Evolution of Local Self

Evolution of local self-government and Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI) in India:-
→Why is the Government of India Act 1858 important in the history of evolution of Indian
Constitution?
The Government of India Act (1858) was passed by the United Kingdom Parliament on August 2,1858. The
British Parliament to hand over the administrative control of British India from the East India Company to the
crown. The Government of India Act,1858 is also known as The act of good governance.
History of Indian Constitution – Government of India Act 1858

 After the 1857 revolt, the rule of the company was ended and the British
possessions in India came directly under the British Crown.
 The office of the Secretary of State for India was created. He was
assisted by a 15-member Council of India.
 The Indian administration was under his authority and the Viceroy was
his agent. The Governor-General was designated the Viceroy as well
(Lord Canning).
 The Court of Directors and the Board of Control were abolished.
Born:- 21st February, 1822
Lord Mayo served as 4th Viceroy of India from 12 jan, 1869 to 8 feb,
1872.
→ Mayo’s Resolution of 1870:-
 It’s resolution pertained to financial decentralization that was a

legislative devolution inaugurated by the Indian Council Act of 1861.
 A part from the annual grant from the imperial government ,the
provincial governments were authorized to resort to local taxation
to balance their budgets.
 This was done in the context of the transfer of certain departments of administration such as
medical services, education, and roads to the central of provincial governments.
→ Importance of Lord Mayo’s Resolution of 1870:-
Lord Mayo’s Resolution in 1870 was associated with the development of the local
self government and decentralization of power and finances of Central
Government and provinces.
→ The other important works done under Lord Mayo were as follows:-
 Setting up of Department of Revenue , Agriculture and Commerce.

 Introduction of the most improved rifle, the Snider, and of rifled guns for the
artillery.
 Improvement in the sanitary conditions for the troops.
→ India’s First Census:-
In 1871, India’s first census was carried out on Mayo’s orders. He organized the
Statistical Survey of India, which, under the direction of William Wilson Hunter,
“produced a printed account of each district, town, and village, carefully compiled upon
local inquiry, and disclosing the whole economic and social facts in the life of the
people.” This was the most exhaustive work done since the Ain-i-Akbari.
→ Indian Evidance Act 1872,
>Lord Mayo took interest in the Prison reforms, especially the convict settlements at
Andaman Islands.
> The most important legal reform during his time was the passage of the Indian
Evidence Act in 1872.
> Prior to this act, the rules of evidences were based upon the traditional legal systems
of different social groups and communities.
>They were different for different persons depending on his or her caste, religious faith
and social position.
>The act removed this anomaly and differentiation, and introduced a standard set of law
applicable to all Indians.
LORD RIPON’s
Born on 24 October 1827 . Lord Ripon as

the Viceroy of India in 1880.
Ripon’s Refroms:-
Lord Ripons Reforms constitutes a landmark in the history
of local self-government in India, for they attempted to
put it for the first time on a popular or elected basis. The
nominated district committees that then existed had
not proved a success. Experiment proves says Ripon’s
Resolution 1882, that district Committees are as a rule
very badly attended by members not actually residing in
the vicinity of head quarter station.
Why Lord Ripon is called father of local self
Government?
Lord ripon was known as the father of local self government in india as he introduced local self governance
in the year 1882. So this resolution deals with administrative area powers and functions of local self
Government and its finance.
→ Ripon’s Resolution 1881:-

Lord Ripon’s first scheme was elaborated in his resolution of September 30,1881, on financial
decentralization. Lord Mayo introduced the policy of financial decentralization ,which was followed by Lord
Ripon . The sources of Revenue were divided into the three classes: Imperial, Provincial, Divided.
1. Imperial Heads:- Revenue from customs, posts, Railways, Opium, salt, Land Revenue, etc. were included
in the imperial head. The central government was expected to meet the expenses of central
administration out of this revenue.
2. Provincial Heads:- Revenue from jails, Medical slices, printing, Roads, general administration etc. were
included in the provincial heads. As the income from provincial heads was insufficient for provincial
heads was insufficient for provincial expenses ,a part of Land revenue was allocated to the provinces.
3. Divided Heads:- The revenue from Excise, Stamps, Forests, Registration etc. was divided in equal
proportion among the Central and Provincial Governments. The system of Divided Heads begun by
Ripon remained operative till it was changed by the reforms of 1919.
→ Ripon’s Resolution 1882:-
Ripon’s famous Resolution of may 18, 1882 has justly been regarded as the magna carta of local self
government in India.
This Resolution Recommended are:
 The smallest administrative unit the Sub-division, Taluka or the tehsil shall ordinarily to be a placed
under a local board.
 The resolution desired the local boards to be as constituted as to have on them a predominant non-
official majority ordinarily not less than 2/3 of their entire membership.
 The term of the members was to be 2 years and compulsory retirement by rotation was to be
provided for.
 Stimulate the candidature of men of standing of “RAI BAHADUR” or “RAI SAHIB” might to be
allowed to the Indian members during terms of service on the local bodies.
→ The most important events during lord ripon’s time were as follows:-
 The Vernacular Press Act was repealed in 1882
 A Resolution in 1882 set off the institution of local self-government in India.
 Hunter Commission came in 1882 for the purpose of education reforms.
 The age for entry in the Civil Services was once again raised to 21 years.
 The First factory Act was enacted in 1881
 Introduction of Ilbert Bill in severely compromised state.
 The years 1882 and 1883 are memorable for these gr eat measures. One important one
was the repeal of the Vernacular Press Act, which was passed by his predecessor Lord Lytton
in 1878.
→ Royal Commission on Decentralization 1909:-
The Chairman of the Royal Commission decentralization is CEH Hobhouse, submitted its
Report in 1909. The Royal Decentralisation Commission reviewed the total subject of local self-
government that had touched almost every arena of local governance. The report of the commission
is still a guideline for state governments. The commission indicated out the deficiency of financial
resources as the great hindrance in the efficient operation of local bodies.
The commission laid stress on the improvement of Village Panchayats and Sub-District Boards. It
suggested that the Village Panchayats should be empowered with more powers like--
a. Summarise jurisdiction in petty civil and criminal cases;

b. Acquiring of expenditure on village cleaning and menial village works.
c. Construction, safeguarding and supervision of village schools;
d. Managing of small fuel and fodder reserves etc. Above all, for proper operating of Village
Panchayats, these should be given enough sources of income and intervention of district officers
should be restricted.
→ Montague – Chelmsford Report:-

Montagu-Chelmsford Report, set of recommendations made to the British
Parliament in 1918 that became the theoretical basis for the Government of India Act of
1919. The report was the result of lengthy deliberations between Edwin Samuel
Montagu, secretary of state for India (1917–22), and Lord Chelmsford, viceroy of India
(1916–21). In August 1917 Montagu had informed the House of Commons that the policy
of the British government toward India was thereafter to be one of “increasing
association of Indians in every branch of the administration, with a view to the
progressive realization of responsible government in India as an integral part of the
empire.” Soon afterward Montagu headed a delegation that spent the winter of 1917–18
in India, during which he held his discussions with Chelmsford. The main element of the
report was the recommendation that control over some aspects of provincial
government be passed to Indian ministers responsible to an Indian electorate.

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Evolution of local self-government and Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI) in India:-

History of Indian Constitution – Government of India Act 1858

Born:- 21st February, 1822

→ Mayo’s Resolution of 1870:-

 It’s resolution pertained to financial decentralization that was a

→ Importance of Lord Mayo’s Resolution of 1870:-

 Setting up of Department of Revenue , Agriculture and Commerce.

Born on 24 October 1827 . Lord Ripon as

→ Ripon’s Resolution 1881:-

a. Summarise jurisdiction in petty civil and criminal cases;

→ Montague – Chelmsford Report:-

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