P1 

Answers
Neither University of Cambridge International Examinations nor OCR bear any responsibility for the example
answers to questions taken from their past question papers which are contained in this publication.
Answers

Chapter 1 6 (i)
b
c
(v)
26x – 3
24
●
? (Page 1) (ii)
e
2f
1
11 (i) 2
Like terms have the same variable;
2
unlike terms do not. x (ii)
(iii) (2x + 1)3
5
Note that the power of the variable (y – 3)3
(iv) 2a (iii)
must also be the same, for example 4x
4x and 5x 2 are unlike terms and 2
(v)
pr (iv) 6
cannot be collected.
7 (i) 1 (v)
x 3(3x + 2)
12
Exercise 1A (Page 4) (ii) 5

1 (i) 9x
(iii) pq ●
? (Page 6)
g 2h3 A variable is a quantity which can
(ii) p − 13 (iv)
change its value. A constant always
3f 2
(iii) k − 4m + 4n has the same value.
(v)
m3
(iv) 0 n2
(v) r + 2s − 15t 8 (i)
5x ●
? (Page 6)
6 Starting from one vertex, the
2 (i) 4(x + 2y) polygon can be divided into n − 2
(ii)
49x
(ii) 3(4a + 5b − 6c) 60 triangles, each with angle sum 180°.
(iii) 12(6f − 3g − 4h) (iii)
z The angles of the triangles form the
3 angles of the polygon.
(iv) p(p − q + r)
(iv)
5x
12k(k + 12m − 6n) 12
(v)
27y
●
? (Page 7)
3 (i) 28(x + y) (v) You get 0 = 0.
40
(ii) 7b + 13c
9 (i)
8
(iii) −p + 24q + 33r x Exercise 1B (Page 9)
y+x
(iv) 2(5l + 3w − h) (ii) a = 20
xy   1 (i)

(v) 2(w + 2v) 4y + x 2 (ii) b=8

(iii)
4 (i) 2ab xy (iii) c=0
n(k − m) p2 + q2
(ii) (iv) (iv) d=2
pq
(iii) q(2p − s) (v) e = −5
(v)
bc – ac + ab
(iv) 4(x + 2) abc (vi) f = 1.5
(v) −2 10 (i)
3x – 1 (vii) g = 14
4
5 (i) 6x 3y 2 (viii) h = 0
(ii)
7x + 3
(ii) 30a 3b 3c 4 15 (ix) k = 48
(iii) k 2m 2n 2 (iii)
11x – 29 (x) l=9
12
(iv) 162p 4q 4r 4 (xi) m=1
(iv)
76 – 23x
280 10 (xii) n=0
(v) 24r 2s 2t 2u 2
 a + 6a + 75 = 180 (x + 2)(x + 4)
P1 
  2 (i) 3 (i)

(ii) 15°, 75°, 90°

●
? (Page 12)
(ii) (x − 2)(x − 4)
1 Constant acceleration formula
  3 (i) 2(r − 2) + r = 32 (iii) (y + 4)(y + 5)
2 Volume of a cuboid
(ii) 10, 10, 12 (iv) (r + 5)(r − 3)
3 Area of a circle

Chapter 1
  4 (i) 2d + 2(d − 40) = 400 (v) (r − 5)(r + 3)
4 Constant acceleration formula
(ii) d = 120, area = 9600 m2 (vi) (s − 2)2
5 Surface area of a closed cylinder
  5 (i) 3x + 49 = 5x + 15 (vii) (x − 6)(x + 1)
6 Constant acceleration formula
(ii) $1 (viii) (x + 1)2
7 Pythagoras’ theorem
  6 (i) 6c − q − 25 (ix) (a + 3)(a − 3)
8 Period of a simple pendulum
(ii) 6c − 47 = 55 : 17 correct (x) x(x + 6)
9 Energy formula
  7 (i) 22m + 36(18 − m) 10 Resistances 4 (i) (2x + 1)(x + 2)
(ii) 6 kg 11 Area of a trapezium (ii) (2x − 1)(x − 2)
  8 (i) a + 18 = 5(a − 2) 12 Focal length (iii) (5x + 1)(x + 2)
(ii) 7 13 Focal length (iv) (5x − 1)(x − 2)

14 Pressure formula (v) 2(x + 3)(x + 4)

Exercise 1C (Page 12) (vi) (2x + 7)(2x − 7)
1 (i) a =
v –u
t
●
? (Page 17) (vii) (3x + 2)(2x − 3)
100 m (viii) (3x − 1)2
(ii) t = v – u
a (ix) (t 1 + t 2)(t 1 − t 2)
2 h =
V Exercise 1D (Page 18)
lw (x) (2x − y)(x − 5y)
1 (i) (a + b)(l + m) 5 (i) x = 8 or x = 3
3 r= A
π (ii) (p − q)(x + y) (ii) x = −8 or x = −3
4 (i) s =
v 2 – u2 (iii) (u − v)(r + s) (iii) x = 2 or x = 9
2a
(iv) (m + p)(m + n) (iv) x = 3 (repeated)
(ii) u = ± v 2 – 2as
(v) (x + 2)(x − 3) (v) x = −8 or x = 8
A – 2 πr 2
5 h= (vi) (y + 7)(y + 3)
2 πr 6 (i) x = 23 or x = 1
2(s – ut) (vii) (z + 5)(z − 5)
6 a = (ii) x = – 23 or x = −1
t2 (viii) (q − 3)(q − 3) = (q − 3)2

7 b = ± h2 – a 2 (ix) (2x + 3)(x + 1) (iii) x = – 31 or1

= x=2
3

4 π2 l (x) (3v − 10)(2v + 1) (iv) x = – 45 or x = 45

8 g =
T2 2 (i) a 2 + 5a + 6 (v) x = 23 (repeated)
9 m =
2E
2gh + v 2 (ii) b 2 + 12b + 35 7 (i) x = −4 or x = 5
R1 R2 (iii) c2 − 6c + 8 (ii) x = −3 or x = 43
10 R =
R1 + R2
(iv) d 2 − 9d + 20 (iii) x = 2 (repeated)
11 h =
2A
a +b (v) e2 + 5e − 6
5
(iv) x = −3 or x = 2

fv (vi) g2 − 9 (v) x = −2 or x = 3
12 u =
v–f (vii) h 2 + 10h + 25 2
(vi) x = 4 or x = 3
13 d =
u2
(viii) 4i 2 − 12i + 9
u–f
mRT (ix) ac + ad + bc + bd
14 V =
M(p1 – p2) 281
(x) x2 − y2
 x = ±1 or x = ±2 Exercise 1E (Page 24) (x − 2)2 − 1
P1 
8 (i) (iv) (a)

(ii) x = ±1 or x = ±3 1 (i) (a) (x + 2)2 + 5 (b) x = 2; (2, −1)

(iii) x = ±23 or x = ±1 (b) x = − 2; (−2, 5) (c) y

(iv) x = ±1.5 or x = ±2 (c) y

Answers

(v) x = 0 or x = ±0.4
(vi) x = 1 or x = 25
(vii) x = 1 or x = 2
(viii) x = 9 (Note: 4 means +2) (0, 9) (0, 3)

9 (i) x = ±1
O x
(ii) x = ±2
(–2, 5) (2, –1)
(iii) x = ±3
(v) (a) (x + 3)2 − 10
(iv) x = ±2
(b) x = − 3; (−3, −10)
(v) x = ±1 or x = ±1.5 x
O
(c) y
(vi) x = 1 or x = 3 2
(ii) (a) (x − 2)2 +5
(vii) x = 4 or x = 16
1
(b) x = 2; (2, 5) O x
(viii) x = 4 or x = 9 (0, –1)

10 x = ±3 (c) y

11 (i) w(w + 30)

(ii) 80 m, 380 m

12 (i) A = 2πrh + 2πr 2

(0, 9)
(ii) 3 cm
(–3, –10)
(iii) 5 cm

13 (ii) 14 (2, 5) (vi) (a) (x − 5)2 − 25

(iii) 45
(b) x = 5; (5, −25)
(c) y
14 x 2 + (x + 1)2 = 292;
20 cm, 21 cm, 29 cm O x

(iii) (a) (x + 2)2 − 1

●
? (Page 22)
x = −2; (−2, −1)
O x

( )
2 2
(b)
Since x + a = x2 + ax + a , it (5, –25)
2 4 (c) y

follows that to make x2 + ax into a

(x + 21) + 134
2
2 (vii) (a)
perfect square you must add a or
4
x = – 21 ; ( – 21 , 134 )
()
2 (b)
a
to it.
2
y
(c)
(0, 3)

O x
(–2, –1)

(– –12 , 1 –43 ) (0, 2)

282 O x
 k=1
P1 
4 (i)

( )
2
(viii) (a) x – 121 – 9 41 (iv) −2(x + 21 )2 − 121 (ii) k=3

(b) x = 121 ; 121 , –9 41( ) (v) 5(x − 1)2 + 2 9

(iii) k = − 16

(vi) 4(x − 21 )2 − 5 (iv) k = ±8

(c) y

Chapter 1
(vii) −3(x + 2)2 + 12 (v) k = 0 or k = −9
5 (i) t = 1 and 2
(viii) 8 (x + 121 )2 − 20 (ii) t = 3.065
4 (i) b = −6, c = 10
(iii) 12.25 m
O x (ii) b = 2, c = 0

(0, –7)
(iii) b = −8, c = 16 Exercise 1G (Page 33)
(1 –12 , –9 –14 ) (iv) b = 6, c =11 1 (i) x = 1, y = 2
5 (i) x = 3 ± 6; x = 5.449 (ii) x = 0, y = 4
(x – 41 ) + 1615
2
(ix) (a) or x = 0.551 to 3 d.p.
  (iii) x = 2, y = 1
(b) x = 4 ; ( 4 , 16 ) (ii) x = 4 ± 17; x = 8.123
1 1 15
(iv) x = 1, y = 1
or x = −0.123 to 3 d.p.
(c) y (v) x = 3, y = 1
(iii) x = 1.5 ± 1.25 ; x = 2.618
or x = 0.382 to 3 d.p. (vi) x = 4, y = 0
(iv) x = 1.5 ± 1.75 ; x = 2.823 (vii) x = 21 , y = 1
or x = 0.177 to 3 d.p.
(viii) u = 5, v = −1
(v) x = −0.4 ± 0.56; x = 0.348
(ix) l = −1, m = −2
or x = −1.148 to 3 d.p.
(0, 1)   2 (i) 5p + 8h = 10, 10p + 6h = 10
(–14 , 15
–)
16

O x (ii) Paperbacks 40c,

Exercise 1F (Page 29)
hardbacks $1
(x) (a) (x + 0.05)2 + 0.0275
1 (i) x = −0.683 or x = −7.317   3 (i) p = a + 5, 8a + 9p = 164
(b) x = −0.05; (−0.05, 0.0275)
(ii) No real roots (ii) Apples 7c, pears 12c
(c) y
(iii) x = 7.525 or x = −2.525   4 (i) t1 + t2 = 4;
(iv) No real roots 110t1 + 70t2 = 380
(v) x = 0.869 or x = −1.535 (ii) 275 km motorway,
105 km country roads
(vi) x = 3.464 or x = −3.464
  5 (i) x = 3, y = 1 or x = 1, y = 3  
2 (i) −7, no real roots
(ii) x = 4, y = 2
(–0.05, 0.0275) (0, 0.03) (ii) 25, two real roots
x
or x = −20, y = 14
O
(iii) 9, two real roots
(iii) x = −3, y = −2
2 (i) x2 + 4x + 1 (iv) −96, no real roots
or x = 121 , y = 221
(ii) x2 + 8x + 12 (v) 4, two real roots (iv) k = −1, m = −7
(iii) x2 − 2x + 3 or k = 4, m = −2
(vi) 0, one repeated root
(iv) x2 − 20x + 112 (v) t1 = −10, t2 = −5
3 Discriminant = b2 + 4a2; a2 and
(v) x2 − x + 1 b2 can never be negative so the or  t1 = 10, t2 = 5

(vi) x2 + 0.2x + 1
discriminant is greater than (vi) p = −3, q = −2
zero for all values of a and b and
3 (i) 2(x + 1)2 + 4 (vii) k = −6, m = −4
hence the equation has
or k = 6, m = 4
(ii) 3(x − 3)2 − 54 real roots.
(viii) p1 = 1, p2 = 1
(iii) −(x + 1)2 + 6
283
 h + 4r = 100, Chapter 2 −3
P1 
  6 (i) (ii) (a)
2πrh + 2πr 2 = 1400π
Activity 2.1 (Page 40)
(b) (321 , 21)
98000π 3
(ii) 6000π or cm (c) 10
27
A: 21 ; B: −1; C: 0; D: ∞ (d) 1
  7 (i) (3x + 2y)(2x + y) m2 3
Answers

(iii) (a) 0
(iii) x = 21 , y = 1
4
●
? (Page 40) (b) (0, 3)
No, the numerator and denominator (c) 12
Exercise 1H (Page 37) of the gradient formula would have
the same magnitude but the opposite (d) Infinite
  1 (i) a6
sign, so m would be unchanged. 10 &
(iv) (a)
(ii) b2 3

(iii) c  −2
Activity 2.2 (Page 41)
(b) (321 , –3)
(iv) d  −43 (c) 109 &
y
3
(v) e7 (d) – 10
&
(vi) f  −1 4 L1 3
(v) (a) 2
3
(vii) g  1.4
2
L2
(b) (3, 121)
(viii) h  0 1
(c) 13
  2 (i) 1p4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x 2
(d) – 3
(ii) p  1 or p  4
An example of L2 is the line joining (vi) (a) Infinite
(iii) −2  x  −1
(4, 4) to (6, 0). (b) (1, 1)
(iv) x  −2 or x  −1
m1 = 21 , m2 = −2 ⇒ m1m2 = −1. (c) 6
(v) y  −1 or y  3
(d) 0
(vi) −4  z  5
Activity 2.3 (Page 41) 2 5
(vii) q2
ABE BCD 3 1
(viii) y  −2 or y  4
1
AB = BC 4 (i) AB: 21 , BC: 23 , CD: 21 , DA: 23
(ix) –2  x  3
AEB = BDC (ii) Parallelogram
(x) y  − 21 or y  6 BAE = CBD (iii)
(xi) 1x3 ⇒ Triangles ABE and BCD are y
congruent so BE = CD and AE = BD.
(xii) y  − 21 or y  3 8 C
5
m1 = BE ; m2 = – BD
  3 (i) k  89 AE CD
6
(ii) k  −4
BE
⇒ m1m2 = – × BD = –1 D
AE CD
B
(iii) k  10 or k  −10 4
(iv) k  0 or k  3 Exercise 2A (Page 44)
2
  4 (i) k9 A
1 (i) (a) −2
(ii) k −81 (b) (1, −1) 0 2 4 6 8 x
(iii) −8  k  8 (c) 20 5 (i) 6
(iv) 0k8 1
(d) 2 (ii) AB = 20, BC = 5
(iii) 5 square units

284
 Exercise 2B (Page 49)
P1 
6 (i) 18 (viii) y
(ii) −2 1 (i) y y = 12 x + 2
(iii) 0 or 8 2
(iv) 8
x
O –4 O
x

Chapter 2
7 (i) y
–2 (ix) y y = 2x + 1
B y = –2 2
4
A 1
2 2
(ii) y
–4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x
C –2
O – 14 O x
5 x
(ii) AB = BC = 125
(x) y
(iii) ( –3 21 , 21 ) y
x=5

8
(iii) y = 2x
(iv) 17.5 square units

8 (i)
2y
x
O x
(ii) (2x, 3y)
O 2 x
(iii) 4x 2 + 16y 2 y = –4x + 8

9 (i) y (xi) y y = 4x – 8
(iv) y

6 C D
O 2 x
4 B
2 O x
A
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 x
–8
y = –3x
(ii) gradient BC = gradient AD
= 21 (v) y y = 3x + 5 (xii) y
(iii) (6, 3) 5
1
10 (i) 1 or 5 x
–123 O
(ii) 7 x
O 1
(iii) 9
(vi) y y = –x + 1
(iv) 1
(xiii) y
11 Diagonals have gradients 23 and y=x–4

– 23 so are perpendicular.
O 4 x
Mid-points of both diagonals are –4 O x
–2
(4, 4) so they bisect each other. –4
52 square units y = – 12 x – 2
(vii) y
(xiv) y
4
y=x+4 –1

O x O 1 x
–4 2

y = 1 – 2x 285
 y 2x + y − 2 = 0
P1 
(xv) 2 (i) Perpendicular (iv)
3y – 2y = 6
(ii) Neither (v) 3x − 2y −17 = 0
(iii) Perpendicular (vi) x + 4y − 24 = 0
O 2 x
(iv) Neither 4 (i) 3x − 4y = 0
Answers

(v) Neither (ii) y=x−3

–3
(vi) Perpendicular (iii) x=2
(vii) Parallel (iv) 3x + y −14 = 0
(xvi) y
(viii) Parallel (v) x + 7y − 26 = 0
2 2x + 5y = 10
(ix) Perpendicular (vi) y = −2
(x) Neither
O 5 x 5 (i) y
(xi) Perpendicular
x – 2y + 8 = 0
(xii) Neither
(xvii) y B

3 ●
? (Page 51)
Take (x1, y1) to be (0, b) and (x2, y2) A(0, 4)
to be (a, 0).
y –b x –0
O 112 x The formula gives = C(6, 2)
0–b a –0
which can be rearranged to give
x + y = 1. O x
2x + y – 3 = 0
a b
(ii) AC: x + 3y − 12 = 0,
(xviii) y 2y = 5x – 4
BC: 2x + y −14 = 0
Exercise 2C (Page 54)
O 4 x (iii) AB = 20, BC = 20,
5 1 (i) x=7 area = 10 square units
–2 (ii) y=5
(iv) 10
(iii) y = 2x
6 (i) y
(iv) x+y=2
(xix) y A
(v) x + 4y + 12 = 0 6
(vi) y=x
4
2 (vii) x = −4
O 6 x (viii) y = −4
2
x + 3y – 6 = 0
(ix) x + 2y = 0
B
(xx) y (x) x + 3y − 12 = 0 O 2 4 6 x
  2 (i) y = 2x + 3
(ii) y = x; x + 2y − 6 = 0;
(ii) y = 3x 2x + y − 6 = 0
2
y=2–x
(iii) 2x + y + 3 = 0 7 (i) y
O 2 x
(iv) y = 3x −14 C
10
(v) 2x + 3y = 10 D 8
6
(vi) y = 2x − 3 B
4
3 (i) x + 3y = 0 2
A
(ii) x + 2y = 0 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 x
286 (iii) x − 2y − 1 = 0
 ●
P1 
(ii) 5
AB: 12 5
, BC: – 12 1
, CD: , 4 (i) ? (Page 63)
3 y
AD: – 43 Even values of n: all values of y are
20 positive; y axis is a line of symmetry.
(iii) AB = 13; BC = 13; CD = 40 ;
Odd values of n: origin is the centre
AD = 10 B
C of rotational symmetry of order 2.

Chapter 2
11 x + 2y = 22
(iv) AB: 5x − 12y = 0;
BC: 5x + 12y − 120 = 0;
CD: x − 3y + 30 = 0; O 4 A 22 x Exercise 2E (Page 68)
AD: 4x + 3y = 0
5x + y = 20 1 y
(v) 90 square units
(ii) A: (4, 0), B: (0, 11), C: (2, 10)
●
? (Page 58) (iii) 11 square units

Attempting to solve the equations (iv) (−2, 21)

simultaneously gives 3 = 4 which is 5 (i) (2, 4) x
–4 3
clearly false so there is no point of
intersection. The lines are parallel. (ii) (0, 3)
6 (i) – 12 , 3
4
, – 12 , 3
4 parallelogram 2 y

Exercise 2D (Page 58) (ii) 10

4
(iii) – 3 , 4x + 3y = 20 20
1 (i) A(1, 1); B(5, 3); C(−1, 10)
(ii) BC = AC = 85 (iv) (4.4, 0.8)

(v) 40 square units –1 2 12 4 x

2 (i) y
2x – y = –9
7 (i) −3
9

(ii) x − 3y + 5 = 0 3
x – 2y = –9 y
(iii) x = 1
4 –12 (iv) (1, 2)

x (vi) 3.75 square units

–9 –4 –12 O
8 (i) 1(−2 + 14) = 6
2
8 –3 1 5 x
(ii) (−3, 3) (ii) gradient of AD =
h –15
(iii) 2x − y = 3; x − 2y = 0 8
gradient of CD =
12 – h
(iv) (−6, −3); (5, 7)
(iii) x co-ordinate of D = 16 4 y
3 (i) y = 21 x + 1, y = −2x + 6 x co-ordinate of B = −4

(ii) Gradients = and −2 ⇒ AC

1 (iv) 160 square units
2 3 x
and BD are perpendicular. 9 M(4, 6), A(−8, 0), C(16, 12)
Intersection = (2, 2) = mid- 10 (i) 3x + 2y = 31
point of both AC and BD.
(ii) (7, 5)
(iii) AC = BD = 20 y
11 (i) 2x + 3y = 20 5
(iv) Square
(ii) C(10, 0), D(14, 6)

12 (6.2, 9.6)
13 (i) (4, 6) 2

(ii) (6, 10)

(iii) 40.9 units –1 2 x
287
14 B(6, 5), C(12, 8)
 6 y 2 (i) 10
k = ±8
P1 
5

6 1 (ii) 37
4
3
1 13 x 3 (i) 4
4
7 (i) (2, 5), (2.5, 4)

− 80  q  80 (ii) 34
(ii)
Answers

4 (i) 5
8 3.75
(ii) 850
9 k  −4
–36 5 (i) 16, 18, 20
10 k  2, k  −6
(ii) 324
6 (i) 15
7 y Chapter 3
(ii) 1170
●
? (Page 75) 7 (i) First term 4, common
(i) (a) Asian Savings difference 6
(b) 80 000, 160 000, 320 000, … (ii) 12
64 (c) Exponential geometric 8 (i) 3
sequence
(ii) 165
(d) The sequence could go
9 (i) 5000
on but the family will not
–2 4 x
live forever (ii) 5100

(ii) (a) Fish & Chips opening hours (iii) 10 100

8 y
(b) 10, 10, 10, 10, 12, … (iv) The 1st sum, 5000, and the
2nd sum, 5100, add up to
(c) They go in a cycle, repeating
the third sum, 10 100. This is
every 7
144 because the sum of the odd
(d) Go on forever (or a long numbers plus the sum of the
time) even numbers from 50 to 150
(iii) (a) Clock is the same as the sum of all
the numbers from 50 to 150.
(b) 0, −3.5, −5, −3.5, 0, 3.5, …
10 (i) 22 000
–4 3 x (c) A regular pattern, repeating
every 8 (ii) The sum becomes negative

9 y = (x + 1)2(x − 2)2 after the 31st term, i.e. from

(d) Forever
the 32nd term on.
(iv) (a) Steps
●
? (Page 68)
(b) 120, 140, 160, …
11 (i) uk = 3k + 4; 23rd term
(x − a)3:
crosses the x axis at (a, 0) n
(ii) (11 + 3n); 63 terms
(c) Increasing by a fixed amount 2
but is flat at that point.
(x − a)4: touches the x axis at (a, 0). (arithmetic sequence) 12 (i) $16 500
The same results hold for any odd or (d) The steps won’t go on (ii) 8
even n for (x − a)n. forever
13 (i) 49

Exercise 3A (Page 81) (ii) 254.8 km

Exercise 2F (Page 73)
14 (i) 16
1 (2, 7) 1 (i) Yes: d = 2, u7 = 39
(ii) 2.5 cm
2 (i) (3, 5); (−1, −3) (ii) No
15 (i) a = 10, d = 1.5
(ii) 8.94 (iii) No
(ii) n = 27
3 (i) (1, 2); (−5, −10) (iv) Yes: d = 4, u7 = 27
16 8
288 4 (2, 1) and (12.5, −2.5); 11.1 (v) Yes: d = −2, u7 = −4
 17 (i) Height after nth impact =

P1 
17 (i) 2 5 (i) 9
( 23 )
n
(ii) 40 (ii) 4088 10 ×      

(iii)
n (3n + 1) 6 (i) 6
(ii) 59.0m (to 3 s.f.)
2
(ii) 267 (to 3 s.f.) 2
19 (i) 3
n
(iv) (9n + 1)

Chapter 3
2 7 (i) 2 (ii) 243
18 (i) a + 4d = 205; a + 18d = 373 (ii) 3 (iii) 270
(ii) 12 tickets; 157 (iii) 3069 20 (i) a = 117; (d = −21)
(iii) 28 books 8 (i)
1
(ii) a = 128; (r = 34)
2
2
(ii) 8 21 (i) 3
●
? (Page 86)
1 (ii) 5150
9 (i)
For example, in column A enter 1 in 10
cell A1 and fill down a series of step 7
22 (i) a + 4d; a + 14d
(ii)
9
1; then in B1 enter (iii) 2.5
7
=3^(A1-1) (iii) S∞ = 11
10 (i) 0.9
then fill down column B. Look for Activity 3.1 (Page 98)
the value 177 147 in column B and (ii) 45th
n –1
read off the value of n in column A. (iii) 1000 (i)
2
An alternative approach is to use the (iv) 44 n–2
(ii)
IF function to find the correct value. 3
11 (i) 0.2

●
? (Page 87) (ii) 1
●
? (Page 101)
3.7 × 10 11 tonnes. Less than 1.8 × 10 9; 12 (i) r = 0.8; a = 25 1.61051. This is 1 + 5 × (0.1) +
perhaps 10 8 for China. (ii) a = 6; r = 4 10 × (0.1)2 + 10 × (0.1)3 + 5 × (0.1)4
13 (i) 16
+ 1 × (0.1)5 and 1, 5, 10, 10, 5, 1 are
●
? (Page 90)

3
(ii) (a) x = −8 or 2
the binominal coefficients for n = 5.
The series does not converge so it
does not have a sum to infinity. (b) r = – 21 or 2 Exercise 3C (Page 103)
(iii) (a) 256
1 (i) x 4 + 4x 3 + 6x 2 + 4x + 1
Exercise 3B (Page 91) (b) 170 23
(ii) 1 + 7x + 21x 2 + 35x 3 + 35x 4
1 (i) Yes: r = 2, u7 = 320 14 (i) r= 1 + 21x 5 + 7x 6 + x 7
3
(ii) No
( 31) (iii) x 5 + 10x 4 + 40x 3 + 80x 2 +
n–1
(ii) 54 ×
(iii) Yes: r = −1, u7 = 1 80x + 32

(iv) Yes: r = 1, u7 = 5 (iii) 81 (

1– ( 31) )
n
(iv) 64x 6 + 192x 5 + 240x 4 +
160x 3 + 60x 2 + 12x + 1
(v) No (iv) 81
(v) 16x 4 − 96x 3 + 216x 2 − 216x
(vi) Yes: r = 21 , u7 = 3
32 (v) 11 terms + 81
(vii) No 15 (i) 20, 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25 (vi) 8x 3 + 36x 2y + 54xy2 + 27y 3
2 (i) 384 (ii) 0, 10, 15, 17.5, 18.75 8
(vii) x3 − 6x + 12
x − x3
(ii) 765 (iii) First series geometric,
1
common ratio 2 . Second (viii) x4 + 8x +
24 + 32 + 16
3 (i) 4
sequence not geometric as x2 x5 x8
(ii) 81 920 there is no common ratio. (ix) 243x10 − 810x7 + 1080x4 −
4 (i) 9 16 (i) 68th swing is the first less 720x + 240 − 32
x2 x5
(ii) 10th term than 1°
289
(ii) 241° (to nearest degree)
 2 (i) 6 Exercise 4A (Page 110) (ix) (a) Examples: 4  16,

P1  (ii) 15 1 (i) One-to-one, yes

−0.7  0.49

(iii) 20 (b) Many-to-one

(ii) Many-to-one, yes
(iv) 15 (c) 
(iii) Many-to-many, no
3 (i) (a) −5
Answers

(v) 1 (iv) One-to-many, no

(vi) 220 (b) 9
(v) Many-to-many, no
3 (i) 56 (c) −11
(vi) One-to-one, yes
(ii) (a) 3
(ii) 210 (vii) Many-to-many, no
(iii) 673 596 (b) 5
(viii) Many-to-one, yes
(iv) −823 680 (c) 10
2 (i) (a) Examples: one  3,
(iii) (a) 32
(v) 13 440 word  4
4 (i) 6x + 2x 3 (b) Many-to-one (b) 82.4

5 16x4 − 64x2 + 96 (c) Words (c) 14

6 64 + 192kx + 240k2x2 (ii) (a) Examples: 1  4, (d) −40

2.1  8.4 4 (i) f(x)  2
7 (i) 1 − 12x + 60x2
(ii) −3136 and 16 128 (b) One-to-one (ii) 0  f(θ)  1
+
8 (i) 4096x6 − 6144kx3 + 3840k2 (c)  (iii) y ∈ {2, 3, 6, 11, 18}

(ii) ± 41 (iii) (a) Examples: 1  1, (iv) y ∈ +

64 (v) 
9 (i) x12 − 6x9 + 15x6
(b) Many-to-one
(ii) − 20 +
(vi) {21, 1, 2, 4}
(c) 
10 (i) x5 − 10x3 + 40x (vii) 0y1
(iv) (a) Examples: 1  −3,
(ii) 150 (viii) 
−4  −13
11 (ii) x = 0, −1 and −2 (ix) 0  f(x)  1
(b) One-to-one
12 n = 5, a = −21, b = 20 (x) f(x)  3
(c) 
13 (i) 64 − 192x + 240x2 5 For f, every value of x
(v) (a) Examples: 4  2,
(including x = 3) gives a unique
(ii) 1.25 93
output, whereas g(2) can equal
14 (i) 1 + 5ax + 10a2x2 (b) One-to-one either 4 or 6.
(ii) a = 2 (c) x0
5

(iii) −2.4 (vi) (a) Examples: 36π  3, ●

? (Page 115)
9 (i) (a) Function with an inverse
2 π  1.5
function.
(b) One-to-one
Chapter 4 (c) + (b) f: C  95 C + 32
f −1: F  59 (F − 32)
●
? (Page 108) (vii) (a) Examples: 12π  3,

(i) (a) One-to-one 12π  12 (ii) (a) Function but no inverse

(b) Many-to-many function since one

(b) One-to-many
grade corresponds to several
(c) Many-to-one (c) +
marks.
(viii) (a) Examples:
(d) Many-to-many (iii) (a) Function with an inverse
1  23 3, 4  24 3 function.
(b) One-to-one (b) 1 light year ≈ 6 × 1012 miles or
290 (c) + almost 1016 metres.
 y = f(x) and y = f −1(x) appear to a=3
P1 
f: x  1016x (approx.) 6 (i)
f −1: x  10 −16x (approx.) be reflections of each other in (ii) y
y = x.
(iv) (a) Function but no inverse

function since fares are
banded. Exercise 4B (Page 120) 7

Chapter 4
1 (i) 8x 3
Activity 4.1 (Page 117)
(ii) 2x 3
(i) y (iii) (x + 2)3 (–2, 3)
y = f(x)
(iv) x3 +2
y= f–1(x) (v) 8(x + 2)3 x = –2 O x
(vi) 2(x 3 + 2)
(iii) f(x)  3
(vii) 4x
(iv) Function f is not one-to-one
x (viii) [(x + 2)3 + 2] 3
O when domain is .
(ix) x+4 Inverse exists for function
f(x) = x 2; f −1(x) = x with domain x  −2.
2 (i) f −1(x) = x – 7
(ii) y y = f(x) 2
x – 3, x ∈ .
7 f −1: x  3
(ii) f −1(x) = 4 − x 4
The graphs are reflections of
(iii) f −1(x) = 2x – 4
x each other in the line y = x.
y= f–1(x)
(iv) f −1(x) = x + 3, x  −3 8 (i) a = 2, b = −5

O 3 (i), (ii) (ii) Translation  –2

 –5
x y y = f(x) y=x
y
y = g(x)
f(x) = 2x; f −1(x) = 21x
O x
(iii) y
y = f(x)
y = f–1(x)
(2, 3)
y = f–1(x)

(3, 2) (–2, –5)

2
O x (iii) y  −5
O 2 x

4 (i) fg (iv) c = −2

f(x) = x + 2; f −1(x) = x − 2 (ii) g2 (v) y

y = g(x)
(iv) y (iii) fg2

y=x
(iv) gf
y = f(x)
5 (i) x y = g–1(x)

y = f–1(x) 1
(ii)
x
O x
2
1 (–5, –2)
(iii)
O 2 x x
1
(iv)
x
(–2, –5)
f(x) = x3 + 2; f −1(x) = 3 x –2 291
 Exercise 5A (Page 129) Activity 5.5 (Page 130)
P1 
9 (i) f(x)  2
(ii) k = 13 2 4x3 y = x 3 + c ⇒ dy = 3x 2, i.e. gradient
dx
10 (i) k = 4 or −8; x = 1 or −5 3
f(x) f´(x) depends only on the x co-ordinate.
7
(ii)

(iii) 9 – 2x , x ≠ 0 x2 2x
Answers

x Exercise 5B (Page 133)

11 (i) 2(x − 2)2 + 3 x3 3x 2
1 5x 4
(ii) f(x)  3 x4 4x 3 2 8x
(iii) f is not one-to-one
x5 5x 4 3 6x 2
(iv) 2
x6 6x 5 4 11x 10
(v) 2 − x – 3, g−1(x)  2
2  5 40x 9
12 (i) y 6 15x 4
y = f(x) xn nxn−1
7 0
y=x
8 7
●
? (Page 129)
9 6x 2 + 15x 4
y = f–1(x) When f(x) = x n, then
2
3 10 7x 6 − 4x 3
f(x + h)
O x 11 2x
–2 2
3
= (x + h)n
= x n + nhxn−1 + terms of order h 2 12 3x 2 + 6x + 3
–2 and higher powers of h. 13 3x 2
The gradient of the chord 14 x+1
(ii) −9x2 + 30x − 16 f(x + h) – f(x) 6x + 6
= 15
h
(iii) 9 − (x − 3)2 = nxn−1 + terms of order h and 16 8πr
(iv) 3 + 9 – x higher powers of h. 17 4πr 2
As h tends to zero, the gradient 1
18 2t
tends to nxn−1 .
Chapter 5 Hence the gradient of the tangent is
19 2π
20 3l 2
Activity 5.1 (Page 124) nxn−1 .
3 1
21 2 x 2
See text that follows. Activity 5.4 (Page 130)
22 −  12
y x
Activity 5.2 (Page 126) 1
23
y= +2x3
2 x
6.1; 6.01; 6.001
y = x3 + 1 1 3
2 24 2 x 2
y = x3
1 y = x3 – 1
Activity 5.3 (Page 127) 25 −  23
2 x x
(i)  2    
–1
15
26 −  4
(ii)  −4      x
−x − 2
3

(iii)  8 27

28
2 + 4x − 23
Gradient is twice the x co-ordinate.
When x = 0, all gradients = 0 x
− 23 x − 2
1 5
When x = 1, all gradients are equal. 29 3 x 2
2
i.e. for any x value they all have the 30
5 23
x + 23 x − 3
5

292 3
same gradient.
 8x − 1 3 (i) y

P1 
31 6 (i) y

32 4x + 5
33 1 – –32
O 3 6 x O x
34 16x3 − 10x
–1
3 21

Chapter 5
35
2
x
1
36
x (ii)
dy = 2x + 3
dx
37
9 x− 1 –9
2 (iii) (1, 3)
x
3 1
38 4 x 2 − 2 x + 4
(iv) No, since the line does not
(ii)
dy = 2x − 6
go through (1, 3).
dx
39 3 x
dy = 0 7 (i) y
2 (iii) At (3, −9),
dx
40
5 23
x − 23 x − 2 9
4
x (iv) Tangent is horizontal: curve
at a minimum.
Exercise 5C (Page 136) 4 (i) y
–3 O 3 x
1 (i) (a) −2x −3 5
4
(b) −128
–9
(ii) (a) −x −2 − 4x −5 –2 O 2 x

(b) 3
(ii)
dy = 2x
(iii) (a) −12x −4 − 10x −6 dx
(iii)
dy = −2x : at (−1, 3), dy = 2
(b) −22 dx dx dy = 4;
(iii) At (2, −5),
(iv) (a) 12x 3 + 24x −4 (iv) Yes: the line and the curve dx

(b)
97.5 both pass through (−1, 3) at (−2, −5), dy = −4
and they have the same dx
(v) (a)
1 +3
gradient at that point. dy = −4;
2 x (iv) At (2, 5),
(v) Yes, by symmetry. dx
(b) 341
5 (i) y at (−2, 5), dy = 4
− 23 dx
(vi) (a) −2x
2
(v) A rhombus
(b) − 27
8 (i) y
y
2 (i)
O 1 2 3 x

3
–2 O 2 x –6

dy = 3x2 − 12x + 11 O x
(ii)
–1
–4 dx

(iii) x = 1:
dy = 2; x = 2: dy = −1;
(ii) (−2, 0), (2, 0) dx dx (ii) 4

x = 3: dy = 2 (iv) y = x2 + c, c ∈ 
(iii)
dy = 2x
dx
dx 9 (i) 4a + b − 5 = 0
dy = −4; The tangents at (1, 0) and
(iv) At (−2, 0), (ii) 12a + b = 21
dx (3, 0) are therefore parallel.
(iii) a = 2 and b = −3
at (2, 0), dy = 4 293
dx
P1 
dy = − 7x 15 (i) y 4 (i) y
10 (i)
dx 20 10
6
(ii) 0.8225 and −0.8225

(iii) x = 10
7
5
Answers

11 (i) y

O x

2
–3 O 3 x
(ii) At (−1, 5), dy = 2;
O x dx
dy dy
(ii) = − 83 at (1, 5), = −2
dx x dx

1
(
(ii) − 2, 0 ) (iii) 1 (iii) y = 2x + 7, y = −2x + 7

(iii) −  12 (iv) –1; the curve is symmetrical (iv) (0, 7)

x
about the y axis 5 (i) y
(iv) −4
dy 1 2
8
12 (i) −  3 + 1 16 (i) = +
x dx 2 x 2
(ii) x = 2, gradient = 1 8
(iii) 2
4
(v) 0 17 4
3 O 2 x
(vi) There is a minimum point at 18
8
(2, 3)
13 (i) y Exercise 5D (Page 142) (iii) y = 4x is the tangent to the
curve at (2, 8).
1 (i)
dy = 6 − 2x
dx 6 (i) y = 6x + 28
1 (ii) 4
y= 2+1 (ii) (3, 45)
x
x (iii) y = 4x + 1 (iii) 6y = −x + 273
O
y = –16x + 13
2 (i) y dy = 3x2 − 8x + 5
7 (i)
4 dx

2
(iii) − 3; − 16
x (ii) 4
O
(iv) The line y = −16x + 13 is a 4 x
(iii) 8
tangent to the curve
(iv) y = 8x − 20
y = 12 + 1 at (0.5, 5)
x (v) 8y = −x + 35
14 (i)
8
dy = 4 − 2x (vi) x = 0 or x = 3
y (ii)
dx y
4 8 (i)
(iii) 2

(iv) y = 2x + 1
2
2 dy = 3x2 − 8x
3 (i)
dx
(ii) −4 O 1 2 x

O 5 10 x (iii) y = −4x

(iv) (0, 0)
A(1, 0); B(2, 0) or vice versa
dy 1 −21
(ii) = x
dx 2
294 1
(iii)
6
 P1 
26 23 units (ii) Minimum
(ii) At (1, 0), dy = −1 18
dx
1 (iii) y = –4 41
19 (i) (a) x = 1 and x = 3
At (2, 0), dy = 1 2
(iv) y
dx (b) y = 2x – 2
(iii) At (1, 0),
(c) 36.9°
t angent is y = −x + 1,

Chapter 5

normal is y = x −1 (ii) k  3.875
2
At (2, 0), 20 (ii) (–8, 6)
tangent is y = x − 2,
(iii) 11.2 units
x
normal is y = −x + 2 –2 –12 O

(iv) A square
Activity 5.6 (Page 146)
9 (i) (1, −7) and (4, −4)
y –4 –14

dy = 4x − 9. At (1, −7),
(ii) 
dx 15
tangent is y = −5x − 2; 3 (i)
dy
= 3x2 − 12;
10 dx
at (4, −4), tangent is
y = 7x − 32. 5 dy
= 0 when x = −2 or 2
(iii) (2.5, −14.5) O
dx
–1 1 2 x
(iv) No (ii) Minimum at x = 2,
–5 maximum at x = −2
10 (i) y = 21 x + 21
(iii) When x = −2, y = 18;
(ii) y = 3 − 2x (i) 3
when x = 2, y = −14
1 (ii) 0
(iii) 22 units
(iv) y
1
11 (i) y = − 4 x + 1 (iii) (0, 0) maximum; minima to left

1
(ii) y = 4x − 72
and right of this. 18
1 (iv) No
(iii) 82 square units

1 (v) No 2
12 (i) –2 O 2 x
2 x (vi) About −2.5

1
( 3
(ii) 16 , − 4 ) –14

Exercise 5E (Page 151)

1 3
(iii) No. Point 16 , − 4 ( ) does not dy = 2x + 8; 4 (i) A maximum at (0, 0),
lie on the line y = 2x − 1. 1 (i)
dx a minimum at (4, −32)
13 (i) y = 5x − 74 dy = 0 when x = −4 (ii) y

dx
(ii) 20y + 4x + 9 = 0
13 (ii) Minimum
(iii)
20
square units
(iv) y
14 27.4 units O 4 6 x
15 (i) 2y = x + 6 13
(ii) 9 square units
–32
16 (i) 3 + 23
x x
O
(ii) 5 –4 dy
–3 5 = 3x 2 − 1
(iii) y = 5x − 3 dx

17 (i) 2x − 12 dy = 2x + 5; 6 (i)
dy
= 3x 2 + 4
x 2 (i) dx
dx
(ii) 1

dy = 0 when x = –2 1
(iv) (–2.4, 5.4), (0.4, 2.6) 2 295
dx
 Activity 5.7 (Page 155)
P1 
dy (ii) y
7 (i) = 3(x + 3)(x − 1)
dx
y
(ii) x = −3 or 1 P
300
165

(v) y –6 O 3 x Q
Answers

O x
–564
33
dy
dx
11 (i)
dy = 3(x 2 + 1)
1 dx
O x
3 O 1 x
(ii) There are no stationary
points.
gradient
(iii) of dy
dy dx
8 (i) = −3(x + 1)(x − 3)
dx x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
O x
(ii) Minimum when x = −1, y −36 −14 −4 0 4 14 36
maximum when x = 3
(iv) y
(iii) When x = −1, y = −5;

At P (max.) the gradient of  dy is
when x = 3, y = 27 dx
negative.
(iv) y
At Q (min.) the gradient of  dy is
dx
positive.
27 O x
Exercise 5F (Page 158)

1 (i)
dy = 3x 2; d2y = 6x
dx dx 2
–1 O 3 x
–5 (ii)
dy = 5x 4; d2y = 20x 3
dx dx 2
12 (i)
dy = 6x 2 + 6x − 72
dy = 8x; d2y = 8
9 (i) Maximum at ( – 23 , 4 13
27 ),
dx
(ii) y = 18
(iii)
dx dx 2
minimum at (2, −5) dy d2 y
dy = 48; y = 48x − 174 (iv) = −2x −3; 2 = 6x −4
(ii) y (iii) dx dx
dx
dy 3 21 d2 y 3 − 21
(iv) (−4, 338) and (3, −5) (v) = x; = x
dx 2 dx 2 4
13 (i) (21, 4) and (−21, −4) (vi) 
dy
= 4x 3 + 64 ;
413
– 1 1 dx x
27
(ii) −2  x 2
d2 y
dy = 12x 2 − 245
– –23 O 2 x 14 (i) = (2x − 3)2 − 4 dx 2 x
dx
–5 2 (i) (−1, 3), minimum
(ii) 2y + 9 = 10x
1 1 (ii) (3, 9), maximum
(iii) x  22 or x  2
10 (i) Maximum at (0, 300), (iii) (−1, 2), maximum and
15 (ii) x  1.5
minimum at (3, 165), (1, −2), minimum
minimum at (−6, −564) (iii) (−1, 8) and (2, 2)
(iv) (0, 0), maximum and

(iv) 334 (1, −1), minimum

16 (i) x = 121 and x = 2 (v) (−1, 2), minimum;

(ii) (2, 1) is the stationary point

( – 34 , 2.02), maximum;
296 (1, −2), minimum
 P = 2πr, r = 15 – 2x
P1 
7 (i)
(vi) (1, 2), minimum and
7 (i) f '(x) = 8x − 12 ; f "(x) = 8 + 23 π
x x
(−1, −2), maximum 30
(iii) x = cm:

2 ( ), minimum
(ii) 1, 3 4+π
(vii) ( 21, 12) , minimum lengths  16.8 cm and
1 − 2 ; x −2
3
8 (i) 13.2 cm
(viii) ( 2, 8 2) , minimum and x

Chapter 5
125
(− 2 , −8 2), maximum (ii) (4, −4), minimum 8 (i) h= −r
r
(ix) (16, 32), maximum 9 2 (ii) V = 125πr − πr 3
4x (x + 2)(x − 2) dV
3 (i) 10 (i) 0, 10 (iii) = 125π − 3πr 2;
dr
(ii) 4(3x 2 − 4) (ii) −58.8 d2V = −6πr

(iii) (−2, −16), minimum; dx 2
(0, 0), maximum; (iv) r = 6.45 cm; h = 12.9 cm
Exercise 5G (Page 162)
(2, −16), minimum (to 3 s.f.)
(iv)
1 (i) y = 60 − x 9 (i) Area = xy = 18
y
(ii) A = 60x − x2 (ii) T = 2x + y
–2 O 2 x
(iii) dA = 60 − 2x; (iv)
dT = 2 − 18 ; d2T = 36
dx dx x 2 dx 2 x 3
–16 d2A = −2 (v) x = 3 and y = 6

dx 2
10 (i) V = x 2y
dy Dimensions 30 m by 30 m,
4 (i) = (3x − 7)(x − 1)
dx area 900 m2 (ii) A = x 2 + 4xy
(ii) Maximum at (1, 0); (iii) A = x 2 +
2
2 (i) V = 4x 3 − 48x 2 + 144x x
(
minimum at 2 31 , – 127
5
) (ii)
dV = 12x 2 − 96x + 144;
dx
(iv)
dA = 2x − 2 ; d2A = 2 + 4
dx x2 dx2 x3
(iii) y d2V = 24x − 96
(v) x = 1 and y = 21
dx 2
3 (i) y = 8 − x 11 (i) h = 324
x2
(ii) S = 2x2 − 16x + 64 dA = 12x − 2592; stationary
(iii) 
(iii) 32 dx x2
O 1 3 x point when x = 6 and h = 9
–3 4 (i) 2x + y = 80
(iv) Minimum area = 648 cm 2
(ii) A = 80x − 2x 2 Dimensions:
(iii) x = 20, y = 40 6 cm × 18 cm × 9 cm

dy = 4x(x − 1)(x − 2)
5 (i) x(1 − 2x) 12 (i) y = 24
x
5 (i)
dx (ii) V = x 2 − 2x 3
(ii) A = 3x + 30 + 48
x
(ii) Minimum at (0, 0); dV = 2x − 6x 2;
(iii) (iii) A = 54 m2
maximum at (1, 1); dx
minimum at (2, 0) d2V = 2 − 12x 13 (i) h = 12 − 2r

dx 2
(iii) y (ii) 64π or 201 cm3
1
(iv) All dimensions 3 m (a cube);

1 3
volume 27 m ●
? (Page 167)
1 6 (i) (a) (4 − 2x) cm dV
is the rate of change of the
dh
O 1 2 x (b) (16 − 16x + 4x2) cm2 volume with respect to the height of
6 (i) p + q = −1 (iii) x = 1.143
the sand.

(ii) 3p + 2q = 0 (iv) A = 6.857

(iii) p = 2 and q = −3 297

 4(2x − 1)(x 2 − x − 2)3 6 (i) x = 1 (minimum) and

P1 
dh 4 (i)
is the rate of change of the height
dt x = −1 (maximum)
of the sand with respect to time. (ii) (−1, 0), minimum;
(ii) y = x3 − 3x + 3
dV × dh
is the rate of change of the
(21 , 6561
256 ), maximum;

dh dt (2, 0), minimum (iii) y

volume with respect to time.
Answers

(iii) y
5
● (Page 169) 3
y = (x2 − 2)4
= (x 2)4 + 4(x 2)3(−2) + 6(x 2)2(−2)2 16 1
+ 4(x 2)(−2)3 + (−2)4
–1 O 1 x
= x8 − 8x 6 + 24x 4 − 32x 2 + 16
–1 O –12 2 x
dy = 8x7 − 48x5 + 96x3 − 64x
7 (i) y = x2 − 6x + 9
dx
= 8x(x 6 − 6x 4 + 12x 2 − 8) 5 4 cm2 s −1 (ii) The curve passes through
6 −0.015 Ns −1 (1, 4)
= 8x(x 2 − 2)(x 4 − 4x 2 + 4)
= 8x(x 2 − 2)(x 2 − 2)2 7 
π 2
m day −1 y
10
= 8x(x 2 − 2)3 (= 0.314 m2 day−1 to 3 s.f.)
9

Exercise 5H (Page 171)

Chapter 6
1 (i) 3(x + 2)2 O 3 x

(ii) 8(2x + 3)3

●
? (Page 173)
The gradient depends only on the 8 (i) y = x3 − x2 − x + 1
(iii) 6x(x 2 − 5)2 x co-ordinate. This is the same for
(iv) 15x 2(x 3 + 4)4 all four curves so at points with the (ii) ( – 31 , 1275 ) and (1, 0)
same x co-ordinate the tangents
(v) −3(3x + 2)−2 (iii) y
are parallel.
–6x (– –13 , 1 27
–5 )
(vi)
(x 2 – 3)4

(vii) 3x(x 2 − 1)2
1
Exercise 6A (Page 177)
(0, 1)

( )( )
1
2 1 (i) y = 2x3 + 5x + c
(viii) 3
x+x 1 – 12
x (ii) y = 2x3 + 5x + 2 O (1, 0) x

( )
3
(ix)
2 x –1 2 (i) y = 2x2 + 3
x
(ii) 5
2 (i) 9(3x − 5)2 9 (i) y = x 3 − 4x 2 + 5x + 3
3 (i) y = 2x3 − 6
(ii) y = 9x − 17
4 (ii) t = 4. Only 4 is applicable
(ii) (
max (1, 5), min 123 , 4 27
23
)
3 (i) 8(2x − 1)3 here. (iii) 4 23 k5
27
(ii) (21, 0), minimum 5 (i) y = 5x + c 2 1
(iv) 1  x  1 ; x = 1
3 3
(iii) y (ii) y = 5x + 3 3
10 y = 23x 2 + 2
(iii) y
y = 5x + 3 11 y = − x2 − 3x + 17
3
1
y = 2x 2 − 1 + 5
3
12
3 x 3

13 y = x3 + 5x + 2
1 – –35 O x 14 (i) y = 2x  x − 9x + 20
298 O –12 x
(ii) x = 9, minimum
 P1 
2 3 (i) 3 8 (i) y
15 y =6 x − x + 2
2
(ii) 9
1
16 (i) y = 4x − 2x2 + 3
(iii) 27
(ii) x + 2y = 20 4
(iv) 12
(iii) (7, 6.5)

Chapter 6
(v) 12
Activity 6.1 (Page 183) (vi) 15
(vii) 114 x
The bounds converge on the value –1 O 2 5
1
(viii)
A = 45 1 . 6
3 9 (ii) 2 23 square units
(ix) 2 20
Activity 6.2 (Page 187) 9 2131 square units
(x) 0
10 (i) y
(i) Area = 21 [3 + (b + 3)]b − 21 [3 + (a + 3)]a (xi) –105 34
= 21 [6b + b 2 − 6a − a2] (xii) 5
241
(ii) [b2 + 3b] − [a2 + 3a]
=
2 2 4 (i)

(ii)
3

x
–1 O 1 2 3 4
= [ + 3x]
x 2 b 4

2 a (iii) 56 (ii) 18 23 square units
∫ (x + 3) dx = [ + 3x]
x 2 b
(iii)
b
(iv) −223 11 (i)
a 2 a
(v) 1785 y y = x3 y = x2

Exercise 6B (Page 189) (vi) 1023

1 (i) x3 + c 5 (i) A: (2, 4); B: (3, 6)

(ii) x5 + x7 +c (ii) 5
(iii) 2x 3 + 5x + c (iv) In this case the area is not a
x4 x3 x2 trapezium since the top is
(iv) + + + x +c
4 3 2 curved.
6 (i) y O x
(v) x 11 + x 10 + c
(ii) y = x2
(vi) x3 + x2 + x + c
1
x3 (iii) y = x2: area = 3 square units
(vii) + 5x + c
3 1
y = x 3: area = 4 square units
(viii) 5x + c

∫ 1x 3 dx  ∫ 1x 2 dx,
2 2
(ix) 2x 3 + 2x 2 + c (iv) Expect

x5 3 since the curve y = x3 is

(x) + x + x2 + x + c x
5 O 1 2 above the curve y = x2
2 (i) − 10 −3
3 x +c (ii) 2 31 between 1 and 2.
Confirmation: ∫ 1x 3 dx = 3 34
2
(ii) x 2 + x−3 + c 7 (i) y
and ∫ 1x 2 dx = 2 31
2
(iii) 2x +
x 4 − 5x−2 + c
4 2 4
12 (i) y
(iv) 2x 3 + 7x−1 + c
5
(v) 4x 4 + c
–2 O 2 x
(vi) − 13 + c
3x
2 –1 O 1 2 x
(vii) 3x x +c –1
(ii) −2  x  2
299
2x 5 + 4 + c 2
(viii) (iii) 10
5 x 3
 (ii) y

P1 

∫ −1(x2 − 2x + 1) dx = 5 31 ;
3
(ii) 131 (iii)
y = x2 – 4
∫ 0(x2 − 2x + 1) dx = 9 31
4
(iii) y

16 (i) and (ii)
y –2 –1 O 2 x
Answers

(b) –4

O 1 2 3 x
(a) 9 square units
–1
O (iii) y
1 2 3 4 x y = x5 – 2

(iv) 1
1
3
(v) The answers are the same, –6
–1
since the second area is a O x
1
translation of the first. (iii) (a) 4
–2
13 (i) y (b) 2 41

(iv) 0.140 625. The maximum
lies before x = 1.5.
2 61 square units
17 16 square units
y
(iv)

–1 O 2 x 18 (i) 14.4 units y = 3x2 – 4x

(ii) 8 square units

19 (ii) 7.2 square units 1

(ii) 24 square units O x
8
20 (i) y = − 2 + 12
14 (i) y x
(ii) x + 2y = 22
1 square units
(iii) 8 square units
(v) y

1 21 (i) 2 − 163, 484 y = x4 – x2

x x
O 2 3 x (ii) (2, 6), minimum

(iv) 7 square units
(ii) 7 31 square units
1 –1 O 1 x
(iii) 7 , by symmetry
3 Exercise 6C (Page 196)

(iv) 7
1 1 (i) y
3 4
15 square units
y = x3
15 (i) y (vi)

y y = 4x3 – 3x2
–3
O x

1 –1 0.5
O 0.75 x
O 1 x
20 41 square units
∫ 0(x2 − 2x + 1) dx larger,
4
(ii) 

as area between 3 and 4 is
larger than area between
−1 and 0.
300 1
2 16 square units

 (vii) (ii) 520 65 square units 5 (i) y
P1 
y
y = x2
y= x5 – x3 (iii) 0. Equal areas above and
below the x axis.
3 (i) (a) 4 y=4

–1 O 1 x
(b) −2.5

Chapter 6
O x
(ii) 6.5 square units

4 (i) (a) −6.4 y = 8 – x2

1
6 square units (b) 38.8
2
(ii) 10 3 square units
(viii)
y (ii) 45.2 square units 2
(iii) 10 3 square units
y= x2 –x–2
1
(iv) 213 square units
Exercise 6D (Page 198)
1 (i) A: (−3, 9); B: (3, 9) 6 (i)
y
2 (i) y y = x 2 – 6x
–2 –1 O 1 2 3 x
y = x2 + 3

5

8 61 square units
O 6 x
(ix)
3
y y = 5 – x2
y = –5
y = x3 + x2 – 2x

O x
(ii) (1, −5) and (5, −5)
(ii) (−1, 4) and (1, 4) 2
(iii) 10 3 square units
2
(iii) 2 3 square units 7 (i)
–3 –2 –1 O 1 2 x
3 (i) y
y= x3
y y = 4x
y = 2x –3

1 O 4 x
1112 square units

O x
(x) y
y = x3 + x2 y = x(4 – x)

(ii) (−1, −5), (3, 3)
2
(iii) 10 3 square units
(ii) (−2, −8), (0, 0) and (2, 8) 8 72 square units
(iii) 8 square units 1
9 13 square units
4 (i) y y= x2 10 (i) y
–2 –1 O 1 2 x
y = 4x + 1



y = x3 + 1
O 4 x


8 61 square units y = 4x – x2 O x


dy
2 (i) = 20x 3 − 5x 4; (0, 0) (ii) (0, 0) and (2, 4)
dx
and (4, 256) 2
(iii) 2 3 square units (ii) 8 square units (4 each) 301
 531
P1 
11 4.5 square units 6 20 square units 2 (i)

dy y (ii) 60
12 (i) = 6x − 6x2 − 4x3
dx
1 3
y= x–2 (iii) 205
(ii) 4x + y − 4 = 0
O x (iv) 336
(iv) 8.1 square units –1
Answers

–2 (v) 531
dy
13 (i) = 4 − 3x2 ; 8x + y − 16 = 0 (vi) 52
dx 3
(ii) (−4, 48) 3 (i) 4
(iii) 108 square units (ii) –4; the graph has rotational
2
14 103 square units
Activity 6.3 (Page 203) symmetry about (2, 0).

(i) (a) 4(x − 2)3 4 (i) 5.2 square units

15 (i) A: (1, 4); B: (3, 0)
14(2x + 5)6 (ii) 1.6 square units
(ii) 3y = x + 4 (b)
(iii) 6.8 square units
(iii) 17 square units (c)
–6
12
(2x – 1)4 (iv) Because region B is below

(d)
–4 the x axis, so the integral for
Exercise 6E (Page 203) 1 – 8x this part is negative.
1 6 square units (ii) (a) (x − 2)4 + c 5 (i) 4 square units
2 1 2
2 6 3 square units (b) 4(x − 2)4 + c (ii) 2 3 square units
4 square units 1
3 (c) 2(2x + 5)7 + c 6 (i) 3y + x = 29
y (d) 2(2x + 5)7 + c (ii) y = 4 3x − 2 + 1
2 (e)
–1 + c 7 (i) (8.5, 4.25)
(2x – 1)3
3
y= x –1 (ii) y = 16 − 4 6 − 2x
(f) +c
6 (2x – 1)3
Activity 6.4 (Page 206)
O x
(g) (1 – 8x) + c
1
(i) (a) 2
2
4 8 3 square units
(h) –2 (1 – 8x) + c
(b) 23
y Exercise 6F (Page 205) (c) 0.9
2
1 (d) 0.99
5(x + 5) + c
1 (i) 5

1 (e) 0.9999
9(x + 7) + c
(ii) 9
y= x–1
(ii) 1
(iii)
–1 + c
O x 5 (x – 2)5
●
? (Page 207)
1 ; ∞ 1 dx does not exist since 1 is
3
2
3(x − 4)
a ∫0 x 2
–1 (iv)
2
+c
0
1 undefined.
6 51 square units 12(3x − 1) + c
(v) 4
5

y 1 (5x − 2)7
(vi)
35 Exercise 6G (Page 208)
2
1
(vii) 4(2x − 4)6 + c 1 2
4 3 1
1 y= x 1 2 2
(viii) 6(4x − 2)2 + c
4 +c 3 2
(ix)
8–x
x
O 4 – 41
(x) 3 2x – 1 + c
5 –1
302 6 24
 (iv) y

P1 
5 (i) y
●
? (Page 209)
62.5
1 (i) A cylinder y= x
(ii) A sphere
O 4 x
(iii) A torus
8π units3

Chapter 7
y = 10 10
7π
2 (base)
3 3 (i) (ii)
y O 10 25 x

● (Page 211)

(ii) 45.9 litres
Follow the same procedure as that 6 (i) y
4y = 3x
on page 209 but with the solid sliced
y = x2 – 4
into horizontal rather than vertical 3 12
(4, 3)
discs.


R
Exercise 6H (Page 212)
O x
4

1 For example: ball, top (as in
(iii) 12π units3
top & whip), roll of sticky tape,
–2 O 2 x
pepper mill, bottle of wine/milk 4 (i) y
etc., tin of soup
y = 3x –4

2 (i) y 6
y = 2x
∫ 0 π(y + 4) dy
12
(ii)
3
(iii) 3 litres

∫ 0 π(y + 4) dy = 90π
10
O x (iv) 
3
= 4 of 120π
7π units3
O 7 42π
1 3 x (ii) y
y=x–3
8 6
104π 3
3 units 6

(ii) y Chapter 7
O 3 x

–3 ●
? (Page 219)
y=x+2 When looking at the gradient of a
234π units3 tangent to a curve it was considered
2 as the limit of a chord as the
(iii) y
y = x2 – 2 width of the chord tended to zero.
O 2 x
4 Similarly, the region between a
56π 3 curve and an axis was considered as
3 units the limit of a series of rectangles as
(iii) y O x the width of the rectangles tended
y = x2 + 1
to zero.
–2
Exercise 7A (Page 221)
18π units3
1
1 (i) Converse of Pythagoras’
–1 O 1 x theorem
8 15 8
56π (ii) 17 , 17 , 15
3
15 units
3 (i) 5 cm 303

 8
3 Activity 7.2 (Page 228)
P1 
4 (i) 2 (i), (ii)
9
5 (i) 4d cos x
y
6 (i) BX = 3 3
1
1 0.6

Activity 7.1 (Page 223)
Answers

–90 0 90 180 270 360 450 θ

–1 –90
–53
90 180 270 360 450
53 307 413
x
y = sin θ

Only sin θ positive All positive –1

y
(ii) x = −53°, 53°, 307°, 413°
Only tan θ positive Only cos θ positive 1
(to nearest 1°)
–90 0 90 180 270 360 450 (iii), (iv)
θ
–1 sin x
y = cos θ
●
? (Page 227)
y

1
1 The oscillations continue to the 0.8
left.
y
–90 90 180 270 360 450
53 127 413
x

–1
–360 –180 0 θ –90 0 90 180 270 360 450

θ (iv) x = 53°, 127°, 413°
y = sin θ (to nearest 1°)
(v) For 0  x  90°,
y
sin x = 0.8 and cos x = 0.6
y = tan θ have the same root.
For 90°  x  360°,
–270 –90 0 θ
●
? (Page 232) sin x and cos x are never
y = cos θ The tangent graph repeats every both positive.
180° so, to find more solutions, keep 3 (Where relevant, answers are to
2 y = sin θ: adding or subtracting 180°. the nearest degree.)
− reflect in θ = 90° to give the (i) 45°, 225°
curve for 90°  θ  180° Exercise 7C (Page 233) (ii) 60°, 300°
− rotate the curve for
1 (i), (ii) (iii) 240°, 300°
0  θ  180° through 180°,
centre (180°, 0) to give the sin x (iv) 135°, 315°
curve for 180°  θ  360°. (v) 154°, 206°
y = cos θ: 1
(vi) 78°, 282°
 − 90° 1
− translate 
 0 
and reflect 2 (vii) 194°, 346°
180
in y axis to give the curve for (viii) 180°
30 90 150 270 360 x
0  θ  90°
4 (i)
3
− rotate this through 180°, 2
–1
centre (90°, 0) to give the 1
(ii)
curve for 90°  θ  180° (ii) 30°, 150° 2
− reflect the curve for (iii) 30°, 150° (± multiples of 360°)
(iii) 1
0  θ  180° in θ = 180° (iv)
1
(iv) −0.5 2
to give the curve for
180°  θ  360°. (v) – 21

304 (vi) 0
 θ = 71.6° or θ = 251.6°
P1 
(vii) 1
12 (ii)
4 (i)
π , 11π
2 6 6
13 θ = 90° or θ = 131.8°
π
(ii) ,
5π
(viii)
3
2 4 4
(ix) −1 Exercise 7D (Page 238) π 3π
(iii) ,
4 4
π

Chapter 7
5 (i) −60° 1 (i)
4 (iv)
7π , 11π
(ii) −155.9° π 6 6
(ii)
(iii) 54.0°
2 3π , 5π
(v)
2π 4 4
6 (i) (iii)
3 π , 4π
y (vi)
y = sin x 5π 3 3
1 (iv)
12 5 (i) 0.201 rads, 2.940 rads

–90 0 x 180 360 x 5π
(v) (ii) −0.738 rads, 0.738 rads
–1 (180 – x) 3
shaded areas are congruent (vi) 0.4 rad (iii) −1.893 rads, 1.249 rads

5π (iv) −2.889 rads, −0.253 rads

(ii) (a)  False (vii)
2
(v) −1.982 rads, 1.982 rads
(b)  True (viii) 3.65 rad
(vi) −0.464 rads, 2.678 rads
(c)  False 5π
(ix)
(d)  True 6 6 0 rads, 0.730 rads, 2.412 rads,
(x)
π  rads
7 (i) α between 0° and 90°, 360° 25
and 450°, 720° and 810°, 2 (i) 18°
etc. (and corresponding
(ii) 108°
●
? (Page 241)
negative values). Draw a line from O to M, the mid-
sinα , all (iii) 114.6° point of AB. Then find the lengths
(ii) No: since tan α  =
cosα (iv) 80° of OM, AM and BM and use them to
must be positive or one find the areas of the triangles OAM
positive and two negative. (v) 540°
and OBM, and so that of OAB.
(iii)  o: sin α  = cos α ⇒ α = 45°,
N (vi) 300°
In the same way,
225°, etc. but tan α = ±1 for (vii) 22.9° AB = AM + MB = 2AM.
these values of α, and
(viii) 135°
1
sin α = cos α =
2 (ix) 420° Exercise 7E (Page 241)
8 (i) 5.7°, 174.3° (x) 77.1° 1

(ii) 60°, 300° 1 r (cm) θ (rad) s (cm) A (cm2)

3 (i)
(iii) 116.6°, 296.6° 2
 5 25
(ii) 3 5 4
(iv) 203.6°, 336.4° 4 8
(v) 0°, 90°, 270°, 360° (iii) 3
8 1 8 32
2
(vi) 90°, 270°
(iv) −1 1
4 2 2 4
(vii) 0°, 180°, 360°
(v) −1
(viii) 54.7°, 125.3°, 234.7°, 305.3° 121   3
(vi) 3 3 2 8
(ix) 60°, 300° 2
4
(x) 18.4°, 71.6°, 198.4°, 251.6° (vii) 3 5 5 4 10
9 A: (38.2°, 0.786), (viii) – 1 1.875 0.8 1.5 1.41
B: (141.8°, −0.786) 2
(ix)
1 2
10 (ii) x = 143.1° or x = 323.1° 2 3.46 3 7.26 4π
1 305
11 (ii) x = 26.6° or x = 206.6° (x)
2
 20 cm2 In general, the curve y = −f(x) is Exercise 7F (Page 251)
P1 
2 (i) (a)
3 obtained from y = f(x) by a
 90° 
(c) 16.9 cm2 reflection in the x axis. 1 (i)
Translation 
 0 
(ii) 19.7 cm2
(ii) One-way stretch parallel to
3 (i) 1.98 mm2 Activity 7.6 (Page 246) x axis of s.f. 31
Answers

(ii) 43.0 mm For any value of x, the y co-ordinate (iii) One-way stretch parallel to

5 (i) 140 yards of the point on the curve y = 2 sin x y axis of s.f. 21
is exactly double that on the curve
(ii) 5585 square yards (iv) One-way stretch parallel to
y = sin x.
x axis of s.f. 2
6 (ii) 43.3 cm
This is the equivalent of the curve
Translation  
0
(iii) 117 cm2 (3 s.f.) being stretched parallel to the y axis. (v)
 2
7 (i) 62.4 cm2 Since the y co-ordinate is doubled,

(ii) 0.65
the transformation that maps the Translation   − 60°
2 (i)
curve y = sin x on to the curve  0 
8 (i) 4 3 y = 2 sin x is called a stretch of scale (ii) One-way stretch parallel to
(ii) 48 3 − 24π factor 2 parallel to the y axis. y axis of s.f. 31

9 (i) 1.8 radians The equation y = 2 sin x could also (iii) Translation  0
y  1 
be written as = sin x, so dividing
(ii) 6.30 cm 2
y by 2 gives a stretch of scale factor 2 (iv) One-way stretch parallel to
(iii) 9.00 cm2 in the y direction. x axis of s.f. 21
10 (ii) 18 − 6 3 + 2π This can be generalised as the curve 3 (i) (a)
y = af(x), where a is greater than 0, y
Activity 7.3 (Page 245) is obtained from y = f(x) by a stretch

of scale factor a parallel to the y axis. 1
The transformation that maps
the curve y = sin x on to the curve
Activity 7.7 (Page 247) O
y = 2 + sin x is the translation  0 . 180 360 x
 2
For any value of y, the x co-ordinate
In general, the curve y = f(x) + s is of the point on the curve y = sin 2x –1
obtained from y = f(x) by the is exactly half that on the curve (b) y = sin x
translation  0 . y = sin x. (ii) (a)
s 
This is the equivalent of the curve y
being compressed parallel to the
Activity 7.4 (Page 245) x axis. Since the x co-ordinate is 1
halved, the transformation that
The transformation that maps
maps the curve y = sin x on to the O
the curve y = sin x on to the
curve y = sin 2x is called a stretch of 90 270 x
curve y = sin (x − 45°) is the
scale factor 21 parallel to the x axis.
translation  45° . –1
 0  Dividing x by a gives a stretch of
scale factor a in the x direction, just (b) y = cos x
In general, the curve y = f(x − t) is (iii) (a)
as dividing y by a gives a stretch of
obtained from y = f(x) by the y
scale factor a in the y direction:
translation  t  .
 0 ()x
y = f  corresponds to a stretch of
a
scale factor a parallel to the x axis.
Activity 7.5 (Page 246) Similarly, the curve y = f(ax), where
O
a is greater than 0, is obtained from 180 x
The transformation that maps the 1
y = f(x) by a stretch of scale factor a
curve y = sin x on to the curve
parallel to the x axis.
306 y = − sin x is a reflection in the x axis.
(b) y = tan x
 a = 3, b = −4
P1 
(iv) (a) 6 (i) (ii)
y f(x)
(ii) x = 0.361 or x = 2.78

1 (iii)
y = 4 – 3 sin x
f(x) 7

y = 3 – 4 cos 2x

Chapter 8
O 7
180 360 x
4
–1

(b) y = sin x
O π π 3π π x
(v) (a) –1 4 2 4 1
y

O π π 3π 2π x
2 2
1 7 (i) a = 4, b = 6
(ii) x = 48.2 or x = 311.8 (iii) k  1, k  7

(iv)
3
O (iii)
2
90 270 x f(x)
(v) 2.80
y = 4 – 6 cos x
–1 10

(b) y = −cos x Chapter 8

4 (i) y = tan x + 4
y ●
? (Page 254)
y = tanx + 4 To find the distance between the
O
90° 180° 270° 360° x vapour trails you need two pieces of
4 –2
information for each of them: either
two points that it goes through,
0 90 180 270 360 450 x 8 (i) a = 6, b = 2, c = 3
or else one point and its direction.
7
(ii) All of these need to be in three
12
9 (i) 2  f(x)  8 dimensions. However, if you want
(ii) y = tan (x + 30°) to find the closest approach of the
y
(ii)
y = tan (x + 30) aircraft you also need to know, for
f(x)
y = 5 – 3 sin 2x each of them, the time at which it was
8 at a given point on its trail and the
speed at which it was travelling. (This
0 60 150 240 330 x
5 answer assumes constant speeds and
directions.)
2
(iii) y = tan (0.5x) ● (Page 261)
y y = tan (0.5x) The vector a1i + a2j + a3k is shown
O π π x
2
in the diagram.
(iii) No, it is a many-to-one
z
function.
0 180 360 540 x
10 (i) x = 0.730 or x = 2.41

P
a3
5 (i) y = 4 sin x
(ii) –2 3
O
a2 y
a1
307
x Q
 
→
Start with the vector OQ = a1i + a2 j. A: 2i + 3j, C: −2i + j
P1 
(ii) 5 (i)
→ →
O y (ii) A B = −2i + j, C B = 2i + 3j

→ →
(iii) (a) A B = OC
→ →
a1 (b) C B = OA
Answers

(iv) A parallelogram
( 13, −33.7°)
x a2 Q
(iii)

Activity 8.1 (Page 266)
Length = a21 + a 22
(i) (a) F
Now look at the triangle OQP.
(b) C
P
(c) Q
(d) T

a3 (e) S
(4 2, −135°) →
(ii) (a) OF
(iv) → 
→
(b) OE, CF
→ → 
→
O Q (c) OG, PS, AF

→
(d) BD

→ →
(e) QS, PT
OP2 = OQ2 + QP2
( 5, 116.6°)
= (a12 + a22) + a 32 Exercise 8B (Page 269)
(v)
⇒ OP = a21 + a22 + a32  6
1 (i)  8

 1
Exercise 8A (Page 261) (ii)  1

1 (i) 3i + 2j  0
(iii)  0
(ii) 5i − 4j
(iii) 3i (5, −53.1°)  8
(iv)  −1
(iv) −3i − j 3 (i) 3.74
(v) –3j
2 For all question 2: (ii) 4.47
2 (i) 2i + 3j + k
(iii) 4.90
(ii) i–k
(iv) 3.32
j (iii)
j–k
(v) 7
i
(iv) 3i + 2j – 5k
(vi) 2.24
(v) –6k
(i) 4 (i) 2i − 2j
3 (i) (a) b
(ii) 2i
(b) a + b
(iii) −4j
(iv) 4j (c) –a + b

(v) 5k (ii) (a) 1 (a + b)

2
(vi) −i − 2j + 3k
( 13, 56.3°) (b) 1 (–a + b)
2
(vii) i + 2j − 3k
(iii) PQRS is any parallelogram
(viii) 4i − 2j + 4k → 
→ → 
→
and PM = 21PR, QM = 21Q S
(ix) 2i − 2k
308
(x) −8i + 10j + k
 P1 
4 (i) (a) i  2 (v) 90°
(b) 2i 10 (i) 1  3
7  −6 (vi) 180°

(c) i − j
(ii) m = −2, n = 3, k = −8  3  −1
2 (i)  1  ,  3
(d) −i − 2j

Chapter 8
| A→B | = | B→
C| =

→ 
→
(ii)   2, (Page 271) (ii) BA . BC = 0
| AD | = | CD | =
 → → 
→ 
→
  5 The cosine rule (iii) | AB | = | BC | = 10
Pythagoras’ theorem
5 (i) −p + q, 21p − 21q, −21p, −21q (iv) (2, 5)

→ 
→

→ 
→  → 
→
(ii) NM = 1 BC, NL = 1 AC,
●
(Page 273) 3 (i) PQ = −4i + 2j; RQ = 4i + 8j
2 2 (ii) 26.6°
 a1   b1 
→
M L

→
= 21AB  a  .  b  = a1b1 + a2b2
2 2 (iii) 3i + 7j

 b1   a1  (iv) 53.1°
 2   b  .  a  = b1a1 + b2a2
 13   2  2 4 (i) 29.0°
6 (i)  3 
  These are the same because ordinary (ii) 76.2°
 13 
multiplication is commutative. (iii) 162.0°
(ii) 3
i + 45j → 
5 (i) OQ = 3i + 3j + 6k,
5
●
(Page 274)


→
PQ = −3i + j + 6k
 –1  Consider the triangle OAB with angle
 2 AOB = θ, as shown in the diagram. (ii) 53.0°
(iii) 
 –1 
O 6 (i) −2
 2
(ii) 40°
5
(iv)
13
i – 12
13
j θ 
→
(iii) AB = i − 3j + (p − 2)k;
 1  b a p = 0.5 or p = 3.5
 14 
7 (i) −6, obtuse

 2 
7 (i)  2
 14  B A 3
 3  b – a = (b1 – a1)i +
 
  (ii)  – 
2

 14  (b2 – a2)j + (b3 – a3)k  3
 1
(ii) 2i − 2 j + 1k  3
3 3 3
cos θ = OA + OB – AB
2 2 2

(iii) 35 i − 45 k 2 × OA × OB 8 (i) 99°

OA2 = a 12 + a 22 + a 23 (ii) 71(2i − 6j + 3k)
 –2 
 29  OB2 = b 12 + b 22 + b 32 (iii) p = −7 or p = 5
 4  AB2 = (b1 − a1)2 + (b2 − a2)2 + (b3 − a3)2 9 (ii) q = 5 or q = − 3
(iv) 
 29  
→
2(a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3) 10 (i) PA = − 6i − 8j − 6k,

 –3  ⇒ cos θ = 
→
 29 
2 | a || b | PN = 6i + 2j − 6k

a .b (ii) 99.1°
5 3 j+ 2 k =
(v) i− | a || b |
38 38 38 11 (i) 4i + 4j + 5k, 7.55 m
1 Exercise 8C (Page 275) (ii) 43.7° (or 0.763 radians)
(vi)  0 
→
 0 1 (i) 42.3° 12 (i) PR = 2i + 2j + 2k,

→
(ii) 90° PQ = − 2i + 2j + 4k
8 11.74
(iii) 18.4° (ii) 61.9°
9 x = 4 or x = −2
(iv) 31.0° (iii) 12.8 units
309
P1  Index

Achilles and the tortoise 94 Cartesian system 38 Descartes, René 58

Index

addition centroid of a triangle 59 difference of two squares 16

of vectors 263–4 chain rule 167–71 differential equations 173–4
see also sum; summation changing the subject of a formula general solution 174
algebraic expressions, manipulating 10–11 particular solution 174
1 Chinese triangle see Pascal’s triangle differentiation
angles chords, approaching the tangent of a composite function 167–8
between two vectors 271–2, 126 from first principles 126–7, 131
273–5 Chu Shi-kie 96 and gradient of curves 134–9
of elevation and depression 216 circle with respect to different variables
measuring 235 arc 238 169–70
of a polygon 6–7 equation 69 reversing 173
positive and negative 220 properties 238–44 using standard results 131–2
in three dimensions 274–5 sectors 239 discriminant 27
arc of a circle, length 238 circular measure 235–8 displacement vector 260
area common difference 77 distance between two points,
below the x axis 193–6 completing the square 21–4 calculating 41–2
between a curve and the y axis complex numbers 27 division, by a negative number 34
202–3 constant, arbitrary 173 domain
between two curves 197 co-ordinates of a function 108
as the limit of a sum 182–5 and distance between two points of a mapping 106
of a sector of a circle 238 41–2 drawing
of a trapezium 10 and gradient of a line 39–40 co-ordinates 39
under a curve 179–82 of the mid-point of a line 42–3 curves 63
arithmetic progressions 77–84 plotting, sketching and drawing a line, given its equation 47–9
asymptotes 69, 228 39
of a point 258 elevation, angle 216
bearings 216, 255 in two and three dimensions 38 equations
binomial coefficients cosine (cos) 217, 223 of a circle 69
notation 97 graphs 226–7 graphical solution 20–1
relationships 101 cosine rule 240, 271 linear 6, 13
sum of terms 101 cubic polynomial, curve and solving 7–8
symmetry 97, 101 stationary points 64–5 of a straight line 46–54
tables 96–7 curves of a tangent 140
binomial distribution 102 continuous and discontinuous see also differential equations;
binomial expansions, of 69 quadratic equations;
(1 + x)n 100–1 drawing 63 simultaneous equations
binomial expansions 95–104 of the form y = 1n 68–9 expansion of (1 + x)n 100–1
x
binomial theorem 102–4 gradient 123–6, 134–9
brackets, removing 1–2 normal to 140–1 factorials 97
factorisation 2
calculus d (δ), notation 129 quadratic 13–17
fundamental theorem 180 degrees 235 Fermat, Pierre de 126
importance of limits 126 depression, angle 216
notation 129, 131
see also differentiation;
310 integration