Chapter 2 First Order Linear Differential Equations

Section 2.1
1. This equation is linear because it can be written in the form y + p( t) y = g( t) . It is nonhomogeneous because when it is put in this form, g( t) 0 . 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. nonlinear This equation is nonlinear because it cannot be written in the form y + p( t) y = g( t) . nonlinear This equation is nonlinear because it cannot be written in the form y + p( t) y = g( t) . linear, homogeneous This equation is nonlinear because it can be written in the form y + p( t) y = g( t) . nonlinear This equation is linear because it cannot be written in the form y + p( t) y = g( t) . It is nonhomogeneous because when it is put in this form, g( t) 0 . 10. linear, homogeneous

11 (a). Theorem 2.1 guarantees a unique solution for the interval (-, ) , since both continuous for all t and -2 is on this interval. 11 (b). Theorem 2.1 guarantees a unique solution for the interval (-, ) , since both continuous for all t and 0 is on this interval. 11 (c). Theorem 2.1 guarantees a unique solution for the interval (-, ) , since both continuous for all t and p is on this interval. 12 (a). 2 < t < 12 (b). -2 < t < 2 12 (c). -2 < t < 2 12 (d). - < t < -2

t and sin( t) are t +1

2

t and sin( t) are t +1

2

t and sin( t) are t +1

2

6 Chapter 2 First Order Linear Differential Equations

13 (a). For this equation, p( t) is continuous for all t 2, -2 and g( t) is continuous for all t 3. Therefore, Theorem 2.1 guarantees a unique solution for ( 3, ) , the largest interval that includes t = 5 . 13 (b). For this equation, p( t) is continuous for all t 2, -2 and g( t) is continuous for all t 3. Therefore, Theorem 2.1 guarantees a unique solution for (-2, 2) , the largest interval that

3 includes t = - . 2
13 (c). For this equation, p( t) is continuous for all t 2, -2 and g( t) is continuous for all t 3. Therefore, Theorem 2.1 guarantees a unique solution for (-2, 2) , the largest interval that includes t = 0 . 13 (d). For this equation, p( t) is continuous for all t 2, -2 and g( t) is continuous for all t 3. Therefore, Theorem 2.1 guarantees a unique solution for (-, -2) , the largest interval that includes t = -5 . 13 (e). For this equation, p( t) is continuous for all t 2, -2 and g( t) is continuous for all t 3. Therefore, Theorem 2.1 guarantees a unique solution for (-2, 2) , the largest interval that

3 includes t = . 2
14.

ln t + t -1 t-2

ln t t+1 t-2

undefined at t = 0, 2 .

14 (a). 2 < t < . 14 (b). 0 < t < 2 . 14 (c). - < t < 0 . 14 (d). - < t < 0 . 15. y ( t) = 3e t . Differentiating gives us y = 3e t (2 t) = 2 ty . Substituting these values into the given equation yields 2 ty + p( t) y = 0 . Solving this for p( t) , we find that p( t) = -2 t . Putting t = 0 into the equation for y gives us y 0 = 3 . 16(a). y = Ct r
2 2

y = Crt r -1

2 ty - 6 y = 0

\ 2Crt r - 6Ct r = (2 r - 6)Ct r = 0 (2 r - 6) y = 0 2 r - 6 = 0 r = 3 y (-2) = C (-2) r = 8 C 0 \ C (-2) 3 = 8 C = -1

16 (b). - < t < 0 since p( t) = 16 (c). y ( t) = - t 3 , - < t < .

-3 t

Chapter 2 First Order Linear Differential Equations 7

17.

y ( t) = 0 satisfies all of these conditions.

Section 2.2
1 (a). First, we will integrate p( t) = 3 to find P ( t) = 3t . The general solution, then, is

y ( t) = Ce - P ( t ) = Ce -3 t .
1 (b). 2 (a). 2 (b).
y (0) = C = -3 . Therefore, the solution to the initial value problem is y = -3e -3 t .

y -

1 y=0 2
1

(e - 2 y ) = 0, y = Ce 2 .
1 2

y (-1) = Ce - 2 = 2, C = 2e

y ( t) = 2e

( t +1 ) 2

3 (a). We can rewrite this equation into the conventional form: y - 2 ty = 0 . Then we will integrate
p( t) = -2 t to find P ( t) = - t 2 . The general solution, then, is y ( t) = Ce - P ( t ) = Ce t .
2

3 (b).

y (1) = Ce = 3 . Solving for C yields C = 3e -1 . Therefore, the solution to the initial value

problem is y ( t) = 3e -1e t = 3e( t 4 (a).

-1)

ty - 4 y = 0 y -

4 y = 0. t

- t dt = -4 ln t = - ln(t

) \ m=

1 t4

1 4 -4 4 y - 5 y = ( t y ) = 0 t t
4 (b).

y = Ct 4 .

y (1) = C = 1 \ y ( t) = t 4 .
4 y = 0 . Then we will integrate t

5 (a). We can rewrite this equation into the conventional form: y +

p( t) =

4 to find P ( t) = 4 ln t = ln t 4 . The general solution, then, is t

4 -4

y ( t) = Ce - P ( t ) = Ce - ln t = Ce ln t = Ct -4 . 5 (b). 6 (a). 6 (b).

y (1) = C = 1. Therefore, the solution to the initial value problem is y ( t) = t -4 .

m = exp( t - cos t) \ y ( t) = Ce -( t - cos t ) .

p p y = Ce - 2 = 1 2

C=e

y = e 2e -( t - cos t ) = e

2 - t + cos t

7 (a). First, we will integrate p( t) = -2 cos(2 t) to find P ( t) = - sin(2 t) . The general solution, then, is

y ( t) = Ce - P ( t ) = Ce sin( 2 t ) .
7 (b). 8 (a).
y (p ) = C = -2 . Therefore, the solution to the initial value problem is y ( t) = -2e sin( 2 t ) .

(( t 2 + 1) y ) = 0

y=

C . t +1
2

8 Chapter 2 First Order Linear Differential Equations

8 (b).

y (0) = C = 3 \ y ( t) =

3 . t +1
2

9 (a). We can rewrite this equation into the conventional form: y - 3( t 2 + 1) y = 0 . Then we will integrate p( t) = -3( t 2 + 1) to find P ( t) = - t 3 - 3t . The general solution, then, is y ( t) = Ce - P ( t ) = Ce t 9 (b).
3

+ 3t

y (1) = Ce 4 = 4 . Solving for C yields C = 4 e -4 . Therefore, the solution to the initial value
problem is y ( t) = 4 e t
3

+ 3t - 4

. (-e e y ) = 0
-t -t

10 (a). y + e - t y = 0 \ 10 (b). y (0) = Ce1 = 2 11 (a). #2 11 (b). #3 11 (c). #1 12.

-t

dt = -e - t

y = Ce e .

-t

C = 2e -1

y ( t) = 2e e

-1

y ( t) = y 0e -at

4 = y 0e -a , 1 = y 0e -3a
3

1 Divide: 4 = e 2a a = ln 4 = ln 2 2

and y 0 = e 3a = e 2 13.

ln 4

= e ln( 8 ) = 8. \ y ( t) = 8e -(ln 2 )t .

First, we should put the equation into our conventional form: y -

a y = 0 . Integrating t

p( t) = -

a gives us P ( t) = -a ln t = ln t -a . The general solution, then, is t

- ln t -a

y ( t) = Ce - P ( t ) = Ce

= Ce

ln t a

= Cta . Using the general solution and the point (2,1) , we can

solve for C in terms of a : y (2) = 1 = C 2a ; C = 2 -a . We can then substitute this value for C into the general solution at the point ( 4, 4 ) : y( 4 ) = 4 = 2 -a 4a = 4 -a / 2 4a = 4a / 2 . Setting the exponents equal to each other yields 1 =

a ;a = 2 . Finally, solving for y 0 , 2

y 0 = y (1) = 2 -2 12 =
14. 15.

1 . 4

z = 2 z, z = y + 2 \ z(0) = -1 + 2 = 1 z = e 2 t = y + 2 \ y = -2 + e 2 t
Putting this equation into a form more like #14, we have y = -2 ty + 6 t = -2 t( y - 3) . We will then let z = y - 3 (and z = y , accordingly). Substituting into our modified original equation yields an equation for z( t) : z = -2 tz , or put in a more conventional form, z + 2 tz = 0 . Using the same substitution for the initial condition yields z(0) = 4 - 3 = 1. Integrating p( t) = 2 t gives us P ( t) = t 2 . The general solution is then z( t) = Ce - t . Our initial condition requires that C = 1,
2

Chapter 2 First Order Linear Differential Equations 9

so the solution for z( t) is z( t) = e - t . In terms of y ( t) , this solution reads y - 3 = e - t . Solved for y ( t) , this solution is y ( t) = e - t + 3. 16 (a).
2

dB = - kB, B(0) = - A* dc
No. A(c ) A* as c

16 (b). B(c ) = - A*e - kc = A(c ) - A* \ A(c ) = A* (1 - e - kc )

16 (c). 0.95 A* = A* (1 - e - kc ) - 0.05 = -e - kc - kc = ln( 1 20) = - ln(20)

\ c 0.95 =
17.

1 ln(20) . k

Solving the equation y + cy = 0 with our method yields the general solution y ( t) = y 0e - ct . Looking at the graph, we can see that y (0) = 2 = y 0 and y (-0.4 ) = 3 = y 0e - c( -0.4 ) = 2e 0.4 c .
5 3 Solving for c gives us c = ln 1.01 . 2 2

18.

y = Ce - ct

y (1) = Ce - c = y 0 C = y 0e c \ y = y 0e - c( t -1)
y (0.3) 1 1 1 \ - = -e - c( -0.7 ) = 0.7c ln 2 2 2

y (1) = y 0 = -1

c -

1 ln(2) = -0.990 \ c = -1. 0.7

19 (a). The general solution to this D.E. is y ( t) = y 0e - t , which can be rewritten as ln( y ) = - t + c . Thus, this D.E. corresponds to graph #2 with y 0 = y (0) = e ln( y( 0 )) = e 2 . 19 (b). The general solution to this D.E. is y ( t) = y 0e t sin 4 t , which can be rewritten as
ln( y ) = t sin 4 t + c . Thus, this D.E. corresponds to graph #1 with y 0 = y (0) = e ln( y( 0 )) = 1.

19 (c). The general solution to this D.E. is y ( t) = y 0e

-t 2 2

t2 , which can be rewritten as ln( y ) = - + c . 2

Thus, this D.E. corresponds to graph #4 with y 0 = y (0) = e ln( y( 0 )) = e . 19 (d). The general solution to this D.E. is y ( t) = y 0e t - sin 4 t , which can be rewritten as
ln( y ) = t - sin 4 t + c . Thus, this D.E. corresponds to graph #3 with y 0 = y (0) = e ln( y( 0 )) = 1.

20.

ln y ( t) =

1 3-1 t d t + 1 = + 1 \ p( t) = ln( y ( t)) = 2 4-0 2 dt

y0 = e .

21 (a). Integrating p( t) = t n gives us P ( t) = y ( t ) = y 0e - t

n+1

t n +1 . Thus the solution to this initial value problem is n +1 t n +1 . n +1

n +1

which can be rewritten as ln y = ln y 0 -

10 Chapter 2 First Order Linear Differential Equations

Substituting values from the table gives us the necessary equations to solve for y 0 and n . First,

1 1 2 n +1 and -4 = ln y 0 can be combined to solve for n : = ln y 0 4 n +1 n +1

1 1 1 15 2 n +1 - 1 , so n = 3. - = ln y 0 - by substitution, and therefore y 0 = 1. 4- = = 4 4 4 4 n +1

21 (b). y ( t) = y 0e t n+1 n+1

= 1 e -

t4

y (-1) = e 4 .

-1

Section 2.3
1. For this D.E., p( t) = 2 . Integrating gives us P ( t) = 2 t . An integrating factor is, then, m ( t) = e 2 t . Multiplying the D.E. by m ( t) , we obtain e 2 t y + 2e 2 t y = (e 2 t y ) = e 2 t . Integrating both sides

1 1 yields e 2 t y = e 2 t + C . Therefore, the general solution is y ( t) = + Ce -2 t . 2 2

2. 3.

y + 2 y = e - t (e 2 t y ) = e t e 2 t y = e t + C y = e - t + Ce -2 t .
For this D.E., p( t) = 2 . Integrating gives us P ( t) = 2 t . An integrating factor is, then, m ( t) = e 2 t . Multiplying the D.E. by m ( t) , we obtain e 2 t y + 2e 2 t y = (e 2 t y ) = 1. Integrating both sides yields

e 2 t y = t + C . Therefore, the general solution is y ( t) = te -2 t + Ce -2 t .

4. 5.

y + 2 ty = t (e t y ) = te t

2 2 1 2 1 e t y = e t + C y = + Ce - t . 2 2

Putting this equation into the conventional form gives us y +

2 2 y = t . For this D.E., p( t) = . t t

2

Integrating gives us P ( t) = 2 ln t . An integrating factor is, then, m ( t) = e ln t = t 2 . Multiplying the D.E. by m ( t) , we obtain t 2 y + 2 ty = ( t 2 y ) = t 3 . Integrating both sides yields

t2 y =
6.

1 4 1 t + C . Therefore, the general solution is y ( t) = t 2 + Ct -2 . 4 4

2 2t y = t 2 , m = e ln( t + 4 ) = t 2 + 4 t +4

( t 2 + 4 ) y + 2 ty = t 2 ( t 2 + 4 ) y +
\ (( t + 4 ) y ) = t ( t + 4 ) = t + 4 t
2 2 2 4 2

t5 4 t3 (t + 4) y = + +C 5 3
2

t5

y=

+ 4t 3 + C . (t 2 + 4)

7.

For this D.E., p( t) = 1. Integrating gives us P ( t) = t . An integrating factor is, then, m ( t) = e t . Multiplying the D.E. by m ( t) , we obtain e t y + e t y = (e t y ) = te t . Integrating both sides yields

e t y = te t - e t + C . Therefore, the general solution is y ( t) = t - 1 + Ce - t .

Chapter 2 First Order Linear Differential Equations 11

8.

y + 2 y = cos 3t (e 2 t y ) = e 2 t cos 3t
u = e 2t du = 2e 2 t dt

dv = cos 3tdt
1 v = sin 3t 3
2t e cos 3tdt =

e 2t 2 sin 3t - e 2 t sin 3tdt 3 3

u = e 2t du = 2e dt
2t

dv = sin 3tdt
1 v = - cos 3t 3
e 2t 2 2t e sin 3tdt = - 3 cos 3t + 3 e cos 3tdt
2t

\ I=

4 2 e 2t e 2t 2 e 2t sin 3t - - cos 3t + I I (1 + ) = (sin 3t + 2 cos 3t) 9 3 3 3 3 3

\ I=

3 2t e (sin 3t + 2 cos 3t) 13 3 3 2t e (sin 3t + 2 cos 3t) + C y = (sin 3t + 2 cos 3t) + Ce -2 t 13 13

\ e 2t y =
9.

For this D.E., p( t) = -3 . Integrating gives us P ( t) = -3t . An integrating factor is, then,

m ( t) = e -3 t . Multiplying the D.E. by m ( t) , we obtain e -3 t y - 3e -3 t y = (e -3 t y ) = 6e -3 t .

Integrating both sides yields e -3 t y = -2e -3 t + C . Solving for y gives us y = -2 + Ce 3 t , and with our initial condition, y (0) = 1 = -2 + C . Solving for C yields C = 3 , and thus our final solution is y = -2 + 3e 3 t . 10.

y - 2 y = e 3 t , y (0) = 3.

(e -2 t y ) = e t e -2 t y = e t + C y = e 3 t + Ce 2 t

y (0) = 1 + C = 3 C = 2, y = e 3 t + 2e 2 t .
11. Putting this D.E. in the conventional form, we have y + Integrating gives us P ( t) =

3 3 1 y = e t . For this D.E., p( t) = . 2 2 2

3 t 3 t . An integrating factor is, then, m ( t) = e 2 . Multiplying the D.E. 2

3 3 t t 3 3t 1 5t by m ( t) , we obtain e 2 y + e 2 y = (e 2 y ) = e 2 . Integrating both sides yields 2 2 3 - t 1 5t 1 t 2 e y = e + C . Solving for y gives us y = e + Ce 2 , and with our initial condition, 5 5 3 t 2

y (0) = 0 =

1 1 1 1 -3t + C . Solving for C yields C = - , and thus our final solution is y = e t - e 2 . 5 5 5 5

12 Chapter 2 First Order Linear Differential Equations

12.

y + y = 1 + 2e - t cos(2 t), y (p 2) = 0 \ (e t y ) = e t + 2 cos 2 t e t y = e t + sin 2 t + C y = 1 + e - t sin 2 t + Ce - t

y (p 2) = 1 + Ce - 2 = 0 C = -e 2 ; y = 1 + e - t sin 2 t - e -( t - 2 ) .
p p p

13.

Putting this D.E. in the conventional form, we have y +

cos( t) 3 y = - cos( t) . For this D.E., 2 2

p( t) =

sin( t ) cos( t) sin( t) . Integrating gives us P ( t) = . An integrating factor is, then, m ( t) = e 2 . 2 2 sin( t ) 2

Multiplying the D.E. by m ( t) , we obtain e Integrating both sides yields e

sin( t ) 2

y +

sin( t ) cos( t) sin( t ) 3 cos( t) sin( t ) e 2 y = (e 2 y ) = e 2 . 2 2 sin( t ) 2

y = -3e

sin( t ) 2

+ C . Solving for y gives us y = -3 + Ce

and with our initial condition, y (0) = -4 = -3 + C . Solving for C yields C = -1 , and thus our final solution is y = -3 - e 14.
sin( t ) 2

y + 2 y = e - t + t + 1, y (-1) = e, (e 2 t y ) = e t + te 2 t + e 2 t
t 1 1 1 1 ye 2 t = e t + te 2 t - e 2 t + e 2 t + C y = e - t + + + Ce -2 t 2 4 2 2 4 y (-1) = e 1 1 1 + + Ce 2 = e C = e -2 2 4 4 t 1 1 -2( t +1) . + + e 2 4 4 3 3 1 y = 1 + . For this D.E., p( t) = . t t t
3

\ y = e-t +
15.

Putting this D.E. in the conventional form, we have y +

Integrating gives us P ( t) = 3 ln( t) . An integrating factor is, then, m ( t) = e 3 ln( t ) = e ln( t ) = t 3 . Multiplying the D.E. by m ( t) , we obtain t 3 y + 3t 2 y = ( t 3 y ) = t 3 + t 2 . Integrating both sides yields t 3 y =

t 1 1 4 1 3 t + t + C . Solving for y gives us y = + + Ct -3 , and with our initial 4 3 4 3 1 1 1 1 = - + - C . Solving for C yields C = - , and thus our final solution 3 4 3 4

condition, y (-1) = is y =

t 1 1 -3 + - t . The t -interval on which this solution exists is - < t < 0 . 4 3 4

Chapter 2 First Order Linear Differential Equations 13

16.

y +
4

4 y = a t, m = t 4 t
3 5 4 4

t6 at 2 t y + 4 t y = a t = ( t y ) t y = a + C y = + Ct -4 6 6 1 a 1 a t2 y (1) = - = + C C = - - 0 a = -2, y = - . 3 6 3 6 3 17. Multiplying both sides of the equation by the integrating factor, m ( t) = e 2 t , we have

e 2 t y = e 2 t (Ce -2 t + t + 1) = e 2 t ( t + 1) + C . Differentiating gives us (e 2 t y ) = e 2 t (1) + 2e 2 t ( t + 1) = e 2 t (2 t + 3) . Therefore, (e 2 t y ) = (m ( t) y ) = m ( t) g( t) = e 2 t (2 t + 3) g( t) = 2 t + 3 and

m ( t) = e 2 t = e P ( t ) P ( t) = 2 t p( t) = 2 .
18. 19. 2 tCe t + pCe t = 0 p( t) = -2 t . Substituting, (Ce t + 2) - 2 t(Ce t + 2) = -4 t g( t) = -4 t . Multiplying both sides of the equation by the integrating factor, m ( t) = t , we have
2 2 2 2

ty = t(Ct -1 + 1) = t + C . Differentiating gives us ( ty ) = 1. Therefore, ( ty ) = (m ( t) y ) = m ( t) g( t) = 1 = ( t)( t -1 ) g( t) = t -1 and

1 m ( t) = t = e P ( t ) P ( t) = ln t p( t) = = t -1 . t
20. 21.

(e - t + t - 1) + (e - t + t - 1) = t g( t) = t, y 0 = 0 . y ( t) = -2e - t + e t + sin t y 0 = y (0) = -2 + 1 + 0 = -1 .

If y ( t) = -2e - t + e t + sin t , then y = 2e - t + e t + cos t . Substituting in y + y = g( t) , (2e - t + e t + cos t) + (-2e - t + e t + sin t) = 2e t + cos t + sin t = g( t) .

22.

y + (1 + cos t) y = 1 + cos t, y (0) = 3, m = e t + sin t . (e t + sin t y ) = (1 + cos t)e t + sin t = (e t + sin t ) e t + sin t y = e t + sin t + C y = 1 + Ce -( t + sin t ) .
y (0) = 1 + C = 3 C = 2 \ y = 1 + 2e -( t + sin t ) and lim y ( t) = 1.
t

23.

Putting this D.E. in the conventional form, we have y + 2 y = e - t - 2 . For this D.E., p( t) = 2 . An integrating factor is, then, m ( t) = e 2 t . Multiplying the D.E. by m ( t) , we obtain

e 2 t y + 2e 2 t y = (e 2 t y ) = e t - 2e 2 t . Integrating both sides yields e 2 t y = e t - e 2 t + C . Solving for

y gives us y = e - t - 1 + Ce -2 t , and with our initial condition, y (0) = -2 = 1 - 1 + C . Solving for C yields C = -2 , and thus our final solution is y = e - t - 1 - 2e -2 t . Therefore, lim y ( t) = -1.
t

14 Chapter 2 First Order Linear Differential Equations

24.

On [1, 2]:

1 y + y = 3t, y (1) = 1. An integrating factor is m ( t) = t . Multiplying the D.E. by m ( t) , we t

obtain ( ty ) = 3t 2 ty = t 3 + C y = t 2 + Ct -1, y (1) = 1 + C = 1 C = 0 . Therefore, the solution for 1 t 2 is y = t 2 and y(2) = 4 . On [2, 3]:

1 y + y = 0, y (2) = 4 . An integrating factor is m ( t) = t . Multiplying the D.E. by m ( t) , we t

obtain ( ty ) = 0 ty = C y = Ct -1, y (2) =

C = 4 C = 8 . Therefore, the solution for 2

8 2 t 3 is y = . t
25. On [0,p ] :
y + (sin t) y = sin t, y (0) = 3 . An integrating factor is m ( t) = e - cos t . Multiplying the D.E. by

m ( t) , we obtain e - cos t y + e - cos t (sin t) y = (e - cos t y ) = (sin t)e - cos t . Integrating both sides yields
e - cos t y = e - cos t + C . Solving for y gives us y = 1 + Ce cos t , and with our initial condition, y (0) = 3 = 1 + Ce C = 2e -1 . Therefore, the solution for 0 t p is y = 1 + 2e cos t -1 and y (p ) = 1 + 2e -2 .
On [p , 2p ]:

y + (sin t) y = - sin t, y (p ) = 1 + 2e -2 . Multiplying the D.E. by m ( t) = e - cos t , we obtain e - cos t y + e - cos t (sin t) y = (e - cos t y ) = (- sin t)e - cos t . Integrating both sides yields e - cos t y = -e - cos t + C . Solving for y gives us y = -1 + Ce cos t , and with our initial condition, y (p ) = 1 + 2e -2 = -1 + Ce -1 C = 2e1 + 2e -1 . Therefore, the solution for p t 2p is y = -1 + 2e cos t +1 + 2e cos t -1 .
26. On [0,1]: y = 2, y (0) = 1.
y = 2 t + C, y (0) = C = 1 C = 1.

Therefore, the solution for 0 t 1 is y = 2 t + 1 and y(1) = 3.

1 On [1, 2]: y + y = 2, y (1) = 3. An integrating factor is m ( t) = t . Multiplying the D.E. by t

m ( t) , we obtain ( ty ) = 2 t ty = t 2 + C y = t + Ct -1, y (1) = 1 + C = 3 C = 2 . Therefore,

2 the solution for 1 t 2 is y = t + . t

Chapter 2 First Order Linear Differential Equations 15

27.

On [0,1]:
y + (2 t - 1) y = 0, y (0) = 3 . An integrating factor is m ( t) = e t
2

-t

. Multiplying the D.E. by m ( t) ,

2

we obtain e t

-t

y + et

-t

(2 t - 1) y = (e t
2

-t

y ) = 0 . Integrating both sides yields e t

-t

y = C.

Solving for y gives us y = Ce t - t , and with our initial condition, y (0) = 3 = C . Therefore, the solution for 0 t 1 is y = 3e t - t and y(1) = 3. On [1, 3]:
y + (0) y = y = 0, y (1) = 3 . Integrating gives us y = C = 3 . Therefore, the solution for 1 t 3
2

is y = 3 and y( 3) = 3. On [ 3, 4 ]:

y + (- 1 ) y = 0, y ( 3) = 3 . An integrating factor is m ( t) = e - ln t = 1 . Multiplying the D.E. by m ( t) , t t

we obtain 1 y t
1 t2

y = ( 1 y ) = 0 . Integrating both sides yields 1 y = C . Solving for y gives us t t

y = Ct , and with our initial condition, y ( 3) = 3 = C ( 3) C = 1. Therefore, the solution for

3 t 4 is y = t .
28.

y ( t) = t{Si( t) - Si(1) + 3}

Section 2.4
1. 2.

P ( t) = A0e rt = 5000e.05 t . Thus, P ( 30) = 5000e.0530 = 22408.45 .

r P2 ( t) = (1 + ) 2 t A0 2

P2 ( 30) = (1.025) 60 5000

P2 ( 30) 21999

\ ln P2 ( 30) = 60 ln(1.025) + ln 5000 = 9.999

3 (a).

P1 ( t) = (1 + r) t A0 = (1.06) t A0 . Setting P1 ( t) = 2 A0 yields 2 = 1.06 t , and solving for t gives us

t 11.9 years.
r P2 ( t) = (1 + ) 2 t A0 = (1.03) 2 t A0 . Setting P2 ( t) = 2 A0 yields 2 = 1.032 t , and solving for t gives us 2

3 (b).

t 11.72 years.
3 (c).

P ( t) = A0e rt = A0e.06 t . Setting P ( t) = 2 A0 yields 2 = e.06 t , and solving for t gives us t 11.55
years.

4.

With r = .05

P ( t) = e.05 t A0

P (10) = e 0.5 A0

With unknown r, P (8) = e r 8 A0 = e 0.5 A0

\ 8 r = 0.5 r =
1 16

0.0625

(6.25%)

16 Chapter 2 First Order Linear Differential Equations

5 (a). 5 (b).

PB = (0.04 + 0.004 t) PB ; PB (0) = A0 .

PB = A0e.04 t +.002 t . This can be verified easily through differentiation.

5 (c). For Plan A, PA ( t) = A0e.06 t . To find the time t at which Plan B catches up with Plan A, let us set PA ( t) = PB ( t) : A0e.06 t = A0e.04 t +.002 t . Dividing by A0 and taking the natural logarithm of both sides yields .06 t = .04 t + .002 t 2 , and solving for t gives us t = 0 (the time of the initial investment) and t = 10 years (the time at which Plan B catches up). 6. 7. After 4 yrs, P ( 4 ) = 1000e.05( 4 ),
2

P (10) = 1000e.05( 4 )+.07( 6 ) = 1000e.2 +.42 = 1858.93

We can simplify this problem by considering the two deposits separately and then adding the principals of each deposit together at a time of twelve years. We have, then,
1000e12 r + 1000e 6 r = 4000 . Introducing a new variable x e 6 r , we have x 2 + x - 4 = 0 .

Solving this with the quadratic formula yields one positive value of x : x 1.5616 = e 6 r . Solving for r yields r 0.0743. 8.
1 11 11, 000, 000 = 10, 000, 000e 5 k . Solving for k yields k = ln . 5 10
6 1 ln 11 ( 30 ) ln 11 P ( 30) = 10, 000, 000e 5 ( 10 ) = 10, 000, 000e ( 10 ) = 17, 715, 610 .

9.

2 = e kt , and thus t =

ln 2 ln 2 =5 36.36 days. 11 k ln 10

10. 11.

1 1.3 = e 2 k k = ln(1.3). 2

3 = e kt t =

ln 3 2 ln( 3) = 8.375 wks. k ln(1.3)

1 80, 000 = 100, 000e 6 k . Solving for k yields k = ln(.8) . Using this value for k , we have 6

(80, 000 + 50, 000)e ln( 0.8 ) = 130, 000 0.8 = 104, 000 .
12 (a). P = kP + M , P (0) = P0

P - kP = M , (e - kt P ) = Me - kt

e - kt P = -

M M M - kt e + C P = - + Ce kt , P0 = - + C k k k M M + ( P0 + )e kt k k P0 and P must be nonnegative M 0. k

If net immigration rate M > 0,

\ P ( t) = 12 (b). P0 = -

M . k

net growth rate k < 0 and vice versa. 12 (c). Set kP + M = 0 P = -

M . k

P ( t) = P0 = -

M in this case. k

Chapter 2 First Order Linear Differential Equations 17

13 (a). For Strategy I, we have M I = kP0 . For Strategy II, we have M II = P0 (e k - 1) . 13 (b). The net profit for each strategy would equal ( M )( profit fish ) , and so the profit for Strategy I is, then: PrI = 500, 000(.3172)(.75) = 118, 950 , and the profit for Strategy II is: PrII = 500, 000(e.3172 - 1)(0.6) 111, 983 . Strategy I would be more profitable for the farm. 14 (a). P1 (1) = -

M M M M + ( P0 + )e k , P1 (2) = P1 (1)e k = - e k + ( P0 + )e 2 k k k k k M M + ( P0e k + )e k k k

P2 (1) = P0e k , P2 (2) = 14 (b). P1 (2) - P2 (2) = -

M M M M M k e + P0e 2 k + e 2 k + - P0e 2 k - e k = (e 2 k - 2e k + 1) k k k k k
Since M > 0, P1 (2) > P2 (2) if k > 0 and P1 (2) < P2 (2) if k < 0 .

M k (e - 1) 2 . k

14 (c). If k > 0 , introduce the immigrants as early as possible. If k < 0 , introduce as late as possible. 15 (a). From the general solution of the radioactive decay equation, Q( t) = Ce - kt , we can use the data given to find C and k . Q(1) = Ce - k = 100 and Q( 4 ) = Ce -4 k = 30 , so combining these equations, we find that e -3 k =
1 10 3 and therefore, k = ln 0.4013 . Using this value of k 3 3 10

with the t = 1 data, we find that C = Q0 = 149.4 mg . C = Q0 , since the exponential falls off the expression for Q at t = 0 . 15 (b). t =

ln 2 1.727 months. k ln(0.01) 11.475 months. k - ln(0.3) k

15 (c). 0.01 = e - kt . Solving for t , we have t = 16 (a). t =

ln 2 ln 2 = 5730 k = . k 5730

0.3 = e - kt t =

t = ln( 10 ) 3

ln( 10 ) t = 3 t 9953 yr. ln 2 ln 2

ln( 10 ) ln( 10 ) ln( 10 ) 3 3 3 (t + 30) (t - 30) t t \ ln 2 ln 2 ln 2

16 (b). From (a) t =

or 9901 t 10005 yrs. 16 (c).

ln 2 Q(60, 000) -60, 000( 5730 ) = e -60,000 k = e 2.83(10 -5 ) . Q(0)

18 Chapter 2 First Order Linear Differential Equations

17.

Q = - kQ + M . Writing this D.E. in the conventional form, we have Q + kQ = M . For this

D.E., p( t) = k and P ( t) = kt , which yields an integrating factor of m ( t) = e kt . Thus,

e kt Q + ke kt Q = (e kt Q) = e kt M . Integrating both sides gives us e kt Q = e kt

we have Q =
Q( t) =

M + C . Solving for Q , k

M M + Ce - kt . Q0 = + C , so our equation for Q in terms of Q0 now reads k k

M M M + Q0 - e - kt = 50e - kt + (1 - e - kt ) . Setting Q(2) = 100 and substituting k k k

k=

M ln 2 ln 2 M = 0.231 , we have 100 = 50e -2 k + (1 - e -2 k ) = 31.5 + (0.37) . Solving for 3 k t .231 ln 2 = 8 days. k
- 3 ln 2 8

M , we find M = 42.78 (mg/yr.).

18.

t=

Q( t) = Q0e - kt = Q0e
3

- ln 2 tt

30 = Q0e 19.

Q0 = 30e 8

ln 2

38.9mg

0.99Q0 = Q0e - kt . Solving for t in terms of k , we have

t= 1 100 t 100 9 9 ln ln = = 4 10 0.0145 0.058 10 =58 million years. 99 ln 2 99 k

20.

Contact angle is 180 - 30 + 45 = 195 or q 2 - q1 = 3.403 rad.

\ T2 = e 0.3( 3.403 ) (100) 277.6 lb.

21. 22. The contact angle, q 2 - q1 = 2p + 2p + p = 5p . T2 = e 0.1(q 2 -q 1 ) (100 9.8) = e 0.15p (980) 4714 N.

Contact : 90 + a + a + 90 = 240 where sin a =

a 1 = a = 30 2a 2

q 2 - q1 =

4 2p for T2 p for T3 and 3 3

2p 3

T2 = 100e.2( T3 = 100e.2(
23. of the dots.

) )

152 lb. 231 lb.

4p

The angle, a , is marked at various places on the diagram below. A right angle occurs at each

Chapter 2 First Order Linear Differential Equations 19

To determine the angle a , part of the diagram is shown here with the radii of the circles marked.

sin a =

2a a and sin a = y = 2x . x y

In the text, we are given that x + y = 5 a . Therefore, x + 2 x = 3 x = 5 a x =

5a a a \ sin a = = 5 a = .6 a .6435 radians . 3 x 3

The corresponding contact angles and belt tensions are: For T2 :

p 2

+ a 2.214 radians T2 = T1e m ( angle ) = 100e(.2 )( 2.214 ) 155.7 lb.

p 2

For T3 : ( p + a ) + 2a = 2

+ 3a 3.501 radians

T3 = T1e m ( angle ) = 100e(.2 )( 3.501) 201.4 lb.

For T4 : ( p + 3a ) + a = 2
p 2

+ 4a 4.145 radians

T4 = T1e m ( angle ) = 100e(.2 )( 4.415 ) 229.1 lb.

24.

Contact : 2p + 2p + 2p + 1 19p F = e 0.4 ( 3) 953.5 lb. 3

p 19p = 3 3

Section 2.5
1 (a). To begin, Q(0) = 0 and Q = (0.2)( 3) -

Q ( 3) . Putting the second equation in the conventional 100

form, we have Q + 0.03Q = 0.6 . Multiplying both sides of this equation by the integrating factor m ( t) = e 0.03 t gives us (e 0.03 t Q) = 0.6e 0.03 t . Integrating both sides yields

e 0.03 t Q = 0.6

100 0.03 t e + C = 20e 0.03 t + C . Solving for Q , we have Q = 20 + Ce -0.03 t . 3

20 Chapter 2 First Order Linear Differential Equations

Q(0) = 0 = 20 + C , so C = -20 . With this value for C , our final equation for Q is

Q = 20(1 - e -0.03 t ) . Thus, Q(10) = 20(1 - e -0.3 ) 5.18 lb.

1 (b). lim Q( t) = 20lb and the limiting concentration is 0.2 lb/gal.
t

2.

V = 100( 70)(20) = 140, 000 m 3 .

0.01Q0 = Q0e r=
- r 30 v

Q = 0 -

Q -r t r Q = Q0e v v

v r 1 = ln(0.01) r = ln(100) . v 30 30 r 1 ln(100) = 0.1535 = v 30 ( 15.4%) .

3 140, 000 ln(100) 21, 491 m min . 30

3 (a). To begin, Q(0) = 5 and Q = 0.25 r -

Q r . Putting the second equation in the conventional 200

form, we have Q + 0.005 rQ = 0.25 r . Multiplying both sides of this equation by the integrating factor m ( t) = e 0.005 rt gives us (e 0.005 rt Q) = 0.25 re 0.005 rt . Integrating both sides yields

e 0.005 rt Q = 0.25(200)e 0.005 rt + C = 50e 0.005 rt + C . Solving for Q , we have Q = 50 + Ce -0.005 rt .

Q(0) = 5 = 50 + C , so C = -45 . With this value for C , our equation for Q now reads
20 r 200

Q = 50 - 45e

-0.005 rt

. We know that Q(20) = 30 = 50 - 45e

, and solving for r yields

(50 - 30) 9 r = ln (-10) = 10 ln 8.11gal/min. 45 4

3 (b). This would be impossible, since Q( t) < 50 lb for all 0 t < . 4 (a).

Q = (10 te Q = -

-t

50

)(100) -

Q (100) 5000

Q(0) = 0

1 t t Q + 1000 te - 50 (Qe 50 ) = 1000 t 50

t 50

Qe

50

= 500 t 2 + C Q = 500 t 2e -

+ Ce - 50 .

Q(0) = C = 0.

\ Q( t) = 500 t 2e -

50

oz.

4 (b). Q = 500 2 t -

t2 50

)e

- t 50

= 0 t 2 = 100 t t = 100 min.,

Q(100) 500(100) 2 -2 = e = 1000e -2 135.3 oz gal 5000 5000 4 (c). Plot c ( t) vs t . Yes. 5 (a). To begin, Q(0) = 10 , V (0) = 100 , and V ( t) = 100 + t . Since the tank has a capacity of 700 gallons, 100 + t = 700 . Solving for t yields t = 600 minutes.

Chapter 2 First Order Linear Differential Equations 21

5 (b). Q = (0.5)( 3) -

Q 2 3 (2) . Putting this in the conventional form, we have Q + Q= . 100 + t 100 + t 2

Multiplying both sides of the equation by the integrating factor m ( t) = e 2 ln(100 + t ) = (100 + t) 2

3 (100 + t) 3 gives us ((100 + t) 2 Q) = (100 + t) 2 . Integrating both sides yields (100 + t) 2 Q = + C, 2 2

and solving for Q , we have Q = 100 + t C C + , and solving for C 2 . Q(0) = 10 = 50 + 2 (100 + t) 100 2

yields C = -40(100) 2 = -400, 000 . Substituting this value of C back into our equation for Q gives us our final equation for Q , Q( t) = 100 + t 400, 000 400 400, 000 = 197.5 lb. The 2 . V ( t) = 400 at t = 300 , so Q( 300) = 2 (100 + t) 2 ( 400) 2

concentration, then, is 5 (c). 6 (a).

197.5 lb/gal. 400 700 400, 000 349.2 Q(600) = .4988 lb/gal. 2 349.2 lb. The concentration, then, is 2 ( 700) 700 Q Q (15) (15) 500 500 Q = -(1 - a ) (15)Q 500

Q = a

6 (b). Q(180) = 0.01Q0

Q = Q0e -.03(1-a )t

.01 = e -.03(1-a )(180 ) e -5.4 (1-a ) = .01 5.4 (1 - a ) = ln(100) 1 - a = 0.8528 a = 0.1472 .

7 (a).

QA QA (0) = 1000 , QB (0) = 0 , QA = 0 - 1000 , and 500, 000 QB QA QB = 1000 - 1000 . 500, 000 200, 000

7 (b). Putting the equation for QA into the conventional form, we have QA = QA = 1000e QB +
(QB e
t 500

1 Q . Thus, 500 A

. Putting the equation for QB into the conventional form, we have

t t 1 QB = 2e 500 . Multiplying both sides by the integrating factor m ( t) = e 200 yields 200
1 1 t 200 500 3t 1000

t 200

) = 2e

= 2e

. Integrating both sides gives us QB e

t 200

3t 2000 1000 = + C , and e 3

22 Chapter 2 First Order Linear Differential Equations

t t 2000 2000 2000 - 500 . Substituting + C , so C = e + Ce 200 . QB (0) = 0 = 3 3 3

solving for QB , QB =

t t 2000 - 500 200 -e this value back into our equation, we have QB = e 3 t t t t + 1 - 200 500 2000 1 - 500 e + e . Since e 500 200 = 7 (c). Setting QB = 0 , we have 0 = , 3 500 200 200

1000 5 3 5 ln 305.4 hours. t = ln , and thus t = 2 2 3 1000

7 (d). Here, we want to determine tA such that QA ( tA ) =

1 lb and tB such that QB ( t) 0.2 lb where 2

t tB . This can be solved via plotting: tA 3800 hours and tB 4056 hours. Therefore,

t 4056 hours.
8 (a).
ri = r0 = 3 + sin t V = constant.
t

8 (b). Expect lim Q( t) = .5(200) = 100 lb. The tank is being flushed out, albeit in a pulsating manner. 8 (c).

Q = .5( 3 + sin t) Q +
Qe

Q ( 3 + sin t), Q(0) = 10 200

( 3 t - cos t ) ( 3 t - cos t ) 1 3 + sin t 1 200 200 Q = ( 3 + sin t) (Qe ) = ( 3 + sin t)e 2 200 2
200

( 3 t - cos t )

= 100e 3 t - cos t + C Q = 100 + Ce

1 200

- ( 3 t - cos t ) 200

Q(0) = 10 = 100 + Ce 8(d). 9.

C = -90e

-1

200

Q( t) = 100 - 90e

- ( 3 t - cos t +1 ) 200

lim e
t

- ( 3 t - cos t +1 ) 200

= 0 lim Q( t) = 100 lb.

t
t

f ( t) = 3 + sin t . Therefore, t = ( 3 + sin s) ds = [ 3s - cos s]t0 = 3t - cos t + 1. Now,

0

1 dQ Q and Q(0) = 10 . Putting the first equation into the conventional form, we = 0.5 200 dt
have
t 1 dQ Q = 0.5 , and multiplying both sides by the integrating factor m ( t) = e 200 gives + dt 200

t t t t us e 200 Q = 0.5e 200 . Integrating both sides yields e 200 Q = 100e 200 + C , and solving for Q ,
-

Q = 100 + Ce

t 200

. Now, Q(t = 0) = 10 = 100 + C , and therefore, C = -90 .

Chapter 2 First Order Linear Differential Equations 23

-

Substituting this back into our equation for Q yields Q = 100 - 90e reads Q = 100 - 90e
3 t - cos t +1 200

t 200

, which in terms of t

10 (a). No limit since we do not expect concentration to stabilize. 10 (b). Q = .2(1 + sin t)( 3) 10 (c). Q +

Q ( 3), Q(0) = 10 200

3 Q = 0.6(1 + sin t) 200

(e

200 t

3 Q = 0.6e 200 t (1 + sin t).

at at e sin tdt = e

(- cos t + a sin t) (1 + a 2 )

200 t

200 3 200 t e Q = 0.6 e + 3

200 t

3 (- cos t + 200 sin t) +C 1 + ( 3 200) 2

3 200 (- cos t + 200 sin t) -0.6 cos t + 0.009 sin t -3 -3 t + Q( t) = 0.6 + Ce 200 t + Ce 200 = 40 + 2 3 1 + ( 200) 1.000225 3

Q(0) = 10 = 40 Q( t) = 40 - 30e
-3

0.6 0.6 + C C = -30 + 1.000225 1.000225

200 t

0.6(e +

-3

200 t

- cos t) + 0.009 sin t) 1.000225

10 (d).

11 (a). First, Q = Q0e - kt for the radioactive material. To find k from the half-life of the material,

ln2 1 . Thus for the decay of the radioactive material Q0 = Q0e -18 k . Solving for k , we have k = 18 2
alone, we have Q( t) = 5e
ln 2 t 18

with t measured in hours. Now, for the lake, we know that Q

varies both with decay and with the water flow. Accordingly, we will begin with the relationship Q( t + Dt) - Q( t) - kQ( t) Dt -

Q( t) rDt . V

24 Chapter 2 First Order Linear Differential Equations

Using a form of the definition of the derivative and solving for Qwe have ,

60, 000 r ln 2 + = Q - k + Q = - Q -0.0885Q . We know that Q0 = Q(0) = 5 lb, so our 18 1, 200, 000 V
final equation for Q reads Q( t) = 5e -0.0885 t . 11 (b). Here, (0.0001)(5) = 5e -0.0885 t . Thus, t = 104.07 hours. 12.

q = k ( S - q ) , S = 72 , q (0) = 350 , q (10) = 290

q + kq = kS (e ktq ) = ke kt S e ktq = e kt S + C q = S + Ce - kt
q (0) = q 0 = S + C C = q 0 - S q = S + (q 0 - S )e - kt
278 290 = 72 + ( 350 - 72)e - k(10 ) 218 = 278e -10 k , 10 k = ln 218 k= 1 278 48 - kt ln e - kt = ; 120 = 72 + ( 350 - 72)e 10 218 278

1 48 10 ln( 278 ) 10(1.756) 48 t = - ln = 72.2 min. = 278 0.243 k 278 ln( 218 )
13. To begin, q = S + (q 0 - S )e - kt . With our substitutions for the time the food was in the oven, this equation reads 120 = 350 + ( 40 - 350)e -10 k . Solving for k , we have
k=1 350 - 120 ln .02985 . The temperature of the food after 20 minutes in the oven is, 10 350 - 40

then, q (20) = 350 + ( 40 - 350)e -20 k = 350 - ( 310)(0.550) 179.5 degrees. Finally, the food is cooled at room temperature, so q ( t) = 110 = 72 + (179.5 - 72)e -0.02985 t . Solving for t yields
t 1 110 - 72 ln 34.8 minutes. 0.02985 179.5 - 72

14.

q = S + (q 0 - S )e - kt ; 170 = 212 + ( 72 - 212)e - k 5

1 140 1 10 -1 k = ln = ln min. 5 42 5 3
t 1 Q( t) P = r1 q ( s) ds P , P = P0 expr t 140 140 0

q ( t) = 212 + ( 72 - 212)e - kt = 212 - 140e - kt

t

qds = 212t 0

140 (1 - e - kt ) k

140 1 -10 k \ 0.01 = expr10 2120 - k (1 - e ) 140

Chapter 2 First Order Linear Differential Equations 25

212 1 1 = expr10 + (1 - e -10 k ) 14 k 100

5 - ln(100) = r10 - 15.143 + 10 (1 - .09) = r(-5.143 + 3.78) ln( 3 )

-4.6052 r(-1.363) r 3.379 min -1

15. For the first cup, q1 = 72 + ( 34 - 72)e - kt . Thus, with the proper substitutions, 53 = 72 - 38e - kt1 .
e - kt1 , then, is equal to

19 . For the second cup, q 2 = 34 + ( 72 - 34 )e - kt . With the proper 38 19 . Thus, the two times are 38

substitutions, we have 53 = 34 + 38e - kt 2 . e - kt 2 , then, is equal to equal. 16.

q = S + (q 0 - S )e - kt

For casserole, 45 = 72 + ( 40 - 72)e - k 2

1 32 -27 = -32e - k 2 , k = ln 2 27
S ( t) = 72 + 228(1 - e -at ) S (2) = 150 = 72 + 228(1 - e -a 2 )

1 - e -2a =

78 150 1 228 e -2a = a = ln 228 228 2 150

q = k ( S ( t) - q ) q + kq = kS ( t) (e ktq ) = ke kt S ( t)
= ke kt ( 72 + 228 - 228e -at ) = ke kt ( 300 - 228e -at )
e ktq = 300e kt 228 k ( k -a )t 228 k -at e + Ce - kt e + C q = 300 k -a k -a 228 k 228 k +C C= - 255 k -a k -a

q (0) = 45 = 300 q (8) = 300 -

228 k -8a 228 k e + - 255 e -8 k k -a k -a

4 4

4 150 27 -8 k -2 k 4 e -8a = (e -2a ) = .1873, e = (e ) = = .5068 228 32

1 32 k = ln 0.08495 2 27

1 228 a = ln 0.2094 2 150

k - a -0.1244

k = -0.682843 k -a

q (8) = 300 - 228(-0.682843)(.1873379) + (228(-.682843) - 255)(.5068216)

= 300 + 29.166 - 208.14565 = 121.02