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Dispersion Strengthening and Eutectic Phase Diagrams

1022 A hypothetical phase diagram is shown in Figure 1032. (a) Are any intermetallic compounds present? If so, identify them and determine whether they are stoichiometric or nonstoichiometric. (b) Identify the solid solutions present in the system. Is either material A or B allotropic? Explain. (c) Identify the three-phase reactions by writing down the temperature, the reaction in equation form, the composition of each phase in the reaction, and the name of the reaction. Solution: (a) u non-stoichiometric intermetallic compound.

(b) a, h, g, and b; material B is allotropic, existing in three different forms at different temperatures (c) 1100C: 900C: 680C: 600C: g L S b; peritectic; L: 82% B g: 97% B b: 90% B

L1 S L2 LSa a

a; monotectic; L1: 28% B L 2: 50% B a: 5% B b; eutectic; peritectoid; eutectoid; L: 60% B a: 5% B b: 90% B a: 5% B b: 80% B u: 37% B b: 90% B u: 40% B h: 95% B

b S u; h;

300C: b S u

1023 The CuZn phase diagram is shown in Figure 1033. (a) Are any intermetallic compounds present? If so, identify them and determine whether they are stoichiometric or nonstoichiometric. (b) Identify the solid solutions present in the system. (c) Identify the three-phase reactions by writing down the temperature, the reaction in equation form, and the name of the reaction.

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Solution: (a) b, b , g, d, e: all nonstoichiometric. (b) a, u (c) 900C: a L S b; L S g; L S d; L S e; e; peritectic peritectic peritectic peritectic eutectoid peritectic

830C: b 700C: 600C: 550C: 420C: g d

d S g e

L S u;

250C: b S a

g; eutectoid

1024 A portion of the AlCu phase diagram is shown in Figure 1034. (a) Determine the formula for the u compound. (b) Identify the three-phase reaction by writing down the temperature, the reaction in equation form, the composition of each phase in the reaction, and the name of the reaction. 54 g 63.54 g/mol 54 63.54 46 26.981

Solution: (a) u at 54% Cu; (b) 548C; L S a

33 at% Cu; CuAl2

u; eutectic; L: 33.2% Cu, a: 5.65% Cu, u: 52.5% Cu.

1025 The AlLi phase diagram is shown in Figure 1035. (a) Are any intermetallic compounds present? If so, identify them and determine whether they are stoichiometric or nonstoichiometric. Determine the formula for each compound. (b) Identify the three-phase reactions by writing down the temperature, the reaction in equation form, the composition of each phase in the reaction, and the name of the reaction. Solution: (a) b is non-stoichiometric @ 21 wt% Li: at% Li 21 g 6.94 g/mol 21 6.94 79 26.981 100% 50 at% Li AlLi

g, is stoichiometric @ 34 wt% Li: at% Li 34 g 6.94 g/mol 34 6.94 66 26.981 b eutectic peritectic eutectic 100% L: 9.9% Li a: 4% Li b: 20.4% Li 510C: b L S g b: 25% Li L: 47% Li g: 34% Li 170C: L S g a 1Li2 L: 98% Li g: 34% Li a 1Li2: 99% Li 66.7% Li AlLi2

(b) 600C: L S a

1026 An intermetallic compound is found for 10 wt% Si in the CuSi phase diagram. Determine the formula for the compound. 10 g 28.08 g/mol 10 28.08 90 63.54

Solution:

at% Si

0.20 or SiCu4

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113

1027 Using the phase rule, predict and explain how many solid phases will form in an eutectic reaction in a ternary (three-component) phase diagram, assuming that the pressure is fixed. Solution: F C P 1 0, C b 3 0 3 P 1 or P 4

At the eutectic, F Therefore, L S a

g and 3 solid phases form.

1030 Consider a Pb15% Sn alloy. During solidification, determine (a) the composition of the first solid to form, (b) the liquidus temperature, solidus temperature, solvus temperature, and freezing range of the alloy, (c) the amounts and compositions of each phase at 260C, (d) the amounts and compositions of each phase at 183C, and (e) the amounts and compositions of each phase at 25C. Solution: (a) 8% Sn (b) liquidus solvus 290C, solidus 240C, 170C, freezing range 50C

(c) L: 30% Sn a: 12% Sn; 15 12 %L 100% 30 12 (d) a: 15% Sn 100% a (e) a: 2% Pb b: 100% Sn 100 15 %a 100 100 2

17%

%a

83%

87%

%b

13%

1031 Consider an Al12% Mg alloy (Figure 1036). During solidification, determine (a) the composition of the first solid to form, (b) the liquidus temperature, solidus temperature, solvus temperature, and freezing range of the alloy, (c) the amounts and compositions of each phase at 525C, (d) the amounts and compositions of each phase at 450C, and (e) the amounts and compositions of each phase at 25C. Solution: (a) 2.5% Mg (b) liquidus solvus 600C, solidus 470C, 400C, freezing range 130C

(c) L: 26% Mg a: 7% Mg; 26 12 %a 100% 26 7 (d) a: 12% Mg 100% a (e) a: 1% Mg b: 34% Mg 34 12 100% %a 34 1

74%

%L

26%

67%

%b

33%

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1032 Consider a Pb35% Sn alloy. Determine (a) if the alloy is hypoeutectic or hypereutectic, (b) the composition of the first solid to form during solidification, (c) the amounts and compositions of each phase at 184C, (d) the amounts and compositions of each phase at 182C, (e) the amounts and compositions of each microconstituent at 182C, and (f) the amounts and compositions of each phase at 25C. Solution: (a) hypoeutectic (b) 14% Sn

(c) a: 19% Sn L: 61.9% Sn 61.9 35 %a 100% 61.9 19 (d) a: 19% Sn b: 97.5% Sn 97.5 35 %a 100% 97.5 19

63%

%L

37%

80%

%b 63% 37%

20%

(e) primary a: 19% Sn %primary a eutectic: 61.9% Sn %eutectic (f) a: 2% Sn b: 100% Sn 100 35 %a 100% 100 2

66%

%b

34%

1033 Consider a Pb70% Sn alloy. Determine (a) if the alloy is hypoeutectic or hypereutectic, (b) the composition of the first solid to form during solidification, (c) the amounts and compositions of each phase at 184C, (d) the amounts and compositions of each phase at 182C, (e) the amounts and compositions of each microconstituent at 182C, and (f) the amounts and compositions of each phase at 25C. Solution: (a) hypereutectic (b) 98% Sn

L: 61.9% Sn (c) b: 97.5% Sn 70 61.9 %b 100% 97.5 61.9 (d) a: 19% Sn 97.5 %a 97.5 b: 97.5% Sn 70 100% 19

22.8%

%L

77.2%

35%

%b 22.8% 77.2%

65%

(e) primary b: 97.5% Sn %primary b eutectic: 61.9% Sn %eutectic (f) a: 2% Sn b: 100% Sn 100 70 100% %a 100 2

30%

%b

70%

1034 Calculate the total % b and the % eutectic microconstituent at room temperature for the following lead-tin alloys: 10% Sn, 20% Sn, 50% Sn, 60% Sn, 80% Sn, and 95% Sn. Using Figure 1022, plot the strength of the alloys versus the % b and the % eutectic and explain your graphs.

CHAPTER 10 Solution:

Dispersion Strengthening and Eutectic Phase Diagrams %b 10% Sn 20% Sn 50% Sn 60% Sn 80% Sn 95% Sn 10 99 20 99 50 99 60 99 80 99 95 99 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 8.2% 18.6% 49.5% 59.8% 80.4% 95.9% 20 19 61.9 19 50 19 61.9 19 60 19 61.9 19 97.5 80 97.5 61.9 97.5 95 97.5 61.9 %eutectic 0% 2.3% 72.3% 95.6% 49.2% 7.0%

115

8000

8000

Tensile strength (psi)

Tensile strength (psi)

7000

7000

oHyp
6000
Hy pe r-

6000

5000

5000

4000 20 40 % 60 80 100 20 40 60 % eutectic 80

1035 Consider an Al4% Si alloy. (See Figure 1023.) Determine (a) if the alloy is hypoeutectic or hypereutectic, (b) the composition of the first solid to form during solidification, (c) the amounts and compositions of each phase at 578C, (d) the amounts and compositions of each phase at 576C, the amounts and compositions of each microconstituent at 576C, and (e) the amounts and compositions of each phase at 25C. Solution: (a) hypoeutectic (b) 1% Si (c) a: 1.65% Si L: 12.6% Si 12.6 4 %a 78.5% 12.6 1.65 (d) a: 1.65% Si b: 99.83% Si 99.83 4 97.6% %a 99.83 1.65

%L

21.5%

%b

2.4%

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Instructors Solution Manual %primary a %eutectic %a 100 100 78.5% 21.5% 4 0 96% %b 4%

(e) primary a: 1.65% Si eutectic: 12.6% Si a: 0% Si b: 100% Si

1036 Consider a Al25% Si alloy. (See Figure 1023.) Determine (a) if the alloy is hypoeutectic or hypereutectic, (b) the composition of the first solid to form during solidification, (c) the amounts and compositions of each phase at 578C, (d) the amounts and compositions of each phase at 576C, (e) the amounts and compositions of each microconstituent at 576C, and (f) the amounts and compositions of each phase at 25C. Solution: (a) hypereutectic (b) 100% Si (c) b: 99.83% Si L: 12.6% Si 99.83 25 %L 85.8% 99.83 12.6 (d) a: 1.65% Si b: 99.83% Si 99.83 25 %a 76.2% 99.83 1.65

%b

14.2%

%b

23.8% 14.2% 85.8% 25 0 75% %b 25%

(e) primary b: 99.83% Si %primary b eutectic: 12.6% Si %eutectic (f) a: 0% Si b: 100% Si %a 100 100

1037 A PbSn alloy contains 45% a and 55% b at 100C. Determine the composition of the alloy. Is the alloy hypoeutectic or hypereutectic? Solution: 98.0 98.0 x 5 100 or x 56.15% Sn Hypoeutectic

%a

45

1038 An AlSi alloy contains 85% a and 15% b at 500C. Determine the composition of the alloy. Is the alloy hypoeutectic or hypereutectic? Solution: %a 85 100 100 x 1 100

or x

15.85% Si Hypereutectic

1039 A PbSn alloy contains 23% primary a and 77% eutectic microconstituent. Determine the composition of the alloy. Solution: %primary a 61.9 61.9 x 19 100 or x 52% Sn

23

1040 An AlSi alloy contains 15% primary b and 85% eutectic microconstituent. Determine the composition of the alloy.

CHAPTER 10

Dispersion Strengthening and Eutectic Phase Diagrams 100 x 100 12.6

117

Solution:

%eutectic

85

100

or x

25.71% Si

1041 Determine the maximum solubility for the following cases. (a) (b) (c) (d) lithium in aluminum (Figure 1035), aluminum in magnesium (Figure 1037), copper in zinc (Figure 1033), and carbon in g-iron (Figure 1038)

Solution: (a) 4% Li dissolves in aluminum (b) 12.7% Al dissolves in magnesium (c) 3% Cu dissolves in zinc (d) 2.11% C dissolves in g-iron 1042 Determine the maximum solubility for the following cases. (a) (b) (c) (d) magnesium in aluminum (Figure 1036), zinc in copper (Figure 1033), beryllium in copper (Figure 1033), and Al2O3 in MgO (Figure 1039)

Solution: (a) 14.9% Mg dissolves in aluminum (b) 40% Zn dissolves in copper (c) 2.5% Be dissolves in copper (d) 18% Al2O3 dissolves in MgO 1043 Observation of a microstructure shows that there is 28% eutectic and 72% primary b in an AlLi alloy (Figure 1035). (a) Determine the composition of the alloy and whether it is hypoeutectic or hypereutectic. (b) How much a and b are in the eutectic microconstituent? Solution: (a) 28 20.4 20.4 x 9.9 9.9 4 100 or x 17.46% Li Hypereutectic

(b) %aEut

20.4 20.4

100%

64%

and

%bEut

36%

1044 Write the eutectic reaction that occurs, including the compositions of the three phases in equilibrium, and calculate the amount of a and b in the eutectic microconstituent in the MgAl system, (Figure 1036). Solution: L32.3 S a12.7 %aEut g40.2 40.2 40.2 32.3 12.7 100% 28.7% and %gEut 71.3%

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1045 Calculate the total amount of a and b and the amount of each microconstituent in a Pb50% Sn alloy at 182C. What fraction of the total a in the alloy is contained in the eutectic microconstituent? Solution: atotal aPrimary ain eutectic f 97.5 97.5 61.9 61.9 60.5 50 19 50 19 27.7 100% 100% 32.8% 0.54 60.5% 27.7% bTotal Eutectic 39.5% 72.3%

32.8 60.5

1046 Figure 1040 shows a cooling curve for a PbSn alloy. Determine (a) the pouring temperature, (b) the superheat, (c) the liquidus temperature, (d) the eutectic temperature, (e) the freezing range, (f) the local solidification time, (g) the total solidification time, and (h) the composition of the alloy. Solution: (a) pouring temperature (b) superheat 360 360C 250 110C

(c) liquidus temperature (d) eutectic temperature (e) freezing range 250

250C 183C 183 600 600 s 67C 110 490 s

(f) local solidification time (g) total solidification time (h) approximately 32% Sn

1047 Figure 1041 shows a cooling curve for an AlSi alloy. Determine (a) the pouring temperature, (b) the superheat, (c) the liquidus temperature, (d) the eutectic temperature, (e) the freezing range, (f) the local solidification time, (g) the total solidification time, and (h) the composition of the alloy. Solution: (a) pouring temperature (b) superheat 1150 1150C 1000 150C

(c) liquidus temperature (d) eutectic temperature (e) freezing range 1000

1000C 577C 577 11.5 423C 1 10.5 min

(f) local solidification time (g) total solidification time (h) approximately 45% Si

11.5 min

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119

1048 Draw the cooling curves, including appropriate temperatures, expected for the following AlSi alloys. (a) Al4% Si Solution: (b) Al12.6% Si (c) Al25% Si (d) Al65% Si

630

780 577 577

1200 577

T
Al 12.6% Si t

577 Al 65% Si t

Al 4% Si t

Al 25% Si t

1049 Based on the following observations, construct a phase diagram. Element A melts at 850C and element B melts at 1200C. Element B has a maximum solubility of 5% in element A, and element A has a maximum solubility of 15% in element B. The number of degrees of freedom from the phase rule is zero when the temperature is 725C and there is 35% B present. At room temperature 1% B is soluble in A and 7% A is soluble in B. Solution:

1200 1000 Temperature (C) 800 a 600 400 200 a+b a+L

L
b+L b

A 5

20

40 %B

60

80 85

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1050 Cooling curves are obtained for a series of CuAg alloys, (Figure 1042). Use this data to produce the CuAg phase diagram. The maximum solubility of Ag in Cu is 7.9% and the maximum solubility of Cu in Ag is 8.8%. The solubilities at room temperature are near zero. Solution: 0% Ag 8% Ag 20% Ag 50% Ag 71.9% Ag 90% Ag 100% Ag Tliq S 1085C S 1030C S 975C S 860C S 780C S 870C S 961C Tsol 950C 780C 780C 780C 780C

1100

Temperature (C)

1000

900 a 800 a+b 700 Cu 29 40 60 a+L

L
b+L b

80

Ag

%Ag

1051 The SiO2 Al2O3 phase diagram is included in Figure 1027(b). A refractory is required to contain molten metal at 1900C. (a) Will pure Al2O3 be a potential candidate? Explain. (b) Will Al2O3 contaminated with 1% SiO2 be a candidate? Explain. Solution: (a) Yes. Tm 2040C 1900C No liquid will form.

(b) No. Some liquid will form. %L 100 100 99 80 100% 5% L

This liquid will weaken the refractory.

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121

1066 Consider the ternary phase diagram shown in Figures 1030 and 1031. Determine the liquidus temperature, the first solid to form, and the phases present at room temperature for the following compositions. (a) 30% B20% C, balance A (c) 60% B10% C, balance A Solution: (a) TLiq (b) TLiq (c) TLiq (b) 10% B25% C, balance A

220C; b; a 330C; a; a 390C; b; a

g g b

1067 Consider the ternary phase diagram shown in Figures 1030 and 1031. Determine the liquidus temperature, the first solid to form, and the phases present at room temperature for the following compositions. (a) 5% B80% C, balance A (c) 30% B35% C, balance A Solution: (a) TLiq (b) TLiq (c) TLiq (b) 50% B5% C, balance A

390C; g; a 330C; b; a 290C; b; a

g b b g

1068 Consider the liquidus plot in Figure 1030. (a) For a constant 20% B, draw a graph showing how the liquidus temperature changes from 20% B0% C, balance A to 20% B80% C, balance A, (b) What is the composition of the ternary eutectic in this system? (c) Estimate the temperature at which the ternary eutectic reaction occurs. Solution: %A %B %C 80200 702010 602020 502030 402040 302050 202060 102070 02080 Tliquidus 390 C 355C 300C 210C 150C 210C 270C 320C 400C

400 Temperature (C)

L
300 200 100 a+L g+L

B = 20%
0 20 40 %C 60 80

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(b) The composition of the ternary eutectic is about 40% 20% B40% C, balance A (c) The ternary eutectic temperature is about 150C 1069 From the liquidus plot in Figure 1030, prepare a graph of liquidus temperature versus percent B for a constant ratio of materials A and C (that is, from pure B to 50% A50% C on the liquidus plot). Material B melts at 600C. Solution: A B C 50 050 451045 402040 353035 304030 255025 206020 157015 01000 200C 180C 150C 280C 330C 375C 415C 485C 580C

600 500 Temperature (C) 400 300 200 a+L 100 %A=%C

L
b+L

20

40 %B

60

80

100