Report đề thi ielts ngày 11.06.

2022
Writing
Task 1: Map (the map plan redevelop industrial site ...new housing) map này cũng khá là đơn
giản, dễ viết

Task 2: Some people believe that pop stars deserve to earn more money than performers of
classical music. Others disagree. Discuss both views ang give your opinion.
Reading- hôm nay là 3 đề hoàn toàn mới, các em có thể tham khảo đọc hiểu đoạn văn dưới
đây nhé, lấy từ vựng, nếu có lặp lại xử lý trong pòng thi sẽ nhanh lẹ hơn rất nhiều
Passage 1: the oldest leather shose
The 5,500 year old shoe, the oldest leather shoe in the world, was discovered by a team of
international archaeologists and their findings will publish on June 9th in the online scientific
journal PLoS ONE.
The cow-hide shoe dates back to ~ 3,500 BC (the Chalcolithic period) and is in perfect
condition. It was made of a single piece of leather and was shaped to fit the wearer's foot. It
contained grass, although the archaeologists were uncertain as to whether this was to keep the
foot warm or to maintain the shape of the shoe, a precursor to the modern shoe-tree perhaps?
"It is not known whether the shoe belonged to a man or woman," said lead author of the
research, Dr Ron Pinhasi, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland "as while small (European size
37; US size 7 women), the shoe could well have fitted a man from that era." The cave is situated
in the Vayotz Dzor province of Armenia, on the Armenian, Iranian, Nakhichevanian and Turkish
borders, and was known to regional archaeologists due to its visibility from the highway below.
The stable, cool and dry conditions in the cave resulted in exceptional preservation of the
various objects that were found, which included large containers, many of which held well-
preserved wheat and barley, apricots and other edible plants. The preservation was also helped
by the fact that the floor of the cave was covered by a thick layer of sheep dung which acted as
a solid seal over the objects, preserving them beautifully over the millennia!
"We thought initially that the shoe and other objects were about 600-700 years old because they
were in such good condition," said Dr Pinhasi. "It was only when the material was dated by the

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two radiocarbon laboratories in Oxford, UK, and in California, US that we realised that the shoe
was older by a few hundred years than the shoes worn by Ötzi, the Iceman."
Three samples were taken in order to determine the absolute age of the shoe and all three tests
produced the same results. The archaeologists cut two small strips of leather off the shoe and
sent one strip to the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit at the University of Oxford and
another to the University of California -Irvine Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility. A piece of
grass from the shoe was also sent to Oxford to be dated and both shoe and grass were shown
to be the same age.
The shoe was discovered by Armenian PhD student, Ms Diana Zardaryan, of the Institute of
Archaeology, Armenia, in a pit that also included a broken pot and wild goat horns. "I was
amazed to find that even the shoe-laces were preserved," she recalled. "We couldn't believe the
discovery," said Dr Gregory Areshian, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at UCLA, US, co-director
who was at the site with Mr Boris Gasparyan, co-director, Institute of Archaeology, Armenia
when the shoe was found. "The crusts had sealed the artefacts and archaeological deposits and
artefacts remained fresh dried, just like they were put in a can," he said.
The oldest known footwear in the world, to the present time, are sandals made of plant material,
that were found in a cave in the Arnold Research Cave in Missouri in the US. Other
contemporaneous sandals were found in the Cave of the Warrior, Judean Desert, Israel, but
these were not directly dated, so that their age is based on various other associated artefacts
found in the cave.
Interestingly, the shoe is very similar to the 'pampooties' worn on the Aran Islands (in the West
of Ireland) up to the 1950s. "In fact, enormous similarities exist between the manufacturing
technique and style of this shoe and those found across Europe at later periods, suggesting that
this type of shoe was worn for thousands of years across a large and environmentally diverse
region," said Dr Pinhasi.
"We do not know yet what the shoe or other objects were doing in the cave or what the purpose
of the cave was," said Dr Pinhasi. "We know that there are children's graves at the back of the
cave but so little is known about this period that we cannot say with any certainty why all these
different objects were found together." The team will continue to excavate the many chambers
of the cave.
The team involved in the dig included; lead author and co-director, Dr Ron Pinhasi, Archaeology
Department, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Mr Boris Gasparian, co-director and Ms
Diana Zardaryan of the Institute of Archaeology and Enthography, National Academy of
Sciences, Republic of Armenia; Dr Gregory Areshian, co-director, Research Associate at the
Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, US; Professor Alexia Smith,
Department of Anthropology of the University of Connecticut, US, Dr Guy Bar-Oz , Zinman
Institute of Archaeology, University of Haifa, Israel and Dr Thomas Higham, Oxford Radiocarbon
Accelerator Unit, University of Oxford, UK.
The research received funding from the National Geographic Society, the Chitjian Foundation
(Los Angeles), US, Mr Joe Gfoeller of the Gfoeller Foundation of US, the Steinmetz Family
Foundation,US, the Boochever Foundation, US, and the Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, UCLA,
US.

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 Passage 2: the plan to bring an asteroid to earth

Scientists and engineers met last week at Caltech to discuss the possibility of capturing an
asteroid and placing it in orbit near Earth to use as a base for manned space missions further
into the solar system.

PASADENA, Calif. — Send a robot into space. Grab an asteroid. Bring it back to Earth orbit.

This may sound like a crazy plan, but it was discussed quite seriously last week by a group of
scientists and engineers at the California Institute of Technology. The four-day workshop was
dedicated to investigating the feasibility and requirements of capturing a near-Earth asteroid,
bringing it closer to our planet and using it as a base for future manned spaceflight missions.

This is not something the scientists are imagining could be done some day off in the future.
This is possible with the technology we have today and could be accomplished within a
decade.

A robotic probe could anchor to an asteroid made mostly of nickel-iron with simple magnets or
grab a rocky asteroid with a harpoon or specialized claws (see video below) and then push
the asteroid using solar-electric propulsion. For asteroids too big for a robot to handle, a large
spacecraft could fly near the object to act as a gravity tractor that deflects the asteroid’s
trajectory, sending it toward Earth.

“Once you get over the initial reaction — ‘You want to do what?!’ — it actually starts to seem
like a reasonable idea,” said engineer John Brophy from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory,
who helped organize the workshop.

In fact, many of these ideas have been on the drawing board for years as part of
NASA’s planetary defense program against large space-based objects that might threaten
Earth. And there’s no shortage of potential targets. NASA estimates there are 19,500
asteroids at least 330 feet wide — large enough to detect with telescopes — within 28 million
miles of Earth.

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Though rearranging the heavens may seem an excessive undertaking, the mission has its
merits. The Obama administration already plans to send astronauts to a near-Earth asteroid, a
mission that would coop them up in a tiny capsule for three to six months, and involve all the
risks of a long deep-space voyage. Instead, robots could shoulder some of that burden by
bringing an asteroid close enough for astronauts to get there in just a month.

Parking an asteroid in a gravitationally neutral spot between the Earth and the sun, known as
a Lagrange point, would provide a stationary base from which to launch missions further into
space. There are several advantages to this. For one, launching materials from Earth requires
a lot of power, fuel, and consequently money, to get out of our planet’s deep gravity well.
Resources mined from an asteroid with very little gravitational pull could be easily shuttled
around the solar system.

And many asteroids have a lot to offer. Some are full of metals such as iron, which can be
used to build space-based habitats while others are up to one-quarter water, which would be
either used for life-support or broken down into hydrogen and oxygen to make fuel. As well,
asteroid regolith placed around a spaceship hull would shield it against radiation from deep
space, allowing safer travel to other planets.

An asteroid could be an alternative to setting up camp on the moon, or complement a moon

There’s also the potential for mining asteroid materials to bring back to Earth. Even a small
asteroid contains roughly 30 times the amount of metals mined over all of human history, with
an estimated worth of $70 trillion. And astronomers would have the chance to get a close-up
look at one of the solar system’s earliest relics, generating important scientific data.

Though technically feasible, budging such a hefty target — with a mass in excess of a million
tons — would not be easy.

“You’re moving the largest mother lode imaginable,” said former astronaut Rusty Schweickart,
cofounder of the B612 Foundation, an organization dedicated to protecting Earth from asteroid
strikes.

Most asteroids are irregular chunks of rock that spin chaotically along irregular axes.
Engineers would need to be absolutely certain they could control such a potentially dangerous
object. “It’s the opposite of planetary defense; if you do something wrong you have
a Tunguska event,” said engineer Marco Tantardini from the Planetary Society, referring to the
powerful 1908 explosion above a remote Russian region thought to have been caused by a
meteoroid or comet. Of course, any asteroid brought back under the proposed plan would be
too small to cause a repeat of such an event.

Still, these obstacles are like catnip to engineers, who love to go over every potential difficulty
in order to solve it. Actually executing the asteroid retrieval plan would help demonstrate and
greatly expand mankind’s space-based engineering capabilities, said Friedman. For instance,
the mission would teach engineers how to capture an uncooperative target, which could be
good practice for future planetary defense missions, he added.

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And if the challenges for a large asteroid seem too daunting, researchers could always start
with a smaller asteroid, perhaps six to 30 feet across. Gradually larger objects could be part of
a campaign where engineers learn to deal with progressively greater complications.

Last year, Brophy helped conduct a study at JPL to look at the feasibility of bringing a 6.5-foot,
22,000-pound asteroid — of which there might conceivably be millions — to the International
Space Station. This mission would help astronauts and engineers learn how to process
asteroid materials and ores in space.

The JPL study suggested the asteroid could be captured robotically in something as simple as
a large Kevlar bag and then flown to the space station or placed in a Lagrange point. Of
course, such a small object might not have the same emotional impact as a larger destination.
“NASA isn’t going to want to go to something that is smaller than our spaceships,” said
engineer Dan Mazanek from NASA’s Langley Research Center.

No matter the size of the asteroid, these plans would require hefty investments. Even
capturing a small asteroid would consume at least a billion dollars and anything larger would
be a multi-billion-dollar endeavor. Convincing taxpayers to foot such a bill could be tricky.

Considering the resources available in any asteroid, private industry might be interested in
getting involved. One possible mission would be to simply execute the first part of the plan —
pushing the asteroid to near-Earth orbit — and then convene a commercial competition
inviting anyone who wants to develop the capabilities to reach and mine the object.

Though the undertaking might be scientifically exciting, this wouldn’t be the primary
motivation. An asteroid would provide great insight into the solar system’s formation, it’s not
enough to justify the expense of bringing one to Earth. Any interesting science can be done
much cheaper with an unmanned robotic spacecraft, said chemist Joseph A Nuth from
NASA’s Goddard Spaceflight Center.

“Ultimately, we would be developing this target in order to help move out into the solar
system,” Brophy said.

Though they did not reach a consensus on all the details, the group will reconvene in January
to hammer out further specifications and potentially get the interest of NASA.

In the end, many agreed that bringing an asteroid back to Earth could create an interesting
destination for repeated manned missions and that the undertaking would help build up
experience for future jaunts into space.

Passage 3: the cause of linguistic change

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Listening:

Part 1: party

Part 2: driving license in UK

Part 3: boys students

Part 4: cotton

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