Table of Contents

Title Page…………………………………………………………….…..i

Abstract……………………………………………………………….....ii

The Research Problem

Background of the Study………………………………..1

Statement of the Problem………………………………..2

Significance of the study…………………………………3

Scope and Delimitations…………………………………4

Definition of Terms…………………………………….....5

II

Review of Related Literature…………………………..7

III. Methodology

Research Instrument……………………………….. 13

Research Respondents and Locale………………….14

Data Gathering Procedure… ……………………..15

In partial fulfillment of the Requirement of Disaster Risk Reduction and

Presented to the Faculty of EVSU College of Ormoc

JOHN RICO YAN LABUGA

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 ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether the information is reaching the

right people and whether they are able to, are interested in, and how people react to

this situation that might happen also to us.

First, the researcher identified what phenomenal disaster happened last 2006 .

Second, they proposed a general study design or survey sheet. Third, they outlined a

suggested methodology for carrying out the study. Fourth, they discussed potential

risks and benefits associated with the study.

The researcher of this study will based their questions on survey via online form

and face to face to determined what are their basic preparations to unpredictable

natural disasters.

The respondents of this study will pick depending on the most risky places,

whether approachable and willing to lend some time to do the interview. Only a part

of the population is studied, and findings from this are expected to be generalized to

the entire population.

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III
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Guinsaugon landslide had a population of over 1,800 people according to

the Citizen’s Disaster Response Center (CDRC) and Leyte Center for

Development (LCDE). After the landslide, more than half of the population

had gone. Reports on the death toll vary from 1,126 to over 1800. Among the

dead were 246 students from the elementary school. Seven of their teachers

also perished in the tragedy.

The February 2006 landslide buried a small village: Inauguration in Southern

Late , Philippines and claimed 154 victims and 990 missing. Composite

studies based on the fields surveys, clarify the causes of the slide and its

movement. Twenty million cubic meters of Pliocene volcanic slid from the

fault scarp that has been formed by the movements of the Philippine Fault

Zone. Although landsliding of the slope was enabled firstly by the steepness

of the slope which resulted from the fault motion; secondly, the presence of a

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major joint system oblique to the direction of the Philippine fault; thirdly, a

progressive rock-creep, whose evidence have been noticed by the local

residents with occurrence of cracks on the slope, tilting of tress, a slope

failure and a dry out of river water prior to the slide, it was probably

triggered by the heavy rainfall including 751mm in the early half of the

February. Two seismograph networks detected a small earthquake whose

epicenter was just under the landslide slopes or near to it. Although it is not

completely clear whether the wave signal of the data is from the a tectonic

earthquake or from this landslide generated that ground tremor. The

residential areas are similar to Inauguration are located on the foot of the

fault scrap. Although those areas are convenient for the people to live and

work, geomorphic evidence indicate those area must have suffered repeatedly

from landslides of similar scale.

Statement of the Problem

1) What are the causes and effects of this type of natural disaster?

2) What are the dangers await if you can’t prevent it?

3) What are the best solution for this type of natural disaster?

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 4) Why we need to take actions before a disaster happen?

5) How this affect a community or even a big city?

Significance of the Study

The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether the information on the

disaster that actually happened last 2006, and can give people a safety

precautions before , during and after a natural disaster. Use of the mitigation

planning reaching the people and whether they are able to, are interested in,

adapting to more safety efficient lifestyles. This study will also help the

following:

Students/Teenagers. The result of this study would inform the

students as well as teenagers and raise their awareness in such incoming

disaster. This concluded data would also make the students as well as

teenagers responsible and alert to a possible risk will occur , considering that

unpredictable events will happen.

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 Parents. The information that they would get in this study would help

them guide and give proper attention and discipline their children from

awareness assessment and compliance to the disaster mitigation management.

Commun ity. F or a clear unders tanding of the s tudy, the

following terms are hereby defined according to their operational

definition . It points out that landslides are res pons ible for

considerably greater socioeconomic loss es than is generally

recognized and that government agencies and those who formulate

policy need to develop a better understanding of the socioeconomic

s ignificance of landslides . The chapter continues w ith dis cussions

of future landslide activity; economic losses caused by landslides ,

both in the S aint Bernard Southern Leyte and Baybay Leyte ;

lands lide cas ualties ; and the negative effects of lands lides might

occur someday. This research will give information to the

community on how to prepare and avoid big damage to an

unpredictable dis as ter .

Future Researcher. This study will add to the much needed related

literature review and study to strengthen theoretical framework of

thepurposed of the study. This study will help future researchers in gathering

reliable and unbiased information. These study are also safe from plagiarism

thus researchers give complete citations from collecting information in

conducting this study.

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Scope and Delimitation

The scope of the study is to find out what causes a landslide in a certain

place and to find out what actually happened in Guinsaugon, Saint Bernard.

This study will be conducted at a certain district in Saint Bernard, Southern

Leyte .This study will be delimited to 3 respondents, 5 households or family

who are affected from Guinsaugon Landslide. This study doesn’t intend to

find out what are the damages and who died from a sorrowful tragedy .

Definition of Terms

1.Landslide. Defined as the movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth

down a slope. Landslides are a type of "mass wasting," which denotes any

down-slope movement of soil and rock under the direct influence of gravity

2.Erosion. once a landslide has occurred, the rate of erosion by water,

gravity, and wind speeds up. Erosion leads to more erosion. Rain can get into

rocks and cause them to become unstable. When unstable rock and soil get

wet, they get heavier.

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3.Debris Flows are fast-moving landslides that are particularly dangerous to

life and property because they move quickly, destroy objects in their paths,

and often strike without warning.

4.Tropical Cyclone. Is an intense circular storm that originates over warm

tropical oceans. It is also called a hurricane or a typhoon. It is characterized

by low atmospheric pressure and heavy rain, and its winds exceed 119 km

(74 miles) per hour.

5.Heavy Rainfall. A downpour is a sudden and unexpected heavy fall of a

sudden downpour of rain. Synonyms: rainstorm, flood, deluge, torrential rain

More Synonyms of downpour.

6.Slope. Soil is an important soil property to consider when building or

planting. The slope gradient is the angle of incline or decline, expressed in

the percent of rise or fall of the soil surface from horizontal over a distance

of 100 feet. Soil slope affects the flow of water that can erode the soil.

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 Chapter II

Review of Related Literature

On 12 May 2008, a devastating earthquake with a moment magnitude of 7.9

hit China’s Sichuan province. The quake, originating in the Longmen Shan

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fault zone at the eastern margin of Tibetan Plateau, was the country’s largest

seismic event in more than 50 years. As well as the immediate devastation

through shaking, the earthquake triggered more than 60,000 destructive

landslides over an area of 35,000 km2; the landslides caused about one-third

of the total number of fatalities. The combination of strong and long-lasting

ground shaking, steep, rugged topography and a fragile and densely jointed

lithology probably controlled the occurrence of landslides during the

earthquake2–4, but other factors may have also played a role. A substantial

rise in debris flows was also apparent following the earthquake. We argue

that the risk of hazardous landslides and their secondary effects could remain

above pre-quake levels for another one and a half decades, and warrant

further investigation. Earthquake magnitude and distance from the epicentre

or ruptured fault are commonly assumed to determine the spatial clustering

of landslides during an earthquake. However, in the case of the Wenchuan

earthquake, two additional factors—fault type and slip rate during the

earthquake—probably also played a role. The 240-km-long Yingxiu-

Beichuan fault of the Longmen Shan fault zone, on which the earthquake

nucleated, is characterized by two distinct faulting mechanisms, southwest

and northeast of Beichuan town, respectively. In the southwest, the fault is

prevalently reverse faulting (that is, characterized by both vertical and

horizontal movement), with a fault plane at an angle of about 43. Contrarily,

northeast of the town the fault plane is almost vertical and the two sides of

the fault move past each other almost exclusively horizontally, in a so-called

strikeslip motion5 . As a result, the landslides accompanying the 2008

earthquake were clustered in a much wider corridor along the southwestern

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part of the fault, where crustal movement is both vertical and horizontal and

the ground motion is generally stronger6. Field measurements of vertical and

horizontal displacements of the crust along the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault

during the Wenchuan earthquake confirm this assessment7. Furthermore,

large-scale landslides—each displacing surface material from an area of more

than 50,000 m2—were concentrated where fault slip rates were highest5, 7,

near the intersections and junctures of individual segments of the fault. These

junctions between fault segments were thought to be locked5, with the

potential to fail only when sufficient stress has accumulated by a cascade of

rupturing in adjoining individual segments. Once they do break, these long-

locked junctions are then thought to release large amounts of seismic energy.

The observation that landslides are prevalent at these junctions supports the

proposed high energy release, and hence the theory of locked junctions.

Landslides are present in all continents, and play an important role in the

evolution of landscapes. They also represent a serious hazard in many areas

of the world. Despite their importance, we estimate that landslide maps cover

less than 1% of the slopes in the landmasses, and systematic information on

the type, abundance, and distribution of landslides is lacking. Preparing

landslide maps is important to document the extent of landslide phenomena

in a region, to investigate the distribution, types, pattern, recurrence and

statistics of slope failures, to determine landslide susceptibility, hazard,

vulnerability and risk, and to study the evolution of landscapes dominated by

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mass-wasting processes. Conventional methods for the production of

landslide maps rely chiefly on the visual interpretation of stereoscopic aerial

photography, aided by field surveys. These methods are time consuming and

resource intensive. New and emerging techniques based on satellite, airborne,

and terrestrial remote sensing technologies, promise to facilitate the

production of landslide maps, reducing the time and resources required for

their compilation and systematic update. In this work, we first outline the

principles for landslide mapping, and we review the conventional methods

for the preparation of landslide maps, including geomorphological, event,

seasonal, and multi-temporal inventories. Next, we examine recent and new

technologies for landslide mapping, considering (i) the exploitation of very-

high resolution digital elevation models to analyze surface morphology, (ii)

the visual interpretation and semi-automatic analysis of different types of

satellite images, including panchromatic, multispectral, and synthetic

aperture radar images, and (iii) tools that facilitate landslide field mapping.

Next, we discuss the advantages and the limitations of the new remote

sensing data and technology for the production of geomorphological, event,

seasonal, and multi-temporal inventory maps. We conclude by arguing that

the new tools will help to improve the quality of landslide maps, with

positive effects on all derivative products and analyses, including erosion

studies and landscape modeling, susceptibility and hazard assessments, and

risk evaluations. According to Richard M Iverson, from the article

“Landslide triggering by rain infiltration”, Water resources research 36 (7),

1897-1910, 2000. Landsliding in response to rainfall involves physical

processes that operate on disparate timescales. Relationships between these

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timescales guide development of a mathematical model that uses reduced

forms of Richards equation to evaluate effects of rainfall infiltration on

landslide occurrence, timing, depth, and acceleration in diverse situations.

The longest pertinent timescale is A/D0, where D0 is the maximum hydraulic

diffusivity of the soil and A is the catchment area that potentially affects

groundwater pressures at a prospective landslide slip surface location with

areal coordinates x, y and depth H. Times greater than A/D0 are necessary

for establishment of steady background water pressures that develop at (x, y,

H) in response to rainfall averaged over periods that commonly range from

days to many decades. These steady groundwater pressures influence the

propensity for landsliding at (x, y, H), but they do not trigger slope failure.

Failure results from rainfall over a typically shorter timescale H2/D0

associated with transient pore pressure transmission during and following

storms. Commonly, this timescale ranges from minutes to months. The

shortest timescale affecting landslide responses to rainfall is , where g is the

magnitude of gravitational acceleration. Post failure landslide motion occurs

on this timescale, which indicates that the thinnest landslides accelerate most

quickly if all other factors are constant. Effects of hydrologic processes on

landslide processes across these diverse timescales are encapsulated by a

response function, , which depends only on normalized time, t*. Use of R(t*)

in conjunction with topographic data, rainfall intensity and duration

information, an infinite ‐slope failure criterion, and Newton's second law

predicts the timing, depth, and acceleration of rainfall ‐triggered landslides.

Data from contrasting landslides that exhibit rapid, shallow motion and slow,

deep ‐ seated motion corroborate these predictions.

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Landslides are a ubiquitous hazard in terrestrial environments with slopes,

incurring human fatalities in urban settlements, along transport corridors and

at sites of rural industry. Assessment of landslide risk requires high-quality

landslide databases.

Recently, global landslide databases have shown the extent to which

landslides impact on society and identified areas most at risk. Previous

global analysis has focused on rainfall-triggered landslides over short 5-year

observation periods. This paper presents spatiotemporal analysis of a global

dataset of fatal non-seismic landslides, covering the period from January

2004 to December 2016. The data show that in total 55 997 people were

killed in 4862 distinct landslide events. The spatial distribution of landslides

is heterogeneous, with Asia representing the dominant geographical area.

There are high levels of interannual variation in the occurrence of landslides.

Although more active years coincide with recognised patterns of regional

rainfall driven by climate anomalies, climate modes (such as El Niño–

Southern Oscillation) cannot yet be related to landsliding, requiring a

landslide dataset of 30+ years. Our analysis demonstrates that landslide

occurrence triggered by human activity is increasing, in particular in relation

to construction, illegal mining and hill cutting. This supports notions that

human disturbance may be more detrimental to future landslide incidence

than climate.

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A framework for landslide risk management for landslides and slopes is

presented. Framework landslides suggestions affecting A for made review

landslide for dam of acceptable criteria reservoirs. Risk for management risk

acceptable matters criteria requiring for for individual landsliding. Natural

discussion and and societal man-made examples and risk further is are slopes

present.

Chapter III

Methodology

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 This part presents the method and procedures in the conduct of this study.

It specifically discusses the research design, who are the target respondents

and the method of data analysis.

Research Design

The study aimed to gain insight into reviewed planned to acquire

understanding into the phenomenon of landslide apprehension. Qualitative

phenomenological research design is descriptive which aims to uncover what

a particular experience to a victims or community and they experienced it.

The researcher in this study used Likert survey research design . A Likert

survey research design is a rating scale used to assess opinions, attitudes, or

behaviors.To collect data, you present participants with Likert-type questions

or statements and a continuum of possible responses usually with 5 or 7

items. Each item is given a numerical score so that the data can be analyzed

quantitatively. Researcher used this type of design because this research is

quantitative and Likert scale design make it easy to sort out and organize

data for this type of research study.

Research Respondents and Locale

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 The respondents of this study are people who experienced the 2006 tragedy.

To cover the mitigation measures, Hence, I asked random people who witness

the current landslide tragedy which is a nearby town from here. This

researchtackles about the most used electrical appliances on average

houses.The target population of this study are within the area of Guinsaugon,

Saint Bernard and those who experience the same situation such as the City

of Baybay . Where in each Town of Saint Bernard and Baybay City Leyte ,

there would be ten victims to become respondents. Specific respondents of

this study are teenagers 15 years old and above and also adult.

Research Instrument

Survey questionnaires will be the research instruments of this study. The

most traditional method of the survey research design is used, the face to

face type of survey. It can be very accurate. It allows you to be selective

about to whom you ask questions and you can explain anything that they do

not understand. Despite of the pandemic that we are experiencing right

now,instead of using E-surveys, researcher used face to face type of survey

because they cannot identify if the respondents are really a member of an

landslide victim if they will use E-surveys. The survey questionnaire of this

study is composed of 2 parts. The first part are the respondents profile these

are the following: name(optional), barangay or district, age and their

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signature(only). And the second part are questions or statements that will

help in answering researcher's problem about this study this are the

following: what actually felt during the landslide happened, what they can

suggest humans to avoid such casualties or damage that the respondents used

before, during and after landslide .The following statements or questions will

be answered by the respondents choice only, researchers will only take part

in distributing survey questionnaires.

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