3 Circles

Topic Covered
1. Tangent to a Circle and Number of Tangents from a Point on a Circle

1. Tangent to a Circle and Number of Tangents from a Point on a Circle

Understanding Tangent to a Circle
A tangent to a circle is a line that intersects or touches the circle at only one point. The point of A
intersection is called the point of contact or the point of tangency.
C
In the given figure, line AB is a tangent and point C is the point of contact.
B
Theorem 1. The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of O
contact.
Given: A circle (O, r) and a tangent AB to the circle at the point P.
To prove: OP ^ AB.
Proof: Take a point ‘Q’ (say) other than P on AB. Join OQ. Suppose OQ intersects the circle at R.
OP = OR ...(i) (Radii of the same circle)
OQ = OR + RQ
⇒ OQ > OR
⇒ OQ > OP [Using (i)]
⇒ OP < OQ
Thus, OP is shorter than any other line segments joining O to any point of AB, other than P.
Therefore, OP is the shortest distance between the point O and the line AB.
We know that the shortest distance between a point and line is the perpendicular distance.
\ OP ^ AB

Note: 1. Converse of this theorem is also true, i.e., a line drawn through the end point of a radius and perpendicular to it, is a
tangent to the circle.
2. The line containing the radius through the point of contact is also sometimes called the ‘normal’ to the circle at the point.

Number of Tangents from a Point on a Circle

The number of tangents that can be drawn to a circle from a point depends upon the position of the point with respect to
the circle.
There are three cases possible.
Case 1: There is no tangent to a circle passing through a point lying inside the circle (see Fig. 1).
Case 2: There is one and only one tangent to a circle passing through a point lying on the circle (see Fig. 2).
Case 3: There are exactly two tangents to a circle passing through a point lying outside the circle (see Fig. 3).
T1 T1 T1

P P P
P P P P P P

T2 T2 T2

Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3
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Length of the Tangent

The length of the segment of the tangent from an external point (P in Fig. 3 above) and the point of contact with the circle
(T1 or T2 in Fig. 3 above) is called the length of the tangent from the point P to the circle.
Theorem 2. The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal. [CBSE 2018, AI 2017]
Given: A circle with centre O. R is an external point. Two tangents RP and RQ are drawn from point R to the circle.
To prove: RQ = RP
Proof: Consider ∆RQO and ∆RPO.
Here, OQ = OP  (Radii of a circle) Q

OR = OR (Common)
∠OQR = ∠OPR = 90º R O
 (Tangents are perpendiculars to the radius of a circle at the point of contact.)
\ ∆RQO ≅ ∆RPO (RHS congruency) P
⇒ RQ = RP (CPCT)
Note: ∠ORQ = ∠ORP. Therefore, OR bisects ∠QRP. Thus, the centre lies on the bisector of the angle between the two tangents.

Theorem 3. If two tangents are drawn to a circle from an external point, then P
(i) they subtend equal angles at the centre
(ii) they are equally inclined to the line segment joining the centre to that point. A O
Given: A circle with centre O and a point A outside it.
AP and AQ are tangents drawn to the circle from point A.
To prove: ∠AOP = ∠AOQ and ∠OAP = ∠OAQ Q
Proof: In DOAP and DOAQ, we have
OP = OQ  (Radii of the same circle)
AP = AQ (Tangents from an external point are equal)
OA = OA (Common)
\ DOAP @ DOAQ (By SSS congruency)
⇒ ∠AOP = ∠AOQ(CPCT)
and ∠OAP = ∠OAQ(CPCT)
Angles of Alternate Segment of Circle D B
Look at the figure drawn along side.
Here, chord AB of any circle, is drawn from point of contact A of the tangent PQ which makes O
C
∠BAP and ∠BAQ with PQ. The chord AB divides the circle into two segments ADB and ACB.
The segments ADB and ACB of the circle are alternate segments of ∠BAQ and ∠BAP.
P A Q
Example 1. If two tangents inclined at an angle 60° are drawn to a circle of radius 3 cm, then
find the length of each tangent. [CBSE Standard SP 2020-21] [Imp.]
Q

3 cm

O 60°
P

3 cm

R
Solution. In DQPO and DRPO,
OQ = OR (Radii of same circle)
OP = OP (Common)
QP = RP (Tangents)
\ DQPO ≅ DRPO (By SSS congruency)
60°
fi –QPO = –RPO = = 30°
2
In DQPO, –OQP = 90° (Tangent is perpendicular at the point of contact)
OQ 1 3
\ tan 30° =   fi  =   fi  QP = 3 3 cm
QP 3 QP
Thus, QP = RP = 3 3 cm
Example 2. In the given figure, PA and PB are tangents to the circle drawn from an external point P.
CD is the third tangent touching the circle at Q. If PA = 15 cm, find the perimeter of DPCD.
A
C

Q P

D
B

Solution. Since PA and PB are tangents from same external point P.

\ PA = PB = 15 cm
Now, Perimeter of DPCD = PC + CD + DP = PC + CQ + QD + DP = PC + CA + DB + DP
= PA + PB = 15 cm + 15 cm = 30 cm
Example 3. Two concentric circles are of radii 5 cm and 3 cm. Find the length of the chord of the larger circle which
touches the smaller circle.[NCERT] [Imp.]
Solution. Let O be the common centre of two concentric circles and let AB be a chord of larger circle touching the smaller
circle at P. Join OP.
Since OP is the radius of the smaller circle and AB is a tangent to this circle at P.
\ OP ^ AB
Since perpendicular drawn from the centre of a circle to any chord of the circle bisects the chord. O

fi AP = PB
Now, in DAOP, right-angled at P, A P B
OA2 = AP2 + OP2  fi 52 = AP2 + 32  fi  25 – 9 = AP2
fi AP2 = 16  fi  AP = 4
Now AB = 2 × AP = 2 × 4 = 8 [ AP = PB]
Hence, the length of the chord of the larger circle which touches the smaller circle is 8 cm.
Example 4. Prove that the parallelogram circumscribing a circle is a rhombus. [NCERT] [CBSE 2014] [Imp.]
Solution. Given: ABCD is a parallelogram. R
The sides AB, BC, CD and DA touch a given circle at the point P, Q, R and S respectively.
Proof: Since lengths of the two tangents from an external point to a circle are equal.
S
\ AP = AS ...(i) [Tangents from external point A]
Q
BP = BQ ...(ii) [Tangents from external point B]
CR = CQ ...(iii) [Tangents from external point C]
and DR = DS ...(iv) [Tangents from external point D] P
Now, AB + CD = AP + BP + CR + DR = AS + BQ + CQ + DS [Using (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)]
= (AS + DS) + (BQ + CQ)  fi  AB + CD = AD + BC
But AB = CD and AD = BC [Q  Opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal]
\ AB + AB = AD + AD  fi  2AB = 2AD  fi  AB = AD.
\ AB = BC = CD = AD
Since all the four sides of a parallelogram ABCD are equal.
\  ABCD is a rhombus.
Example 5. In the figure given, XY and X′Y′ are two parallel tangents to a circle with centre O and another tangent AB
with point of contact C intersecting XY at A and X′Y′ at B. Prove that –AOB = 90°.
 [NCERT] [AI 2017] [CBSE SP 2018] [Imp.]
Solution. Given: A circle C(O, r) in which XY and X′Y′ are parallel tangents. AB is another tangent intersecting XY
and X′Y′ at A and B respectively.
X P A Y
To prove: ∠AOB = 90°.
Prove: Join O and C.
In ∆AOP and ∆AOC, OP = OC (Radii of a circle) 1
O 2
OA = OA (Common) 3 C
r 4
∠OPA = ∠OCA (Each 90°)
\ ∆AOP ≅ ∆AOC (By RHS Congruency)
⇒ ∠1 = ∠2 ...(i) (CPCT) X' Q B Y'
Similarly, ∆BOQ ≅ ∆BOC (By RHS Congruency)
⇒ ∠3 = ∠4 ...(ii) (CPCT)
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Now, ∠1 + ∠2 + ∠3 + ∠4 = 180° (Angles in a straight line)

⇒ 2∠2 + 2∠3 = 180° [From (i) and (ii)]
⇒ 2(∠2 + ∠3) = 180°  ⇒  ∠2 + ∠3 = 90°  ⇒  ∠AOB = 90°
Hence Proved.
Example 6. In the given figure, OP is equal to diameter of the circle. Prove that ABP is an equilateral triangle.
[CBSE 2009]
A

O P

B
Solution. Join OP and let it meets the circle at point Q.
A
Since OP = 2r (Diameter of the circle)
⇒ OQ = QP = r
O P
Consider ∆AOP in which OA ⊥ AP and OP is the hypotenuse. Q
∴ OQ = AQ = OA
 (Mid-point of the hypotenuse is equidistant from the vertices) B

⇒  OAQ is an equilateral triangle.

⇒ ∠AOQ = 60° (Each angle of an equilateral triangle is 60°)
Consider right-angled triangle OAP.
∠AOQ = 60° (Proved above)
∠OAP = 90°  ⇒  ∠APO = 30°
∠APB = 2∠APO = 2 × 30° = 60°
Also PA = PB (Tangents to a circle from an external point are equal.)
⇒ ∠PAB = ∠PBA (Angles opposite to equal sides in ∆PAB)
In ∆ABP, ∠APB = 60°
180° − 60°
⇒ ∠PAB = ∠PBA = = 60°
2
⇒  Each angle of DPAB is 60°
⇒  PAB is an equilateral triangle. Hence Proved.
Example 7. In the given figure, a triangle ABC is drawn to circumscribe a circle of radius 4 cm
such that the segments BD and DC into which BC is divided by the point of contact D are of
lengths 8 cm and 6 cm respectively. Find the sides AB and AC. [AI 2014]
Solution. Let circle touches AC at point E and AB at point F. Join OA, OB, OC, OE and OF.
Since, the tangents to a circle from an exterior point are equal, therefore 4 cm
BD = BF = 8 cm, CD = CE = 6 cm
and AE = AF = x cm (let)
⇒ AC = (x + 6) cm, AB = (x + 8) cm
and BC = (6 + 8) cm = 14 cm
AB + BC + AC x + 8 + 14 + x + 6
Now, s = =
2 2 x x

= (x + 14) cm
Also a = BC = 14 cm,
b = AC = (x + 6) cm 4 cm
and c = AB = (x + 8) cm
Using Heron’s formula, we get
Area of ∆ABC = s ( s − a) ( s − b) ( s − c)

= ( x + 14) ( x + 14 − 14) ( x + 14 − x − 6) ( x + 14 − x − 8)
 = ( x + 14) · x · 8 · 6 = 48 · x( x + 14) ...(i)
Also,
Area of ABC = Area of ∆OBC + Area of ∆OCA + Area of ∆OAB
1 1 1
= BC × OD + AC × OE + AB × OF
2 2 2
1 1 1
= × 14 × 4 + × (x + 6) × 4 + (x + 8) × 4
2 2 2
= (28 + 2x + 12 + 2x + 16) cm = (4x + 56) cm2...(ii)
2

From (i) and (ii), we get

48 x( x + 14) = 4x + 56 = 4(x + 14)
⇒ 48x(x + 14) = 16(x + 14)2 (Squaring both sides)
2
⇒ 3x(x + 14) = (x + 14)  
⇒  3x(x + 14) – (x + 14)2 = 0
⇒ (x + 14) (3x – x – 14) = 0 
⇒  (x + 14) (2x – 14) = 0
⇒ x + 14 = 0  or  2x – 14 = 0
⇒ x = –14  or  x = 7.
As the length of any side of triangle can never be negative, x ≠ –14.
\ x = 7  ⇒  AB = (x + 8) = 15 cm, and AC = x + 6 = 13 cm

Exercise 3.1
I. Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark]
1. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
Choose the correct answer from the given options:
(1) In the given figure, if TP and TQ are tangents to a circle with centre O, so that ∠POQ = 110°, then ∠PTQ is

(a) 110° (b) 90° (c) 80° (d) 70°

(2) In the given figure, from an external point P, two tangents PQ and PR are drawn to a circle of radius 4 cm with centre
O. If ∠QPR = 90°, then length of PQ is [CBSE Standard 2020]

(a) 3 cm (b) 4 cm (c) 2 cm (d) 2 2 cm
(3) From an external point A, two tangents AB and AC are drawn to the circle with centre O. Then OA is the perpendicular
bisector of
(a) BC (b) AB (c) AC (d) none of these
(4) If the radii of two concentric circles are 6 cm and 10 cm, the length of chord of the larger circle which is tangent to
other is
(a) 14 cm (b) 16 cm (c) 18 cm (d) 12 cm
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(5) In the given figure, the length PB is equal to

(a) 2 cm
(b) 7 cm
(c) 6 cm
(d) 4 cm
2. Assertion-Reason Type Questions
In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of reason (R). Mark the correct
choice as:
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion (A).
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct explanation of assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
(1) Assertion (A): When two tangents are drawn to a circle from an external point, they subtend equal angles at the
centre.
Reason (R): A parallelogram circumscribing a circle is a rhombus.
(2) Assertion (A): If in a cyclic quadrilateral, one angle is 40°, then the opposite angle is 140°.
Reason (R): Sum of opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to 360°.
(3) Assertion (A): PA and PB are two tangents to a circle with centre O such that ∠AOB = 110°, then ∠APB = 90°.
Reason (R): The length of two tangents drawn from an external point are equal.
3. Answer the following:
(1) Two concentric circles of radii a and b (a > b) are given. Find the length of the chord of the larger circle which
touches the smaller circle. [AI 2019, Foreign 2015]
(2) From an external point P, tangents PA and PB are drawn to a circle with centre O. If ∠PAB = 50°, then find ∠AOB.
 [Delhi 2016]
(3) If the angle between two tangents drawn from an external point ‘P’ to a circle of radius ‘r’ and centre O is 60°, then
find the length of OP. [CBSE Standard SP 2019-20, AI 2017]
(4) If the radii of two concentric circles are 4 cm and 5 cm, then find the length of each chord of one circle which is
tangent to the other circle. [CBSE Standard SP 2019-20]
(5) If PQ = 28 cm, then find the perimeter [CBSE Standard SP 2020-21]
of DPLM.

(6) PQ is a tangent to a circle with centre O at point P. If DOPQ is an isosceles triangle, then find ∠OQP.
[CBSE Standard SP 2020-21]
II. Short Answer Type Questions - I [2 Marks]
4. Prove that the line segment joining the points of contact of two parallel tangents of a circle, passes through its centre.
[CBSE 2014]
5. In the given figure, from an external point T [CBSE 2016]
P, two tangents PT and PS are drawn to a
r
circle with centre O and radius r. If OP =
2r, show that –OTS = –OST = 30°. O
Q
P

6. In the given figure, AP and BP are tangents S

P [CBSE 2016]
to a circle with centre O, such that AP =
60°
5 cm and –APB = 60°. Find the length of
chord AB.
A B

O
 7. A tangent PQ at a point P of a circle of radius 5 cm meets a line through the centre O at a point Q, so that OQ = 12 cm.
Find the length of PQ. [NCERT]
8. From a point Q, the length of the tangent to a circle is 24 cm and the distance of Q from the centre is 25 cm. Find the
radius of the circle. [NCERT] [Imp.]
9. Prove that the tangents at the extremities of a chord of a circle make equal angles with the chord.
[NCERT Exemplar][AI 2017]
10. In the given figure, common tangents AB [AI 2015]
and CD to two circles with centres O1 and
A
O2 intersect at E. Prove that AB = CD.
D
E
O1 O2

B
C

11. If from an external point P of a circle Q [Delhi 2014, Foreign 2016]

with centre O, two tangents PQ and PR
are drawn such that –QPR = 120°, prove
that 2PQ = PO. P
120°
O

12. In the given figure, a circle inscribed in [Foreign 2013]

DABC, touches its sides BC, CA and
AB at the points P, Q and R respectively.
If AB = AC, then prove that BP = CP.

13. In the given figure, DABC is circumscribing A [CBSE 2009]

a circle. Find the length of BC.

14. A circle is inscribed in a ∆ABC having [CBSE 2009, 2012, 2013] [Imp.]
sides 8 cm, 10 cm and 12 cm as shown in
the following figure. Find AD, BE and CF.

15. PA and PB are tangents from P to the circle with centre O. At point M, a tangent is drawn cutting PA at K and PB at N.
Prove that KN = AK + BN.
16. PC is a tangent to the circle at C. AOB is [CBSE 2013]
the diameter which when extended meets
the tangent at P. Find ∠CBA, ∠AOC and
∠BCO, if ∠PCA = 110°.

17. In the given figure, O is the centre of the [CBSE 2012]

circle. Determine –AQB and –AMB, if
PA and PB are tangents and –APB = 75°
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18. In the given figure, AB is the diameter of a circle [Delhi 2016]

with centre O and AT is a tangent. If ∠AOQ = 58°,
find ∠ATQ.

19. From a point T outside a circle of centre O, tangents TP and TQ are drawn to the circle. Prove that OT is the right bisector
of the line segment PQ. [Delhi 2016]
20. In the given figure, two tangents RQ and [AI 2016]
RP are drawn from an external point R to
the circle with centre O. If ∠PRQ = 120°,
then prove that OR = PR + RQ.

21. In the given figure, O is the centre of a [Foreign 2016]

circle. PT and PQ are tangents to the circle
from an external point P. If ∠TPQ = 70°,
find ∠TRQ.

22. In the given figure, PA and PB are tangents [Delhi 2017]

to the circle from an external point P. CD
is another tangent touching the circle at
Q. If PA = 12 cm, QC = QD = 3 cm, then
find PC + PD.

23. A circle touches all the four sides of a quadrilateral ABCD. Prove that
AB + CD = BC + DA [CBSE Standard 2020, AI 2017, CBSE 2016, NCERT]
24. In the given figure, find the perimeter of DABC, [CBSE Standard 2020]
if AP = 12 cm.

25. In the given figure, a circle touches all the

four sides of a quadrilateral ABCD in which
AB = 6 cm, BC = 7 cm and CD = 4 cm. Find AD.

26. In the given figure, two tangents TP and TQ are [Standard 2020]
drawn to a circle with centre O from an external
point T. Prove that ∠PTQ = 2 ∠OPQ.

27. Using the given figure, answer the following questions:

(i) Name the alternate segment of circle of ∠BAQ
(ii) Name the alternate segment of circle of ∠DAP.
(iii) If B is joined with C then ∠ACB is equal to which angle?
(iv) ∠ABD and ∠ADB is equal to which angles?
 28. In the figure, quadrilateral ABCD C [CBSE Standard SP 2020-21]
is circumscribing a circle with 27 cm
centre O and AD ^ AB. If radius R
D
of incircle is 10 cm, then find the

cm
value of x.

38
10 cm O
S
Q
A B
P
x cm
29. A quadrilateral ABCD is drawn D R C
to circumscribe a circle. Prove
that AB + CD = AD + BC. S Q

A P B
III. Short Answer Type Questions - II [3 Marks]
30. The incircle of a ∆ABC touches the sides AB, BC and CA at P, Q, R respectively. Show that
1
AP + BQ + CR = PB + QC + RA = (Perimeter of ∆ABC) [Imp.]
2
31. If a chord AB of the larger of the two concentric circles is a tangent to the smaller circle at P, prove that PA = PB.
32. In the given figure, PQ is a chord of [AI 2019]
length 8 cm of a circle of radius 5 cm. The
tangents at P and Q intersect at a point T.
Find the length of TP.

33. The radii of two concentric circles are 13 cm and 8 cm. AB is a diameter of the bigger circle. BD is a tangent to the
smaller circle, touching it at D and intersecting the larger circle at P on producing. Find the length of AP.
[CBSE SP 2018-19]
34. A circle is touching the side BC of ∆ABC at X and touching AB and AC produced at P and Q respectively. Prove that
1
AP = AQ = (Perimeter of ∆ABC). Given AP = 10 cm, find the perimeter of ∆ABC. [CBSE 2001, 2002]
2
35. In the given figure, two circles with centres [CBSE 2013] [Imp.]
X and Y touch externally at P. If tangents
AT and BT meet the common tangent at
T, then prove that AT = BT.

36. Prove that the angle between the two tangents drawn from an external point to a circle is supplementary to the angle
subtended by the line segment joining the points of contact at the centre. [NCERT]
37. Prove that the tangents drawn at the ends of a diameter of a circle are parallel. [NCERT, CBSE 2014] [Imp.]
38. Prove that in two concentric circles, the chord of the larger circle, which touches the smaller circle, is bisected at the point
of contact. [Foreign 2012]
39. Prove that opposite sides of a quadrilateral circumscribing a circle subtend supplementary angles at the centre of the
circle. [AI 2019, Delhi 2013]
40. In the given figure, a circle is inscribed in [AI 2013]
a triangle PQR with PQ = 10 cm, QR = 8
cm and PR = 12 cm. Find the lengths of
QM, RN and PL.

41. Two concentric circles are of radii 7 cm and r cm respectively, where r > 7 cm. A chord of the larger circle, of length 48
cm, touches the smaller circle. Find the value of r. [Delhi 2009]
 \ 23-Nov-2021   Amit  Proof-3 Reader’s Sign _______________________ Date __________

42. If d1, d2, (d2 > d1) be the diameters of two concentric circles and c be the length of a chord of a circle which is tangent to
the other circle, prove that d 22 = c 2 + d12 . [Foreign 2009] [NCERT Exemplar]
43. In a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, diagonal D [Delhi 2020]
AC bisects the angle C (see the given P
C
figure). Then prove that diagonal BD is
parallel to the tangent PQ of a circle which O
A
passes through the points A, B, C and D.
B
Q

IV. Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks]

44. Two tangents PA and PB are drawn to a circle with centre O, such that ∠APB = 120°. Prove that OP = 2AP.
[CBSE 2016]
45. Tangents AP and AQ are drawn to circle with centre O from an external point A. Prove that ∠PAQ = 2∠OPQ.
[CBSE 2017, 2013, 2012, 2011, 2009] [Imp.]
46. A circle touches the side BC of a DABC [NCERT Exemplar]
at P and AB and AC when produced at Q [CBSE 2012, 2011]
and R respectively as shown in the figure.
1
Show that AQ = (Perimeter of DABC)
2
1
or show that AQ = (BC + CA + AB).
2
47. In two concentric circles, prove that all A C [CBSE 2015]
chords of the outer circle which touch the
inner circle are of equal length (see figure).
M N
O

B D
48. In the given figure, PQ is a chord of [Foreign 2015]
length 8 cm of a circle of radius 5 cm. The
tangents at P and Q intersect at a point T.
Find the lengths of TP and TQ.

49. If a, b, c, are the sides of a right-angled triangle, where c is the hypotenuse, then prove that the radius r of the circle which
a+b–c
touches the sides of the triangle is given by r = . [NCERT Exemplar; CBSE 2012]
2
50. Two concentric circles of radii 13 cm and 12 cm, are given. Find the length of chord of the larger circle which touches
smaller circle. [CBSE 2012, 2011]
51. In the given figure, PA and PB are [CBSE 2011]
two tangents drawn from an external
point P to a circle with centre O.
Prove that OP is the right bisector
of line segment AB.
52. In the given figure, common A [NCERT Exemplar]
tangents AB and CD of two circles D
with centres O and O′ intersect at
O O′
E. Prove that the points O, E and O′ E
are collinear. B
C

53. If a number of circles pass through the end points P and Q of a line segment PQ, then show that their centres lie on the
perpendicular bisector of PQ. [NCERT Exemplar]
 54. In the given figure, from an external point P, a tangent PT and T [NCERT
a line segment PAB are drawn to a circle with centre O. ON is Exemplar]
perpendicular on the chord AB. Prove that O
(a) PA · PB = PN2 – AN2
(b) PN2 – AN2 = OP2 – OT2 B N A
P
(c) PA · PB = PT2

Case Study Based Questions

I. A Ferris Wheel (or a big wheel in the United Kingdom) is an amusement ride consisting of a rotating upright wheel with
multiple passenger-carrying components (commonly referred to as passenger cars, cabins, tubs, capsules, gondolas, or
pods) attached to the rim in such a way that as the wheel turns, they are kept upright, usually by gravity. After taking a
ride in Ferris Wheel, Aarti came out from the crowd and was observing her friends who were enjoying the ride . She was
curious about the different angles and measures that the wheel will form. She forms the figure as given below.

1. In the given figure, ∠ROQ is

(a) 60° (b) 100° (c) 150° (d) 90°
2. ∠RQP equals
(a) 75° (b) 60° (c) 30° (d) 90°
3. ∠RSQ equals
(a) 60° (b) 75° (c) 100° (d) 30°
4. ∠ORP equals
(a) 90° (b) 75° (c) 100° (d) 60°
5. If ∠P = 60° and OQ = OR = 5 m, then the length of PQ is
(a) 5 m (b) 12 m (c) 5 3 m (d) None of these
II. Varun has been selected by his School to design logo for Sports Day T-shirts for students and staff . The logo design is
given as in the figure and he is working on the fonts and different colours according to the theme. In the given figure, a
circle with centre O is inscribed in a ΔABC, such that it touches the sides AB, BC and CA at points D, E and F respectively.
The lengths of sides AB, BC and CA are 12 cm, 8 cm and 10 cm respectively.
C

F E
O

A D B
1. The length of AD is
(a) 7 cm (b) 8 cm (c) 5 cm (d) 9 cm
2. The length of BE is
(a) 8 cm (b) 5 cm (c) 2 cm (d) 9 cm
3. The length of CF is
(a) 20 cm (b) 5 cm (c) 2 cm (d) 3 cm
4. If the radius of the circle is 4 cm, then the area of triangle OAB is
(a) 20 sq cm (b) 36 sq cm (c) 24 sq cm (d) 48 sq cm
5. The area of triangle ABC is
(a) 50 sq cm (b) 60 sq cm (c) 100 sq cm (d) 90 sq cm
 \ 23-Nov-2021   Amit  Proof-3 Reader’s Sign _______________________ Date __________

Answers and Hints

1. (1) (d) 70° (1)  (2) (b) 4 cm (1) = 2(PL + LQ)
(3) (a) BC (1)  (4) (b) 16 cm (1) = 2 × 28 = 56 cm (½)
(5) (d) 4 cm (1) (6) In ΔOPQ
2. (1) (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but
reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
assertion (A). (1)
(2) (c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false. (1)
(3) (d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true. (1)
3. (1) AC = BC
⇒ AB = 2AC
Now in DOCA, ∠P + ∠Q + ∠O = 180°
AO2 = OC2 + AC2 2∠Q + ∠P = 180° (½)
⇒ a2 = b2 + AC2 2∠Q + 90° = 180°
2 2 2∠Q = 90°
⇒ AC = a − b
∠Q = 45° (½)
\ AB = 2 a 2 − b 2 = 2AC
4. Construction:  Join OA and OB.
2 2 Proof:  As we know, OB is perpendicular to PQ.
Thus, length of chord = 2 a − b (1)
(2) Given, ∠PAB = 50° [Tangent is perpendicular to radius
∠PAB + ∠OAB = 90° at the point of contact.]
[Q  an angle between radius
OA and tangent PA is 90°]

⇒ 50° + ∠OAB = 90°
⇒ ∠OAB = 90° – 50° = 40°
⇒ ∠OBA = 40° [Q  OA = OB] Now, given, PQ || RS
Now in DAOB, we have ⇒  BO (produced to RS) is perpendicular to RS. ...(i)
∠AOB + ∠ABO + ∠BAO = 180° [A line perpendicular to one of the two parallel lines is
[Q  sum of angles in perpendicular to other line also]
a triangle is 180°] Also, OA is perpendicular to RS.
⇒ ∠AOB + 40° + 40° = 180° [Q Tangent perpendicular to radius] ...(ii) (1)
⇒ ∠AOB = 180° – 80° From (i) and (ii), OA and OB must coincide as only one
= 100° (1) line can be drawn perpendicular to the line from a point
(3)
outside the line.
\  AOB is straight line.
\  A, O, B are collinear.

⇒  AB passes through O, the centre of the circle. (1)
OB 6. 5 cm (2)
In DOBP, = sin 30°
OP 2 2 2 2
r 1 7. Since PQ = OQ − OP = 12 − 5 (1)
⇒ =
OP 2 = 144 − 25 = 119 cm(1)
∴ OP = 2r(1) 8. \  Using Pythagoras theorem, we get
(4) Length of chord OQ2 = QT2 + OT2
= 2 × 52 − 42 ⇒ OT2 = OQ2 – QT2
= 2 × 3 cm = 6 cm (1) = 252 – 242
(5) PQ = PT = (25 – 24) (25 + 24)
PL + LQ = PM + MT
PL + LN = PM + MN = 1 × 49 = 49 (1)
Perimeter (DPLM) = PL + LM + PM (½)
= PL + LN + MN + PM
= 2(PL + LN)
 ⇒ CQ = 11 cm – 4 cm = 7 cm
⇒ CP = CQ = 7 cm
Hence, BC = BP + CP = (3 + 7) = 10 cm (1)
14. Let AD = x1, BE = x2 and CF = x3;
then AF = AD = x1, BD = BE = x2
and CE = CF = x3.
\ x1 + x2 = 12; x2 + x3 = 8; x1 + x3 = 10  (1)
⇒ OT = 7 cm Adding,
Thus, the required radius is 7 cm. (1) 2(x1 + x2 + x3) = 30
9. We know that tangents drawn from an external point P to ⇒  x1 + x2 + x3 = 15
a circle are equal so PA = PB. (1) Solve for x1, x2 and x3 to get
AD = 7 cm, BE = 5 cm,
CF = 3 cm (1)
16. –AOC = 140°, –CBA = 70° = –BCO(2)
17. –AQB = 52.5°, –AMB = 127.5° (2)
18.   AT is a tangent and BA is a diameter.
So OA ⊥ AT
⇒ ∠OAT = 90° or ∠BAT = 90°
Arc AQ subtends an angle of 58° at the circle.
 2 = 1 ∠AOQ = 2∠ABQ
[Angles opposite to equal sides of a triangle are equal] So, ∠ABQ = 29° (1)
Hence, tangents PA and PB make equal angles with chord
In DABT,
AB.
∠A + ∠ABT + ∠ATB = 180°
Hence proved. (1)
10. AB and CD are common tangents to the two given circles ⇒ 90° + 29° + ∠ATB = 180°  ⇒  ∠ATB = 61°
with centres O1 and O2 respectively (refer to question for ⇒ ∠ATQ = 61°
figure). Hence, ∠ATQ = 61°. (1)
We know that the lengths of the tangents drawn from a 19. TP and TQ are tangents at P and Q respectively.
point outside the circle to the circle are equal in length. So, OP ^ PT and OQ ^ QT
\ AE = EC  and  EB = ED (1) \ ∠OPT = ∠OQT = 90°
⇒ AE + EB = CE + ED  ⇒  AB = CD (1) In DOPT and DOQT
11. Proof:  In triangle OQP and ORP,
OP = OQ (Radius)
OQ = OR = r (say) [Radii]
∠P = ∠Q (Each 90°)
OP = OP (Common)
PQ = PR OT = OT (Common)
[The lengths of the tangents drawn from an external So, DOPT @ DOQT(RHS)
point to a circle are equal] ⇒ ∠1 = ∠2 (CPCT) (1)
\ DOQP @ DORP (by SSS)
\ ∠OPQ = ∠OPR (CPCT) (1)
Now, given ∠QPR = 120°
⇒ ∠OPQ + ∠OPR = 120°
⇒ 2∠OPQ = 120°
⇒ ∠OPQ = 60° = ∠OPR
Now, in DOQP, ∠Q = 90°
[Q  Tangent is perpendicular to radius]
Now, in DOMP and DOMQ,
PQ 1
Then, = cos 60° = OP = OQ (Radius)
OP 2
∠1 = ∠2 (Proved above)
⇒ OP = 2PQ (1)
OM = OM (Common)
12. AB = AC
So, DOMP @ DOMQ(SAS)
 AR + BR = AQ + CQ
 AR + BR = AR + CQ [AQ = AR equal tangents] ⇒ PM = MQ and ∠3 = ∠4 (By CPCT)
 BR = CQ (1) Now ∠3 + ∠4 = 180° (Q  Linear Pair Axiom)
Now, BR = BP  [Length of equal tangents] ⇒ 2∠3 = 180°  ⇒  ∠3 = 90°
and CQ = CP
⇒ ∠OMP = 90°
 BP = CP (1)
13. BP = BR = 3 cm Hence, OT is the right bisector of the line segment PQ.(1)
AQ = AR = 4 cm (1)
 \ 23-Nov-2021   Amit  Proof-3 Reader’s Sign _______________________ Date __________

20. OR bisects ∠PRQ 24. Since AP and AQ are two tangents drawn from common
\ ∠PRO = ∠QRO = 60° external point A.
[Q  ∠PRQ = ∠ORP + ∠ORQ = 120°]

\ AP = AQ = 12 cm (Given)
In right DOPR, Similarly, BP = BD ...(i)
OP ⊥ PR and CQ = CD ...(ii) (1)
[  radius is perpendicular to the Now perimeter of
tangent at point of contact] DABC = AB + BC + AC
PR = AB + BD + CD + AC

\ cos 
∠ORP = = cos 60° = AB + BP + CQ + AC
OR
[From (i) and (ii)]
⇒ OR = 2PR ...(i) (1)
= AP + AQ = 12 + 12
Similarly, in right DOQR,
= 24 cm (1)
QR 25. 3 cm (2)
= cos 60°  ⇒  OR = 2QR ...(ii)
OR 27. (i) ∠ADB  (ii) ∠ABD
      

Adding (i) and (ii), we get   (iii) ∠BAP  (iv) ∠DAP and ∠BAQ(2)
    

2OR = 2PR + 2QR 28. ∠A = ∠OPA = ∠OSA = 90° (½)

⇒ OR = PR + RQ (1) Hence, ∠SOP = 90°
21. We know that tangent is perpendicular to radius. Hence, Also, AP = AS
∠OTP = ∠OQP = 90°
Hence, OSAP is a square
AP = AS = 10 cm (½)
CR = CQ = 27 cm
BQ = BC – CQ
= 38 – 27 = 11 cm (½)
     (1) BP = BQ=11 cm
In quadrilateral PQOT, x = AB = AP + BP
∠QOT + ∠OTP + ∠TPQ + ∠OQP = 360° = 10 + 11 = 21 cm (½)
⇒ ∠TOQ + ∠TPQ = 1 8 0 °   ⇒   ∠ T O Q = 1 1 0 ° 29. To prove: AB + CD = AD + BC
Also ∠TOQ = 2∠TRQ
Proof: AS = AP (Length of tangents from an
⇒ 110º = 2∠TRQ
 external point to a circle are equal)
⇒ ∠TRQ = 55° (1)
22. PA = PC + CA = PC + CQ BQ = BP
fi 12 = PC + 3 CQ = CR
fi PC = 9 cm (1) DS = DR (1)
Similarly, PD = 9 cm AS + BQ + CQ + DS = AP + BP + CR + DR
\ PC + PD = 18 cm (1)
   (AS + DS) + (BQ + CQ)
23. Here AP = AS
BP = BQ = (AP + BP) + (CR + DR)
CR = CQ AD + BC = AB + CD (1)
DR = DS (1) 32. Given: PQ = 8 cm and PO = 5 cm
Now, PR = RQ (Perpendicular from the
 centre bisects the chord)
8
= = 4 cm (1)
2
In DOPR, OR = OP 2 –PR 2 = 5 2 – 4 2

= 25 – 16 = 9 = 3 cm
Adding (AP + PB) + (CR + RD)
Let ∠POR be q.
= (AS + SD) + (BQ + QC)
⇒ AB + CD = AD + BC (1) PR 4
In DPOR, tan q = = (1)
RO 3
 We know, OP ⊥ TP as point of contact of a tangent is and ∠AOP = ∠BOP
perpendicular to the line from the centre. ⇒ ∠APB = 2 ∠OPA
OP 4 5 15 and ∠AOB = 2 ∠AOP(1)
In DOTP, tan q = & = & TP = 
TP 3 TP 4
But ∠AOP = 90° – ∠OPA
⇒ TP = 3.75 cm (1)
⇒ 2∠AOP = 180° – 2∠OPA
33. –APB = 90º (Angle in semi-circle) (½)
⇒ ∠AOB = 180° – ∠APB
–ODB = 90º (Radius is perpendicular
 to tangent) ⇒ ∠AOB + ∠APB = 180°. (1)
37. In the figure, we have:
PQ is diameter of the given circle and O is its centre.
Let tangents AB and CD be drawn at the end points of the
diameter PQ.

     (1)
DABP ~ DOBD
AB AP 26 AP
⇒ =   ⇒  =
OB OD 13 8
⇒ AP = 16 cm (1½)
Since the tangent at a point to a circle is perpendicular to
34. In the given figure, the radius through the point. (1)
AP = AQ, BP = BX  and  CX = CQ \ PQ ⊥ AB  ⇒  ∠APQ = 90°
⇒ AB + BX = AC + CX ...(i) (1)
and PQ ⊥ CD  ⇒  ∠PQD = 90° (1)
∴  Perimeter of
∆ABC = AB + BC + CA ⇒ ∠APQ = ∠PQD
= AB + (BX + XC) + CA But they form a pair of alternate angles.
\ AB || CD. (1)
38. Given: Let O be the centre of two concentric circles C1
and C2.
Let AB be the chord of larger circle C2 which is a tangent
Q to the smaller circle C1 at D.

= (AB + BX) + (XC + CA)
= 2(AB + BX), using (i).(1)
1
Hence, AP = × (perimeter of DABC) = AQ.
2

If AP = 10 cm, then perimeter of ∆ABC = 20 cm. (1)
36. In right D OAP and right D OBP, we have
To prove: Now we have to prove that the chord AB is
PA = PB [Tangents to circle from bisected at D that is AD = BD. (1)
 an external point P]
Construction:  Join OD.
OA = OB [Radii of the same circle]
Proof:  Now since OD is the radius of the circle C1 and
OP = OP [Common] AB is the tangent to the circle C1 at D.
\ By SSS congruency, So, OD ⊥ AB
DOAP @ DOBP(1)
[Radius of the circle is perpendicular
to tangent at any point of contact] (1)
Since AB is the chord of the circle C2 and OD ⊥ AB.

\ AD = DB
[Perpendicular drawn from the centre to
the chord always bisects the chord] (1)

\  Their corresponding parts are equal.

\ ∠OPA = ∠OPB
 \ 23-Nov-2021   Amit  Proof-3 Reader’s Sign _______________________ Date __________

39. Given:  ABCD is a quadrilateral circumscribing the circle

with centre O touching it at P, Q, R, S.

In DOPA, ∠P = 90° (1)
By Pythagoras theorem in DOPA,

OA2 = AP2 + OP2
To prove:
r2 = 242 + 72
∠AOB + ∠DOC = 180°
= 576 + 49 = 625
∠AOD + ∠BOC = 180° ⇒ r = 25 cm (1)
Construction:  Join AO, PO, BO, QO, CO, RO, DO, SO. 42. Q  Diameter of bigger circle = d2
(1)
Proof: In DAOS and DAOP,
AO = AO (Common)
AS = AP
 (Tangents from external point)
OS = OP (Radii of same circle)
By SSS congruence rule,
1
DAOS ≅ DAOP So, radius of bigger circle = d 2 = OB
2
∠1 = ∠2 ...(i) (by CPCT) (1) Diameter of smaller circle = d1(1)
Similarly, ∠3 = ∠4, ∠5 = ∠6, ∠7 = ∠8 ...(ii)
1
Now, So, radius of smaller circle = d1 = OA
2
∠1 + ∠2 + ∠3 + ∠4 + ∠5 + ∠6 + ∠7 + ∠8 = 360° c
AB =
 [Q  ASP of quadrilateral] 2
In right DOAB,
⇒  ∠2 + ∠2 + ∠3 + ∠3 + ∠6 + ∠6 + ∠7 + ∠7 = 360° ∠A = 90° [Q Radius is perpendicular to the
 [By (i) and (ii)] tangent at point of contact] (1)
⇒2[∠2 + ∠3 + ∠6 + ∠7] = 360° By Pythagoras theorem
 ∠AOB + ∠COD = 180° OB2 = AB2 + OA2
Similarly, ∠AOD + ∠BOC = 180° 2
1  1 
2 2
1 
(1) ⇒  d 2  =  c +  d1 

2  2  2 
40. Let QM = x = QL
1 2 1 1
MR = y = RN
⇒ d 2 = c 2 + d12
4 4 4
and PL = z = PN
Now PQ = 10 cm,
⇒ d 22 = c 2 + d12 (1)
QR = 8 cm, 46. We have BQ = BP, CP = CR and AQ = AR  (1)
PR = 12 cm
⇒ x + y = 8, y + z = 12, z + x = 10 (1)
⇒ 2x + 2y + 2z = 8 + 12 + 10 = 30
⇒ x + y + z = 15  ⇒  8 + z = 15
⇒ z = 7 (1)
Now, 2AQ = AQ + AR
⇒ x + 12 = 15  ⇒  x = 3
⇒ y + 10 = 15  ⇒  y = 5 = (AB + BQ) + (AC + CR) (1)
Hence, QM = 3 cm, RN = 5 cm and PL = 7 cm.  (1) = AB + BP + AC + CP
41. Given: OP = 7 cm, OA = r cm = (BP + CP) + AC + AB (1)
AB = 48 cm = BC + CA + AB (1)
Now OP ⊥ AB 1
i.e. AQ = (BC + CA + AB) (1)
(as radius makes an angle of 90° with 2
the tangent at point of contact) 48. Join OT intersecting PQ at R.
Also, AP = PB OT bisects ∠PTQ
(Perpendicular drawn from centre \ ∠PTO = ∠QTO
to the chord bisects the chord) \ ∠PTR = ∠QTR...(i) (1)
So, AP = 24 cm (1)
 In DPTR and DQTR, and AP = BP [Tangents from P]
PT = QT [Length of tangents drawn from  DPAO ≅ DPBO (SSS congruence rule) (2)
common external point are equal] ⇒ ∠1 = ∠2[CPCT]
RT = RT [common] (1)
∠PTR = ∠QTR [Q  from (i)]
\ DPTR ≅ DQTR [By SAS]
⇒ PR = RQ [Q  By CPCT]

In DAPC and DBPC,
∠1 = ∠2[Proved]
AP = BP and PC = PC (1)
     (1) \ DAPC ≅ DBPC (SSS congruence rule)
⇒  R is mid-point of PQ ⇒ AC = BC [CPCT]
OR ⊥ PQ and ∠ACP = ∠BCP [CPCT] (1)
In right triangle ORP, Also, ∠ACP + ∠BCP = 180°
OP2 = PR2 + OR2 [Q  Given OP = 5 cm, ⇒ ∠ACP = ∠BCP = 90°
PQ = 8 cm, PR = QR = 4 cm] \  OP is the right bisector of AB. (1)

⇒ 25 = 16 + OR2 52. In DAEO and DCEO,
OR = 3 cm (1) OE = OE [Common]
In DORQ and DOQT OA = OC [Radii of same circle]
∠ORQ = ∠OQT (Each 90°) EA = EC [Tangents from an external point
to a circle are equal in length]
∠ROQ = ∠ROQ (Common)
\ DOEA  DOEC
DORQ ~ DOQT (By AA criterion)
 [By SSS criterion of congruence] (1)
OR RQ

⇒ = (By C.P. of similar triangles) ⇒ OEA = OEC [CPCT]
OQ QT
\ 1 = 2 [CPCT] (1)
3 4 20 Similarly, 5 = 6

⇒ =   ⇒  QT = cm
5 QT 3 and 3 = 4 [Vertically opposite angles] (1)
20
Also PT = QT  ⇒  PT = cm (1) Since sum of angles at a point = 360°
3
\ 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 = 360°
49. Let the circle touches the sides BC, CA, AB of the right
⇒ 2(1 + 3 + 5) = 360°
triangle ABC at D, E and F respectively, where BC = a,
CA = b and AB = c (see figure). Then AE = AF and BD
= BF. Also CE = CD = r.(2) A
D
3
O 1 5 O
2 E 6
4
B
C
(1)
⇒ 1 + 3 + 5 = 180°
⇒ OEO = 180°
      (1) \ OEO is a straight line.
i.e. b – r = AF, a – r = BF
Hence, O, E and O are collinear. (1)
or AB = c = AF + BF = b – r + a – r(1)
53. Centre of any circle passing through the end points P and
a+b−c Q of a line segment are equidistant from P and Q.
This gives r = .(1)
2
\ A1P = A1Q
50. 10 cm (5)
A2P = A2Q
51. Join OA and OB.
In DPAO and DPBO, A3P = A3Q(2)
OA = OB [Radii]
OP = OP [Common]
 \ 23-Nov-2021   Amit  Proof-3 Reader’s Sign _______________________ Date __________

54. (a) PA · PB = (PN – AN) (PN + BN)

= (PN – AN)(PN + AN) (As AN = BN)
⇒ PA.PB = PN2 – AN2...(i) (1)
(b) PN2 – AN2 = (OP2 – ON2) – AN2 (As ON ⊥ PN)
= OP2 – (ON2 + AN2) (1)
= OP2 – OA2 (As ON ⊥ AN)
⇒ PN2 – AN2 = OP2 – OT2(As OA = OT) ...(ii) (1)
(c) From (i) and (ii)
PA . PB = OP2 – OT2 = PT2(As ∠OTP = 90°) (1)
      (1) Case Study Based Questions
As we know that any point on perpendicular bisector of a I. 1. (c) 150° 2. (a) 75°
segment is equidistant from the end points of the segment. 3. (b) 75° 4. (a) 90°
Hence, A1, A2, A3 points are the centres of circles passing 5. (c) 5 3 m
through the end points P and Q of a segment PQ or the II. 1. (a) 7 cm 2. (b) 5 cm
centres of circles lie on the perpendicular bisector of 3. (d) 3 cm 4. (c) 24 sq cm
PQ.(2) 5. (b) 60 sq cm

Experts’ Opinion
Questions based on following types are very important for Exams. So, students are advised to revise them thoroughly.
1. To prove and use the theorem "The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of
contact."
2. To prove and use the theorem "The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal."

QUICK REVISION NOTES

•• A tangent to a circle is a line that intersects the circle at only one point.
•• There is only one tangent at a point of the circle.
•• The tangent to a circle is a special case of the secant.
•• There is no tangent to a circle passing through a point lying inside the circle.
•• There is one and only one tangent to a circle passing through a point lying on the circle.
•• There are exactly two tangents to a circle through a point lying outside the circle.
•• The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact.
•• The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.

COMMON ERRORS
Errors Corrections
(i) Interpreting incorrectly that all secants are tangents. (i) Remember that the tangent to a circle is a special case of secant,
when the two end points of its corresponding chord coincide.
(ii) Interpreting incorrectly that many tangents can be (ii) There is one and only one tangent to a circle passing through
drawn to a circle passing through a point lying on a point lying on the circle.
the circle.
(iii) Distinguishing incorrectly the terms ‘inscribed’ and (iii) Understand the difference between terms ‘inscribed’ and
‘circumscribed’. ‘circumscribed’ clearly.

Inscribed Circumscribed

(iv) Not recognising corresponding parts of congruent (iv) Write corresponding parts of congruent triangles correctly
triangles to find the values of angles. which are equal.
(v) Do not using angle sum property of triangle and (v) Must use angle sum property of triangle and quadrilateral to
quadrilateral to find the unknown angles. find the unknown angles when sum are given.