Homopolar Motor

HOMOPOLAR MOTOR
A ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 motor is a DC motor consisting of a DC current-carrying wire

frame placed in a static magnetic field. The wireframe can rotate around a
fixed axis such that the angle between the current and the stationary
magnetic field does not change with time. Copolarization here means the
electrical polarization in the conductor frame (the direction of the current at
each point on the wire frame) and the poles of the magnetic field do not
change with time. Co-polar motors do not need a commutator to change
the direction of the current like other DC motors.
In this problem, we investigate a simple co-polarized motor composed of

an electrochemical cell, a conductor frame, and a permanent magnet
designed as shown in Figure 1. The battery provides direct current to the
motor. conductor frame to form a circuit symmetric about the z-axis. The
cylindrical permanent magnet located at the bottom of the battery, makes
electrical contact with the cathode, producing a circularly symmetric static
magnetic field that rotates around the z-axis and remains constant with
time. Under the action of magnetic force, the wireframe rotates around the
z-axis. The battery and magnet are held in place, and the motor is placed
vertically.
Due to the symmetry of the problem, we only need to consider half of the
circuit sketched in Figure 2. Using the cylindrical coordinate system (𝑟, ϕ, 𝑧
→ → →
) has unit vectors ( 𝑒𝑟, 𝑒ϕ, 𝑒𝑧) with origin O at the center of a cylindrical
magnet of radius b and length l >> 𝑏. The z-axis coincides with the axes of
the magnet and the battery, where the battery is represented by a voltage
source V . The ACDEF circuit is closed by contacts (white arrows in the
figure) with the magnet at points A ≡ (0, ϕ, 𝑙/2) and F ≡ ( 𝑏, ϕ, 0) so that
current can pass through this conductive magnet. This circuit can freely
rotate about the z-axis. Let 𝑎 (𝑎 > 𝑏) and ℎ be the horizontal and vertical
→ →
dimensions of the circuit, respectively. The symbol 𝐵 = 𝐵(𝑟, ϕ, 𝑧 ) is the
magnetic field generated by the magnet, which does not depend on ϕ and
B ϕ = 0. Several lines of force for B are sketched as shown in Figure 2. The
magnetic field at the plane z = 0 is parallel to the z-axis and has an upward
direction when 𝑟 < 𝑏 and downwards when 𝑟 > 𝑏. For simplicity, we take the
→ →
approximation 𝐵(𝑟, ϕ, 0 ) = 𝐵0𝑒z when 𝑟 < 𝑏, with 𝐵0 independent of r ,
although this approximation is satisfied only when l >> 𝑏.
(A) Moment of magnetic force acting on the wire frame

In this section, we will determine the moment of magnetic force acting on
the CDEF conductor frame when a current 𝐼 flows through this wireframe.
→
Consider a very short piece of wire of length 𝑑𝑙 (vector 𝑑𝑙 is in the same
→
direction as the direction of the current) with coordinates (𝑟, ϕ, 𝑧 ). Let 𝑛 be
the normal unit vector lying in the wireframe plane perpendicular to the
→
vector 𝑑𝑙 as shown in Figure 3.
→
1. Find the moment of magnetic force acting on the conductor 𝑑𝑙 .
→ →
2. Prove that the integral of the function (𝐵. 𝑛)r along the closed line
OCDEO is 0. That is,
3. Determine the moment of magnetic force acting on the CDEF

conductor segment in terms of 𝐵0, 𝑎, 𝑏, ℎ, ϕB, l and 𝐼.
(B) Induced emf and current in the wire frame CDEF
Under the action of the magnetic force moment, the CDEF wireframe will
rotate around the z axis rapidly, when this wireframe rotates in the
→
magnetic field 𝐵, an induced electromotive force will appear against the
rapid rotation of the wire frame.
1. Determine the electromotive force that occurs in the CDEF conductor

→ →
frame when it rotates with angular velocity ω = ω𝑒 z.
2. Calculate the current 𝐼 flowing through the CDEF wireframe. We know
that the resistance of the CDEF wire is 𝑅. Neglect the resistance of the
battery and the magnet.
(C) Angular velocity of wireframe CDEF

In this section we will investigate the dynamics of wireframes. Let J be the
moment of inertia of the CDEF wireframe about the 𝑧-axis. During the
rotation of the wireframe around the 𝑧-axis under the action of a magnetic
torque, it is assumed that there is friction with the resisting moment
proportional to the angular speed where η is the rate constant.

1. Write a kinematic equation for the rotation about the 𝑧-axis of the
CDEF wireframe.
→
2. Determine the angular velocity ω(t) of the CDEF wireframe over time.
(D) Stable spinning state

When the wire CDEF frame reaches a steady state of rotation, the wire frame
rotates uniformly around the 𝑧-axis with an angular speed equal to the
critical angular speed ωf, then:
1. Determine the angular speed ωf of the wireframe CDEF, and the
magnitude of the current flowing in the wireframe.
2. Calculate the power source’s power 𝑃S , the power dissipated in the
wireframe 𝑃R , and the power dissipated by friction 𝑃C. Re-examine
the law of conservation of energy 𝑃S = 𝑃R + 𝑃C ?
(E) Limiting case: no friction

We consider the case when there is no friction η = 0.
1. Write an equation for the current 𝐼(t) flowing in the CDEF wireframe.
2. When the wireframe reaches a steady state of rotation, determine the
current 𝐼f flowing in the CDEF wireframe then and the kinetic energy
𝐾f of the wireframe.
3. Calculate the total work As of the power source and the total heat 𝑄R
radiated on the frame from the time the wire frame begins to move
until the frame reaches a steady state of rotation. Re-examine the law
of conservation of energy in this case.

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HOMOPOLAR MOTOR

A ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 motor is a DC motor consisting of a DC current-carrying wire

In this problem, we investigate a simple co-polarized motor composed of

(A) Moment of magnetic force acting on the wire frame

3. Determine the moment of magnetic force acting on the CDEF

1. Determine the electromotive force that occurs in the CDEF conductor

(C) Angular velocity of wireframe CDEF

proportional to the angular speed where η is the rate constant.

(D) Stable spinning state

(E) Limiting case: no friction

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