though chronic, treatment is available for drug addiction. Many techniques are used, such as
behavioral counseling, medication to treat the addiction, and providing treatment not just for
substance abuse but also for many factors that accompany addiction such as stress, anxiety,
and depression. Many devices have developed to overcome addiction. There are rehabilitation
centers to help people. After treatment, there are numerous follow-ups to ensure that the cycle
does not come back. The most important is having family and friends to support the effect. It will
help them build confidence and come over their addiction.
 Pleasure of Reading
As we need food for growth and proper functioning of our body, similarly, we need food for
mind. Reading provides the food for mind.

Reading gives us both pleasure and profit. Reading helps to enrich our knowledge. It amuses us
as well. It is one of the best habits which remove the loneliness and boredom of life. It serves as
a good companion in leisure. Reading makes us forget the cares and worries of life. It transports
us in a world free from the cares and concerns of life. It gives ennobling pleasure.

Reading is of different kind. It may be light or serious. It may be adventurous or spiritual. Every
reading has its distinct pleasure. Some people like to read newspapers, periodicals, journals,
etc. They are storehouse of general information about current events and various socio-political
and economic problems. They offer us a peep into the world through which we can see the
events taking place in various parts of the world. This type of reading is essential as they keep
us well- informed. In a fast moving world of today we can hardly afford to ignore the happenings
of the world. In today’s globalised world, the events taking place in one part of the country have
a bearing on the situation of other country. This kind of reading is informative and inculcating.

Reading may be a compulsion for a school going child, pastime for a retired person, but a
pleasure for many. You can discover simile on the face of novel- reader, a gleam in the eyes of
the reader of a poem and furrow of seriousness on the forehead of a person reading a
newspaper report. Reading disturbs mind and heart. Waves of thinking and emotion are
generated by reading. So the pleasure is immediate and it continues to linger in the mind.

Reading lifts us up from the harsh realities of life into the world of imagination. The magic touch
of fancy transmutes grief into joy, failure into success, pain into pleasure and fear into hope.
Even an unhappy man sheds his unhappiness and realities no longer press hard.

Reading gives intellectual satisfaction. A detective novel satisfies the sense of curiosity, serious
literature encourages intellectual activity, light literature amuses us and poetry stirs our
imaginations. One can relive the past and create the future by reading. By reading books, we
enrich our experience and sharpens our judgments. Experience, in its turn, makes us wiser and
self-confident.

Books can give company when human beings cannot. We can happily spend our lonely hours in
the company of the author-tailored characters. A train journey may be tiresome if we do not
have a magazine or a newspaper by our side sleepless nights may not be spent without a
mystery thriller.
 STUDENTS AND POLITICS:

With the growing student unrest in the country, everybody has started asking a
question whether students and politics can and should go together. Students were
made to take part in politics long before the independence of the country. They
were the vanguard (front leader) of the national struggle for independence.
Gandhiji often gave a call for civil disobedience movements and the students took an
active part in them.
As a matter of fact, the game of politics is not at all beneficial to the student
community. So they should keep aloof from active politics as far as possible. There
were strong reasons for it. Student life is very precious and students have to devote
themselves, heart and soul, to their studies. True education means the harmonious
development of body, mind and soul. Students have to be physically strong,
mentally alert and morally upright. If the dirty game of politics is played by the
student inside or outside the campus, much of their valuable time will be wasted
and their studies would remain incomplete and their careers would be ruined.

Students are generally too immature to understand the ins and outs of politics.
They have not yet gained that worldly wisdom and tact which are so essential for a
politician.

Another reason why students should not take part in politics is that they are more
emotional than rational with the result that they have not as yet acquired that
stable and balanced mind that the game of politics requires. It is a well-known fact
that politics is a dirty and dangerous game. Without a balanced and rational mind,
it is very risky for students to jump into politics.

During the pre-independence days, students took an active part in politics because
there was an urgency. Our motherland was groaning under the iron heels of the
Britishers. Naturally, our first and foremost duty was to free her from foreign
domination. education was a secondary problem then. Now that India has won
freedom the first and foremost duty of students is to acquire knowledge. Politics
should not be their chief concern. They might indulge in politics after completing
their studies.

Now let us look at the other side of the picture. Students are the cream of society,
the pillars of their nation and the future hope of their country. The students of
today are the nation of tomorrow. Political consciousness is, therefore, very
necessary for the future citizens of the nation.
There is no harm if the students go on acquainting themselves with the political
affairs of the country. But having knowledge about politics is quite different from
indulging in politics. The syllabus of various subjects taught in schools and colleges
demands such knowledge from the students. For this purpose, the students must
devote some time daily to studying newspapers and understanding the current
political developments in the country and abroad.

Today our country is facing a crisis of character, the crisis of rising prices and the
consequent misery and distress for the lower sections of society and the crisis born
of corruption and inefficiency in administration especially at the higher levels. It is
high time that our students should come forward to rid the country of corruption
and inefficiency and pull her safely out of the crisis.

In the prevailing circumstances, it is useless to prevent students from taking part in

politics. Moreover, in a democratic setup, every citizen must be aware of the
political conditions prevailing in the country. The students form a vital part of
society.

Our conclusion is that students cannot remain separate from politics. They should
take a theoretical but intelligent interest in politics so long as their studies are not
complete. Afterwards, they can take an active part in the political affairs of their
country. It is not proper for them to join politics at the cost of their academic
interests.
 Global Warming

Global Warming is a term almost everyone is familiar with. But, its meaning is still not clear to
most of us. So, Global warming refers to the gradual rise in the overall temperature of the
atmosphere of the Earth. There are various activities taking place which have been increasing
the temperature gradually. Global warming is melting our ice glaciers rapidly. This is extremely
harmful to the earth as well as humans. It is quite challenging to control global warming;
however, it is not unmanageable. The first step in solving any problem is identifying the cause of
the problem. Therefore, we need to first understand the causes of global warming that will help
us proceed further in solving it. In this essay on Global Warming, we will see the causes and
solutions of Global Warming.

Causes of Global Warming

Global warming has become a grave problem which needs undivided attention. It is not
happening because of a single cause but several causes. These causes are both natural as well
as manmade. The natural causes include the release of greenhouses gases which are not able
to escape from earth, causing the temperature to increase.

Further, volcanic eruptions are also responsible for global warming. That is to say, these
eruptions release tons of carbon dioxide which contributes to global warming. Similarly,
methane is also one big issue responsible for global warming.

After that, the excessive use of automobiles and fossil fuels results in increased levels of carbon
dioxide. In addition, activities like mining and cattle rearing are very harmful to the environment.
One of the most common issues that are taking place rapidly is deforestation.
So, when one of the biggest sources of absorption of carbon dioxide will only disappear, there
will be nothing left to regulate the gas. Thus, it will result in global warming. Steps must be taken
immediately to stop global warming and make the earth better again.

Global Warming Solutions

As stated earlier, it might be challenging but it is not entirely impossible. Global warming can be
stopped when combined efforts are put in. For that, individuals and governments, both have to
take steps towards achieving it. We must begin with the reduction of greenhouse gas.

Furthermore, they need to monitor the consumption of gasoline. Switch to a hybrid car and
reduce the release of carbon dioxide. Moreover, citizens can choose public transport or carpool
together. Subsequently, recycling must also be encouraged.

For instance, when you go shopping, carry your own cloth bag. Another step you can take is to
limit the use of electricity which will prevent the release of carbon dioxide. On the government’s
part, they must regulate industrial waste and ban them from emitting harmful gases in the air.
Deforestation must be stopped immediately and planting of trees must be encouraged.

In short, all of us must realize the fact that our earth is not well. It needs to treatment and we
can help it heal. The present generation must take up the responsibility of stopping global
warming in order to prevent the suffering of future generations. Therefore, every little step, no
matter how small carries a lot of weight and is quite significant in stopping global warming.

What is the ICD?

ICD stands for the International Classification of Disease. The ICD provides a method of
classifying diseases, injuries, and causes of death. The World Health Organization (WHO)
publishes the ICDs to standardize the methods of recording and tracking instances of diagnosed
disease all over the world, making it possible to conduct research on diseases, their causes,
and their treatments.

The first International Classification of Diseases, Adapted for Indexing of Hospital records and
Operation Classification (ICDA) was published in 1962 by the U.S Public Health Services. ICD-7
was released to meet the growing needs of hospitals. This was followed by ICDA-8, which was
published for coding morbidity and mortality statistics. The last release, which was ICD-9 (ICD-
9-CM for the US) was published greater than 30 years ago.

ICD-10 was first published by the World Health Organization in 1992. This version, which is
what ICD-10-CM is based on, was adopted by the United States in 1999 for cause of death
(death certificates) only. In October 2015, the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), the
Federal agency responsible for the use of the International Classification of Diseases and
Related Health Problems, released the clinical modification (CM) of the classification for
morbidity purposes. The United States is the only country using ICD-10-CM. In addition, ICD-
10-PCS was released, which is for procedures (replacement for ICD-9-CM, volume 3,
Procedures).
ICD-10-CM was developed following a thorough evaluation by a Technical Advisory Panel and
extensive additional consultation with physician groups, clinical coders, and other to assure
clinical accuracy and utility. Notable improvements in the content and format include:

 Greater specificity in code assignment

 Incorporation of common 4th and 5th digit sub classifications
 Addition of a sixth character
 Creation of combination diagnosis/symptom codes to reduce number of codes needed to
fully describe a condition
 Codes indicating laterality in paired organs
 Additional information relevant to ambulatory and managed care encounters
 Expanded injury codes
 Ability to allow further expansion which was not possible with ICD-9-CM
The move for the rest of the medical community from ICD-9-CM to ICD-10-CM increases both
the numbers of categories and subcategories available for coding as well as the construction of
the codes, themselves. For the neoplasm chapter, ICD-9-CM had 11 categories and 66
subcategories, while ICD-10-CM has 17 categories and 113 subcategories, allowing for more
information to be included in a code.