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EMBRAER 135/145 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
Fuel 
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
 AIRPLANE FUEL
OPERATIONS
MANUAL

SECTION 2-08

FUEL
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Block Page

General .............................................................................. 2-08-05 ..01

Fuel Tanks ......................................................................... 2-08-05 ..02
Fuel Tank Vent System .................................................. 2-08-05 ..02
Engine and APU Fuel Distribution and Control .............. 2-08-05 ..03
EICAS Messages ............................................................... 2-08-05 ..07
Controls and Indicators ...................................................... 2-08-05 ..08
Fuel System Panel ......................................................... 2-08-05 ..08
MFD Bezel...................................................................... 2-08-05 ..10
Fuel Page on MFD ......................................................... 2-08-05 ..12
EICAS Indications........................................................... 2-08-05 ..14
Refueling and Defueling..................................................... 2-08-10 ..01
Pressurized Refueling .................................................... 2-08-10 ..01
Defueling ........................................................................ 2-08-10 ..02
Refueling Panel .............................................................. 2-08-10 ..04
Fuel Measuring Stick.......................................................... 2-08-15 ..01
Measuring Stick Tables .................................................. 2-08-15 ..03

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OPERATIONS
MANUAL

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2-08-00 2 01 MARCH 30, 2001
 AIRPLANE FUEL
OPERATIONS
MANUAL

GENERAL
The EMB-145/135 fuel feed system consists of two independent
systems, one for each engine, interconnected by a crossfeed line. The
fuel system ensure proper fuel supply to the engines and APU under
all the operating conditions.

The system allows refueling and defueling operation to be performed

either by pressure or by gravity.

NOTE: The fuel weight values present in this manual are based on a
fuel density of 0.811 kg/liter (6.767 lb/US Gal).

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REVISION 27 2-08-05 1 01
FUEL AIRPLANE
OPERATIONS
MANUAL

FUEL TANKS
The airplane has two fuel tanks, one in each wing. The fuel flows from
the wing tip to the wing root by gravity. A collector box in the wing root
keeps the electrical pumps inlets submerged. To prevent pumps
cavitation, a ejector pump and flaps valves ensure enough fuel in the
collector box at all conditions.
The fuel tank capacity changes according to airplane model. The
EMB -145LR/LU and EMB-135LR models are equipped with a wing
stub tank that increases the tank capacity. These airplanes have the
collector boxes located in the wing stub.

TANK CAPACITY
Airplanes Without Stub Tank Airplanes With Stub Tank
One Tank Both Tanks One Tank Both tanks
Liters 2573 5146 3198 6396
US gallons 679.8 1359.6 844.9 1689.8
Kilograms 2087 4173 2594 5187
Pounds 4600.2 9200.4 5717.4 11434.9
When performing pressure refueling, the usable fuel quantity in each
tank may be reduced by 7.9 US Gal (STD, ER and MP models) or
13.2 US Gal (LR model) maximum.
NOTE: When operating with the TS-1 fuel, the FQIS may display a fuel
quantity 2% (two percent) higher than the actual fuel loaded in
the airplane.
Conversion factors:
− 3.785412 liter/US gallon
− 1.2330456 liter/kg
− 0.4536 kg/lb

FUEL TANK VENT SYSTEM

The purpose of the fuel vent system is to prevent damage to the wings
due to excessive buildup of positive or negative pressures inside the
fuel tanks. The system consists of float vent valves, vent lines, a surge
box and a NACA air intake. The surge box is located in the wing and it
is connected to the fuel tank through two float valves. These valves
allow at least one venting point to be open between the surge box and
the fuel tank under any flight condition. The surge boxes are connected
to outside air through a NACA air intake installed under the wing.

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2-08-05 2 01 REVISION 30
 AIRPLANE FUEL
OPERATIONS
MANUAL

ENGINE AND APU FUEL DISTRIBUTION AND CONTROL

There are three electric pumps for each wing tank that provides
pressurized fuel to the engines and APU. One pump is capable to
supply fuel for both engines and APU under all phases of flight, except
takeoff and go-around.
During takeoff and go-around one electric pump is required for each
engine and the APU.
Engine-driven fuel pumps will provide suction feed if the electric fuel
pumps operation is not available limited up to a ceiling altitude of
25000 ft.

NOTE: Crossfeed Selector Knob must be OFF during takeoff and go-
around.

Five knobs located in the overhead fuel panel controls the electric
pumps and crossfeed operation. Two PUMP PWR knobs
energizes/de-energizes the electric pumps and the other two PUMP
SEL knobs selects which pumps will be operating. The remaining
pumps will be on standby. If the fuel pressure drops below 6.5 psi, the
remaining pumps are automatically switched on and start cycling, until
the pilot selects one of them.
The XFEED knob controls the crossfeed operation.

Crossfeed operation should be performed in case of fuel imbalance

between tanks. The crossfeed knob acts over the crossfeed valve and
over the electric pumps. Selecting the knob to LOW1 or LOW2 will
deenergize the pump associated to the side with low level. The
crossfeed valve will open connecting the engine 1 and engine 2 fuel
feed lines. The fully-opened crossfeed valve position is indicated on
the EICAS by an advisory message. In case of valve failure, the EICAS
displays a caution message.

NOTE: Crossfeed operation does not allow fuel transfer between

tanks.

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REVISION 27 2-08-05 3 01
FUEL AIRPLANE
OPERATIONS
MANUAL
Fuel for APU operation is normally supplied from the right side fuel
system. Fuel from the left side system may be used by selecting the
crossfeed knob to LOW2. The APU fuel shutoff valve will close in the
following conditions:
− APU master knob positioned to OFF.
− By pressing the APU fuel shutoff button.
− By pressing the APU fire extinguishing button.
− Automatically, through the APU fire detection system in case of APU
fire on ground.

Sensors installed in the tanks and along fuel lines provide signals to
indicate system failures and status. Such indications and messages
are shown on the MFD Fuel page as well as on the EICAS.

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2-08-05 4 01 REVISION 17
 AIRPLANE FUEL
OPERATIONS
MANUAL

FUEL SYSTEM SCHEMATIC

(AIRPLANES WITHOUT STUB TANK)

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REVISION 27 2-08-05 5 01
FUEL AIRPLANE
OPERATIONS
MANUAL

FUEL SYSTEM SCHEMATIC

(AIRPLANES WITH STUB TANK)

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2-08-05 6 01 REVISION 27
 AIRPLANE FUEL
OPERATIONS
MANUAL

EICAS MESSAGES
TYPE MESSAGE MEANING
FUEL 1(2) LO LEVEL The remaining fuel quantity
in the associated tank
WARNING
ranges from 210 kg (463 lb)
to 265 kg (584 lb), for leveled
flight condition.
E1 (2) FUEL LO PRESS Fuel pressure is below
6.5 psi.
FUEL TANK LO TEMP Fuel temperature inside left
tank is at or below –40°C.
FUEL XFEED FAIL Disagreement between
crossfeed valve and knob
position.
FUEL IMBALANCE Fuel quantity in one tank
differs by 363 kg (800 lb)
from the other tank.
Message is removed when
difference between tanks
decreases below 45 kg (100
lb).
CAUTION APU FUEL LO PRESS Fuel pressure is below
6.5 psi with APU operating.
E1 (2) FUEL SOV INOP Associated shutoff valve is
not in the commanded
position.
APU FUEL SOV INOP APU shutoff valve is not in
the commanded position.
FUELING DOOR OPN Refueling panel door is
open.
FUEL EQ XFEED OPN - Crossfeed valve remains
open after fuel imbalance
correction - difference
between wing tanks fuel
quantities lower than 45 kg
(100 lb); or
- Crew activated the wing
fuel imbalance correction to
the wing tank with low level.

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REVISION 27 2-08-05 7 01
FUEL AIRPLANE
OPERATIONS
MANUAL

EICAS MESSAGES (cont.)

TYPE MESSAGE MEANING
E1 (2) FUEL SOV CLSD Associated shutoff valve is
closed.
APU FUEL SOV CLSD APU fuel shutoff valve is
closed. Message remains on
for 10 seconds after APU
Master Knob is set to off. If
ADVISORY valve has been commanded
to close through APU Fuel
Shutoff Button or APU Fire
Extinguishing Button the
message will remain on
continuously.
FUEL XFEED OPEN Crossfeed valve is open.

CONTROLS AND INDICATORS

FUEL SYSTEM PANEL
1 - CROSSFEED SELECTOR KNOB
LOW1 − Opens the crossfeed valve and turns off the selected
pump of the left wing tank.
OFF − Closes the crossfeed valve.
LOW2 − Opens the crossfeed valve and turns off the selected
pump of the right wing tank.

2 - WING TANK FUEL PUMP SELECTOR KNOB

− Selects which electric pump will be operative for each wing tank.
The non-selected wing pumps remain as standby.

3 - WING TANK FUEL PUMP POWER KNOB

ON - Turns ON the selected wing fuel pump.
OFF - Turns OFF the selected wing fuel pump.

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2-08-05 8 01 REVISION 27
 AIRPLANE FUEL
OPERATIONS
MANUAL

FUEL SYSTEM PANEL

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MARCH 30, 2001 2-08-05 9 01

FUEL AIRPLANE
OPERATIONS
MANUAL

MFD BEZEL
1 - FUEL SYSTEM AND RESET BUTTON
− Pressing FUEL button selects the fuel system page on MFD.
Pressing the button a second time resets the fuel used to zero.
Fuel used must be reset individually on each MFD.

MFD BEZEL

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2-08-05 10 01 MARCH 30, 2001
 AIRPLANE FUEL
OPERATIONS
MANUAL

THIS PAGE IS LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY

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REVISION 17 2-08-05 11 01
FUEL AIRPLANE
OPERATIONS
MANUAL
FUEL PAGE ON MFD
1 - DIGITAL FUEL QUANTITY INDICATION (TANK 1,TANK 2 AND TOTAL)
− The digital fuel tank quantity indicator ranges from 0 to 9990 (for
airplanes without stub tank) or from 0 to 15000 (for airplanes with
stub tank) with a digital resolution of 10 units, regardless of unit
being used (lb or kg), for TANK 1, TANK 2, and TOTAL.
− Colors for each tank identification:
− Green above 400 kg (880 lb).
− Amber and boxed from 280 kg to 400 kg (620 lb to 880 lb).
− Red and boxed below 280 kg (620 lb).
− Colors for TOTAL indication: if TANK1, TANK2 or both fuel
quantities enter into red or amber region, total fuel quantity will
be boxed (on EICAS and MFD) and displayed in the same color,
with the red taking precedence over the amber.

2 - ANALOG FUEL QUANTITY INDICATION

− Quantity is indicated by a vertical bar and a pointer. The colors
and ranges are the same used for digital fuel quantity
indications.
3 - DIGITAL FUEL USED INDICATION
− The fuel used indicator ranges from 0 to 9990 (for airplanes
without stub tank) or from 0 to 15000 (for airplanes with stub
tank) with a digital resolution of 10 units, regardless of unit being
used (lb or kg).
− Color: Green under normal operation. Replaced by Amber
dashes (in flight) or amber zero (on ground) if any problem is
verified.
4 - DIGITAL FUEL TEMPERATURE INDICATION
− Ranges from –60°C to +60°C with a resolution of 1°C.
− Colors:
− Green above –40°C.
− Amber and boxed below –40°C.
5 - OPERATING PUMP INDICATION
− This indicator displays A, B, C or OFF, depending on which
pump is selected and whether it is on or off.
− Color: green.
− Wing tank pumps indication may blink when cycling, until the
pilot selects another pump.

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2-08-05 12 01 REVISION 29
 AIRPLANE FUEL
OPERATIONS
MANUAL

MFD FUEL PAGE

Page Code

REVISION 17 2-08-05 13 01
FUEL AIRPLANE
OPERATIONS
MANUAL

EICAS INDICATIONS
1 - FUEL QUANTITY (TANK 1 AND TANK 2) AND FUEL FLOW
− Fuel quantity for each tank and fuel flow for each engine is
displayed continuously on EICAS.
− Fuel quantity for each tank:
− Green above 400 kg (880 lb).
− Amber and boxed from 280 kg to 400 kg (620 lb to 880 lb).
− Red and boxed below 280 kg (620 lb).
− Fuel flow for each engine:
− Ranges from 0 to 2000 kph (or 4000 pph) with a resolution of
5 kph (or 10 pph).
− Color: Green

EICAS INDICATIONS

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2-08-05 14 01 REVISION 27
 AIRPLANE FUEL
OPERATIONS
MANUAL

REFUELING AND DEFUELING

Refueling and defueling operations may be performed either by
pressure or by gravity. The refueling panel in the right wing-to-fuselage
fairing allows pressurized refueling/defueling operation. A gravity filler
cap on the upper skin of each wing allows gravity filling. Dump valves
and drain valves are used for gravity defueling.

PRESSURIZED REFUELING
Pressurized refueling operations require the refueling system being
energized. This can be accomplished by either energizing the aircraft
through APU, GPU, battery or running engine, selecting the power
selection switch to BATTERY.

As fuel pressure is applied on the adapter the two CLOSED lights will
illuminate to indicate that refueling shutoff valves are closed. Selecting
the refueling switch to OPEN will open the shutoff valves, starting
refueling operation. The shutoff valves will close, stopping the refueling
operation, when:
− The fuel level in the tanks lifts the associated pilot valve’s float. This
level defines the maximum fuel volume approved for that tank,
through pressure refueling.
− The selected fuel quantity on the refueling panel is achieved.
− The refueling switch is commanded to closed.

For airplanes with High Level Exceeding Indication System

incorporated, an automatic refueling shutoff failure will be identified by
the HLEIS (High Level Exceeding Indication System), that will sense,
via one HLS (High Level Sensor) in each wing tank, that the fuel level
in the failed tank reached over the maximum quantity approved for that
tank and will advise the operator by illuminating, on the refueling panel,
the “STOP RFL” red indicating light of the failed tank. The operator
shall interrupt the refueling operation immediately, after viewing the red
light on, to prevent fuel spillage through the vent valve and shall call
the maintenance personnel to follow the procedure to remove the extra
fuel of the associated tank(s).

The fueling cart or fueling truck shall deliver a refueling pressure

(deadhead) within 35 to 50 psi.

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REVISION 27 2-08-10 1 01
FUEL AIRPLANE
OPERATIONS
MANUAL

DEFUELING
Pressurized defueling uses the same adapter as pressure refueling.
Pressurized defueling can be performed using the electric fuel feed
pumps installed in the tanks or by suction (4 psi max.) provided by an
appropriated external source. Selecting the defueling switch to OPEN
will open the defueling shutoff valve allowing defueling operation. To
defuel the left tank, the crossfeed knob on the overhead fuel panel, in
the cockpit, must be positioned to LOW2.

Complete gravity defueling may be achieved by using the drain valve

and opening the associated gravity refueling cap. Partial gravity
defueling can be done through the dump valves located on the wing
under skin near the wing root. Pressurized defueling can only be
performed with the aircraft normally energized. The power selection
switch on the refueling panel does not work for refueling.

CAUTION: DO NOT RUN ELECTRIC PUMPS WITH FUEL

QUANTITY IN EACH TANK BELOW 30 LITERS
(8 US GAL) OR 24 KG (54 LB).

Page Code
2-08-10 2 01 REVISION 27
 AIRPLANE FUEL
OPERATIONS
MANUAL

PRESSURE REFUELING/DEFUELING SYSTEM SCHEMATIC

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REVISION 25 2-08-10 3 01
FUEL AIRPLANE
OPERATIONS
MANUAL

REFUELING PANEL
1 - REFUELING CLOSED LIGHTS (white)
− Illuminate when the associated refueling line is pressurized and
the associated shutoff valve is closed.
- STOP REFUELING LIGHTS (red)
− Illuminate when fuel level in the failed tank reached over the
maximum quantity approved for that tank (For airplanes with
High Level Exceeding Indication incorporated).
2 - POWER SELECTION SWITCH (guarded)
NORMAL - Refueling system is energized by the DC Bus 1.
BATTERY - Refueling system is connected to the Hot Bus 1.
3 - DEFUELING OPEN LIGHT (white)
− Illuminates when the defueling shutoff valve is open.
4 - DEFUELING SWITCH (guarded)
− Actuates the defueling shutoff valve to open or to close.
5 - FUEL QUANTITY REMAINING INDICATOR
− Displays fuel remaining in each tank or the total as selected by
the TK SEL/TEST Switch.
− The selection is identified by the letters L, R and T (L for the left
tank, R for the right tank and T for the aircraft total quantity).
− The unit of measurement (kg or lb) is also displayed.
− In case of failure, FAIL inscription is displayed blinking and the
refueling/defueling operation is interrupted.
− The established accuracy of the EMB-145 airplane Fuel
Quantity Gauging System (FQGS) is: ± 2% of the provided
indication plus ± 35 kg (77 lb), considering the approved fuels
and normal flight attitudes.
6 - TK SEL/TEST SWITCH (spring loaded to center position)
TEST - Initiates indicator built-in and probes conditions test. All
light segments illuminate and a failure code is presented,
if a failure is detected.
TK SEL - Selects which fuel quantity is going to be displayed in the
upper display. When the indicator is energized, the total
fuel quantity is shown. Sequentially pushing the switch to
TKSEL will select left tank, right tank and total fuel
quantity.

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2-08-10 4 01 REVISION 27
 AIRPLANE FUEL
OPERATIONS
MANUAL

7 - QUANTITY SELECTION SWITCH (spring loaded to center

position)
− Increment (INCR) or decrement (DECRT) the fuel quantity
selection.
− If moved from the neutral position during refueling, it interrupts
the operation. The refueling operation will be restored 4 seconds
after switch return to the neutral position.

8 - FUEL QUANTITY SELECTED INDICATOR

− Displays the fuel quantity in the aircraft and the fuel quantity to
be refueled.
− When the FAIL inscription is displayed blinking on the fuel
quantity remaining indicator and the TKSEL/TEST switch is
pushed to TKSEL, the active fail description is momentary
displayed in both indicators.
− The indicator displays zero as the refueling compartment door is
opened.

9 - REFUELING SWITCH (guarded)

− When the switch is closed, both wing pilot valves close the
refueling shutoff valves.

NOTE: The defueling and the power selection switch are moved to
close/normal position when the refueling panel door is closed,
besides refueling/defueling procedure requires manual closure.

Page Code

REVISION 27 2-08-10 5 01
FUEL AIRPLANE
OPERATIONS
MANUAL

REFUELING PANEL

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2-08-10 6 01 REVISION 27
 AIRPLANE FUEL
OPERATIONS
MANUAL

FUEL MEASURING STICK

Two measuring sticks under each wing permit to check the fuel
quantity in the tanks. Each measuring stick provides visual indication of
the total fuel quantity of the associated wing tank.

The table below provides minimum and maximum stick values:

AIRPLANES
STICK WITHOUT WING
POSITION STUB TANK
LITERS US GAL

Internal Min 448 118

Point 1553 410
Max
External Min 1503 397
Point 2131 563
Max

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REVISION 27 2-08-15 1 01
FUEL AIRPLANE
OPERATIONS
MANUAL

MEASURING STICK POINTS

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2-08-15 2 01 REVISION 17
 AIRPLANE FUEL
OPERATIONS
MANUAL

MEASURING STICK TABLES

To determine the fuel quantity, the airplane must be laterally leveled
with roll angles between -1° to +1°and pitch angles between -2° to +2°.
After refueling the airplane, start at the external measuring stick, closer
to the wing tip. For airplanes without wing stub tank, between 1503 and
2131 liters (397 and 563 US gal), the external measuring stick provides
a correct fuel level indication. Above 2131 liters (563 US gal), it is not
possible to measure the fuel level through the measuring sticks. If the
external measuring stick provides a zero indication, use the internal
measuring stick to obtain the fuel level. It is also not possible to
measure the fuel level through the measuring sticks, if it is below
448 liters (118 US gal).

Enter the measuring stick tables with the value read on the stick to
obtain the fuel quantity (liters or US gallons). To find the fuel mass in
Kg (lb) multiply the volume in liters (US gal) by the actual fuel density in
Kg/l (lb/US gal).
NOTE: Do not add measuring sticks values.

Page Code

REVISION 30 2-08-15 3 01
FUEL AIRPLANE
OPERATIONS
MANUAL

FUEL QUANTITY
STICK INTERNAL STICK EXTERNAL STICK
INDICATION LITERS US GAL LITERS US GAL
0.1 448 118 1503 397
0.2 455 120 1516 401
0.3 462 122 1530 404
0.4 469 124 1543 408
0.5 476 126 1556 411
0.6 483 128 1570 415
0.7 490 129 1583 418
0.8 497 131 1597 422
0.9 505 133 1610 425
1.0 512 135 1623 429
1.1 520 137 1637 432
1.2 527 139 1645 435
1.3 535 141 1663 439
1.4 543 143 1677 443
1.5 550 145 1690 447
1.6 558 148 1703 450
1.7 566 150 1717 454
1.8 574 152 1730 457
1.9 582 154 1744 461
2.0 591 156 1757 464
2.1 599 158 1770 468
2.2 607 160 1784 471
2.3 615 163 1797 475
2.4 624 165 1810 478
2.5 632 167 1824 482
2.6 641 169 1837 485
2.7 650 172 1851 489
2.8 658 174 1864 492

MEASURING STICK TABLES (SHEET 1 OF 4)

(AIRPLANES WITHOUT WING STUB TANK)

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2-08-15 4 01 REVISION 17
 AIRPLANE FUEL
OPERATIONS
MANUAL
FUEL QUANTITY
STICK INTERNAL STICK EXTERNAL STICK
INDICATION LITERS US GAL LITERS US GAL
2.9 667 176 1877 496
3.0 676 179 1891 499
3.1 685 181 1904 503
3.2 694 183 1917 507
3.3 703 186 1931 510
3.4 712 188 1944 514
3.5 721 191 1957 517
3.6 730 193 1971 521
3.7 740 195 1984 524
3.8 749 198 1998 528
3.9 759 200 2011 531
4.0 768 203 2024 535
4.1 778 205 2037 538
4.2 787 208 2051 542
4.3 797 211 2064 545
4.4 807 213 2078 549
4.5 817 216 2091 552
4.6 827 218 2104 556
4.7 837 221 2118 560
4.8 847 224 2131 563
4.9 857 226 - -
5.0 868 229 - -
5.1 878 232 - -
5.2 888 235 - -
5.3 899 237 - -
5.4 909 240 - -
5.5 920 243 - -
5.6 930 246 - -
5.7 941 249 - -
5.8 952 252 - -
MEASURING STICK TABLES (SHEET 2 OF 4)
(AIRPLANES WITHOUT WING STUB TANK)

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MARCH 30, 2001 2-08-15 5 01

FUEL AIRPLANE
OPERATIONS
MANUAL
FUEL QUANTITY
STICK INTERNAL STICK
INDICATION LITERS US GAL
5.9 963 254
6.0 974 257
6.1 985 260
6.2 996 263
6.3 1007 266
6.4 1018 269
6.5 1030 272
6.6 1041 275
6.7 1052 278
6.8 1064 281
6.9 1076 284
7.0 1087 287
7.1 1099 290
7.2 1111 293
7.3 1123 297
7.4 1134 300
7.5 1146 303
7.6 1159 306
7.7 1171 309
7.8 1183 312
7.9 1195 316
8.0 1208 319
8.1 1220 322
8.2 1232 326
8.3 1245 329
8.4 1258 332
8.5 1270 336
8.6 1283 339
8.7 1296 342
8.8 1309 346

MEASURING STICK TABLES (SHEET 3 OF 4)

(AIRPLANES WITHOUT WING STUB TANK)

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2-08-15 6 01 MARCH 30, 2001
 AIRPLANE FUEL
OPERATIONS
MANUAL

FUEL QUANTITY
STICK INTERNAL STICK
INDICATION LITERS US GAL
8.9 1322 349
9.0 1335 353
9.1 1348 356
9.2 1361 360
9.3 1374 363
9.4 1388 367
9.5 1401 370
9.6 1415 374
9.7 1428 377
9.8 1442 381
9.9 1455 385
10.0 1469 388
10.1 1483 392
10.2 1497 395
10.3 1511 399
10.4 1525 403
10.5 1539 407
10.6 1553 410

MEASURING STICK TABLES (SHEET 4 OF 4)

(AIRPLANES WITHOUT WING STUB TANK)

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MARCH 30, 2001 2-08-15 7 01

FUEL AIRPLANE
OPERATIONS
MANUAL

THIS PAGE IS LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY

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2-08-15 8 01 MARCH 30, 2001