•Characteristics of machine tools,

•Recent development in the design of machine

tools,
•Drive system of machine tools,
•Design of mechanical drive, speed gear boxes,
feed gear boxes, infinitely variable drives, PIV
and other mechanical stepless drives,
hydraulic drives, electrical drives
• Bearings, spindles, slide ways of machine
tools, machine tool structure.
• Location principles and locators, clamps
•Detailed case study of:
•Engine lathe
•Turret and automatic lathe,
•Drilling machine,
•Shaper machines, Planer machines,
•Milling machines,
•Grinding machines,
•Gear shaping and gear hobbing machines,
forging machines, dynamics of machine tools
•Installation and acceptance tests of
machine tools etc.
 Machine Tools- by N. Chernov
 Machine Tool Design and Numerical Control--N.
K.Mehta
 A machine tool is a machine for shaping or machining metal or
other rigid materials, usually by cutting, boring, grinding,
shearing, or other forms of deformation. Machine tools employ
some sort of tool that does the cutting or shaping. All machine
tools have some means of constraining the workpiece and
provide a guided movement of the parts of the machine. Thus
the relative movement between the workpiece and the cutting
tool (which is called the toolpath) is controlled or constrained by
the machine to at least some extent, rather than being entirely
"offhand" or "freehand".
 While all machine tools are "machines that help people to make
things", not all factory machines are machine tools.
 Today machine tools are typically powered other than by human
muscle (e.g., electrically, hydraulically, or via line shaft), used to
make manufactured parts (components) in various ways that
include cutting or certain other kinds of deformation.
 What is the difference between machine and machine tool?
 Classification: Based on precision
 Class N (Normal accuracy)
 Class P (Higher accuracy)
 Class B (precision)
 Class A (high precision)
 Class C (Super high precision)
 Based on mass
 Light (upto 1 ton)
 Medium (upto 10 tons)
 Heavy (over 10 tons)
• Types of lathe machine
• Type of surfaces
• Machine specifications
• Different parts of an engine lathe
• Kinematic diagram
• Kinematic balance equations
• Cutting multiple start threads
• Cutting tapered surfaces
• Standard fixtures of Lathes
• Center lathe/engine lathe/bench lathe: refer to a basic
type of lathe that may be considered the archetypical
class of metalworking lathe most often used by the
general machinist or machining hobbyist. Bench lathe
is a very small lathe and is mounted on a separately
prepared bench or cabinet. Engine lathe is most
widely used lathe. Its headstock is bigger in size and
more robust, incorporating suitable mechanism for
providing multiple speeds to the lathe spindle.
• Toolroom lathe: is a lathe optimized for smoothest-
running, most-accurate version of the machine that
can be built. It is nothing but the same engine lathe but
equipped with some extra attachments to make it
suitable for a relatively more accurate angle of speeds
and feeds. The usual attachments provided on a tool
room lathe are taper turning attachment, follower rest,
collets, chucks, etc. This lathe is made to have a
comparatively smaller bed length than the usual
engine lathe. The most commonly used lengths are
135 to 180 cm.
• Turret lathes and capstan lathes: are members of a
class of lathes that is used for repetitive production of
duplicate parts. These lathes form as very important
and useful group and are vastly used in mass
production. These machines are actually of semi-
automatic type and a very wide range of operations
can be performed on them. In operating these
machines, a very wide range of operations can be
performed on them. In operating these machines, a
very little skill is required of the operator. Whatever skill
is needed of the operator is only in the setting of tools
in the turret or capstan head, and once this setting has
been successfully accomplished further operation of
these machines is more or less automatic.
• A gang-tool lathe is one that has a row (gang) of tools
set up on its cross-slide. Rather than being indexed,
as on a turret lathe, the work table slide on a gang tool
lathe repositions as each tool is engaged in the
sequential steps of the part turning process.

• Multispindle lathes: have more than one spindle and

automated control.They are production machines
specializing in high-volume production.
• CNC lathes: easy setting and operation. The part may
be designed by the CAM system, the resulting file
uploaded to the machine, and once set and trialled the
machine will continue to turn out parts under the
occasional supervision of an operator.
• External cylindrical, tapered and contoured surfaces.
• Boring cylindrical and tapered holes.
• Machining face surfaces.
• Cutting external and internal threads
• Drilling,counter boring,counter sinking, reaming
• Spot facing, cutting off etc.
• Maximum diameter of the workpiece
• Bar capacity
• Number of spindle speed
• Spindle speed range
• Feed range
• Pitch of screw thread cut
• Power of the main drive
• Speed of the motor
Consist of, at the least, a
headstock, bed,
carriage and tailstock.
Here, headstock
(H1), main spindle
(H4), speed change
mechanism (H2,H3),
and change gears
(H10), feedscrew
(H8), leadscrew
(H9), quick change
gearbox
(H6), Tumbler gears
(operated by H5)
Carriage: carriage feed mechanism (5c), handwheels (2a, 3b,
5a), (3) cross-slide, (2) The compound rest (or top slide),Tool
post (1)
Tailstock: Spindle (T5), handwheel (T1), clamp (T6),
reduction gear box (T2) and provision to offset the
tailstock (T4)
• Types of turret lathes
• Different parts of a turret lathe
• Specifications
• Kinematic diagram
• Kinematic balance equations
• Collet Chucks
 Milling is the machining process of using rotary
cutters to remove material from a workpiece
advancing (or feeding) in a direction at an angle
with the axis of the tool.
• Type of grinding machines
• Movements in grinding operations
• Different parts of a grinding machine
• Specifications
• Different movements
• Type of gear making/cutting methods
• Different parts of a gear shaper machine
• Specifications
• Kinematic diagram
• Kinematic balance equations