A Field Guide To The Birds of Mexico and Adjacent Areas

A FIELD GUIDE TO
The Birds of Mexico, Belize, Guatemala,

and El Salvador
TINAMOUS-PERDICES-TINAMIDAE
GREAT TINAMOU (4) Perdiz Mayor Tinamus major

Range Mex-SAm, exc ElSal. Res Mex (se.cAtl+sAtl), Biz, Guat (Atl). Rate.
Ha.bitat Humid forest or dense woodland.
Voice A tremulous whistle, followed by short notes, often in pairs, some de
scending in pitch.
Field Marks 15" Olive plumage, with bluish legs and feet.
LITTlE TINAMOU (4) Ponchita Crypturellus soul

Range Mex-SAm, exc EISal. Res Mex (se.cAtl+sAtl), Biz, Guat (Atl). Rare.
Habitat Humid forest, woodlands, borders.
Voice A slow ascending series of tremulous notes; or a long, tremulous note as
cending, then descending.
Field Marks 9" Small size, grayish legs, and unbarred grayish brown or reddish
brown plumage.
•
THICKET TINAMOU [4] Perdiz Canela Crypturellus cinnamomeus

Range Mex-CRic, SAm. Res Mex (s.nPac+nw.cPac+sPac, s.nAtl+csAtl, Yue),
Blz (n), Guat (Pac, Atl), ElSal.
Habitat Humid forest, scrubby woods, thorny thickets.
Voice A loud, clear, extended whistle, usually on one pitch, but may go down
or up.
Field Maries 11" Barred back (except male Mex, nPac); grayish or grayish brown
(Mex, nPac) to rich reddish brown to dark olive-brown (Mex, sAtl); legs orange.
SLATY-BREASTED TINAMOU [4] Perdiz Jamuey Crypturellus boucardi

Range Mex-CRic, exc ElSal. Res Mex (se.cAtl+extreme s.sAtl), Biz, Guat (Atl).
Rare.
Habitat Dense undergrowth of humid forest.
Voice Two extended, unobtrusive, low-pitched notes.
Field Marks 11" Plumage (and leg color) like that of dark races of Thicket
Tinamou, but mostly unbarred. M: very dark olive-brown to slaty. F: dark red
dish brown; untacs barred.
LOONS-SOMORGUJOS-GAVllDAE
RED-THROATED LOON Somorgujo Menor Gavia stellata

Range AK-Mex. Win Mex (w.BajCal, nw.nPac). Rare.
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2 LOONS, GREBES
Habitat Mostly coastal salt water in \.-\'inter.

Field Marks 25" Like Pacific Loon, but bill more slender and upturned; Win:
back more speckled; head and neck paler, less contrasty; Sum: throat rufous, not
purplish; hindneck boldly streaked.
PACIFIC LOON [I] Somorgujo Pacifico Gavia pacifica

Range AK-Mex. Win Mex (BajCal, n.+c.nPac).
Habitat Ocean bays, coastal lagoons, estuaries.
Field Marks 25" Smaller, and smaller-billed, than Common Loon. Win: con
trasty blackiSh and white on head and neck; no back speckles. Sum: rows of large
white spots above; throat purplish; head medium gray; sides of neck streaked.
COMMON LOON Somorgujo Comun Gavia immer

Range AK-Mex. Win Mex (BajCal, nPac, ncHi, ncAtl). Rare.
Habitat Coastal, or inland lakes and rivers.
Field Marks 33" Larger than Red-throated or Pacific Loon, with larger, straight,
dark bill. Win: gray above, white below; less contrasty than Pacific Loon, more
so than Red-throated Loon; no back speckles. Sum: rows of large white spots
above; head and neck black with greenish gloss; two partial, striped colJars.
GREBES-ZAMBULLIDORES-PODICIPEDIDAE
LEAST GREBE [I] Zambullidor Menor Tachybaptus dominicus

Range US-SAm. Res Mex (all, exc nBajCaJ and n.nPac), Blz (n), Guat, ElSal (rare
and local Hi).
Habitat Ponds, lakes, marsh pools, lagoons.
Field Marks � Darker, more slender-billed than Pied-billed Grebe. Plumage
dark gray, except whitish belly and untacs. Win: whitish throat. Sum: blackish
throat and crown.
PIED-BILLED GREBE [II] Zambullidor Pfquipinto Podilymbus podiceps

Range AK-SAm. Res/win Mex, Blz, Guat, ElSal.
Habitat Pools, marshy ponds, lakes, rivers, lagoons.
Field Marks 12" Mostly dark grayish brown, with whitish belly and untacs; bill
short, stout, pale. Win: throat white; bill plain. Sum: throat and bill bar black.
HORNED GREBE Zambullidor Cornudo Podiceps auritus

Range AK-Mex. Win Mex (nBajCal, nw.nPac). Rare.
Habitat Mostly coastal waters.
Field Marks 13" Like Eared Grebe, blackish gray above, with short, slender bill
and red eyes, but Win: ear patch all white, hindneck and foreneck more con
trasty blackish and white, Sum: neck chestnut, neat tawny face plumes extend
backward mostly above eye.
EARED GREBE [II] Zambullidor Orejudo Podiceps nigrlco/li5

Range Can-Mex, Guat, ElSal. Res/win Mex {Irr res nBajCaJ+n.cHi; win BajCal,
Pac, Hi, ncAtl); win Guat (Pac, Hi), E.lSal. Rare or locaJ (summer), comm.on
(winter).
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GREBES, ALBATROSSES, SHEARWATERS 3
Habitat Lakes, ponds, rivers, lagoons.

Field Marks 13" Bill short, slender, sligl1tly upturned. Win: ear patch blackish,
bordered below and behind by white crescent. Sum: head, neck, and chest
black; tawny plumes fan out up and down behind eye.
WESTERN GREBE [I] Achichilique Occidental Aechmophorus occidentalis

Range AK-Mex. Res/win Mex (res nBajCal, ncHi; win BajCal, nPac). Rare.
Habitat Ponds, lakes, bays, lagoons.
Field Marks 2Bn Contrasty black and white; long neck; black all around eye;
bill mostly yellowish green.
CLARK'S GREBE [l] Achichilique de Clark Aechmophorus darkii

Range AK-Mex. Res/win Mex (nBajCal, ncHi; win BajCal+nPac?). Rare.
Habitat Lakes, lagoons.
Field Marks 28" Like Western Grebe, but white all around eye; bill mostly dull
orange.
ALBATROSS ES-ALBATROS-DIOMEDEIDAE
BLACK-FOOTED ALBATROSS [I] Albatros Oscuro Phoebastria nigripes

Range AK-Mex. Vis Mex (oceans off w.BajCal). Very rare to casual.
Habitat Open ocean and 3-mile waters.
Field Marks 30" Mostly blackish brown; face, untacs, and uptacs usually white.
SHEARWATERS-PARDELAS-PROCELLARllDAE
NORTHERN FULMAR Fulmar Fulmarus glacialis

Range AK-Mex. Vis Mex (w.BajCal; cas/acc nPac). Rare.
Field Marks 17" Flapping and long glides. Stouter, broader-winged than shear
waters; bill short, heavy, yellowish. Dark morph: uniform dark gray. Light
morph: wings and back pale gray to medium gray with darker wingtips, and
white head, tail, and underparts. Individuals intermediate between the two
morphs may be seen also.
PINK-FOOTED SHEARWATER [Ill] Pardela Patirrosada Puffinus creatopus

Range AK-SAm. Vis Mex (BajCal, Pac), Guat (Pac), ElSaJ.
Field Marks 16" Slow, heavy flight. Grayish brown above; white below, with
mottled sides and flanks; bill long, pinkish with black tip; feet pinkish.
WEDGE-TAILED SHEARWATER [45) Pardela Pacifica Puffinus pacificus

Range Mex-SAm, exc Blz, EISal, Hon. Res/vis Mex (res off cPac; vis off sBajCal,
csPac), Guat (Pac).
Habitat Open ocean, nest islands, and (very rarely) 3-mile waters.
Field Ma.rks 16" Tail rather long and wedge-shaped, not short and rounded; bill
slender, pink with black tip; feet pink. Light morph: white below; contrasty
dark above . Dark morph (very rare): uniform medil•m to dark brown.
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4 SHEARWATERS, STORM-PETRELS
SOOTY SHEARWATER [Ill] Pardela Gris Puffinus griseus

Range AK-SAm, exc EISal, Hon. Vis Mex (BajCal, Pac; ace nAtl), Guat (Pac),
ElSal.
Habitat Open ocean; rare in 3-mile waters.
Field Marks 17" Blackish brown, with dark bill and feet; contrasty silver-white
coverts on dark underwing.
SHORT-TAILED SHEARWATER Pardela Colicorta Puffinus tenuirostris

Range AK-Mex. Vis Mex (BajCal, nPac). Rare.
Habitat Over open ocean; very rare in 3-mile waters.
Field Marks 14" Like Sooty Shearwater, but slightly smaller, shorter-billed, and
may show less contrast of light grayish on dark u,nderwing.
BLACK-VENTED SHEARWATER [Ill] Pardela Mexicana Puffinus opisthomelas

Range US-Mex. Res/vis Mex (res western islands nBajCal; vis BajCal+ncPac).
Habitat Open ocean and 3-mJle waters.
Field Marks 14" Blackish brown above; black bill, pink feet; un.derparts white
except black untacs and blackish brown mottling on sides, flanks, and face.
TOWNSEND'S SHEARWATER Pardela de Townsend Puffinus auricu/arls

Range Mex, Guat, ElSal. Res/vis Mex (res off cPac: Revillagigedo Islands; vis off
sBajCal, Pac); vis Guat (Pac), ElSal.
Habitat Open ocean, nest islands, an.d 3-mile waters.
Field Marks 14" Like Black-vented Shearwater, but black legs and little or no
mottling on sides and flanks.
AUDUBON'S SHEARWATER Pardela Chica Puffinus lherminieri

Range US-SAm, exc Biz, EISal, Hon, Pan. Vis Mex (csPac, Yue), Guat (Pac). •
Habitat Open ocean and (very rarely) 3-mile waters.

Field Marks 12" Blackish above; unmottJed white below, except black primaries
and blackish brown untacs; feet pinkish.
--
STORM-PET RELS-PAINOS-HYOROBATIDAE
BLACK STORM-PETREL [45] Paffio Negro Oceanodroma melania

Range US-SAm, exc Blz, ElSal, Hon. Res/vis Mex (res islands BajCal+n.nPac;
vis Pac), Guat (Pac).
Habitat
. Open ocean and 3-mile waters.
Field Marks 9" Flappi.ng and gliding, near the water surface. Large size. Appears
black, except pale wing bar; tail forked; legs and feet black.
LEAST STORM-PETREL Paffio Mfnimo Oceanodroma microsoma

Range US-SAm, exc Blz, ElSal, Hon. Res/vis Mex (res islands BajCal+n.nPac;
vis Pac), Guat (Pac), ElSal (Pac).
Habitat Open ocean and 3-mJle waters.
Field Marks 6" Flies rapidly, erratically, with deep wingbeats. Like Black Storm
Petrel, but much smaller, with a short, wedge-shaped tail.
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TROPICBIROS, GANNETS, BOOBIES 5
TROPICBIRD S-RABIJUNCOS-PHAETHONTIDAE
RED-BILLED TROPICBIRD [I] Rabijunco Piquirrojo Phaethon aethereus

Ra11ge US-SAm, exc Biz. Res/vis Mex (res BajCal, ncPac; vis sPac), Guat (Pac),
ElSal (ace cstl).
Habitat Rocky headlands and islands, ranges over open ocean.
Field Marks 35" Adt: white, with long, slender, white central tail feathers, fine
black barring on back, black wingtips, and red bill. Imm: tail short; bill orange
yellow.
GANNETS BOOBIES-SULAS-SULIDAE
,
MASKED BOOBY Sula Enmascarada Sula dactylatra

Range US-SAm, exc ElSal. Res/vis Mex (res islands off sBajCal, cPac, Yue; vis off
csPac, Atl, Yue), vis off Biz (ace), Guat. Rare.
Habitat Over open ocean; very rare in 3-mile \Vaters.
Field Marks 32" Adt: white, except black wingtips, trailing edge of wing, tail,
chin, and around eye; bill yellow; feet orange-yellow. Imm: head, upperparts,
and tail dark grayish brown, with white across hindneck; breast, belly, and un
tacs white.
BLUE-FOOTED BOOBY [Ill] Sula Piesazules Sula nebouxii

Range US-SAm, exc Blz, EISal. Res/vis Mex (res BajCal+nPac; vis cPac); vis
Guat (Pac). Rare.
Habitat Nest islands, coasts, open ocean.
Field Marks 32" Feet bright blue; bill dark grayish blue. Adt: white below;
blackish brown above with three white patches (on hindneck, back, and rump);
head streaked. Imm: like Brown Booby, but head and throat darker, less streaky;
rump dark; lower throat and chest much more streaked or whitish, not uniform
dark brown.
BROWN BOOBY [Ill] Sula Cuellioscura Sula leucogaster

Range US-SAm. Res/vis Mex (res BajCal, ncPac, Yue; vis sPac); vis Biz (cstl +
cayes), Guat (Pac), ElSal (cstl).
Field Marks 28" Strong wingbeats and long, sweeping glides. Adt: feet and bill
yellow; upperparts and entire head, neck, and chest dark brown in Atlantic
birds (but head and anterior portion of neck whitish in Pacific maJes); belly and
untacs white, underwing coverts white, flight feathers dark. Imm: like brown
beaded adult, but duller, less contrasty; biU gray to dull yellow.
RED-FOOTED BOOBY [45] Sula Patirroja Sula sula

Range Mex-SAm, exc ElSa1. Res/vis Mex (res off ncPac, Yue; vis off sBajCal,
Pac, sAtl, Yue), Blz (Half-Moon Caye); vis Guat (Pac).
Habitat Mostly open ocean; very rare in 3-mile waters.
Field Marks 27" Adt: feet red. White morph: white (tall may be dark with white
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6 GANNETS, BOOBIES, PELICANS, CORMORANTS
•
tip) but wingtip and trailing edge of wing black. Dark morph: dark brown, or
dark brown with some white, such as white rump, uptacs, untacs, and/or tail.
Imm: dark brownish, with orange to gray feet.
NORTHERN GANNET Sula Nortef'la Morus bassanus

Range US-Mex. Win Mex (ncAtl). Rare.
Habitat Open ocean; very rare in 3-mile waters.
Field Maiks 381' Flying strongly, glicling, cliving. Adt: white, except black wing
tips and tawny wash on bead and neck. Subadult: mostly mottled dark brown
ish gray upperparts and head; whitish below, changing to more and more white
intermixed on upperparts, and tawny on head.
PELICANS-ALCATRACES-PELECANIDAE
AMERICAN WHITE PELICAN Alcatraz Blanco Pelecanus erythrorhynchos

Range Can-CRic, exc Hon. Res/win Mex (res Locally nHi, nAtl; win w.BajCal,
Pac, ncHi, Atl, Yue), Blz (ace), Guat (Pac), win ElSal. Rare, local.
Habitat Coastal bays and lagoons or inland lakes.
Field Marks 60" Adt: white, except black flight feathers; very long, heavy,
pouched orange-yellow bill; orange-yellow feet and legs. Imm: wings mottled,
much gray on head and neck.
BROWN PELICAN [I) Alcatraz Pardo Pelecanus occidentalis

Range Can-SAm. Res/vis Mex (res cstl BajCal, nPac, csAtJ, Yue; vis csPac, nAtl),
Blz (cstl + cayes); vis Guat (Pac, Atl), ElSal (cstl).
Habitat Mostly ocean beaches, rocky shores, bays.
Field Marks 50" Groups fly ln line, perch on rocks, or dive from the air. Mostly
gray. Head and neck white in winter, white and brown in summer.
CORMORANT S-SARGENTOS-PHALACROCORACIDAE
DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT [I] Cormoran Orejudo Phalacrocorax auritus

Range AK-Mex, Blz, Guat. Res/\.vin Mex (res BajCaJ, n.nPac, Yue; win nPac,
Atl); res Biz (cstl + cayes).
Habitat Islands, headlands, bays, lagoons.
Field Marks 32" Adt: black, with dark green sheen; rounded orange-yellow
throat pouch. Imm: dark brown above and below, except whitish throat and
breast; throat pouch yellow.
NEOTROPIC CORMORANT [I] Corvej6n Phalacrocorax brasilianus

Range US-SAm. Res Mex (sBajCal, Pac, Hi, Atl, Yue), Blz, Guat (Pac, Atl), ElSal.
Habitat Coastal lagoons, estuaries, ponds, rivers, marshes.
Field Marks 26" Like Double�crested Cormorant, but smaller, longer-tailed;
Adt: triangular yellow throat pouch with a white line border in breeding adults;
lmm: throat and chest darker.
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CORMORANTS, ANHINGAS, FRIGATEBIRDS, HERONS, EGRETS 7
BRANDT'S CORMORANT [II] Cormoran de Brandt Phalacrocorax penicillatus

Range AK-Mex. Res/win Mex (BajCal, nPac).
Hahl.tat Coastal waters, bays, inlets.
Field Marks 30" Adt: blackish (shows greenish sheen in summer), with scaly
blackish brown back; blue throat pouch with broad buff band just behind it.
Imm: dark grayish brown above; medium brown below, with V-shaped pale
breast mark; throat pouch dull blue.
PELAGIC CORMORANT [II] Cormoran Pelagico Phalacrocorax pelagicus

Range AK-Mex. Res/win near sea level Mex (res nBajCal; win sBajCal). Rare.
Habitat Rocky headlands and islands, and nearby ocean waters.
Field Marks 27" Slender neck, small head, and slender bill. Adt: black, with
green sheen; shaggy crests, red face, and white flank patch in st1mmer. Imm:
very dark grayish brown all over.
ANHINGAS-HUIZOTES-ANHINGIDAE
ANHINGA [I] Huizote Anhinga anhinga

Range US-SAm. Res Mex (s.nPac+csPac, Atl, Yue), Biz, Guat (Pac, Atl), ElSal.
Habitat Swims, soars, in or near ponds, lagoons, estuaries, swamps.
Field Marks 32"Very slender neck; slender, sharp, straight bill; very small head;
long, full tail; large silvery patch on wings and upper back. M: mostly glossy
black. F: head, neck, and chest dark buffy brown.
FRIGATEBIRDS-FRAGATAS-FREGATIDAE
MAGNIFICENT FRIGATEBIRD [45] Fragata Comun Fregata magnificens

Range US-SAm. Res Mex (BajCal, Pac, Atl, Yue), Blz (cstl + cayes}, Guat (Pac,
Atl}, ElSal.
Habitat Ocean, lagoons, estuaries, rarely inland.
Field Marks 39" Long, forked tail; hook-tipped bill. M: blackish; red throat sac
not very prominent unless inflated. F: like male, but white breast and sides; no
red throat sac. Imm: white head, throat, breast, and sides; less white in older
immatures.
HERONS, EGRETS-GARZAS, PEDRETES-ARDEIDAE
PINNATED BITTERN [4] Pedrete Uneado Botaurus pinnatus

Range Mex-SAm, exc Pan. Res Mex (csAtl, Yue), Blz, Guat (Atl), ElSal (cas e).
Rare.
Habitat Marshes, marshy pond edges, lagoons, sluggish rivers.
Field Marks 25" Crown and back and sides of neck narrowly barred (no black
patch on side of head); back and wings black-streaked and barred. See American
Bittern.
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8 HERONS, EGRETS
AMERICAN BITTERN [1] Torcomon Botaurus lentiginosus

Range AK-Pan. Res/win M.ex (res ncHi; win all); win Blz, Guat, E1Sal (e). Ra.re,
irregular.
Habitat Freshwater or brackish marshes.
Field Marks 26" Heavy black streak on side of face and upper neck; heavy
streaks of dark reddish brown on neck, breast, and back.
LEAST BITTERN (1] Garcita lxobrychus exilis

Range Can-SAm. Sum/win Mex (res BajCal, Pac, cH1, Atl; tr nHi; win sHl, Yue);
res Biz (n), Guat (Pac, Atl), EISal. Rare, local.
Habitat Marshes, marshy ponds and lakes.
Field Ma.rks 12" Secretive; when flushed flies farthe.r and with slower wingbeats
than rails. Rich buff wing patches contrast with black wingtips and tall. M:
black back and crown. F: dark reddish brown back and crown.
BARE-THROATED TIGER-HERON [4] Garza Tigre Mexicana Tigrisoma mexicanum

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (Pac, Atl, Yue), Biz, Guat (Pac, Atl), ElSal.
Habitat Wooded rivers, marshes, swamps, lagoons.
Field Marks 30" Solitary. Adt: head mostly black and gray; throat bare, yellow;
upperparts and sides of neck narrowly barred; black-bordered white streak down
underside of neck; belly tawny brown. Imm: boldly barred buff and black.
GREAT BLUE HERON [1] Garzon Cenizo Ardea herodias

Range AK-SAm. Res/win Mex (res BajCal, nPac, Atl, Yue; win csPac, Hi); vis
Biz, Guat, ElSal. Dark morph common; white morph rare (Great White Heron,
Garz6n Albo, in our area occurs only in cstl Yue).
Habitat Ocean beaches, lagoons, estuaries, lakes, ponds, marshes.
Field Marks 45" Dark morph: much larger than other dark Mexican herons;
bluish gray above; head whitish, With slender black plumes behind eye. White
morph: white, with ye.llowish bill, like Great Egret, but larger, with yellowish,
not blackish, legs.
GREAT EGRET [1] Garzon Blanco Ardea alba

Range Can-SAm. Res/win Mex (res Pac, w.cHi, Atl, Yue; win BajCal, Hi), res
Biz, Guat (res Pac; win all), res EISal. I
Habitat Coastal and inland waters, lagoons, marshes, lakes.

Field Marks 38" White; note large size; mostly yellowish bill; blackish gray feet
and legs.
SNOWY EGRE T [1] Garza Nfvea Egretta thula

Range Can-SAm. Res/win Mex (res sBajCaJ, Pac, w.cHl, Atl, Yue; win BajCal,
Hi), Blz, Guat (res Pac; win all), ElSal.
Habitat Lagoons, marshes, swamps, ponds, canals.
Field Marks 22" Like immature Little Blue Heron, but black bill; black legs (or
front of legs blackish and back of legs yellowish) and yellow or yellow-orange,
not dark greenish, feet (toes).

HERONS, EGRETS 9
LITTLE BLUE HERON (1] Garza Azul Egretta caerulea

Range Can-SAm. Res/win Mex (res sBajCal, Pac, w.cHi, nAtl, nw Yue; win
csHi, Atl, Yue), Biz, Guat, ElSal
Habitat Lagoons, tidal Oats, marshes, ponds, canals.
Field Mari<s 25" Bill bluish gray, broadly black-tipped. Adt: slaty blue, with
greenish to blackish legs; purplish neck and head. lmm: white, or mottled
white and blue; legs and feet dull greenish.
TRICOLORED HERON [1] Garza Flaca Egretta tricolor

Range Can-SA.m. Res/win Mex (res BajCal, Pac, Atl, Yue; win csHi), Blz, Guat
(res Pac; win all), ElSal.
Habitat Lagoons, estuaries, mangrove swamps, marshes.
Field Marks 24" Bill long, slender; underparts and stripe down front of neck
white; neck and upperparts mostly dark blue. Imm: wings mottled with reddish
brown; neck mostly dull tawny brown.
REDDISH EGRET [1] Garza Melenuda Egretta rufescens

Range US-SAm. Res Mex (BajCal, Pac, Atl, Yue); res/vis Biz (cstl + cayes), Guat
(Pac, Atl), ElSal (cstl). Rare, local.
Habitat Brackish lagoons, quiet bays and inlets, swamps.
Field Marks 3<Y' Moves about erratically when feeding. Bill mostly pink, with
black tip; legs dark grayish blue. Dark morph: dark grayish blue, but shaggy
head and entire neck rich reddish brown. White morph: plumage white. See
Little Blue Heron.
CATTLE EGRET [1] Garza Ganadera Bubulcus ibis

Range AK-SAm. Res Mex, Biz, Guat, EISaJ.
Habitat Usually with livestock in moist to wet grassy fields.
Field Marks 20" Rather short, stout, yellow to red-orange bill; legs dark green
ish to yellowish to orange-red. Breeding birds have tawny buff plumes on
crown, chest, and back.
GREEN HERON [1] Garcita Oscura Butorides vlrescens

Range Can-Pan. Res/win Mex, Biz, Guat, ElSal.
Habitat Swamps, marshes, ponds, lagoons, estuaries.
Field Marks 16" Adt: gray and dark green above; sides of neck reddish brown;
legs yellow to ora.nge. lmm: duller; streaked dark brown and white on sldes of
neck and underparts.
AGAMI HERON (4] Garza Agami Agamia agami

Range Mex-SAm, exc ElSal. Res Mex (se.cAtl+sAtl, sPac), Blz, Guat (Atl). Very
rare, local.
Habitat Swamps, swampy streams, sluggish rivers, ponds.
Field Marks 28" Adt: rich reddish brown below; iridescent dark green above;
bill very long and slender. Imm; duller and browner above; streaked b rown and
buffy below.

10 HERONS, EGRETS, IBISES, SPOONBILLS
BL ACK-CROWNED NIGHT-HERON [1] Pedrete Gris Nycticorax nycticorax

Range Can-SAm. Res/win Mex (res BajCal, ncPac, ncHi, Atl; win sPac, sHi,
Yue), Biz, Guat, ElSal.
Habitat Swamps, marshes, ponds, lagoons.
Field Marks 26" Head large. Adt: back black; wings light gray; underparts white.
Imm: brown above, with pale spots; heavily streaked brown and buff below.
YELLOW-CROWNED NIGHT-HERON (1] Pedrete Enmascarado Nyctanassa violacea

Range Can-SAm. Res Mex (BajCaJ, Pac, cHi, Atl, Yue), Biz, Guat (Pac, Atl),
ElSal. Rare, local.
Habitat Wooded lagoons, mangrove or freshwater swamps, marshes.
Field Marks 26" Head large. Adt: medium to dark gray body a�nd wings; back
streaked; head black and white, with tawny to yellowish plumed crown. Imm:
streaked and mottled; slightly paler, grayer, and has smaller spots than imma
ture Black-crowned Night-Heron.
BOAT-BILLED HERON [4] Garza Cuchar6n Cochlear/us cochlear/us

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (s.nPac+csPac, s.nAtl+csAtl, Yue), Blz, Guat (Pac,
Atl), ElSaJ. Rare, local.
Habitat Active at night; mangrove swamps, wooded rivers, ponds, brackish
lagoons.
Voice A guttural cah-cah-co.
Field Marks 20" Bill very broad, inflated. Adt: plumage reddish brown below,
with black sides; pale gray above, with black back patch. Imm: brownish to gray
above and buffy or whitish beJow.
IBISES, SPOONBILLS-IBIS- THRESKIORNITHIDAE
WHITE IBIS [1] Ibis Blanco Eudocimus a/bus

Range US-SAm. Res Mex (BajCal, Pac, Atl, Yue), Blz (cstl + cayes), Guat (Pac,
Atl), ElSal.
Habitat Marshes, wet meadows, mangroves.
Field Marks 23" Long legs and long decurved bill pinkish. Adt: white, with
black wingtips. Imm: white below; brown above (may be mottled); head and
neck streaked.
GLOSSY IBIS [1] Ibis Morito Plegadis faldnellus

Range US, Mex, Blz, CRic, SAm. Res/win Mex (res c.sAtl; win cstl Yue), Blz (win
cstl). Rare.
Habitat Marshes, lagoons, flooded fields.
Field Marks 20" Iris dark brown at all ages. Sum adt: purplish brown with
bronzy and gree.nish gloss; reddish or grayish legs; bright blue lores. Imm+
win adt: dark bronzy gray-green to gray-brown; head a.nd neck paler, more
brownish and streaked whitish. Juv: like winter adult, but head and neck not
streaked.

IBISES, SPOONBILLS, STORKS, VULTURES 11
WHITE-FACED IBIS [1] Atotola Plegadis chihi

Range Can-SAm, exc Blz, Nie, Pan. Res/win Mex (res w.nH1-cH1; win BajCal,
Pac, ncHi, ncAtl +w.sAtl); win Guat (Pac, Atl), EISal (cas). Local
Habitat Marshes, wet meadows, mud flats.
Field Marks 2<r Like Glossy Ibis, but bright red eyes (except juvenile, which
has brownish eyes like Glossy Ibis) and Sum adt: white face border and red
lores.
ROS EATE SPOONBILL [1] Espatula Ajaia ajaja

Range VS-SAm. Res/vis Mex (res cstl Pac, Atl, Yue; vis ncHi), Blz, Guat (Pac,
Atl), ElSal.
Habitat Ponds, borrow pits, marshes, swamps.
Field Marks 3<r Much shorter-necked and shorter-legged than a flamingo. Bill
long, heavy, with broad, flat tip. Adt: mostly pink, red, and white, with yellow
ish bill. Imm : mostly white; legs and bill yellowish.
STORKS-CIGUENAS-CICONllDAE
JABIRU [4] Jabiru Jabiru mycterla

Range Mex-SAm. Res/vis Mex (res sAtl; cas vis se.cPac+sPac, cAtl, Yue), res Biz,
Guat (res nw Atl; vis Pac), ElSal (cas e). Rare, local.
Habitat Secluded portions of large marshes, swamps, or wet meadows.
Field Marks 52" No black in wings. Bill long, very heavy, black. Adt: neck bare,
black with red collar at base; plumage all white. Imm: duller, with some brown
ish feathers. See Wood Stork.
WOOD STORK [1] CigOena Americana Mycteria americana

Range VS-SAm. Res/vis Mex (res Pac, Atl, Yue; vis cHi; cas BajCal), Biz, Guat
(Pac, Atl), ElSal. Irregular.
Habitat Marshes, swamps, lagoons, wet fields.
Field Marks 36" Mostly white, but flight feathers and tail black; head and up
per neck bare, black; long bill slightly down-curved.
VULTURES-ZOPILOTES-CATHARTIOAE
BLACK VULTURE [5] Zopilote Comun Coragyps atratus

Range VS-SAm. Res Mex (Pac, Hi, Atl, Yue), Biz, Guat, ElSal.
Habitat Pastures, beaches, rooftops, garbage dumps.
Field Marks 24" Soars with wings straight out, often flaps rapidly several times,
then glides. Uke Turkey Vulture and Savanna Vulture, but tail short; wingtips
whitish below; head black.
TURKEY VULTURE [S] Aura Comun Cathartes aura

Range Can-SAm. Res Mex, Blz, Guat, ElSal.
Habitat Roadsides, pastures, semideserts, over woodland.
Field Marks 29" Soars with wings up at an angle, rocking, seldom flapping.

12 VULTURES, FLAMINGOS, DUCKS, GEESE, SWANS
Head red; plumage black; tail longer than Black Vulture's; no white in wing.
Imm: head pale to dark gray.
(LESSER YELLOW-HEADED) SAVANNA VULTURE [4] Aura Sabanera Cathartes

burrovianus
Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (se.cPac+sPac, csAtl, Yue), Blz, Guat (Pac). Rare.
Habitat Large marshes, wet savannas.
Field Marks 26" Usually flies low, rocking, gliding. Like Turkey Vulture, but
Adt: head yellowish with some red and blue; upper surface of wing appears
paler near tip; legs appear whitish, not dull reddish. lmm: head dark with pale
nape.
KING VULTURE [4, 5] Zopilote Rey Sarcoramphus papa

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (se.cPac+sPac, se.cAtl+sAtl, Yue), Blz, Guat (Pac,
Atl), EISal (w). Rare, local.
Habitat Dense humid forest, secluded partial clearings; usually seen high
overhead.
Field Marks 31"Tail very short; wings very broad. Adt; tail, wingtips, and broad
trailing edge of wing black; rest of plumage white except gray collar; bare head
and neck red, orange, and bJue. Imm: like Black Vulture, but much larger; usu
ally splotched with white on underwing and belly.
FLAMINGOS-FLAMENCOS-PHOENICOPTERIDAE
GREATER FLAMINGO [1] Flamenco Comun Phoenicopterus ruber

Range Mex, Blz. Res/vis Mex (extreme e.sAtl, Yue), Blz (ace cstl). Abundant to
very rare. (Almost all flamingo reports outside Yue, and many in Yue, pertain to
Roseate Spoonbills.)
Habitat Coastal lagoons, inlets, estuaries.
Field Marks 45" Wading, feeding with bill upside down. Pink, with redder
wings, but flight feathers black; neck and pink legs extended in flight. Imm:
mostly dull whitis.h to pale grayish, with some pink.
DUCKS, GEESE, SWANS-PATOS, ANSARES-ANATIDAE
FULVOUS WHISTL.ING-DUCK [2] Chiquiote Dendrocygna bicolor

Range US-SAm, exc Nie. Res/win Mex (res Pac, cHi, Atl; win nBajCal, Yue), Blz
(vis cstl), Guat (vis Pac?), ElSal. Rare.
Habitat Wet grassy fields, marshes, rice fields.
Voice A shrill, whistled kuh-wee.
Field Marks 21" Head and underparts mostly rich tawny brown, streaked on
neck and flanks; bac.k and wings blackish with large tawny scallops; uptacs
form a white U on top of black tail.
BLACK-BELLIED WHIS TLING-DUCK [2] Pijije Dendrocygna autumnalis

Range US-SAm. Res Mex (res Pac, Atl, Yue; win cHi), Blz, Guat (Pac, Atl), ElSal.
Habitat Marshes, swampy ponds, lagoons.
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DUCKS, GEESE, SWANS 13
Voice A whistled pe-he-he-11e.

Field Marks 21" Adt: reddish brown breast; black belly; red bill and legs; much
of wing white. Imm: paler, duller, with grayish bill and legs; dark brown belly.
TUNDRA SWAN (2) Cisne Menor Cygnus columbianus

Range AK-Mex. Win Mex (BajCal, nHi, nAtl). Very rare.
Habitat Irrigated grain fields, large lakes, marshes.
Voice A melodious whoo.
Field Marks 52" Very long neck. Adt: all-white {including flight feathers), ex
cept black bill and feet and (usually) small yellow base-of-bill spot. Imm: pale
gray, lighter below; bill grayish pink, blackish tipped.
WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE (2) Ganso Manchado Anser albifrons

Range AK-Mex. Win Mex (BajCal, Pac, ncHi, Atl; cas/very rare csPac, sAtl), ace
Biz.
Habitat Flooded fields, large marshes, lakes.
Field Maries 29" Up tacs form a white U on top of black tail. Adt: dark gray, with
patchy black belly bands and white at base of bill; legs and bill pin.k.lsh to or
ange. Imm: no white on face; no black belly bands.
SNOW GOOSE [2] Ganso Real Chen caerulescens

Range AK-Mex, Blz, ElSal, Hon. Win Mex (nBajCal, nPac, ncHi, ncAtl;
cas/very rare farther se); cas/acc Biz, ElSal. Irregular.
Habitat Wet or dry fields, large marshes, lakes.
Field Maries 28" Closed bill shows noticeable gap; wingtips broadly black.
White morph adt: mostly white; pinkish legs and biJJ. White morph imm: pale
gray above; bill and legs black. Dark morph adt: white head and upper neck;
dark gray back and belly; pale bluish gray wing patch. Dark morph imm: like
immature White-fronted Goose, but pale wing patch and black bill and legs.
ROSS'S GOOSE (2) Ganso de Ross Chen ros.sii

Range AK-Mex. Win Mex (nBajCal, nHi, nAtl?). Very rare.
Habitat Wet fields, marshes, lakes.
Field Marks 24" White morph adt: like whlte morph Snow Goose, but bill
short, does not show a gap when closed. Dark morph adt: like dark morph
Snow Goose, but neck all dark.
BRANT [2] Ganso de Collar Branta bernicla

Ra11ge AK-Mex. Win Mex (w.BajCal, nPac; ace n Yue).
Habitat &tuaries, lagoons, tidal marshes.
Field Marks 26" Bill, head, neck, and breast black; small white pattern on neck
(not in immature); untacs white; long white uptacs almost cover black tail.
CANADA GOOSE [2] Ganso Canadiense Branta canadensis

Range AK-Mex. Win Mex (BajCaJ, nPac, nHi, ncAtl; cas/acc cHi, csPac).
Habitat Marshes, lakes, lagoons, estuaries; often grazing in grassy fields.
Field Marks 24", 38" Black neck and head, except broad white strap unde1
chin; uptacs form white U on top of black tail. Races differ greatly in size and in
color of underparts (from pale grayish to dark brownish gray).
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14 DUCKS, GEESE, SWANS
MUSCOVY DUCK [4] Pato Real Cairlna moschata

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (s.nPac+csPac, c.nAtl+csAtl, Yue), Blz, Guat (Pac,
Atl), ElSal. Rare.
Habitat Large swamps, sluggish wooded rivers.
Field Marks 32", 26" Glossy black, except white patch under and on top of
wing; bill pale gray (or pinkish gray) and black. Imm: little or no white on wing.
WOOD DUCK [2] Pato Arcoiris Alx sponsa

Range Can-Mex. Win Mex (nPac, ncHi, ncAtl, Yue; ace sBajCal). Rare.
Habitat Lakes, ponds, swamps, marshes.
Field Marks 18" Floppy nape crest. M: white and black face, glossed green and
purple; neck and breast chestnut. F: streaked below; head gray with white
teardrop-shaped eye patch.
GREEN-WINGED TEAL [3] C e rceta Comun Anas crecca
Range AK-Hon. Win Mex (all); very rare/ace Blz, Guat (Pac?), ElSaJ.
Habitat Lakes, marshes, lagoons.
Field Marks 14" M: dark reddish brown head, with very large green eye patch;
spotted breast; gray sides. F: streaked and mottled; green speculum; no blue
patch on wing.
MOII LED DUCK Pato Tejano Anas fulvigula

Range US-Mex. Res/win Mex (res nAtl; win Atl).
Habitat Ponds, lakes, marshes, estuaries.
Field Marks 24" M +F: like female Mallard, but darker; white speculum border
on trailing edge only (or may be absent); tall brown.
MALLARD [2] Pato de Collar Anas platyrhynchos

(Does not include Mexican Duck; see below)
Range AK-Mex, Guat? Res/win Mex (res nBajCal; win BajCal, nPac, ncHl,
nAtl), Guat (Pac)? Rare.
Habitat Ponds, lakes, marshes.
Field Maries 24" Tail white. M: green head, white collar, yellow bill. F: mottled
yellowish brown; bill mostly dark, with reddish to yellowish base and tip; specu
lum white-bordered on leading and trailing edge; lateral tail feathers mostly
white.
MEXICAN DUCK Pato Mexicano Anas da

i zi
(The AOU lumps this with Mallard; see above)
Range US-Mex. Res/win Mex (res w.nHi+cHi; win e.nHi).
Habitat Pond or lake borders, marshes.
Field Maries 24" M + F: like female Mallard, but darker; bill yellow to orange; not
much white in tail.
NORTHERN PINTAIL [2] Pato Golondrino Anos acuta

Range AK-SAm. Win Mex, Biz, Guat (Pac, Atl), ElSal.
Habitat Lakes, flooded fields, marshes, estuaries.
Fi.eld Marks 28" Long neck, long tail. M: brown head; neck mostly white. F:
mottled.

BLUE-WINGED TEAL [3] Cerceta Aliazul Anos discors

Range AK-SA:m. Win Mex, Blz, Guat(Pac, Atl), ElSal.
Field Marks 16" Green speculum; large blue wing patch (may be almost hid
den). M: head dark blue, with white crescent. F: mottled grayish brown. See fe
male Cinnamon Teal.
CINNAMON TEAL [3) Cerceta Cafe Anos cyonoptero

Range AK-SAm, exc ElSal. Res/win Mex (res nBajCal, ncHi; win BajCal, Pac,
Atl, Yue), Biz(?), Guat(Pac).
Habitat La.kes, marshes, lagoons.
Field Marks 16" Green speculum; large blue wing patch. M: reddish brown
head, neck, and underparts. F: almost identical to female Blue-winged Teal, but
bill slightly broader and flatter near tip.
NORTHERN SHOVELER [2] Pato Cuchar6n Anos clypeata

Range AK-SAm. Win Mex (all, exc sHi), Blz, Guat(Pac), ElSal.
Field Marks 18" Bill dark, heavy, very broad near tip; large blue wing patch. M:
green head, white breast, reddish brown flanks. F: mottled yellowish brown. See
female teals.
GADWALL [2] Pato Pinto Anos strepero

Range AK-Mex. Win Mex (all, exc Yue?).
Field Marks 20" Reddish brown wing patch; speculum white. M: breast and
sides finely mottled gray; head brownish; untacs and uptacs black. F: mottled
brown; paler head.
EURASIAN WIGEON Pato Silb6n Anos penelope

Range AK-Mex. Win Mex(w.BajCal, nPac, n.nAtl). Very rare.
Field Maries 20" Like American Wigeon, but gray axillaries, not white; M: head
and upper neck rich reddish brown, with buffy forehead and crown; back and
flanks grayer; F: usuaJJy more uniform rusty brown (or grayish brown) head
and neck.
AMERICAN WIGEON [2] Pato Chalcuan Anos omericona

Range AK-SAm. Win Mex (all, exc sHi), Biz, Guat(Pac), ElSal.
Habitat Lakes, marshes, lagoons, estuaries.
Field Marks 20" M: white wing patch and crown; green eye patch. F: wing
patch whitish; head grayish, finely streaked; sides not heavily mottled; breast
tinged dull reddish brown.
CANVASB.ACK [3] Pato Coacoxtle Aythyo volislnerlo

Range AK-Mex, Guat, Hon. Win Mex (all, exc sHi, Yue?}, Guat(Pac). Rare.
Habitat Large lakes or coastal waters.
Field Marks 22" Forehead slopes into long, black, heavy-based bill. M: red of

16 DUCKS, GEESE, SWANS
head darker and browner, back and sides whiter, than Redhead's. F: head, back,
and sides pale gray.
REDHEAD [3] Pato Cabeclrrojo Aythya americana

Range AK-Mex, Guat. Res/win Mex (res cHi; win all, exc sHi, Yue?), Guat (Pac).
Raie.
Habitat Maishes, large lakes, estuaries.
Field Marks 21" Bill short, with white bar near tip, does not slope into forehead.
M: reddish brown head; black breast. F: mostly brownish, with some white on
face. See Ri.ng-necked Duck and Canvasback.
RING-NECKED DUCK [3] Pato Piquianillado Aythya co/loris

Range AK-Pan, exc Blz. Win Mex (BajCal, Pac, ncHi, Atl, Yue), Guat (Pac, Atl).
Rare.
Habitat Lakes, lagoons, estuaries.
Field Marks 17" White baI near tip of bill. M: back black. F: darker than Red
head; area around base of bill whitish, but not contrasty. See Lesser Seaup.
GREATER SCAUP [3] Pato Boludo Aythya marila

Range AK-Mex. Win cstl Mex {BajCal, nPac). Very rare.
Habitat Bays, lagoons, estuaries.
Field Marks 19" Long white wing stripe shows in flight. See Lesser Scaup.
M: head, neck, and breast black; green gloss on head. F: darker than Redhead;
like Lesser Scaup, except wing stripe.
LESSER SCAUP [3] Pato Bola Aythya affinis

Range AK-SAm. Win Mex (all), Biz, Guat (Pac), ElSal.
Habitat Lakes, lagoons, bays, estuaries.
Field Marks 17" Short white wing stripe shows in flight; no white baI on bill.
M: usually purplish gloss on head; much paler on back (gray) than Ring-necked
Duck (black). F: dark brown; contrasty white area around base of bill.
BLACK SCOTER [3] Negreta Negra Melanitta nigra

Range AK-Mex. Win cstl Mex (nw.nBajCal). Rare.
Habitat Off beaches, on bays, ocean.
Field Marks 19" M: all black, except orange knob on bill. F: blackish brown;
side of head below eye to upper neck contrasty pale grayish brown; black bill.
Imm M: like female, but less contrasty; yellow bill knob.
SURF SCOTER [3] Negreta de Marejada Melanitta perspicillata

Range AK-Mex. Win Mex (BajCal, nPac; cas/acc? e.nHi+n.nAtl).
Habitat Usually open ocean or deep bays.
Field Marks 2<r M: black, with white patch on hindneck and on forecrown;
bilJ red, white, and black. F: blackish brown, with black bill; whitish face
patches.
WHITE-WINGED SCOTER [3] Negreta Aliblanc.a Melanitta fusca

Range AK-Mex. Win cstl Mex (n.nBajCal, nw.nPac). Rare.
Habitat Off beaches or headla.nds, in bays.

Field Marks 22" White wing patch. M: black, with white eye patch; black
knobbed orange bill. F: blackish brown, with whitish face patches; bill dull.
COMMON COLDENEYE [3] Ojiamarille Cemun Bucephala dangula

Range AK-Mex. Win Mex (BajCal, nPac, nHi, nAtl).
Habitat Ocean bays, inlets, lakes.
Field Marks 21" Head appears puffy, high-crowned; bill short, dark. M: white
below, black and white above; head dark green; rounded white patch below eye.
F: grayish above and below, with white collar; head all dark brown. See Buffle
head and Common Merganser.
BUFFLEHEAD (3) Pato Crestiblanco Bucephala a/beo/a

Range AK-Mex. Win Mex (BajCal, nPac, ncHi, ncAtl; sAtl?, Yue?).
Habitat Ocean bays, estuaries, deep lakes.
Field Marks 14" Head appears puffy, high-crowned. M: white below, black and
white above; much of head be.hind eye white, the rest mostly glossy black. F:
whitish below; brown back and head; white patch behind eye.
HOODED MERGANSER [3] Mergo de Caperuza Lophodytes cucullatus

Range AK-Mex. Win Mex (BajCaJ, nPac, ncHi, nAtl; cas/acc cAtl, Yue). Very
rare.
Habitat Lakes, ponds, lagoons.
Field Marks 18" Slender black bill. M: black-and-white head-and-breast pat
tern; fan-shaped crest; tawny sides. F: brown head; small tawny crest. See
Bufflehead.
COMMON MERGANSER [3] Merge Cemun Mergus merganser

Range AK-Mex. Win Mex (BajCaJ, n.nPac, n.nHi, n.nAtl). Rare.
Habitat Coastal waters, deep ponds, large lakes.
Field Maries 25" M: head black, green-glossed; lower neck, breast, and sides
white; bill slender, red; large white wing patch. F: head and neck tawny (except
white throat), in marked contrast to white breast; smaller white wing patch.
RED-BREASTED MERGANSER [3] Merge Cepet6n Mergus serrator

Range A.K-Mex. Win cstl Mex (BajCaJ, nPac, ncAtl, w Yue). Rare.
Habitat Bays, estuaries, inlets, lakes.
Field Marks 23" Like Common Merganser, but much shaggier crest; M: breast
dull reddish brown with spotty blackish streaks; grayish sides and flanks;
F: sides of neck and foreneck whitish, not in marked contrast to whitish breast
and throat.
MASKED DUCK [3] Pato E.nmascarado Nomonyx dominica

Range US-SAm, exc Biz, Nie. Res Mex (s.nPac+csPac, Atl, Yue), Guat (Pac, Atl),
ElSal. Very rare.
Habitat Ponds, lagoons, sluggish rivers.
Field Marks 14" M: black and reddish head, neck, and breast pattern; back and
wings mottled, reddish brown; bill blue. F+imm: crown brown; two dark stripes
on whitish face.

18 DUCKS, GEESE, SWANS, OSPREYS, HAWKS, EAGLES, KITES
RUDDY DUCK [3] Pato Tepalcate Oxyura jamaicensis

Range AK-Mex, Guat, ElSal, Hon, SAm. Res/win Mex (res BajCal, nPac+
n.cPac, ncHi; win Pac, Atl, w Yue?), Guat (Pac), ElSal.
Habitat Lakes, lagoons, estuaries.
Field Marks 16" Sum M: reddish brown, with black-and-white head; blue bill.
Win M: grayish brown; head dark brown and white, less contrasty; bill dull
bluish gray. F: grayish brown above, much paler below; one dark stripe on
whitish face.
OSPREYS-GAVILANES PESCADORES-PANOIONIDAE
OSPRE Y (6) Gavllan Pescador Pandion haliaetus

Range AK-SAm. Res/win Mex (res BajCal, nPac, e Yue; win csPac, Atl, Yue; tr
Hi), Blz; tr/win Guat (Pac, Atl), EISal.
Habitat Over lakes, ponds, marshes, swamps, lagoons, bays, or on poles or in
treetops near water.
Field Marks 23" Blackish above, white below; long wings angled at wrist
(which has a blackish patch); head whitish, with broad black line through eye
(Yue birds lack this black line).
HAWKS, EAGLES, KIT ES-GAVILANES-ACCIPIT RIDAE
GRAY-HEADED KITE (4] Milano Cabecigris Leptodon cayanensis

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (sPac, csAtl, Yue), Blz, Guat (Pac, Atl), ElSal. Rare.
Habitat Swamps, near lakes or marsh borders.
Field Marks 18" Adt: blackish above, white below; gray head; two or three pale
tail bars. Imm: white face and underparts; blackish crown, back, and wings; or
head black, underparts streaked.
HOOK-BILLED KITE (4] Milano Pintado Chondrohierax undnatus

Range US-S.Am. Res Mex (s.nPac+csPac, cHi, Atl, Yue), Blz, Guat (Pac, Atl),
EISaJ. Rare.
Habitat Forests, patchy low woods or scattered trees, borders, river borders, of
ten near water.
Field Marks 16" Spread wings narrow nea.r body, broad near rounded tips; bill
strongly hooked; two white to pale gray tail bars, basal bar sometimes hidden;
eyes white to pale gray. Light morph M: medium to dark gray above; barred gray
and whitish below; see Gray Hawk. Light morph F: blackish above; barred ru
fous and whitish below. Light morph imm: black and dark reddish brown
above; usually whitish with some dark bars below, but may be clear white below;
broad whitish collar in either case. Black morph: black, except whjte tail bars.
SWAL L OW-TAILED KITE (7] Milano Tijereta Elanoides forficatus

Range US-SAm. Sum/tr Mex (sum sAtl; tr sPac, Atl, Yue); sum Blz, Guat (Atl),
EISal (ace). Rare.
Habitat Swamps, marshes, humid forest.

HAWKS, EAGLES, KITES 19
Field Marks 24" May maneuve1 overhead in small flocks, with long, sweeping
glides, occasional strongwingbeats, catching aerial insects in its feet. Adt: glossy
black, except white head, underparts, and underwing coverts; deeply forked tail.
Imm: spotted or streaked.
WHITE-TAILED KITE [7] Milano Coliblanco Elanus /eucurus

Range US-SAm. Res Mex (BajCal, Pac, ncHi, Atl, Yue), Biz, Guat (Pac, Atl), ElSal.
Habitat Moistopen country withscattered trees, tree-dotted pastUies, marshes.
Field Marks 16" Often hovers while hunting. Tail appears v irtually all white.
Adt: mostly white head and underparts; pearl gray above, with black wrist
patch; eyes red. Imm: mottled brown back; dark wings; washed huffy below and
on head, with faint dark streaks.
(SNAIL) EVERGL ADE KITE [7] Milano Caracolero Rostrhamus soeiabilis

Range US-SAm. Res Mex (c?sPac, csAtl, Yue), Biz, Guat (Pac, Atl), ElSal (cas e).
Local, iiregular.
Habitat Large freshwater or brackish marshes.
Field Marks 18" Bill very strongly hooked. Adt M: black, with white untacs, up
tacs, tail base, and tail tip; legs red. F+imm: mottled and streaked dark brown
and white.
DOUBLE-TOOTHED KITE [4] Gavilan Bidentado Harpagus bidentatus

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (csPac, se.cAtl+sAtl, e Yue), Blz, Guat (Atl), EISal
(case). Rare.
Habitat Humid forest, partial clearings.
Field Marks 13" Dark streak down center of white throat. Adt: da.rk slaty gray
above; whitish below with rufous bars; chest and sides nea.rly plain rufous;
three narrow white bars on black tail. Imm: blackish brown above; whitish be
low, with heavy black streaks.
MISSISSIPPI KITE [6] Milano Migratorio lctinia mississippiensis

Range US-SAm (exc Biz?). Tr Mex (sPac, Atl, Yue), Guat (Pac?, Atl), ElSal (ace).
Habitat Open country, borders.
Field Marks 14" Buoyant flight, much tail motion. Adt: dark gray above, pearly
gray below; whitish head, unbarred black tail; slender, pointed dark wings.
Imm: dark gray above; underparts and head whitish, streaked with da.rk brown;
tail dark with several pale gray bars. See Plumbeous Kite.
PLUMBEOUS KITE (4] Milano Plomizo lctinia plumbea

Range Mex-SAm. Sum Mex (se.cPac+sPac, s.nAtl+csAtl, e Yue), Blz, Guat
(Pac, Atl), ElSal.
Habitat Treetops in river-border woods, swamps, borders, partial clearings.
Field Maries 15" Buoyant flight, with much tail motion. Adt+imm: like Missis
sippi Kite, but two broad whitish bars on black tail.
BALD EAGLE Aguila Cabeciblanca Hallaeetus leucoeepha/us

Range AK-Mex. Res/win Mex (res sBajCal, n.nPac; win nPac, nHl, nAtl). Rare.
Habitat Scattered trees in coastal areas, bay shores, lagoons, estuaries, or along
wooded shores of inland lakes.

20 HAWKS, EAGLES, KITES
Field Maries 33" Adt: blackish brown except white head and white tail. Imm:
blackish brown; dull white tall base; dull whitish mottling under wings. See
Golden Eagle.
BLACK-COLLARED HAWK [5] Aguililla Canela Busarellus nigricollis

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (s.nPac+csPac, se.cAtl+sAtl, Yue), Blz, Guat (Pac,
Atl), ElSal. Rare.
Habitat Swamps, marshes, lagoons, swampy river-edge woods, secluded ponds.
Field Marks 19" Reddish brown; very short-tailed and broad-winged. Adt: head
mostly whitis.h; chest patch (partial collar) black; tips (broadly) and trailing
edge of wings and broad tail tip black. Imm: barred and streaked dark brown,
paler below, but head mostly white with scattered blackish streaks; trace of par
tial collar.
NORTHERN HARRIER [6] Gavilan Ratonero Circus cyaneus

Range AK-SAm. Res/win Mex (res n.nBajCal; win all), Blz, Guat, ElSal.
Habitat Tall-grass fields, large marshes, open grassy plains.
Field Marks 19" Flapping and gliding irregularly close to the ground. Conspic
uous white rump patch; long, barred tall; long wings. M: medium gray above;
whitish below. F+imm: dark brown above; more cinnamon (and streaked)
below.
SHARP-SHINNED HAWK [6] G avila n Coludo Accipiter striatus

(Does not include White-breasted Hawk; see be.low)
Range AK-Pan. Res/win Mex (res ncHi; win all}; win Blz, Guat, ElSal.
Habitat Mountain forest, borders, or hedgerows.
Field Marks 12" Long, barred, square-tipped tall; rounded wings. Adt: dark gray
above; narrow reddish bars below. Imm: dark grayish brown above; heavily
streaked below. See Cooper's Hawk.
WHITE-BREASTED HAWK [5] Gavilan Pechiblanco Accipiter chionogaster

(fhe AOU lumps this with Sharp-s hinn ed Hawk; see above)
Range Mex, Guat, ElSal, Hon, Nie. Res Mex (sPac, sHi), Guat (Hi), ElSal (n). Rare.
Habitat Cloud forest or other dense humid forest, or partial clearings; flying
rapidly among the trees or perched in middle branches.
Field Marks 13" Adt: blackish gray above, white below. Imm : a few fine black
streaks on white breast.
COOPER'S HAWK [6] Gavilan de Cooper Accipiter cooperii

Range Can-CRJc. Res/win Mex (res nBajCal, nPac, ncHi; win all exc Yue); win
Blz, Guat, EISal. Rare.
Habitat Dense to open woods, scattered trees, woodland borders.
Field Marks 17" Flies low (in forest) or overhead (in open). Like Sharp-shinned
Hawk, but larger; tail rounded at tip.
BICOLORED HAWK (4) Gavilan Bicol or Accipiter blcolor

Range Mex-SAm, exc EISal. Res Mex (s.nAtl+csAtl, e Yue), Blz, Guat (Pac?,
Atl). Rare.
Habitat Dense humid forest and small openings.

Field Marks 15" Not streaked in any plumage. Adt: dark gray above, paJe gray
below; reddish brown thighs; narrow whitish bars on blackish tail. Imm: dark
grayish brown; collar and underparts buff.
NORTHERN GOSHAWK (6] Gavilan Az.or Accipiter gentilis

Range AK-Mex. Res Mex (w.ncHi, cPac). Very rare.
Habitat Secluded high mountain forest, small openings, partial clearings.
Field Marks 22" Long, barred tail. Adt: medium bluish gray above; finely barred
pale gray below; white line over eye; black patch behind eye. lmm: whitish line
over eye; mottled dark brown above; whitish below, streaked and spotted black
ish. See Gray Hawk.
CRANE HAWK [S] Aguililla Zancona Geranospiza caerulescens

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (c.nPac+csPac, c.nAtl+csAtl, Yue), Blz, Guat (Pac,
Atl), ElSal. Rare.
Habitat Swamps, forest, and borders, usually near water.
Field Marks 19" Crescent of large white spots under wing near tip. Adt: black;
two broad white bars on long tai.l; legs long, orange-red. Imm: blackish, with
white streaks on head; buffy bars on belly a.nd flanks; whitish tail base.
WHITE HAWK [5] Aguililla Blanca Leucopternis albicollis

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (sPac, se.cAtJ+s.sAtl), Biz (s), Guat (Pac, Atl), EISal
(w). Rare.
Habitat Dense forest, partial clearings, openings.
Field Marks 22" Adt (in Mexico): plumage all white, except black wingtip and
narrow tail bar. Imm (and adults southeast of Mexico): more black on wing
(wingtips, secondaries, and coverts mostly black); broad black tail bar.
COMMON BLACK-HAWK [S, 7] Aguililla Cangrejera Buteogallus anthradnus

Range US-SAm. Res/sum Mex (res c.nPac+csPac, c.nAtl+csAtl, Yue; sum
w.ncHi), Biz, Guat (Pac, Atl), ElSaJ.
Habitat Swamps, wooded riverbanks, tree-dotted fields, forest borders, partial
clearings.
Field Marks 21" Adt: blackish; broad white tail bar and very narrow white tail
tip; underwing may be heavily barred or show whitish wrist patch. Imm: heav
ily streaked dark brown, whitish, and tawny; may show dark mustache mark;
several narrow gray tail bars.
MANGROVE BLACK-HAWK Aguililla Manglera Buteogal/us subtills

(May be part of Common Black-Hawk, above)
Range Mex-SAm, exc Blz. Res Mex (sPac), Guat (Pac), ElSal. Rare.
Habitat Mangrove swamps and coastal lagoons.
Field Marks 19" Like Common Black-Hawk, but averages smaller and frequents
different type of habitat.
GREAT BLACK-HAWK (5] Aguililla Negra Buteogallus urubit.inga

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (c.nPac+csPac, c.nAtl+csAtl, Yue), Biz, Guat (Pac,
Atl), ElSal.
Habitat Forest borders, wooded riverbanks, tall hedgerows.
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Field Marks 24" Like Common Black-Hawk, but larger; slightly longer-tailed
and longer-legged; flight appears more labored; tail pattern differs (in adult).
Adt: uptacs, narrow bar near tail base, broad bar farther out, and very narrow
tail tip white; may appear to have one white tall bar and white rump patch.
HARRIS'S HAWK [7] Aguililla Cinchada Parabuteo unicinctus

Range US-SAm, exc Blz, Hon. Res Mex (BajCal, Pac, ncffi, nAtJ), Guat (Pac),
ElSaJ. Ra.re.
Habitat Dry or semidesert a.reas. •
Field Marks 22" ln tops of low trees or large shrubs or flying rather low. Adt:
black, with broadly rufous wrist patch and thighs; white untacs, uptacs, tail
base, and tail tip. Imm: dark rich brown, and some tawny brown, above; heavily
streaked below; reddish wrist patch and thighs; tail narrowly barred, white at
base.
SOLITARY EAGLE (5) Aguila Solitaria Harpyhaliaetus solitarius

Range Mex-SAm, exc Blz, EISal, Nie. Res Mex (Pac, ncHi, csAtl), Guat (Hi?,
Atl?). Very rare/casual.
Habitat Wooded foothills, midmountain slopes.
Field Marks 27" Soars high overhead. Short taiJ; very broad wings. Adt: black;
broad tail bar and very narrow tail tip whitish (band at base of tail hidden);
uptacs finely scaled with whitish. Imm: like Common Black-Hawk, but much
larger; blackish brown thighs and side-chest patches.
GRAY HAWK [7] Gavilan Gris Asturina nitida

Range US-SA.m. Res Mex (Pac, csHi, Atl, Yue), Blz, Guat (Pac, Atl), ElSal.
Habitat Open woods, partial clearings, riverbanks, borders.
Field Marks 17" Adt: medium gray above; narrowly barred pale gray below;
white tail bars. Imm: streaked below; lacks belly bars and large dark breast patch
of adult Roadside Hawk.
ROADSIDE HAWK (5) Gavilan Caminera Buteo magnirostris

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (csPac, Atl, Yue), Blz, Guat (Pac, Atl), ElSal.
Habitat Partial clearings, hedgerows, open woods, or borders; often perches
on open branches, fence posts, or utility poles along highways.
Field Marks 16" Several tail bars. Adt: gray or grayish brown above; broad gray
ish brown breast streaks, may form breast patch; belly barred. Imm: streaked
breast, barred belly.
RED-SHOULDERED HAWK (6) Gavilan Ranero Buteo /ineatus

Range Can-Mex. Res/win Mex (res BajCal, nAtl; win ncHi, nAtl+n.cAtl).
Habitat Tree-dotted pastures, woods, hedgerows, swamps; on low branches,
utility poles, posts.
Field Marks 20" Adt: mottled dark and white above; narrow reddish bars below;
chestnut wrist patch; narrow white tall bars (two or three visible) on dark gray.
Imm: browner and more heavily streaked below than Broad-winged Hawk, and
whitish tail bars are narrower, fainter, and more numerous; also usually a trace
of adult's wrist patch.

BROAD-WINGED HAWK [6] Gavilan Aludo Buteo platypterus

Range Can-SAm. Tr/win Mex (tr sPac, e.ncffi+sHi, ncAtl; win sBajCal, csPac,
sAtl), BJz (s), Guat, EJSal. Abundant tr, very rare and irregular win.
Habitat Woodlands but in Mex, Blz, Guat, and ElSal usually seen in flocks
overhead.
Field Marks 17" Adt: dark grayish brown above, barred reddish below; broad
white tail bars (one or two visible) on blackish tail. Imm: streaked above and be
low; narrow tail bands. See Red-shouldered Hawk.
SHORT-TAILED HAWK [7] Gavilan Colicorto Buteo brachyurus

Range US-SAm. Res Mex (Pac, e+w.nHi+s.cHi+sHi, Atl, Yue), Blz, Guat, ElSal.
Rare.
Habitat Scattered trees, forest borders, scrubby woods.
Field Marks 16" Soars overhead, hovers in updrafts. Several narrow whitish tail
bands. Dark morph adt: black, except whitish tail bands. Llght morph adt:
throat and underparts wh.ite; sharp contrast with blackish sides of head and
upperparts. Imm: blackish gray above; streaked or mottled buff and blackish
brown below.
SWAINSON'S HAWK [7] Gavilan Chapulinero Buteo swainsoni

Range AK-SAm. Sum/win Mex (sum nPac, n.nffi; tr /win Pac, Hi, ncAtl); tr Blz,
Guat (Pac), ElSal.
Habitat Dry sparsely wooded terrain, among or over scattered trees, open
woods, tall hedgerows.
Field Marks 21" Often migrating in flocks. Tail has several narrow dark bands
and broader subterminaJ band. Dark morph adt: mostly dark brown to blackish
brown, with barred untacs. Lig.ht morph adt: dark brown above; whitish below
except dark brown chest band contrasting with whitish throat. Light morph
imm: brown above; heavy streaks on buff below; patchy dark brown chest
band.
WHITE-TAILED HAWK (7] Gavilan Coliblanco Buteo a/bicaudatus

Range US-SAm. Res Mex (Pac, Hi, nsAtl, Yue), Blz (n), Guat (Pac, Hi), ElSal.
Rare, irregular.
Habitat Partly wooded mountain slopes, open dry grassy plains, extensive
scrubby woods, borders.
Field Maries 23" Adt: white below, gray above, with reddish wrist patch; dark
tail bar. Imm: splotchy dark streaks on white below, blackish above; tail faintly,
narrowly barred.
ZONE-TAILED HAWK [7] Gavilan Aura Buteo albonotatus

Range US-SAm, exc Blz?, ElSal? Res/win Mex (res nBajCal, nPac; sum ncHi;
win BajCal, Pac, sHi, Atl, Yue); win Blz?, Guat, ElSal ?. Rare.
Habitat Tree-dotted shrubby fields, scrubby woods, borders, dry slopes.
FieldMarks 21" In flight resembles Turkey Vulture, but has large feathered head;
Adt: white tail bars (one or two below, two or three above); Imm: several whitish
tail bars; breast speckled white on black.

RED-TAILED HAWK [6] Gavilan Colirrufa Buteo jamaicensis

Range AK-Pan. Res/win Mex (res BajCal, Pac, Hi, nAtl; win csAtl, Yue); res Blz
(cas? mt pine), Guat (Hi), ElSal.
Habitat Grassy plains, forests, woodlands, open brushy country, borders.
Field Marks 23" Tail of typical adult is mostly rufous above with narrow black
band near tip, then very narrow white band at tip; others may be whitish or
grayish basally with more or less pale rufous toward tip. Typical light morph
adt: dark above, white below, with patchy belly band; rufous tail. TypicaJ light
morph imm : streaked below (less on upper belly); narrow black tail bars on gray.
Typical dark morph adt: mostly blackish brown; paler underwing; rufous tail.
FERRUGINOUS HAWK [6] Gavilan Real Buteo regalis

Range AK-Mex. Win Mex (BajCaJ, nPac, ncHi). Rare.
Habitat Open country, scrub woods, brushy plains.
Field Marks 23" Flight feathers white below. Light morph adt: thighs, back, and
large wing patch mottled reddish brown; uptacs, untacs, and tail base whitish;
tail tip broadly pale grayish brown. Dark morph adt: mostly very dark brown,
including underwing coverts; tail grayish above, white below. Imm: brown
above, buff below; tail mottled near tip.
ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK [6] Gavilan Artica Buteo Jagopus

Range AK-Mex. Win Mex (nBajCal, n.nHi). Rare.
Habitat Open areas, open brushy plains.
Field Marks 22" Broad dark subterminal tail band; basally tail mostly white (fe
male) or barred gray and white (male); flight feathers mostly white with black
tips, as seen from below; tarsi feathered. Light morph: heavily streaked head,
back, and breast; black belly and flanks. Dark morph: head, back, underparts,
and underwing coverts blackish brown.
,
GOLDEN EAGLE [6] Aguila Real Aquila chrysaetos

Range AK-Mex. Res/win Mex (res nBajCal, ncHi; win sBajCal, nPac). Rare.
Habitat Dry mountain slopes, open woods and brushland.
Field Marks 34" Wings long, tail rather short; tarsi feathered. Adt: dark brown
with tawny crown and nape; faint grayish tail bars. Imm: rather contrasty white
patch at base of inner primaries below; tail white basally, broadly black-tipped.
,
CRESTED EAGLE Aguila Monera Morphnus guianensis

Range Blz-SAm, exc ElSal. Res Biz, Guat (Atl). Very rare.
Habitat Humid forest canopy.
Field Marks 30" Like Harpy Eagle, but smaller, with single-pointed crest; Dark
morph adt: blackish chest; much darker head and much heavier, darker barring
below; Light morph adt: pale head and faint barring below; much paler chest;
Imm: slightly more heavily barred below.
,
HARPY EAGLE [4] Aguila Harpfa Harpia harpyja

Range Mex-SAm, exc ElSal. Res Me.x (sAtl), Blz, Guat (Atl). Very rare.
Habitat Secluded dense bu.mid forest.
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HAWKS, EAGLES, KITES, FALCONS 25
Field Marks 38" Very Large; very broad wings; powerfuJ legs; rather long tail.
Adt: ragged split crest; hindneck, upperparts, and broad breast band black;
mostly white below; head mostly gray; heavy bill black; tail broadly barred
black and pale gray. Imm : pale gray above, may be mottled; whitish below; crest
dark and white; one broad black tail band. Birds acquire adult plumage in stages
over several years.
BLACK-ANO-WHITE HAWK-EAGLE (5] Aguililla Ventriblanca 5pizastur melanoleucus

Range Mex-SAm, exc ElSal. Res Mex (sPac, csAtl, e Yue), Blz, Guat (Pac, Atl).
Very rare.
Habitat In or near dense humid forest.
Field Marks 24" Tail long, barred. Adt: underparts, head, and hindneck dear
white, with short black crest; upperparts black. Imm: dark brown above, white
below; white wing bars.
BLACK HAWK-EAGLE [S] Aguililla Tirana Spizaetus tyrannus

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (csPac, csAtl, e Yue), Blz, Guat (Pac, Atl), ElSal (w).
Very rare.
Habitat Canopy i n humid forest.
Field Maries 27" Tail long, broadly barred. Adt: mostly black; narrow white bars
on thighs and untacs; speckles and bars on lower belly; white crest streaks may
be hidden. lmm: dark brown above; white below with black-barred thighs,
belly, and untacs; may have faint streaks on breast; head mostly white, with
some black streaks or patches.
ORNATE HAWK-EAGLE [S] Aguililla EJegante Spizaetus ornatus

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (csPac, s.nAtl+csAtl, e Yue), Blz, Guat (Pac, Atl),
ElSal. Rare.
Habitat Dense humid forest.
Field Maries 25" Tail rather long, broadly barred black and pale gray. Adt: long
black crest and (faintly barred) upperparts; rufous nape, sides of face and neck,
and broad (usually partial) breast band; white throat, black-bordered; under
parts heaVily black-and-white barred. Imm: varies with age-mostly white be
low and on head and neck; sides, flanks, and thighs black-barred; usually faintly
scalloped blackish brown above, with some black or brown ln crest.
FALCONS-HALCONES-FALCONIDAE
CRESTED CARACARA [7] Caracara Comun Caracara plancus

R ange US-SAm. Res Mex (sBajCal, Pac, c.nHi+csHi, Atl, w Yue), Biz (cas/acc
n?}, Guat (Pac, Atl?), ElSal.
Habitat Scrub woods, borders, roadsides.
Field Maries 23" Often walks through farm fields, eats carrion. Long-legged.
Adt: mostly blackish or dark brown, but throat, collar, untacs, tail base, and
wing patch white. Imm: like adult, but browner; streaked below.

26 FALCONS
BARRED (FOREST-FALCON) MICRASTUR [5] Guaquillo Selvatico Micrastur ruficolfis

Range Mex-SA.m. Res Mex (s.cPac+sPac, sHJ, csAtl), Blz, Guat (Atl), ElSal. Very
rare.
Habitat Dense humid forest or borders, midlevel.
Field Marks 14" Four narrow pale bars on long, rounded tail. Adt: dark gray or
brownish gray head, throat, and upperparts; narrow whitish and blackish bars
below. I.mm: dark brown or blackish above; may have whitish collar; buff below,
more or less brown-barred, except white throat.
COLL ARED (FOREST-FALCON) MICRASTUR (5] Guaquillo Collarejo Micrastur

semitorquatus
Atl), ElSal. Rare.
Habitat Open woods, swamps, forest borders, or partially open country.
Voice Loud and repeated single notes, ow or wow.
Field Marks 24" Blackish above; tail long, black with several whitish bars. Light
morph adt: underparts and collar white. Light morph imm: buffy below;
more or less barred with dark brown. Buff morph adt: underparts and collar
buffy or pale tawny brown. Dark morph adt: underparts and collar mostly
blackish, like upperparts; belly may be barred whitish. Dark morph imm: like
dark morph adult, but brown, not blackish, and belly and untacs barred light
brown.
LAUGHING FALCON [S] Halcon Guaco Herpetotheres cachinnans

Atl), ElSal.
Habitat Scrub forest, tree-dotted brushy fields; often perches on utility poles or
open branches.
Voice Musical ah or fia notes, or series of notes like a human laugh.
Field Marks 22" Crown, full collar, and underparts creamy buff; blackish
brown face patch extends across nape; upperparts very dark brown; tail rather
long, barred whitish or huffy and black.
AMERICAN KESIREL [6] Cemfcalo Americano Falco sparverius

Range A.K-SAm. Res/win Mex (res BajCal, nPac,. Hi; win all), Blz (win), Guat
(res Hi, win all), ElSal.
Habitat Rather dry open areas, tree-dotted fields, tall hedgerows, utility poles
or wires.
Field Marks 11'"' Tail (barred tn female; plain with black bar near tip in male),
rump, and barred back reddish brown; two black lines down side of face;
whitish or buffy below, spotted (male) or streaked (female); wings bluish (male)
or rufous barred with black (female).
MERLIN [6] Halc6n Esmerej6n Falco columbarius

Range AK SAm. Win Mex, Blz, Guat, EJSal. Rare.
-
Habitat Large open areas, scattered trees, woodland borders.

FALCONS 27
Field Marks 12" Streaked below. M: bluish gray above; tai.1 barred black and
gray. F+imm: brown above; tall dark brown and gray. See American Kestrel.
APLOMADO FALCON [7] Halc6n fajado Falco femoralis

Range Mex, Biz, Guat?, Nie, Pan, SA.m. Res Mex (nw.nHi, csAtl), Blz, Guat (Pac?).
Very rare.
Habitat Partial clearings, openings, forest borders, tree-dotted grassy fields.
Field Marks 16" Flies rapidly, sometimes erratically. Adt: gray above; tail black
with several fine white bars; pale line over black line behind eye; throat and
breast white; sides and flanks broadly black, with white scaly marks; belly,
thighs, and untacs tawny buff. Imm: like adult, but duller, browner; throat and
breast buffy, streaked with blackish.
BAT FALCON [S] Halcon Enano Falco rufigularis

Range Mex-SA.m. Res Mex (Pac, Atl, Yue), Biz, Guat (Pac, Atl), ElSaL
Habitat Humid forest borders, partial clearings, tree-dotted pastures, dead
treetops.
Field Marks 10" Adt: black, with white throat; white bars on breast, sides, and
tall; plain rufous belly, thighs, and untacs. Imm: duller, browner; unbarred dark
brown breast and belly.
ORANGE-BREASTED FALCON [5] Halcon Pechirrufo Falco deiroleucus

Range Mex-SAm, exc ElSal. Res Mex (se.cAtl+s.sAtl), Blz, Guat (Pac, Atl). Very
rare.
Habitat Humld forest canopy, small openings, secluded borders, partial clear
ings.
Field Marks 14" Adt: Like Bat Falcon, but chest rufous; untacs barred with
black. Imm: paler; blackish brown and buff; thighs heavily scaled or spotted.
PRAIRIE FALCON [6] Halcon Palid o Falco mexicanus

Range Can-Mex. Res/win Mex (BajCal, n.nPac, ncHi, w.nAtl). Rare.
Habitat Open, arid, or semiarid country; hilly, rocky, brushy areas; cliffs; dry,
grassy tree-dotted plains.
Field Marks 18" Mottled medium buffy brown above; heavy streaks below; not
very contrasty tail bars; black line down from eye; dark hind border of ear
patch. Imm: like immature Peregrine Falcon, but much paler; not so heavily
streaked below; face lines more delicate.
PEREGRINE FALCON [6] Halc6n Peregrino Falco peregrinus

Range AK-SAm. Res/win Mex (res BajCal, ncPac, ncHi, nAtl?; win alJ); win Blz,
Guat, ElSal. Very rare.
Habitat Secluded cliffs or ledges, rocky canyons, and (especially winter) open
country, coastal areas.
Field Marks 19" Dark bluish gray above; black crown with broad black ear
wedge down side of face; spotted and barred below, except whitish throat and
breast; tail barred. lmm: like adult, but dark brown; heavily streaked below. See
Prairie Falcon.
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28 GUANS, CHACHALACAS
GUANS, CHACHALACAS-CHACHALACAS-CRACIDAE
PLAIN CHACHALACA Chachalaca Comt'.in Orto/is vetulo

Range US-CRic, exc EISal. Res Mex (sPac, Atl, Yue), Biz, Guat (Atl).
Habitat Thickets, hedgerows, borders, or scrubby woods.
Voice A loud raucous chorus of cha-cha-lac.
Field Marks 24" Often in groups. Brownish olive above; paler and buffter be
low; untacs pale dull tawny; taJl long and (somewhat iridescent) blackish olive
with whJtish or buffy tip; head small, grayish.
RUFOUS-BELLIED CHACHALACA [8] Chachalaca Occidental Orta/is wagleri

Range Mex. Res Mex (nPac, w.nHI).
Habitat Overgrown clearings, brushy thorny woods, thlckets, hedgerows.
Voice Four notes in a raucous chorus, cha-cha-la-ca .
Field
. Marks 24" Like Platn Chachalaca, but belly, untacs, and tail tip rufous.
WEST MEXICAN CHACHALACA Chachalaca Pacifica Orto/is poliocephalo

Range Mex. Res Mex (cPac+w.sPac, cHi).
Habitat Hedgerows, overgrown brushy fields, dense woodland borders,
thickets.
Field Marks 24" Dark grayish olive above; tail darker with greenish gloss; head
gray; chest grayish brown, shading to whitish on belly; untacs pale reddish
brown; tail tip buffy.
WHITE-BELLIED CHACHALACA [45] Chachalaca Ventriblanca Orto/is leucogastra

Range Mex-Nie, exc Blz. Res Mex (sPac), Guat (Pac), EJSal.
Habitat Brushy overgrown fields or clearings, borders, hedgerows, thickets.
Voice Four notes, not three, in a raucous chorus, cha-cha-la-ca.
Field Marks 24" Like Plain Chachalaca, but somewhat browner overall; more
contrasty grayish brown and \.'Vhite below, with white belly and untacs; tail
feather tips broadly white.
HIGHLAND GUAN [8] Pajuil Peneloplna nigro

Ra11ge Mex-Nie, exc Biz. Res Mex (sPac, sHi, sAtl), Guat (Pac, Hi), EJSal (w).
Rare.
Habitat Cloud forest or other humid forest; usually among lower branches.
Voice A high-pitched whistle.
Field Marks 24" M: glossy black, with red legs and throat (bare skin). F: rich
brown with many narrow black bars above and below.
CRESTED GUAN [8] Pava Cojolita Penelope purpurascens

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (s.nPac+csPac + adj Hi, s.nAtl+csAtl + adj Hi, e
Yue), Blz, Guat (Pac, Atl), EJSal (w). Rare.
Habitat Cloud forest or other dense, usually humid forest; high branches or
canopy.
Field Marks 35" Very large; blackish all over, somewhat glossy; long, rounded
tail; bill and legs dark, but throat reddish (bare skin); faint whitish streaks on
breast.

GUANS, CHACHALACAS, TURKEYS, PARTRIDGES, QUAILS 29
HORNED GUAN [8] Pav6n Cornudo Oreophasis derbianu.s

Range Mex, Guat. Res Mex (s.sHi), Guat (Hi). Very rare.
Habitat On the ground in small openings or small partial clearings in cloud
forest, or on higher branches in secluded portions of h11mid forest.
Field Marks 35" Mostly black plumage, but white breast (with very narrow
black streaks) and bar on ta,U; red legs; red vertical "horn" projects from crown.
GREAT CURASSOW [8] Hocofaisan Crax rubra

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (sPac, s.nAtl+csAtl, e Yue), Biz, Guat (Pac, Atl), ElSal
(w). Rare.
Habitat Secluded dense humid forest; usually middle to upper branches.
Field Marks 36" M: mostly black, with curly black crest; yellow knob at base of
bill; white belly and untacs. F: females vary greatly and have been placed in two
or three morphs, with variants within each morph. All variants have the dis
tinctive curly, more or less black-and-white crest, unlike any other comparable
species in our area. Some variants are: blackish brown or rich reddish brown
above; rufous to pale reddish brown below; head, upper neck, and curly crest
spotted black and white; tail broadly barred. Other variants are: mostly barred
black, brown, and white, except pale reddish brown belly and untacs; more
white in crest. Imm: much like adult. Juv: much llke adult female.
TURKEYS-GUAJOLOTES-PHASlA NIDAE
WILD TURKEY Guajolote Norteno Meleagris gallopavo

Range US-Mex. Res Mex (e.nPac, w+e.nHi, w.nAtl?). Very rare.
Habitat Open pine or pine-oak woods, scrubby brushy areas, secluded borders,
openings, clearings.
Field Marks 48", 34" Like Ocellated Turkey, but tail feathers bronzy, tipped buff
or white; may have beard; bluish (not bright blue) head with red warts and
wattles, including throat wattles; no blue subterminal spot on feathers of rump,
uptacs, and tail; not a.s much white on secondaries.
OCELLATED TURKEY (8) Guajolote Ocelado Meleagris ocellata

Range Mex, Blz, Guat. Res Mex (sAtl, Yue), Biz (n), Guat (nw Atl). Rare.
Habitat In or near dense forest or scrubby woods, secluded small openings,
partial clearings, borders.
Field Marks 46", 32" Mostly blackish brown, with green, purple, and bronze
reflections; bronzy rufous greater wing coverts; large white patch on secon
daries; tail feathers and long uptacs grayish with blue subterminal spot and
bronze tip; head bright blue with top-of-head wattles and orange-red warts.
PARTRIDGES, QUAILS-CODOR NICES-ODON T OPHORIDAE
LONG-TAILED WOO D-PARTRIDGE (8] Perdiz Coluda Dendrortyx macroura

Range Mex. Res Mex (cHi + adj slopes down to cPac). Rare, local.
Habitat Secluded mountain forest undergrowth.

30 PARTRIDGES, QUAILS
Voice A loud, rollicking whistle, whip-er-will-a, repeated rapidly.

Field Marks 15" Mottled rufous and gray; crest short; legs and tail rather long;
bill, eye ring, and legs bright red; face black with white mustache mark and Line
over eye.
BEARDED WOOD-PARTRIDGE [8] Perdiz Ve racr uzan a Dendrortyx barbatus

Range Mex. Res Mex (nw.cAtl). Very rare.
Habitat Secluded dense cloud forest.
Voice A loud, rollicking, whistled chee-vee-sco-yo, repeated rapidly.
Field Marks 11" Mostly rufous and grayish brown, mottled and streaked; throat
broadly gray; breast mostly plain rufous; bill, legs, and eye ring red; very short
crest.
BUFFY-CROWNED WOOD-PARTRIDGE [8] Perdiz Montaiiera Dendrortyx

leucophrys
Range Mex-CRic, exc Blz. Res Mex (sHi), Guat (Hi + adj Pac, Atl), ElSal. Rare.
Habitat Undergrowth, borders, small openings of humid forest, or cloud forest.
Voice A loud, rollicking, repeated whistle.
Field Marks 13" Streaked rufous, gray, and olive-brown; forehead, forecrown,
throat, and line over eye creamy buff; legs and eye ring red; bill mostly black.
SPOTIED WOOD-QUAIL (8) Codorniz Bolonchaco Odontophorus guttatus

Range Mex-Pan, exc ElSal. Res Mex (sPac, se.cAtl +sAtl), Blz, Guat (Pac, Atl).
Habitat Cloud forest and other dense humid forest.
Voice A loud, rollicking, mellow call, bo-lon-cha-co, repeated rapidly, with a
chattering cha-cha-cha sometimes added.
Field Marks 11" Often in groups. Variable; sometimes divided into two morphs,
olive-brown and reddish brown. M: floppy crest blackish or very dark brown,
with orange or orange-buff streaks; mostly dark olive-b rown or ru.fous-brown
below, with small spotty streaks, but throat blackish with fine white streaks;
blackish olive, or dark rufous-brown, above. F: duller, darker; little or no orange
on crest.
SINGING QUAIL [8] Codorniz Silbadora Dactylortyx thoracicus

Range Mex-Hon. Res Mex (csPac + adj Hi, Atl + adj Hi, Yue), Blz, Guat (Pac,
Hi), ElSal.
Habitat Varied habitats, dense humid forest to open woods.
Voice Ascending series of loud notes, then which-whee/a, repeated.
Field Marks 9" Races vary. M: black-mottled grayish olive-brown above; may be
buffy brown or olive-brown below; throat and extended line over eye tawny ru
fous. F: llke male above, but cinnamon to tawny buff below; gray and dark
brown head pattern.
MONTEZUMA QUAIL [7] Codorniz de Moctezuma Cyrtonyx montezumae

Range US-Mex. Res Mex (ncHi).
Habitat Usually in open pine-oak woodland, or grassy brushy fields.
Field Maries 9" M: buff pompadour nape crest; swirling black-and-white pat-

PARTRIDGES, QUAILS 31
tern on throat and head; white-spotted blackish sides and flanks; chestnut
brown to blackish chestnut medially below. F: face pattern similar, but dull
brown and buff; upperparts streaked brownish; underparts cinnamon-brown.
OCELLATED QUAIL [8] Codorniz Enmascarada Cyrtonyx ocellatus

Range Mex-Hon, exc Biz. Res Mex (sHi), Guat (Hi), .ElSal (n).
Habitat Open woods, pine and pine-oak.
Field Marks 9" Like Montezuma Quail, but M: some bluish gray on face, less
black; mostly chestnut below, with fewer and duller spots and some blackish
bars; F: darker above.
CRESTED BOBWHITE [48] Cuiche Centroamericano Colinus cristatus

White-breasted group [48] Cuiche Ventriblanco Colinus c. hypo/eucus
Range Guat-ELSal. Res Guat (local e Pac, se Atl), ElSal (w).
Habitat Arid and semiarid brushy fields, hedgerows, patchy farms and scrubby
woods, borders.
Voice A loud whistle like that of Northern Bobwhite.
Field Marks 8" M: head contrasty rich brown and clear white, including white
throat; underparts mostly white, usually with white-spotted reddish brown
flanks; upperparts mottled and barred reddish brown, black, and white. F: much
like Northern Bobwhite, but appears more light-spotted tha.n dark-barred be
low; hindneck spotted or streaked black and white.
Spotted-bellied group Cuiche Ventrimanchado Colinus c. leucopogon
White-throated subgroup Cuiche Gorjiblanco Co/inus c. leucopogon
Range ElSal, Hon. Res ElSal (e).
Habitat Semiarid brushy areas, borders, farm fields, hedgerows.
Voice A loud whistle like that of Northern Bobwhite.
Field Maries 8" Like White-breasted group, with brown and white head and
white throat, but remaining underparts dark grayish brown to cinnamon
brown with prominent white or pale buff spots.
Spotted-bellied subgroup Cuiche Ventrimanchado Colinus c. sdateri
Not in our area
Crested group Cuiche Crestado Colinus c. cristatus
Not in our area
NORTHERN BOBWHITE [7] Cuiche Comun Colinus virginianus

Range Can-Mex, Guat. Res Mex (csPac, nw+ne.nHi+csHi, ncAtl+w.sAtl),
Guat (extreme w Pac, Hi). Rare to common.
Habitat Open country with shrubs and grass, or woodland edge, pastures or
cultivated fields.
Voice A loud white or bob-white.
Field Marks 9" M: races vary. Northeastern birds are barred blackish and
whitish below; others are dark rufous below; most have white throat and super
ciliary, but the throat is black in northwestern birds, and the entire .head (in
cluding throat) is black in southeastern birds. F: streaked a.nd spotted above;
mostly barred dark brown and buff below; throat and line over eye buff.

32 PARTRIDGES, QUAILS
(BLACK-THROATED) YUCATAN BOBWHITE [8] Cuiche Yucateco Cofinus

nigrogularis
Range Mex-Nie, exc ElSal. Res Mex (Yue), Blz (n), Guat (nw Atl).
Habitat Semiarid brushy areas, hedgerows, farm fields, borders, scrub woods.
Voice A loud whistled white or bob-white.
Field Marks 8" M: scaly black and white below; broadly black throat; white line
over eye; ear patch mostly white. F: narrow bars below; throat and line over eye
buff; like female Northern Bobwhite, but somewhat darker above.
BANDED QUAIL [8] Codorniz Listada Philortyx fasciatus

Range Mex. Res Mex (c.cPac, w+c.cHi).
Habitat Scattered trees, hedgerows, thick brush, semidesert.
Voice Cleek notes, a mellow cwaw, or barking puk-cw aw.
Field Marks 8" Adt: heavily banded black and white below; lightly banded or
scalloped above; black crest, rufous-tlpped, tilts back. Imm: throat and sides of
head black.
SCALED QUAIL [7] Codorniz Escamosa Callipepla squamata

Range US-Mex. Res Mex (nHi+n.cHi, nAtl).
Habitat Arid or semiarid grassy areas, thick brush, roadsides.
Voice A harsh puk-cwaw or pe-co.
Field Marks 11" Mostly light to medium gray; short crest largely white; back
and underparts appear scaly.
ELEGANT QUAIL [8] Codorniz Gris Callipepla douglasii

Range Mex. Res Mex (nPac).
Habitat Brushy areas, dry scrubby woods, hedgerows, thickets, shrubby
borders.
Voice Cleek notes, also puk-cwaw, or cwa-heet.
Field Marks ICY' M: head and neck finely streaked black, on gray and rufous;
crest plume rufous, tilts back; gray back and underparts; belly pale-spotted.
F: mostly dark brown, including crest, with pale spots below and pale streaks on
flanks and wings.
GAMBEL'S QUAIL [7] Codomiz Desertica Callipepla gambelii

Range US-Mex. Res Mex (ne.nBajCal, n+c.nPac, extreme n.nHi).
Habitat Dry brushy grassland, semidesert, borders, thickets, hedgerows.
Voice A loud puk-cway-co-co.
Field Marks 11" M + F: like California Quail, but not scaly below; male has black
forehead and creamy buff belly with black center patch.
CALIFORNIA QUAIL [7] Codomiz Californiana Callipepla califomica

Range Gan-Mex. Res Mex (BajCal).
Habitat Arid to moist scrub, woods edge, hedgerows, borders, thorny semi
desert.
Voice A loud, mellow cwaw, or puk-cwaw-cuk.
Marepltlan 3aUllllU..01Hlbllt1 asTOPCKll' M npaBOM

PARTRIDGES, QUAILS, RAILS, GALLJNULES 33
Field Maries lCY' Black crest plume curves forward. M: forehead broadly creamy
buff; face and throat black, white-bordered; breast gray; belly appears scaly,
cream-colored with brown center patch. F: head mostly gray, btown, and buff,
faintly streaked; breast gray; belly appears scaly, creamy buff, but no dark center
patch.
MOUNTAIN QUAIL [7] Codomiz de Montana Oreortyx plda

Range Can-Mex. Res Mex (n.BajCal).
Habitat Moist woods, open pine forests, grassy borders, hedgerows, or drier
scrub, brushy hillsides.
Voice A loud wuk or cuh-wuk.
Field Marks 11" Long, slender, back-tilted, black crest plume; white-barred
chestnut flanks; throat chestnut, bordered white; crown, hindneck, and breast
gray; back brown.
RAILS, GALLINULES-RALITOS, RASCONES-RALLIDAE
RUDDY (CRAKE) RAIL [8] Ralito Roj izo Lateral/us ruber

Range Mex-CRic. Res Mex (csPac, csAtl, Yue), Biz, Guat (Pac, Atl), ElSal.
Habitat Freshwater or salty marshes, wet grassy or sedgy ditches or ponds; may
call even when only a few feet away from a human observer.
Voice A chattering whinny.
Field Marks 6" Mostly rich reddish brown, but most of head dark gray; legs
greenish.
GRAY-BREASTED (CRAKE) RAIL [48] Rali to Pechigrfs Lateral/us exilis

Range Blz-SAm, exc EISal. Res Blz (s), Guat (ne Atl). Very rare.
Habitat Grassy ponds, marshes, wet meadows.
Field Marks 6" Like Black Rail, with barred flanks and chestnut patch on hind
neck and upper back, but head, neck, and breast much paler gray; back unspot
ted {has spots and spotty bars on wings); bill green at base.
BLACK RAIL [9] Ralito Negruzco Lateral/us jamaicensis

Range US-SAm, exc ElSal, Nie. Res/vis Mex (n.nBajCal, s.nAtl+n.cAtl), Blz
(cas? pine). Very rare andlocal.
Habitat Marshes, wet grassy fields, marshy ponds.
Voice A metallic tikee-too, repeated, or a cooing cro-cro-cro.
Field Marks 5" Mostly blackish, spotted above; flanks barred black and white;
nape and upper back dark chestnut; bill black.
CLAPPER RAIL [9] Rasc6n Picudo Rallus longirostris

Range US-Mex, Blz, SAm. Res cstl Mex (BajCal, nPac, nAtl, Yue), Blz (cstl +
cayes). Rare.
Habitat Marshes.
Field Marks 16" Like King Rail, but grayer, especially wrist patch; duller streaks
and bars.

34 RAILS, GALLINULES
KING RAJL [9] Rascon Real Raf/us elegans

Range Can-Mex. Res Mex (cPac, cHi, cAtl). Rare.
Habitat Usually large freshwater marshes, sometimes brackish areas.
Field Marks 17" Grayish brown above, black-streaked; large wrist patch dark ru
fous; throat and breast bright rufous; flanks and untacs barred black and white;
long bill.
VIRGINIA RAIL [9] Rascon Chico Roi/us limicola

Range Can-Mex, Guat, SAm. Res/win Mex (res n.nBajCal, c.cHi+sHi; win Baj
Cal, nPac, ncHi, nAtl+nw.cAtl), Guat (Hi + adj Pac). Irregular.
Habitat Marshes or marshy borders of ponds, lakes, and sluggish rivers.
Field Marks 8" Adt: Like King Rail, but much smaller; paler, duller brown throat
and breast; gray sides of face. Imm: darker; blwred blackish streaks on throat
and breast.
GRAY-NECKED WOOD-RAIL [8) Rascon Cuelligris Aramfdes cajanea

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (se.cPac+sPac, csAtl, Yue), Blz, Guat (Pac, Atl),
ElSal (w).
Habitat Freshwater or salty swamps, wooded ponds, lakes and lagoons.
Voice A loud tic-tic-tic-tic-tiree-tiree.
Field Marks 16" Gray or greenish gray upperparts, crown, neck, and breast; ru
fous nape and sides; black beUy and untacs; biU red at base, yellowish 11ear tip;
red legs.
RUFOUS-NECKED WOOD-RAIL [8] Rascon Cuellirrufo Aramides axil/aris

Range Mex-SAm, exc Guat? Res Mex (s.nPac+cPac, Yue), Blz (cstl + cayes),
ElSal (w). Ra.re.
Habitat Mostly flooded wooded areas, wooded brackish or salty lagoons, or
mangrove swamps.
Field Marks 12" Grayish above, but head, neck, breast, and sides reddish
brown; belly and untacs black; bill yellowish; legs red.
•
UNIFORM (CRAKE) RAIL [8] Rasc6n Cafe Amaurolimnas concolor

Range Mex-SA.m, exc ElSal. Res Mex (\..Y.sPac, se.cAtl+w.sAtl), Biz (s), Guat
(Atl). Very rare.
Habitat Freshwater swamps, sluggish streams in forest, swampy pond borders.
Field Maries 8" Dark reddish brown above, bright rufous below; bill greenish;
eyes red.
SORA (9] Polluela Sora Porzana carolina

Range Can-SAm. Res/win Mex (res nw.nBajCal; win all); win Blz, Guat, ElSal.
Habitat Fres.hwater or salty marshes, swamps, rice fields.
Voice A descending chatter or whinny.
Field Marks 8" Adt: brownish gray above, streaked; pale gray belo\.v, with black
throat to chest; flanks whitish barred. Juv: duller; brownish wash; throat not
black.
Mnrepvian 3al.llvlf.4CllHbll1 asropcK...,M npaBOM

RAILS, GALLINULES, SUNGREBES 35
YELLOW-BREASTED (CRAKE) RAIL [8] Polluela Palida Porzana flaviventer

Range Mex-SAm, exc Hon? Res Mex (csPac, csAtl, Yue), Blz (cas?), Guat (Pac),
ElSal (e). Very rare.
Habitat Mostly in large freshwater marshes, marshy borders of lakes, ponds.
Field Marks 4.5" Llke Yellow Rail, but much paler below; white with buff wash
on breast; black-barred flanks and untacs; sides of head gray; white line over
eye; blackish crown.
SPOTTED RAIL [8] Rascon Pinto Pordirollus maculatus

Range Mex-SAm (exc Guat?, Hon, Nie?). Res Mex (s.nPac+csPac, w.cHi+sHi,
csAtl, Yue), Blz, ElSal (cas). Rare, range may be expanding.
Habitat Secluded areas in large ma.rsbes, mostly freshwater, or ma.rshy lake
borders.
Field Maries 10" Blackish brown above with whitish streaks and spots; blackish
gray below with whitish spots and bars; bill long, green with red base.
PURPLE GALLINULE (9] Gallareta Morada Porphyrula martin/ca

Range US-SAm. Res/win Mex (s.nPac+csPac, w.cHi+sHi, Atl, Yue), Blz, Guat
(Pac, Atl), ElSal.
Habitat Freshwater to salty marshes and swamps, or marshy borders of la
goons, lakes, ponds, sluggish rivers; often swims.
Field Marks 13" Adt: head, neck, and underparts purplish, but lower belly and
untacs white; greenish olive above; pale blue frontal shield; red bill, yellow
tipped. Imm: whitish to pale brown be.low; no white on head or side. See Com
mon Moorhen.
COMMON MOORHEN [9] Gallareta Comun Gallinula chloropus

Range Can-SAm. Res/win Mex, Blz, Guat, ElSal.
Habitat Ponds, marshes, swamps.
Field .Maries 13" Adt: blackish gray above; dark bluish gray below; white side
stripe; late.ral untacs white; frontal shield red; bill tip yellow. Imm: grayish;
white side stripe.
AMERICAN COOT [9] Gallareta Gris Fulica americana

Range Can-SAm. Res/win Mex, Blz, Guat, ElSal.
Habitat Ponds, lakes, estuaries, lagoons, large freshwater or saltwater marshes
or swamps; often walks on open shores.
Field Maries 15" Adt: mostly blackish gray; bill white. Imm: paler; bill whitish.
SUNGREBES-PAJAROS CANTIL-HELIORNITHIDAE
SUNGREBE (12] Pajaro Cantil Heliomis fulica

Range Mex-SAm, exc ElSal. Res Mex (sPac, s�nAtl+csAtl, se Yue), Biz, Guat
(Pac, Atl). Rare.
Habitat Secluded ponds, canals, lagoons, sluggish rivers.
Field Marks 12" Mostly brownish gray above, pale gray be.low; heavy black

36 SUNGREBES, SUNBITTERNS, LIMPKINS, CRANES, THICK-KNEES
stripes on white to pale gray head and neck; bill rather long, reddish; toes lobed
and broadly barred.
SUNBITTERNS-PAV ITOS DE AGUA-EURYPYGIDAE
SUNBITTERN [12] Pavito de Agua Eurypyga helias

Ra.nge Mex-SAm, exc Blz, ElSal. Res Mex (extreme sc.sAtl), Guat (Atl). Very
rare.
Habitat On the ground, near forest streams, ln swamps; not a swimmer.
Field Marks 18" Head blackish, with narrow wWte streaks; upperparts barred
gray and black; neck and breast blackish; bill, legs, and neck long; two black
and chestnut bars on gray tail; spread wings show chestnut, yellow, and black.
LIMPKINS- CARAOS-ARAMIDAE
LIMPKIN [9] Carao Aramus guarauna

Range US-SAm. Res Mex (sPac, csAtl, Yue), Blz, Guat (Pac, Atl), ElSaJ.
Habitat Walking in swamps, moist or wet fields, swampy or marshy rivers or
ponds.
Voice A loud, echoing, walling or rolling cyow, or cuk-cuk-cyow; often at night.
Field Marks 28" Streaked dark brown and buff; legs, neck, and bill long; bill
dull yellowish, slightly decurved, rather blunt at tip.
CRANES-GRULLAS-GRUIDAE
SANDHILL CRANE [9] Gru lla Gris Grus canadensis

Range AK-Mex. Win Mex (nBajCal, nPac, ncHi, nAtl; ace Yue).
Habitat Large marshes, wet fields.
Voice A loud, rolling trumpeting.
Field Marks 45" Extends neck and legs in flight. Adt: medium gray, may be
stained brownish; crown red; throat whitish; bill, neck, and legs long. lmm:
mostly brown or grayish brown.
THICK-KNEES-ALCARAVANES-BURHINIDAE
DOUBLE-STRIPED THICK-KNEE (12] Alcaravan Burhinus bistriatus

Range Mex-SAm, exc Blz, Pan. Res Mex (sPac, se.cAtl+w.sAtl), Guat (Pac),
ElSal (e).
Habitat Mainly nocturnal; rough, scrubby areas, grassy fields, crop fields.
Voice Loud, echoing, cackling cries.
Field Marks 20" Like a giant plover; mostly brown, striped and mottled; crown
broadly striped; large yellow eyes; extended wing striped; short, heavy bill;
long legs.

PLOVERS 37
PLOVERS-CHORLOS-CHARADRllDAE
BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER [10) Chorlo Gris Pluvialis squatarola

Range AK-SAm. Tr/win mostly cstl Mex, Blz (cstl + cayes), Guat (Pac), ElSal
(cstl).
Habitat Coastal beaches, rocky shores, mud flats, rare on lakeshores.
Field Marks 12" Win: mottled gray above; black patch under wing (shows in
flight); pale gray below, faintly streaked; large head; thick black bill; black legs.
Sum: more contrasty above; black face and underparts, but belly and untacs
white.
AMERICAN GOLDEN-PLOVER [10] Chorlo Dorado Pluvialis dominica

Range AK-SAm. Tr Mex (all exc BajCal, nPac), Blz, Guat, ElSal. Rare.
Habitat Grassy .fields, mud flats, marshes, estuaries.
Field Marks 11" Like Black-bellied Plover, but more yellowish above; Win:
huffier below; no black patch under wing; Sum: mostly black (not white) lower
belly and untacs. (May show whitish flanks during molt; see Pacific Golden
Plover.)
PACIFIC GOLDEN-PLOVER Chorlo Pacifico Pluvialis fulva

Range AK-Mex. Win Mex (cstl nBajCal). Very rare.
Habitat Coastal marshes, estuaries, shores.
Field Marks 11" Like American Golden-Plover, but more golden above; Win:
more huffy to tawny buff on face and chest; Sum: in full breeding plumage
shows broad white stripe along sides and flanks, not just whitish flanks dur
ing molt.
COLLARED PLOVER [45] Chorlito de Collar Charadrius co/loris

Range Mex-SAm, exc Blz. Res Mex (s.nPac+csPac, cAtl+w.sAtl), Guat (Pac,
Atl), ElSal (cstl).
Habitat Coastal beaches, mud Oats, open shores of lagoons, estuaries, some
times shores of large lakes.
Field Marks 6" Adt: white forehead and throat and black crown patch and
breast band all bordered behind or at sides by rufous; white belly; slender black
bill; pinkish legs. Imm: crown not black; breast band duller, usually incomplete.
SNOWY PLOVER (10) Chorlito Alejandrino Charadrius alex.andrinus

Range Mex-SAm, exc Blz, Nie? Res/win Mex (all exc sH1), Guat (Pac, Atl), ElSal
(cstl).
Habitat Mostly coastal beaches, also mud flats, lagoon shores, lakeshores.
Field Marks 6.5" Pale browni.sh gray above; white below; black or blackish
brown forecrown; dark brown or black partial ear patch and patch on side of
chest; no breast band; legs and bill blackish.
WILSON'S PLOVER (10] Chorlito Piquigrueso Charadrius wilsonia

Range US-SAm. Res/win Mex (BajCal, Pac, Atl, Yue), Biz (cstl + cayes), Guat
(Pac, Atl), ElSal (cstl).

•
38 PLOVERS, OYSTERCATCHERS
Habitat Beaches, mud flats, coastal lagoons.

Field Marks 8" M: like summer Semipalmated Plover and F: like winter Semi
palmated Plover, but larger; slightly paler above; bill much larger, heavier, and
black; legs grayish.
SEMIPALMATED PLOVER [10] Chorlito Frailecillo Charadrius semfpalmatus

Range AK-SAm. Tr/win Mex (BajCal, Pac, cHi, Atl, Yue), Blz (cstl + cayes),
Guat (Pac, At!), EISal.
Habitat Mainly ocean beaches, also lakeshores, lagoons, mud flats.
Field Marks 7" Medium brown above; forehead, throat, collar, and most of un
derparts white; legs orange. Sum: black forecrown, eye patch, and breast band;
bill orange with black tip. Win: crown, eye patch, and breast band brown; bill
dark. Piping Plover and Snowy Plover are much paler above; Wilson's Plover has
a much larger bill.
PIPING PLOVER [10] Chorlito Chiflador Charadrius melodus

Range Can-Mex. Win Mex (nPac, ncAtl, n Yue). Rare.
Habitat Coastal beaches, mud flats, lagoons.
Field Marks 7" Like Snowy Plover, but pale gray above; ear patch much paler;
legs orange-yellow; bill heavier; Win: patch on side of chest much paler; Sum:
breast band partial in front, or complete, and extends around the hindneck; bill
orange with black tip.
KILLDEER [1 O] Tildfo Charadrius vociferus

Range AK-SAm. Res/win Mex (res BajCal, ncPac, ncHi, nAtl; win all), Blz,
Guat, ElSal.
Habitat Wet fields, open shores of ponds or lakes; often nests on gravel or
pebbles.
Voice A loud, high-pitched, somewhat squeaky kil-dee, a musical dee-it and dee
dee-dee-dee.
Field Marks 11" Brown above; white forehead, throat, collar, and most of un
derparts; two black breast bands, the upper one forming a full collar; rump, up
tacs, and much of tail salmon-colored; bill black.
MOUNTAIN PLOVER [1 O] Chorlo Llanero Charadrius montanus

Range Can-Mex. Win Mex (nBajCal, n.nPac, nHi, n.nAtl).
Habitat Farm fields, dry grassland, open plains.
Field Marks 9" Sum: brown above; white forehead, throat, and underparts;
black crown patch and line through eye; breast washed with buff, no breast
band. Win: no black on crown or through eye; usually buffier overall.
OYSTERCATCHERS-OSTREROS-HAEMATOPODIDAE
AMERICAN OYSIERCATCHER [9] Ostrero Americano Haematopus palliatus

Range US-SAm. Res/win Mex (BajCal, Pac, Atl, Yue), Blz (cstl + cayes), Guat
(Pac, Atl), ElSal.

OYSTERCATCHERS, AVOCETS, STILTS, JACANAS, SANDPIPERS 39
Habitat Rocky ocean shores, gravel beaches, mud Oats.

Field Maries 17" Long red bill; black head, neck, and chest; wing band, uptacs,
and most of underparts white. BajCal and ncPac birds have some black spots or
mottling on breast.
BLACK OYSTERCATCHER [9] Ostrero Negro Haematopus bachmani

Range AK-Mex. Res Mex (nBajCal+n.sBajCal; cas n.nPac).
Habitat Rocky ocean shores, headlands, beaches, mud Oats.
Field Marks 17" Long red bill; plumage black to blackish olive-brown.
AVOCETS, STJLTS-CANDEL EROS-RECURVI ROSTRIDAE
BLACK-NECKED STILT [9] Candelero Mexicano Himantopus mexicanus

Range US-SAm. Res/win Mex, Blz, Guat, EISal.
Habitat Mud flats, lagoons, estuaries, marsh pools, lakeshores.
Field Marks 15" Often in noisy flocks. Black above, white below; slender black
bill, may appear slightly up-curved; long legs red.
AMERICAN AVOCET [9] Piquicurvo Recurvirostra americana

Range Can-CRic, exc Nie. Res/win Mex (res nw.nBajCal, s.nHi +cHi, sw.nAtl;
tr/win all exc sHi), Biz (cas/acc?), Guat (Pac), ElSal. Rare.
Habitat Lagoons, shallow ponds, wet meadows, marsh pools.
Field Marks 19" Sum adt: mostly black and white above; white below; head and
neck cinnamon; bill slender, up-curved; legs gray. Imm +win adt: head and neck
pale gray.
JACANAS- CIRUJANOS-JACANIDAE
NOR THERN JACANA [9] Cirujano Mexicano jacana spinosa

Range US-Pan. Res Mex (s.nPac+csPac, w.cHi, s.nAtI+csAtl, Yue), Blz, Guat
(Pac, Atl), ElSal.
Habitat Marshes, swamps, ditches, ponds, lakes, lagoons.
Voice A grating, cackling chatter.
Field Marks 9" Adt: mostly chestnut above and below; black head and neck;
spread wing mostly lime-yellow. Imm: blackish above; face and underparts
white; spread wing like adult's.
SANDPIPERS-PLAYEROS, CHORLETES-SCOLOPACIDAE
GREATER YELLOWLEGS [10) Tingufs Mayor Tringa melanoleuca

Range AK-SAm. Tr/win Mex, Biz, Guat, ElSal.
Habitat Mud flats, ponds, marshy fields, lagoons, lakeshores.
Voice A loud, three-noted hew-hew-hew.
Field Marks 14" Mottled gray above; white below with many fine neck streaks;
spots and bars on sides; bill long, black, very slightly up-curved; uptacs white.
See Lesser Yellowlegs.

40 SANDPIPERS
LESSER YELLOWLEGS (10) Tingi.ifs Menor Tringa flavipes

Range AK-SAm. Win/tr Mex, Blz, Guat, ElSal.
Habitat Coastal mud flats, lakeshores, marshes, lagoons.
Voice One or two whistled notes.
Field Ma.rks 11" Llke Greater Yellowlegs, but smaller; bill shorter, straighter;
usually not as heavily marked on neck, chest, a.nd sides.
SOLITARY SANDPIPER [10) Playero Charquero Tringa solitaria

Range AK-SAm. Win/tr Mex, Blz, Guat, ElSal.
Habitat Mud flats, ponds, streams.
Field Marks 8" Dark grayish brown above, speckled with white; neck and chest
finely streaked; legs dull greenish, not yellow; much white on outer tail feathers.
WILLET(11) Playero Pihuihui Catoptrophorus semipalmatus

Range Can-SA.m. Res/win Mex (res nAtl; win/tr BajCal, Pac, ncHi, Atl, Yue),
Blz (cstl + cayes), Guat (cstl), ElSal (cstl).
Habitat Coastal beaches, mud flats, rarely lakeshores.
Field Marks 15" Striking black-and-white wing pattern in flight; bill long,
stralght, rather heavy. Win: mostly unstreaked gray neck and upperparts; un
strea.ked whitish below. Sum: mottled and streaked gray above; streaked neck
and breast.
WAN DERING TATTLER (11] Playero Sencillo Heteroscelus incanus

Range AK-SAm, exc Blz. Win Mex (BajCal, Pac), Guat (Pac), ElSal (cstl).
Habitat Rocky ocean shores and headlands.
Field Marks 10" Win: plain medium gray above and on head and breast; white
belly and untacs. Sum: fine wavy bars below; much longer bill than Surfbird.
SPOTTED SANDPIPER (11) Playero Alzacolita Actitis macularia

Range AK-SAm. Win Mex, Biz (cstl + cayes), Guat, ElSal.
Habitat Shores of ponds, lakes, streams, rivers, lagoons.
Field Marks 7" Flies with rapid, stiff, shallow wingbeats. White wing stripe
shows in flight. Win: gray above, white below; dark bill. Sum: heavy black spots
below; bill orange, black-tipped; legs yellowish.
UPLAND SANDPIPER [10) Z.arapito Ganga Bartramia longicauda

Range AK-SAm, exc ElSal. Tr Mex (csPac, Hi, Atl, Yue), Blz (cas/acc?), Guat.
Rare.
Habitat Open grassland, moist fields, open marshes.
Field Marks 12" Mottled grayish brown above; neck huffy, finely streaked; belly
and untacs white; long legs dull yellowish; short, straight, dark bill.
WHIMBREL (10) Zarapito Trinador Numenius phaeopus

Range AK-SAm. Win Mex (BajCal, Pac, Atl, Yue), Blz (cstl + cayes), Guat (cstl),
ElSal (cstl).
Habitat Coastal lagoons, mud flats, beaches (very rare on lakes, ponds).
Field Marks 17" Mottled and spotted grayish brown above; whitish below;
streaked on neck and chest; crown striped dark brown and whitish; bill long,
decurved.

SANDPIPERS 41
LONG-BILLED CURLEW [10] Zarapito Piquilargo Numenius americanus

Range Can-CRic. Win Mex (BajCal, Pac, ncHi, Atl, Yue), Blz (cayes), Guat
(Pac), ElSal (cas cstl).
Habitat Wet meadows, open marshes, coastal flats.
Field Marks 24" Rich buffy brown; mottled with black above, and streaked on
head, neck, and breast; bill very long, decurved; legs long, grayish.
HUDSONIAN GODWIT (10) Agachona Cafe Limosa haemastica

Range AK-Mex, Guat, CRic. Tr Mex (csPac, ncAtl;cas? cHi, Yue), Guat (Pac).
Very rare.
Habitat Coastal beaches, mud flats, lagoons.
Field Marks 16" Black tail; white uptacs, outer part of tail base, and wing stripe;
long, pinkish, black-tipped bill, slightly up-curved. Win: medium gray above;
pale gray to whitish below. Sum: chestnut neck and underparts, with many
narrow black bars; black above with white spots or scales.
MARBLED GODWIT (10] Agachona Real Limosa fedoa

Range Can-SAm. Win Mex (BajCal, Pac, Atl, Yue), Blz (ace}, Guat (Pac), ElSal
(cstl).
Habitat Coastal beaches, lagoons, marshes, wet fields, ponds.
Field Marks 18" Mostly rich buffy brown, mottled and barred above, streaked
on neck, and finely barred below; very long, pinkish-based bill slightly up
curved.
RUDDY TURNSTONE [11] Chorlete Comun Arenaria interpres

· Range AK-SAm. Win/tr Mex (BajCal, Pac, cHi, Atl, Yue), Blz (cstl + cayes),
Guat (cstl}, EJSal.
Habitat Beaches, mud flats, sand bars, lagoons.
Field Marks 9" Bill short, black, with fine up-curved tip; legs orange; black-and
white wing, tail, and rump pattern, in all seasons. Win: mottled brownish gray
above; white below with pale grayish patch on side of dark gray chest; usually
shows traces of summer bead pattern. Head paler than Black Turnstone's. Sum:
intricate black-and-white head pattern; mostly bright rufous wings and back,
with some black.
BLACK TURNSTONE (11] C horlete N eg ro Arenaria melanocephala

Range AK-Mex. Win Mex (BajCal, nPac).
Habitat Mainly rocky shores and headlands.
Field Marks 9" Bill and black-and-white flight pattern like Ruddy Turnstone's,
but legs dark gray. Win: like Ruddy Turnstone, but much darker head and back;
no trace of pattern on dark gray throat and breast. Sum: black back, head, and
breast, with faint white streaks and bars; white line over eye and spot at base of
bill. See Surfbird.
SURFBIRD (11] Playero de Marejada Aphriza virgata

Range AK-SAm, exc Biz. Win Mex (BajCal, Pac), Guat (Pac), ElSal (cas cstl).
Habitat Rocky ocean shores, jetties, headlands.
Field Marks 10" Bill yellowish at base, not fine-tipped; legs dull yellowish;

42 SANDPIPERS
black-and-white flight pattern, but rump a.nd lower back gray, not white with
black crossbar. Win: upperparts, head, and breast dark gray; throat and line
over eye whiter than Black Turnstone's. Sum: gray, with streaked head, upper
parts, and underparts.
RED KNOT [11] Playero Canuto Calidris canutus

Range AK-SAm, exc Blz. Win cstl Mex (BajCaJ, Pac, Atl, Yue), Guat (cstl), ElSaJ
(cstl).
Habitat Beaches, mud flats, lagoons.
Field Marks 10" Head rather large; bill medium short, rather heavy, black; legs
greenish. Win: grayish above; whitish below. Sum: streaked above; buffy reddish
brown below; black-and-white barred rump and uptacs; faint white wing bar.
SANDERLING [11] Playerito Blanco Calidris alba

Range AK-SAm. Win Mex (BajCal, Pac; cas/very rare ncHi, Atl, Yue), Blz (cstl +
cayes), Guat (cstl), ElSal (cstl).

Habitat Mainly sandy ocean beaches.
Field Marks 7" Runs into receding wave, then rapidly retreats from incoming
wave. Legs black; bill medium length, black; white wing stripe; blackish wrist
patch (may be hidden). Win: whiter, less streaked than other peeps; underparts
pure white; back pale gray, faintly streaked. Sum: streaked head, neck, breast,
and upperparts, with reddish brown wash.
SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER (11] Playerito Semipalmeado Calidris pusilla

Range AK-SAm. Tr/win Mex (nBajCal, sPac, ncAtl, Yue), Blz (cstl + cayes),
Guat (cstl), ElSal.
Habitat Ocean beaches, mud flats, lagoons.
Field Marks 6" Legs black; straight, short black bill; less brownish above and
less streaked below than corresponding plumage of Western or Least Sandpiper.
WESTERN SANDPIPER (11] Playerito Occidental Calidris mauri

Range AK-SAm. Tr/win Mex (all exc sH1), Biz (cstl + cayes), Guat (cstl), ElSal.
Habitat Ocean beaches, mud flats, lakeshores.
Field Marks 6" Legs black; longer, heavier bill (tip droops slightly) than Semi
palmated Sandpiper or Least Sandpiper. Win: mottled gray above with slight
brownish tinge; faint streaks below. Sum: mottled brownish gray above; paJe ru
fous wash on scapulars, ear patch, and crown; many fine streaks below.
LEAST SANDPIPER [11] Playerito Mfnimo Calidris minutilla

Range AK-SAm. Win/tr Mex, Blz (cstl + cayes), Guat, ElSal.
Habitat Ocean beaches, mud flats, lakeshores, estuaries.
Field Marks 6" Legs dull yellowish; bill short, slender. Win: brownish gray
above; white below, with finely streaked brownish breast band. Sum: mottled
black and brownish above; fine streaks on brownish neck and breast. Browner
than Semipalmated Sandpiper; more slender-billed than Western Sandpiper.
WHITE-RUMPED SANDPIPER [11] Playerito de Rabadilla Blanca Calidris fuscicollis

Range AK-SAm, exc ElSal. Tr Mex (Atl, Yue), Blz, Guat (Atl). Rare.
Habitat Coastal beaches, mud flats; lakeshores, marsh pools.

SANDPIPERS 43
Field Marks 7" Rump and uptacs white; legs blackish. Win: grayer and paler
than in summer. Sum: mottled brownish gray above; whlte below with streaked
brownish gray breast.
BAIRD'S SANDPIPER (11) Playerito de Baird Colidris boirdii

Range AK-SAm, exc Blz. Tr Mex, Guat, EISal (ace cstl). Rare.
Habitat Lakeshores, marshes, wet meadows, riverbeds.
Field Marks 7" Longer-billed and larger than Least Sandpiper; bill and legs
black; mottled above, scaly black and buffy; pale grayish brown streaked breast;
folded wings extend well beyond tall tip.
PECTORAL SANDPIPER [11] Playero Manchado Calidris melanotos

Range AK-SA.m. Tr Mex, Biz, Guat, ElSal. Rare.
Habitat Lakeshores, marsh pools, wet or dry grassy fields.
Field Marks 9" Mottled grayish brown above; belly and untacs white; breast ap
pears dark and contrasty, with narrow black streaks on pale brown; legs dull
greenish.
DUNLIN [11) Playerlto lomo Rojo Calidris olpino

Range AK-Pan, exc EISal, Hon, Nie. Win Mex (mainly BajCal, nPac, nAtl, Yue),
Guat (Pac).
Habitat Beaches, marshes, mud flats, wet grassy fields.
Field Marks 8" Bill medium long, decurved near tip; legs black. Win: faintly
streaked gray breast and upperparts; white belly. Sum: mottled rufous above;
whitish below with fine black breast streaks and large black belly patch.
STILT SANDPIPER [10] Playero Zanc6n Calidris himantopus

Rar1ge AK-SAm, exc Biz? Tr/win Mex (all exc BajCal), Guat, ElSal.
Habitat Coastal mud flats, lagoons, lakeshores, marshes.
Field Marks 9" Rather long slender black bill; long grayish green legs; small
head. Win: gray above and on breast; mostly whlte below; uptacs whlte. Sum:
mottled dark brown; heavily streaked breast; barred belly and uptacs; trace of
rufous on head.
BUFF-BREASTED SANDPIPER [11] Playerito Pradero Tryngites subruficollis

Range AK-SAm. Tr Mex (Atl, Yue), Blz, Guat (Atl), ElSal (ace). Rare.
Habitat Moist grassy fields, dry upland fields, open grassy marshes.
Field Marks 8" Entire underparts rich buff; scaly black and buff mottling
above; bill short, black; legs yellowish; underwings mostly white; head small.
See Red Knot.
SHORT-BIUED DOWITCHER [10] Agachona Marino Limnodromus griseus

Range AK-SAm. Win Mex (BajCal, Pac, Atl, Yue), Biz (cstl + cayes), Guat (cstl},
ElSal.
Habitat Lagoons, coastal marshes, beaches.
Voice A loud chew-chew-chtnv. See Long-billed Dowitcher.
Field Maries 11" Wedge-shaped, long, white rump-and-lower-back patch; very
long bill. Win: gray upperparts and breast; whitish belly and untacs; faint bars
on flanks. Sum: mottled black and buffy brown above; reddish brown below,

44 SANDPIPERS
except whitish belly; spots and short bars on breast, sides, flanks; narrow black
and-white tail bars.
LONG-BILLED DOWITCHER (10] Agachona Piquilarga Limnodromus scolopaceus

Range AK-Pan, exc Hon, Nie. Win Mex (all exc sHi, Yue), Blz (cstl + cayes),
Guat (Pac), ElSal (ace).
Habitat Lakeshores, marshes, lagoons.
Voice A weak tleek or tleek-tleek.
Field Marks 12" Like Short-billed Dowitcher, but bill averages longer; Sum:
usually richer reddish brown below (including belly); more and longer bars (net
spots) on breast, sides, and flanks; tail blacker (broader black bars).
COMMON SNIPE (11] Agachona Comun Gallinago gallinago

Range AK-SAm. Win Mex, Biz, Guat, ElSal.
Habitat Marshes, wet fields, stream banks.
Voice A rasping crepe note.
Field Marks 10" Erratic flight. BUI very long; legs short; head striped; neck,
back, and breast heavily streaked black and white; tail orange and black.
WILSON'S PHALAROPE (11) Chorl i llo Piquilargo Pholaropus tricolor

Range AK-SAm, exc Biz. Tr Mex, Guat, ElSal.
Habitat Walking or swimming in shallows of lakes, ponds, marsh pools.
Field Marks 9" Bill long, very slender. Win: plain pale gray above, with dark
gray wings; white below; pale gray eye stripe and crown; tail whitish, uptacs
white; no wing stripes. Sum F: pale gray crown, hindneck, and most of back and
scapulars; white below; black eye patch joins blackish and reddish brown streak
down side of neck onto back and scapulars; pale rufous foreneck. Sum M: duller;
rufous wash on neck, back.
RED-NECKED PHALAROPE (11] Chorlillo Piquifino Phalaropus Jobatus

Range AK-SAm, exc Biz? Win/tr Mex (BajCal, Pac, very rare/cas ncHi, n Yue),
Biz (ace?), Guat (Pac), EISal (cas cstl).
Habitat Malnly coastal, and in 3-mile waters; swimming In lagoons, estuaries,
bays; rare far inland.
Field Marks 7" Win: like Wilson's Phalarope, but bill shorter; central uptacs
dark; whitish wing stripe and back stripes; black hindcrown and nape. Sum
F: dark gray to blacklsh above with buffy to whitish stripes; white below with
pale gray sides; blackish crown to ear patch; broadly white throat; rufous sides
of neck and bib. Sum M: slightly paler, duller.
RED PHALAROPE [11] Ch orl ill o Piquigrueso Phalaropus fulicaria

Range AK-SAm, exc Blz, Etsal, Hon. Win/tr Mex (BajCal, Pac; very rare/cas
ncHi), Guat (Pac).
Habitat Common at sea, rare near coast, very rare inland; swims in open
ocean, bays, estuaries.
Field Marks 8" Win: like Northern Phalarope, but plain gray above, wing stripe
but no back stripes; forecrown white, not black; bill thicker. Sum F: mottled
scaly black and buff above; black crown and throat; broadly white face; under-
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SANDPIPERS, SKUAS, JAEGERS, GULLS, TERNS 45
parts and most of neck dark rufous; legs yellowish; bill yellowish, black-tipped.
Sum M: paler and duller.
SKUAS, JAEGERS-SALTEADORES-STERCORARllDAE
POMARINE JAEGER Salteador Pomarino Stercorarius pomarinus

Range AK-SAm, exc EISal. Tr /win Mex (BajCal, Pac, Atl, Yue; ace nHi), Biz
(ace), Guat (cstl).
Habitat Open ocean, or near offshore islands; very rare in 3-mile waters.
Field Maries 22" Like Parasitic Jaeger, but larger, heavier, with heavier bill; more
contrasty white at base of primaries above; Adt: extended central tail feathers
twisted, with broad rounded tip. Light morph adt: heavier barring on sides,
darker breast band. Dark morph adt: top and sides of head uniform blackish
brown.
PARASITIC JAEGER (I] Salteador Parasite Stercorarius parasiticus

Range AK-SAm, exc ElSal. Tr/win Mex (BajCal, Pac, Atl, Yue; ace nHi}, Blz
(ace), Guat (cstl).
Habitat Open ocean, or near offshore islands; rare in 3-mile waters.
Field Marks 20" Wings strongly a.ngled in flight; whitish wing patch (white at
base of primaries) more noticeable below than above. Light morph adt: dark
grayish brown above; black crown; yellow and white side of face and collar;
mostly white below, with plain pale gray sides a.nd breast band; central tail
feathers somewhat extended, narrow and pointed at tip. Dark morph adt: very
dark brown; face and throat slightly paler; crown black. Imm: dark above; nar
rowly barred below; central tail feathers barely extended. .
GUUS, TERNS-G AVIOTAS, CHARRANES-LARIDAE
LAUGHING GULL [I] Gaviota Risqueiia Larus atricilla

Range Can-SAm. Res/win Mex (nPac+n.cPac, Atl, Yue; win BajCal, csHi), Blz
(cstJ + cayes), Guat, ElSal.
Habitat Estuaries, bays, lagoons, large lakes.
Field Maries 16" No white on wingtip. Sum adt: mostly white, including tail;
head all black; bill red; dark gray back and wings; black wingtips. Win adt: black
bill; head mostly white, with gray around eye to nape. 1st win: dark brownish
gray above; gray breast, white beJJy; mostly black tajl (including outer tail feath
ers), with white tail base and uptacs.
FRANKLIN'S GULL Gaviota Apipizca Larus pipixcan

Ra.nge Can-SAm. Tr Mex (all, but rare BajCal, nPac, Yue), Blz (cstl + cayes),
Guat (Pac), EISal.
Habitat Coastal waters, or ponds, lakes, or migrating in swirling flocks over
open areas far from water.
Field Marks 15" Like Laughing Gull, but Sum adt: redder legs, black bar on
white wingtip; Win adt: larger and darker dark area on hindcrown, nape, and

46 GULLS, TERNS
around eye; 1st win: paler and grayer above; white outer tail feathers; tall base
more broadly white.
BONAPARTE'S GULL [Ill] Gaviota Menor Larus philadelphia

Range AK-Mex, ElSal, CRic, Pan. Win Mex (BajCal, nPac, nHi+n.cHi, Atl,
Yue), ElSal (cas cstl).
Habitat Coastal waters and large lakes.
Field Marks 14" Like Laughing Gull, but Sum adt: much paler wings and back;
very broadly white wingtips, edged black; black bill; bright red legs; Win adt:
black bar on ear patch on otherwise white head; Imm: like winter adult, but tall
white with narrow terminal band; pinkish legs; white and black wingtips, black
trailing edge of wings, and blackish bar on upperwing coverts.
HEERMANN'S GULL (I] Gaviota Oscura Larus heermanni

Range Can-Mex, Guat. Res/win Mex (res BajCal, nPac; win csPac), Guat (Pac).
Habitat Coastal waters, lagoons, estuaries, beaches.
Field Marks 17" Adt: dark pearly gray to blackish gray; paler below and on
rump, with white head (mottled in winter) and red bill; blackish flight feathers;
black tail with narrow white tip band. 1st win: very dark brown; bill flesh
colored with black tip.
MEW GULL [Ill] Gaviota Piquicorta Larus canus

Range AK-Mex. Win Mex (w.nBajCal). Rare.
Habitat Coastal waters, beaches, bays.
Field Marks 16" Like Ring-billed Gull, but Adt: slender yellow bill not black
marked; eyes dark; more white on black wingtip; 1st win: paler and grayer back
and wings; tall mostly blackish with grayish brown baned uptacs; 2nd win: bill
duller; dark tail band narrower and spottier.
RING-BILLED GULL [I] Gaviota Pin ta Larus delawarensis

Range Can-CRic, exc Nie. Win Mex (all exc sHi), Biz (ace), Guat (Pac), EISal
(cstl).
Habitat Coastal waters, harbors, bays; large inland lakes.
Field Marks 18" Sum adt: white head, tail, and underparts; black patch on
yellow bill; black wingtips with two white spots; legs yellow; eyes white. Win
adt: crown and hlndneck lightly mottled. 1st win: profusely small-spotted or
mottled head, breast, and wlng coverts; tail mottled grayish with broad black
tail band. 2nd win: somewhat more heavily mottled than winter adult, and
rather narrow black tail band near tip.
CALIFORNIA GULL [Ill] Gaviota Califomiana Larus californicus

Range Can-Mex, ElSal. Win Mex (BajCal, ncPac), ElSal (cas cstl).
Habitat Beaches, lagoons, harbors, or over open ocean.
Field Maries 21" Like Ring-billed Gull, but larger, slightly darker; Sum adt: bill
has small red and black spot near tip, not a black patch; Win adt: more and
heavier streaks on head and neck; 1st win: much darker, browner, and more
mottled, especially on back and belly; tail blackish brown; feet pinkish; 2nd
win: much darker on back and wings; all-blackish tail. See also Herring Gull.

GULLS, TERNS 47
HERRING GULL [Ill] Gaviota Plateada Larus argentatus

Range AK-Pan. Win Mex (BajCal, Pac, Atl, Yue), Blz (cstl + cayes), Guat (cstl),
ElSal (cstl).
Habitat Sandy or rocky seashores, lagoons, harbors, bays, Jakes.
Field Marks 24" Legs and feet pink at all ages; adults much paler above than
Western Gull, about the same as California Gull, and darker than Glaucous
winged Gull. Sum adt: small red bill spot; little white in wingtip; eyes yellow.
Win adt: heavily mottled or streaked on head, neck, upper back, and breast;
darker and browner than other large gulls in our area. 1st win: heavily streaked
and mottled dark grayish brown; blackish tail; dark, barred uptacs; all-black
bill. 2nd win: paler and slightly grayer than first winter, with whitis.h uptacs
and tail base; bill yellowish with black patch at tip.
THAYER'S GULL Gaviota de Thayer Larus thayeri

Range AK-Mex. Win Mex (BajCal, nPac; ace n.nAtl).
Habitat Coastal waters, bays, lagoons, beaches.
Field Marks 23" Like Herring Gull, but all plumages paler and grayer; Sum adt:
more white and little black on pale gray wingtips.
YELLOW-FOOTED GUU Gaviota de Cortez Larus livens

Range AK-Mex. Res/win Mex (res e BajCal, n.nPac; win cPac).
Habitat: Mostly coastal bays, lagoons, beaches, rocky areas.
Field Marks 23" Like Western Gull, but Adt: yellow legs and feet; 1st win: much
whiter head and underparts with much less mottling; blacker back; 2nd win:
much blacker wings.
WESTE.RN GULL [Ill] Gaviota Occidental Larus occidentalis

Range Can-Mex. Res/win Mex (BajCal, n.nPac; cas ncPac).
Habitat Coastal waters, bays, lagoons, beaches.
Field Marks 23" Adt: white (with faint dark streaks on head and neck in winter),
with blackish gray mantle; one white spot in black wingtip; red spot on yellow
bill; pinkish legs; yellow eyes. 1st win: head, back, wings, and underparts heav
ily mottled dark grayish brown; legs dull pinkish; bill mostly black, paler at
base; tail black. 2nd win: very dark gray to black on back; contrasty black sec
ondaries and brownish wing coverts; bill yellow with black patch at tip.
GLAUCOUS-WINGED GUU [111) Gaviota Aliglauca Larus glaucescens

Range AK-Mex. Win Mex (BajCal, n.nPac).
Habitat Ocean bays, harbors, beaches, lagoons.
Field Maries 24" Like Herring Gull, but immature plumages much paler and
grayer. Adt: slightly paler back and wings; wingtips pale gray like the rest of the
wing, and white spots with no black. 1st and 2nd win: differ from all other sim
ilar large gulls in our area in having very pale brownish gray tail, not white or
blackish.
BLACK-LEGGED KITTIWAKE [Ill] Rissa Patinegra Risso tridacty/a

Ra nge AK-Mex. Wln Mex (w BajCal; very rare/cas nPac).
Habitat Mainly open ocean waters; rare and irregular in 3-mile waters.
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48 GULLS, TERNS
Field Marks 17" Black legs; notched tail. Sum adt: white, except pale gray
mantle and black wingtips; black legs; yellow bill; tail notched. Win adt: simi
lar, but grayish smudge from ear patch to hindcrown. 1st win: blackish band
across hindneck or upper back area; black-mottled wing coverts and black outer
primaries forming a black M pattern from one wingtip to the other; black tall
tip band; black bill. See Bonaparte's Gull and Sabine's Gull.
SABINE'S GULL [Ill] Gavi ota Collhendida Xema sabini

Range AK-SAm, exc Blz, Hon. Tr/win Mex (BajCal, Pac), Guat (Pac), ElSal (cstl).
Habitat Mainly open ocean and offshore islands; rare near shore.
Field Marks 14" Buoyant flight. Tail forked; dark M pattern on spread wings;
legs black. Adt: mostly white, but bill black with yellow tip; head dark slate gray
(white with grayish hindcrown and nape smudge in winter); wing coverts and
back mostly da.rk gray; long black patch from wrist to wingtip. 1st win: hind
crown, hindneck, back, and most wing coverts dark brownish gray; black tail
tip band; pale gray legs; all-black bill. See Bonaparte's Gull and Black-legged
Kitti wake.
GULL-BILLED TERN [II] Charran Piquigrueso Sterno nilotica

Range US-SAm. Res/win Mex (res nPac, ncAtl; win BajCaJ, csPac, sAtl, Yue); vis
Blz (cstl + cayes), Guat (cstl), ElSal (cstl). Rare, local.
Habitat Marshes, lagoons, tidal pools, sandbars, mainly coastal.
Field Marks 14" Sum adt: mostly white, but crown, nape, legs, and heavy bill
black; wings and back pale gray; tail notched. Win adt: forehead and most of
crown white; faint gray streaks on hindcrown and nape. Juv: head and back
white to pale gray, faintly streaked and mottled.
CASPIAN TERN [II] Charran Caspico Stema caspia

Range Can-SAm, exc ElSal. Res/win Mex (res BajCal, Pac, Atl, Yue; win cHi);
win Blz (cstl + cayes), Guat (cstl), ElSal.
Habitat Beaches, sandbars, bays, lagoons, sandy islands in lakes.
Field Marks 22" Like Royal Tern, but Sum adt: bill heavier, redder; outer pri
maries more broadly dark below; legs longer; tail not as deeply forked; wingtips
extend well beyond tail tip in perched bird; Win+i1n1n: forehead, forecrown,
eye patch, as well as hindcrown and nape, mottled blackish, not white.
ROYAL TERN [I] Charran Real Sterno maxima

Range US-SAm. Res/vis Mex, Blz (cstl + cayes), Guat (Pac, Atl), ElSal (est!).
Habitat Lagoons, estuaries, sandbars, beaches.
Field Marks 20" Sum adt: mostly white, with black forehead, crown, and nape;
pale gray back and wings, but outer primaries dark gray above, mostly white be
low; legs short, black; bill rather heavy, bright orange. Win adt: forehead and
forecrown white; black nape c.rest. Juv: like winter adult, but back and wings
white with pale grayish brown mottling.
ELEGANT TERN [II] Charran Elegante Stema elegans

Range US-SAm, exc Blz, Hon. Sum/win Mex (sum BajCal, nPac; tr/win csPac);
tr/win Guat (Pac), ElSal (cstl).

•
GULLS, TERNS 49
Habitat Coast or islands near shore, beaches, sandbars, lagoons.

Field Marks 17" Like Royal Tern, but slender bill; longer ragged crest; dark on
hindneck in winter extends farther forward (to front of crown).
SANDWICH TERN [II] Charran de Sandwich Sterno sondvicensis

Range US-SAm. Res/win cstl Mex (csPac, Atl, Yue), Biz (cstl + cayes), Guat
(Pac, Atl), ElSal (cstl). Rare.
Habitat Offshore islands, coastal waters, beaches, estuaries.
Field Marks 16" Like Royal Tern, but bill slender, black with yellow tip; very
short rounded crest; Juv: pale gray back and wings.
ROSEATE TERN Charran Rosado Sterno dougallii

Range US-Blz, EISal, Hon. Tr Mex (ne Yue), sum Blz (cayes), tr ElSal (ace). Rare.
Habitat Sandy islands, cayes, beaches, sandbars.
Field Marks 16" Like Forster's Tern, with deeply forked tail, but tail extends
even farther beyond wingtips in perched bird and is white (tipped gray in juve
niJe), 1wt all gray; bill mostly black, with orange only at base, not mostly orange
with black tip; Win+ juv: more black on crown and nape (as in winter Common
Tern).
COMMON TERN [II] Charran C o mun Stema hirundo

Range AK-SAm. Tr/win Mex, Blz (cstl + cayes), Guat (cstl), EJSal (cstl).
Habitat Coastal waters and ocean, bays, lagoons, estuaries.
Field Marks 15" Sum adt: mostly white, with pale gray back; upper surface of
wings pale gray with a wedge-shaped blackish patch near wingtip; forehead,
crown, and nape black; deeply forked tail; red legs; red bill with (usually) black
tip. Imm+win adt: bill all black; black on head from eye to rundcrown to nape;
blackish strip on upper side of leading edge of wing from wrist to shoulder.
FORSTER'S TERN [II] Charran de Forster Sterno forsteri

Range Can-CRic. Res/win Mex (res n.nBajCaJ, n.nAtJ; win BajCa1, Pac,
sw.nHi+cHi, Atl, Yue), Blz (cas/acc), Guat (Pac), EISal.
Habitat Lakes, ocean beaches, rocky shores, lagoons.
Field Marks 15" Like Common Tern, but tail grayish, more deepl.y forked; pri
maries whitish; no wedge-shaped patch near wingtip; Imm+win adt: no black
wing bar from shoulder to wrist; black patch through eye, not on nape.
LEAST TERN [II] Charran Mfnimo Sterno ontillarum

Range US-SAm, exc Nie. Res/sum/tr cstl Mex (res cPac; sun1/tr BajCaJ, Pac, Atl,
Yue), Biz (cstl + cayes), Guat (Pac, Atl), ElSal. Rare.
Habitat Ocean beaches, lagoons, estuaries, lakeshores, sandbars.
Field Marks 9" Like Common Tern, but much smaller; outer primaries black;
forehead white; Sum adt: bill almost all yellow, with small black area at tip; legs
yellowish.; Imm: Sum, legs black; juv: legs yellowish.
BRIDLED TERN Charran Collarejo Sterno onoethetus

Range Mex, Blz, CRlc, Pan, SAm. Sum Mex (cstl s.nPac+cPac, e Yue), Blz
(cayes), EISal (cas cstl).

50 GULLS, TERNS
Habitat Small rocky islands in 3-mile waters, beaches, estuaries, ocean.

Field Marks 14" Adt: like Sooty Tern, with a white forehead and (slightly paJer
and browner) dark crown and mantle, but white of forehead extending in a
short line above and behind eye; outer tail feathers more whitish; usually a
grayish collar around the hindneck.Juv: Like adult, with all-whitish underparts
and dark above, but back and upper surface of wing somewhat paler and rathe1
scaly; crown and hindneck much paler. Not like the nearly all-dark juvenile
Sooty Tern.
SOOTY TERN [II] Charran Oscuro Sterno fuscata

Range US-SAm. Tr /sum Mex (sBajCal, s.nPac+csPac, n+e Yue), Biz (cstl +
cayes), Guat (cstJ), ElSal (cas cstl).
Habitat Rare away from nest islands; over open ocean, rocky or sandy shores,
small islands and cayes.
Field Marks 16" Black above, except white forehead and white edges of deeply
forked black tail; white below; bill and legs black. Juv: blackish brown, except
whitish lower belly and untacs, faintly speckled back and wings, and pale gray
underwing coverts.
BLACK TERN [I] Charran Negro Chlidonios niger

Range Can-SAm. Tr /win Mex, Blz (cstl + cayes), Guat, ElSal (cstl).
Habitat 3-mile waters and offshore, also lakes, rivers, marshes.
Field Marks 10" Medium gray back and wings and (forked) tail; black bill. Sum
adt: black head and underparts, except white untacs. Win adt: mostly white,
with black hindneck to ear patch and eye. Imm: like w1nter adult, but back
mottled brownish. Patchy molting or subadult birds are numerous.
BROWN NODDY [II] Charran Pardelo Anous stolidus

Range US-SAm. Sum Mex (s.nPac+nw.cPac, n+e Yue), Blz (cayes), EISal (ace),
Guat (ace? Pac?, Atl?).
Habitat Mainly open ocean, offshore islands, also 3-mile waters; also bays,
rocky headlands.
Field Marks 15" Dark brown, with pale gray to whitish nape to forehead;
wedge-shaped tail very long, tip slightly notched. lmrn: forehead and crown
much darker, with narrow whitish line from bill to eye.
BLACK SKIMMER [I] Rayador Negro Rynchops niger

Range US-SAm. Res/win Mex (BajCal, Pac, ncHi, Atl, Yue), Biz (cstl), Guat,
ElSal.
Habitat Mainly quiet coastal waters, lagoons, estuaries, sandbars; also lakes,
rivers.
Field Marks 18" To catch small fish or invertebrates, the bird holds bill open as
it flies along with knifelike lower mandible cutting the water surface. Mostly
black above, white below; bill long, bladelike, red with black tip, lower man
dible longer than upper; legs red. Imm: mottled brown and g.ray above.

AUKLETS, MURRES, PIGEONS, DOVES 51
AUKLETS, MURRES-ALCUELAS, ALCITAS-ALCIDAE
COMMON MURRE Alcuela Grande Uria aalge

Range AK-Mex. Win Mex (nw.nBajCal).
Habitat Open ocean or offshore islands; very rare in 3-mile waters.
Field Marks 17" Sum: black above, white below, with all-black head a.nd upper
neck. Win: throat and sides of head and neck white; narrow black line down
from eye and aJong rear of ear patch.
XANTUS'S MURRELET [I] Alcita de Xantus Synthliboramphus hypoleucus

Range Can-Mex. Res/win off Mex (res BajCal; win nPac).
Habitat Open ocean or islands; ve.ry rare in 3-mile waters.
Field Marks 10" Black above; white below (includ.ing underwings) except nar
rowly blackish sides, which show best when Wings are raised; ear patch, eye
crescents, and partial line above eye white in Mexican race (hypoleucus), but
mostly black, except white eye crescents, in California race (scripps1).
CRAVERl'S MURRELET Alcita de C raveri Synth/lboramphus craveri

Ra.nge US-Mex. Res/win off Mex (BajCal, nPac).
Habitat Open ocean (or Gulf of California) or islands; very rare in 3-mlle
waters.
Field Marks 10" Li.ke Xantus's Murrelet, but more extensively black on sides;
much darker, and mottled, underwings; bill longer.
CASSIN'S AUKLET Alcita Oscura Ptychoramphus aleuticus

Range AK-Mex. Res off Mex (w Baj Cal).
Habitat Mostly open ocean or islands; very rare in 3-mile waters, rocky coasts.
Field Marks 9" Compact, stub-tailed; blackish gray above; dark gray throat,
breast, sides, and flanks; belly and untacs white; bill short, thick, with pale spot
at base of lower mandible; eye crescents white and eyes whitish.
RHINOCEROS AUKLET Alcuela Rinoceronte Cerorhinco monocerata

Range AK-Mex. Win Mex (w BajCal).
Habitat Mostly open ocean; rare in 3-mile waters; bays, headlands; surface div
ing, seldom flying.
Field Marks 14" Win adt: dark gray, with lighter giay throat, breast, and sides;
belly whitish; thick yellowish bill. Sum adt: two white face plumes; bill orange
yellow, with basal knob.
PIGEONS, DOVES-PALOMAS-COLUMBIDAE
ROCK DOVE Paloma Domenica Columbo livia

Range AK-SAm. Res Mex, Blz, Guat, ElSal.
Habitat Cities, towns, villages, farms.
Field Marks 13" Variable; white to nearly black, variegated or uniform; many
individuals are close to the wild type-mostly medium bluish gray, with irides-

52 PIGEONS, DOVES
cent green and purple collar; two broad black wing bars; white rump; broad
black tail-tip band; legs red.
PALE-VENTED PIGEON [12] Paloma Ventriclara Columbo coyennensis

Range Mex-SAm, exc ElSal. Res Mex (sAtl, se Yue), Blz, Guat (Atl). Rare.
Habitat Treetops in humid forest or flying over large cleared areas in patchy
forest.
Field Marks 13" M: pwplish red; shading to dark bluish gray on rump; hind
neck bronzy green; sides of head gray; throat, belly, and untacs whitish. F:
duller. See Short-billed Pigeon.
SCALED PIGEON [12) Paloma Escamosa Columbo specioso

Range Mex-SAm, exc ElSal. Res Mex (se.cAtl +sAtl, e Yue), Biz, Guat (Atl).
Habitat Treetops or flying over dense forest.
Field Marks 13" M: head and most of upperparts purplish and chestnut; upper
back, collar, and breast scaly black and rufous; belly and untacs scaly white and
purplish; legs purplish. F: duller; more reddish brown above; less reddish tinge
below.
WHITE-CROWNED PIGEON [18) Paloma Coroniblanca Columbo leucocephalo

Range US-Mex, Blz, Hon, Pan. Res Mex (cstl e Yue), Biz (cstl + cayes).
Habitat Mangroves, humid forest, second growth.
Field Marks 13" M: blackish purple, but crown and forehead white; hindneck
barred green; bill red, pale-tipped. F: crown whitlsh. lmm: crown dark.
RED-BILLED PIGEON (18) Paloma Morada Columbo flavirostris

Range US-CRic. Res Mex (Pac, Atl, Yue), Blz, Guat (Pac, Atl), EISal.
Habitat Woodlots, forest borders, hedgerows, scrubby woods.
Field Marks 13" Head, neck, and breast purplish rufous, shading to grayish
brown back and to dark bluish gray wings, rump, belly, untacs, and tail; bill red,
with yelJow tip; legs red.
BAND-TAILED PIGEON [18) Paloma Ocotera Columbo foscioto

Range Can-SAm, exc Biz. Res Mex (n.nBajCal, Hi), Guat (Hi), ElSal.
Habitat Mountain pine or pine-oak woods.
Field Marks 14" Dark bluish gray and paler gray above, with greenish scaled up
per back; white band across nape; head and breast purplish gray; tail black,
with somewhat indistinct broad gray tail-tip band; belly and untacs white; legs
and black-tipped bill yelJow.
SHORT-BILLED PIGEON [12) Paloma Oscura Columbo nigrirostris

Range Mex-SAm, exc ElSal. Res Mex (se.cAtl +s.sAtl), Blz, Guat (Atl).
Habitat Treetops, in dense humid forest.
Voice Like human voices murmuring waddle, wat-wat-waddle; pitch of last
waddle may be higher or lower.
Field Marks 12" Dull grayish purple head and underparts; tail and upperparts
dark grayish brown; bill black; eyes red; legs dull red.

PIGEONS, DOVES 53
SPOTTED DOVE Paloma Pintada Streptopelia chinensis

Range US-Mex. Res Mex (extreme n.nBajCal).
Habitat Suburban gardens, borders, hedgerows.
Field Marks 12" Like Mourning Dove, but darker above; more contrasty ma
roon breast and pale gray head; more rounded tail with broader white feather
tips; Adt: hindneck and sides of neck black with many small wWte spots; Imm:
faint spotting on hindneck.
WHITE-WINGED DOVE [18] Paloma Aliblanca Zenaida asiatica

Range US-SAm. Res/win Mex, Blz (n), Guat, ElSal.
Habitat Semidesert, scrubby woods, hedgerows, farm fields.
Voice Hoo-hoot-hoo-hoo-oo ("who cooks for you?").
Field Marks 12" Grayish brown above; paler, buf.fier head and underparts;
white patch shows on folded wing and even more prominently on extended
wing; tail broadly white-cornered; bill black.
ZENAIDA DOVE (12] Paloma Zenaida Zenaida aurita

Range Mex (+Antilles). Res Mex (cstl n Yue).
Habitat Scrubby woods, palm groves, mangroves.
Field Marks 11" Like Mourning Dove, but white wing bar; shorter, rounded tail
gray-tipped, not white-tipped. Like White-winged Dove, but more reddish
brown; white wing bar, but no white wing patch; tail corners gray, not white.
MOURNING DOVE Paloma Huilota Zenaida macroura

Range Can-Pan. Res/win Mex (res BajCal, ncPac, ncHi, nAtl; win all), Biz,
Guat, EISal.
Habitat Scattered trees, hedge.rows, patchy woods and farms, semidesert,
grassy brushy plains.
Field Marks 12" Brownish gray above, with darker wings; grayish buff below;
long, narrow wedge-shaped tail, with tall feathers gray at base, white-tipped.
INCA DOVE (18] Tortolrta Colilarga Columbina inca

Range US-CRic, exc Blz. Res Mex (Pac, Hi, ncAtJ+w.sAtl), Guat (exc n), ElSal.
Habitat Gardens, farmyards, hedgerows, woodland borders.
Voice An abrupt coo-cote.
Field Marks 8" Brownish gray above, paler below; liberally scaly above and be
low; tip and sides of long tail white; rufous wing patch.
COMMON GROUND-DOVE [18] Tortolita Comun Columblna passerina

Range US-SAm. Res Mex (all exc some nHi and most sAtl), Blz (n), Guat
(exc n), EISal.
Habitat Scrubby woods, borders, hedgerows, vacant lots, farmyards.
Voice Repeated hoo-ut
Field Marks 6.5" Grayish; paler on head and below; slightly scaly head and
breast; tail short, rounded, with little white; rufous and black flight feathers;
folded wings spotted; red bill black-tipped. M: bluish on nape, pinkish on face
and below.
Mnrepvian 3al.llvlf.4CllHbll1 asropcK.,,M npaBOM

54 PIGEONS, DOVES
PLAIN-BREASTED GROUND-DOVE [12] Tortolita Pechilisa Columbina minuta

Range Mex-SAm, exc Hon. Res Mex (csPac, se.cAtl+w.sAtl), Blz, Guat (Pac,
Atl), ElSal (w). Rare, local, irregular.
Habitat Hedgerows, savannas, woodland borders.
Field Marks 6" Plumage and voice like Common Ground-Dove's, but no scaly
marks or spots on head or breast; few spots on folded wing.
RUDDY GROUND-DOVE [12] Tortolita Rojiza Columbina talpacot/

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (c.nPac-sPac, s.nAtl+csAtl, Yue), Blz, Guat (Pac,
Atl), ElSal.
Habitat Parks, gardens, woodland borders, farms, orchards, hedgerows, open
brushy grassy fields.
Field Marks 7" Like Plain-breasted and Common Ground-Doves, but much
more rufous and lacks breast marks of the latter. M: rich reddish brown with
bluish head. F: paler, more grayish brown; head not bluish; wing spots black.
Birds of ncAtl paler, duller.
BLUE GROUND-DOVE [12] Tortola Azul Claravis pretiosa

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (sPac, s.nAtl+csAtl, Yue), Biz, Guat (Pac, Atl), ElSal.
Rare.
Habitat Patchy humid forest and fields; flies rapidly near ground, usually
paired.
Voice A series of quiet single hoot notes and lon,g pauses.
Field Marks 8" M: pale powder blue-gray, with black tail sides and wing spots.
F: brownish; like female Ruddy Ground-Dove, but wing spots reddish brown;
seldom seen apart from male.
(MAROON-CHESTED) MONDETOURA GROUND-DOVE (12] Tortola Oscura

Claravis mondetoura
Range Mex-SAm, exc Blz, Nie. Res Mex (sPac, csHi, csAtl), Guat (Hi + adj Pac,
Atl), ElSal (ace n). Very rare, irregular.
Habitat Cloud forest or other humid forest undergrowth.
Field Marks 8" Like Blue Ground-Dove, but tail broadly white-cornered; M:
purplish breast; gray sides and flanks; white belly; F: dark purplish wing spots.
WHITE-TIPPED DOVE [18] Paloma Perdiz Leptotila veffeauxi

Range US-SAm. Res Mex (Pac+Atl +adj Hi, Yue), Blz, Guat, ElSal.
Habitat Undergrowth, from scrubby woods to dense forest.
Voice A very low-pitched, unobtrusive, mournfuJ 00-000, ascending slightly.
Field Marks 11" Grayish brown above; pinkish buff breast and sides of head;
whit1sh belly and untacs; pale pinkish forehead to pale purplish gray crown to
iridescent purplish hindneck; tail corners white; bill black; legs red.
GRAY-FRONTED DOVE [12] Paloma Cabeciploma Leptotila rufaxilla

Range Mex-SAm, exc EISal. Res Mex (Atl), Blz, Guat (Atl). Rare.
Habitat Undergrowth, woods to dense forest.
Field Marks 10" Like White-tipped Dove, but forehead pale bluish gray; crown
and hindneck medium gray; belly and u.ntacs whiter.

PIGEONS, DOVES, PARROTS, PARAKEETS, MACAWS 55
CARIBBEAN DOVE (12) Paloma Caribena Leptotila jamaicensis

Range Mex, Blz (+ Antilles). Res Mex (n.sAtl, s+e Yue), Biz (n cstl). Rare (com
mon on Cozumel Island).
Habitat Scrub woods, hum.id forest, borders.
Voice Four-noted, slow, Last note higher, hoo-hoo hoo-hoo ("Who, who, poor
Pooh?").
Field Marks 10" Like White-tipped Dove, but whiter belly and untacs; more
broadly iridescent purplish on hindneck and sides of neck. Best distinguished
by voice.
GRAY-CHEmD DOVE (12] Paloma Pechigrfs Leptotila cassini

Range Mex-SAm, exc ElSal. Res Mex (s.c.sAtl), Biz (s), Guat (Atl). Very rare.
Habitat Undergrowth of dense humid lowla.nd forest.
Field Maries 10" Like White-tipped Dove, but upper belly, breast, neck, and
head much darker, medium. purplish gray, not pinkish buff; flan.ks brownish;
less white on tail.
WHITE-FACED QUAIL-DOVE (12) Paloma Codomiz Geotrygon albifacies

Range Mex-Nie, exc Blz. Res Mex (csPac, csHi, csAtl), Guat (Hi + a.dj Pac, Atl),
ElSal (w). Rare, local, irregular.
Habitat Undergrowth of dense cloud forest or overgrown mountain coffee
plantations.
Field Marks 12" Rich reddish brown to purplish above; crown and nape pale
bluish gray; forehead, chin, and sides of face whitish; lines of "scales" on sides
of neck; bill black.
TUXTLA QUAIL-DOVE (12) Paloma Morena Geotrygon carrikeri

Range Me.x. Res Mex (cAtl: .mts se Veracruz). Rare.
Habitat Undergrowth in humid forest.
Field Marks 10" Above olive-brown and violet; gray crown to dark greenish
hindneck; forehead and black-rimmed ear patch white; breast bluish gray; biJl
red with black tip.
RUDDY QUAIL-DOVE [12) Paloma Rojiza Geotrygon montana

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (s.nPac+csPac, s.nAtl+csAtl, Yue), Biz, Guat (Pac,
Atl), ElSal (w). Rare.
Habitat Ground or low shrubs in humid forest undergrowth.
Field Marks 9" M: rich rufous above; pinkis.h buff below; ear patch buff out
lined with dark reddis.h brown; streaked reddish brown and buff below eye. F:
like male, but dUller and more olive above; duller and somewhat darker than
male below.
PARROTS, PARAKEETS, MACAWS-PERIQUITOS,

COTORRAS-PSITTACIDAE
GREEN PARAKEET [13] Periquito Verde Aratinga ho/ochlora

(Does not include Red-throated Parakee t; see below)
Range Mex. Res Mex (c.nPac+sPac, nAtl+n.cAtJ).

56 PARROTS, PARAKEETS, MACAWS
Habitat Patchy farms and woods, open forest, borders.

Field Marks 11" Green, may be tinged yellowis.h below; tail long, pointed.
RED-THROATED PARAKEET [13] Periquito Hondureno Aratinga rubritorquis

(The AOU lumps this with Green Parakeet; see above)
Range Guat, ElSal, Hon, Nie. Res Guat (ec Guat}, win EISal.
Habitat Pine-oak woods, borders, deciduous forest.
Field Marks 11" Like Green Parakeet, but throat orange-red or patchy red and
green.
PACIFIC PARAKEET Periquito Pacifico Aratinga strenua

Range Mex-Nie, exc Biz. Res Mex (sPac), Guat (Pac), ElSal.
Habitat Woods, borders, farmlands, orchards.
Field Maries 11" Like Green Parakeet, but bill thicker and legs heavier.
OLIVE-THROATED PARAKEET Aratinga nana

(See Aztec Parakeet, next)
AZTEC PARAKEET [13] Periquito Azteco Aratinga astec

(The AOU lumps this with A. nana, Jamaican Parakeet, which does not occur in
our area, and calls the combined species Olive-throated Parakeet)
Range Mex-SAm, exc ElSal. Res Mex (s.nAtl+csAtl, Yue), Blz, Guat (Atl).
Habitat Forest borders, farms, open woods.
Field Marks 10" Like Green Parakeet, but smaller, with blue and black flight
feathers; pale olive (nAtl) to darker brownish olive (sAtl +Yue) throat and
breast.
ORANGE-FRONTED PARAKEET (13] Periquito Comun Aratinga canicularis

Range Mex-CRic, exc Biz. Res Mex (s.nPac+csPac), Guat (Pac), ElSal.
Habitat Arid scrub, woodland borders, farms.
Field Marks 9" Yellowish green, with orange forehead; whitish eye ring; flight
feathers blue and black.
MILITARY MACAW (13] Guacamaya Verde Ara militaris

Range Mex+SAm. Res Mex (nPac+n.cPac +adj Hi, nAtl + adj Hi}. Rare.
Habitat Cliffs, canyons, secluded forests, and river borders.
Field Marks 30" Mostly dull yellowish green; forehead red; flight feathers, un
tacs, uptacs, and tail tip (above) blue; basal half of tail red above; bill black.
SCARLET MACAW [13] Guacamaya Roja Ara macao

Range Mex-SAm, exc ElSal. Res Mex (se.sAtl), Blz (s), Guat (Atl). Very rare.
Habitat Secluded dense forest and patchy clearings; disappearing in most of
Middle America.
Field Marks 36" Red; some wing coverts yellow; flight feathers, untacs, and up
tacs blue.
THICK-BILLED PARROT (13] Cotorra Serrana Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha

Range Mex. Res Mex (w.ncHi). Rare.
Habitat Secluded mountain pine-oak or pine forests.
Field Marks 16" Often flies high. Green, but forehead, short superciliary line,

PARROTS, PARAKEETS, MACAWS 57
wrist patch, and thighs red; underwing patch yellow; medium-long pointed
tail; black bill.
MAROON-FRONTED PARROT [13] Cotorra Oriental Rhynchopsitta terrisi

Range Mex. Res Mex (ce.nHi). Rare, local.
Habitat Cliffs, canyons, in pine-oak or pine forests.
Voice A loud high-pitched rolling cra-ak.
Field Marks 16" Often in flocks. Like Thick-billed Parrot, but forehead maroon;
underwings dark gray.
BARRED PARAKEET (13) Periqutto Serrano Bolborhynchus /ineolo

Range Mex-SAm, exc Blz, EJSal. Res Mex (sPac, e.cHi+sHi +adj Atl), Guat (Hi).
Very rare, local.
Habitat Tceetops in secluded cloud forest, or high over canyons or deep valleys.
Field Marks 6.5" Green; heavy black bars above, narrow bars below; tail short,
pointed.
MEXICAN PARROTLET (13) Periquito Mexicano Forpus cyonopygius

Range Mex. Res Mex (c+s.nPac+nw.cPac). Irregular.
Habitat Scrubby woods, orchards, borders, large parks.
Voice A thin, tinkling cree.
Field Marks 5.5" Often in flocks. M: green; rump and wing patch blue; tail very
short. F: no blue.
(ORANGE-CHINNED) TOVI PARAKEET [13) Periquito Aliamarillo Brotogersi jugularis

Range Mex-SAm, exc Blz. Res Mex (sPac), Guat (Pac), ElSal.
Habitat Farms, woodlots, borders, parks.
Voice Scree and ji-ji-ji-jit.
Field Mari<s 7" Rapid flight in flocks-flaps then sails. Shades of green; more
brownish and. bluish above, more yellowish below; orange chin not prominent;
brown wrist patch; underwing coverts bright yellow; tail short, pointed.
BROWN-HOODED PARROT [13) Perico Orejirrojo Pionopsitta haematotis

Range Mex-SAm, exc FJSal. Res Mex (se.cAtl+sAtl), Blz, Guat (Atl). Rare.
Habitat Canopy to midlevels in humid forest or borders.
Field Marks 8" Mostly green, with mostly olive-brown and dark gray head and
red ear patch; breast yellow-olive; red sides under wings.
WHITE-CROWNED PARROT [13) Perico Chilillo Pionus senilis

Range Mex-SAm, exc EISal. Res Mex (sPac, s.nAtl+csAtl), Biz, Guat (Atl). Rare.
Habitat Canopy in humid or mixed forests.
Voice A rasping cfeek or scree, culey, culey.
Field Marks 9" Strong flight high overhead. Green, but may appear blackish,
and back, breast, and head very dark bluish, except white crown and throat; red
eye ring; wing patch brown; untacs red.
WHITE-FRONTED PARROT (13) Loro Frentiblanco Amazona albifrons

Range Mex-CRic. Res Mex (c+s.nPac+csPac, sAtl, Yue), Biz, Guat (Pac, Atl),
ElSal (w).

58 PARROTS, PARAKEETS, MACAWS
Habitat Open forest, patchy woods and farmlands, scrub, borders.

Field Marks 10" Green with white forehead, red lores and eye ring; somewhat
scaly breast, back, and hindneck. M: red wing patch. F: no red on wing. See Yu
catan Parrot.
(YELLOW-LORED) YUCATAN PARROT [13) Loro Yucateco Amazona xantholora

Range Mex, Biz. Res Mex (n.+e.sAtl, Yue), Blz (n).
Habitat Patchy forest and clearings, scrubby woodland, borders, or overhead.
Field Marks 10" M+F: like White-fronted Parrot, but more scaly; blackish ear
patch; yellow lores; M: less red on wing (alula green, not red); F: blue, not white,
on head; no red around eye or on wing.
RED-CROWNED PARROT [13] Loro Tamaulipeco Amazona viridigenalis

Range US-M.ex. Res Mex (nAtl+n.cAtl).
Habitat River-border woods, forest borders, ranches, second growth.
Voice Clee-u, then a harsh crack-crack-crack.
Field Marks 12" Mostly dull yellowish green, somewhat scaly; crown red and
forehead red; cheeks pale green; red wing patch; tail short, rounded.
LILAC-CROWNED PARROT [13] Loro Occidental Amazona finschi

Range Mex. Res Mex (s.nPac+cPac +adj Hi).
Habitat Patchy woods and farms, orchards, borders; rare in highland pine-oak
or pine forest.
Field Marks 12" Mostly green; forehead dark red; crown pale bluish; wing
patch red.
RED-LORED PARROT [13] Loro Frentirrojo Amazona autumnalis

Range Mex.-SAm, exc ElSal. Res Mex (s.nAtl+csAtl), Blz, Guat (Atl).
Habitat Forest, patchy woods, farms, borders.
Voice A loud, harsh be-brick or she-currick, or soft, rasping petulant ca-crra-cra.
Field Marks 12" Mostly green; forehead and lores red; ear patch yellow (north
of Costa Rica); pale bluish green crown; red wing patch; bill gray; tail sh.ort,
rounded. Imm: no yellow on ear patch.
MEALY PARROT [13] Loro Verde Amazona farinosa

Range Mex-SAm, exc ElSal. Res Mex (se.cAtl+sAtl), Blz, Guat (Atl). Rare.
Habitat Middle to upper branches in humid forest near openings; often flies
below forest crown.
Voice A quiet crack or sreek; loud rack.
Field Marks 15" More grayish or bluish green than most other parrots in our
area; broadly pale blue crown; dark bill; tail rather short, round.ed, with broadly
yellowish green tip.
YELLOW-HEADED PARROT [13) Loro Cabeciamarillo Amazona oratrix

Range Mex-SAm, exc ElSal. Res Mex (cPac, c.nAtl-w.sAtl), Blz (n). Very rare,
local.
Habitat Patchy forest, river borders.
Voice A loud wow or ow, like a human voice.
Marepltlan 3aUl"1U..01Hlblltl asTOPCKll' M npaBOM

PARROTS, PARAKEETS, MACAWS, CUCKOOS, ANIS 59
Field Marks 14" Mostly green, but entire head yellow (except in Belize, where
the nape, throat, and lower sides of face are green, and the northeastern At
lantic region of Guatemala, where nape and throat are green); biU pale yellow
ish. Imm: head all green or nearly so; no red on wings; bill pale dull yellowish.
YELLOW-NAPED PARROT [13] Loro Nuquiamarillo Amazona auropafliata

Range Mex-CRic, exc Biz. Res Mex (sPac), Guat (Pac), ElSaJ. Rare, local.
Habitat Humid forest, patchy woods, partial clearings.
Field Marks 14" Like Yellow-headed Parrot, but head green, except broadly yel
low hlndneck and sometimes crown; bill dark; one red wing patch.
CUCKOOS, ANIS-CUCOS, CUCLILLOS-CUCULIDAE
BLACK-BILLED CUCKOO [1 S] CucJillo Piquinegro Coccyzus erythropthalmus

Range Can-SAm. Tr Mex (all exc BajCal, nPac), Blz, Guat, ElSaJ (cas).
Habitat Borders, hedgerows, scrubby woods.
Field Marks 12" Like Yellow-billed Cuckoo, but bill black; eye ring red; no rufous
on wing; white tips on tail feathers very narrow, form narrow bars across tail.
YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO [1 S] Cuclillo Piquiamarillo Coccyzus americanus

Range Can-SAm. Sum/tr Mex (sum s.sBajCal, nPac, nAtl, Yue; tr all exc
BajCa.I); tr Blz, Guat, ElSal. Rare, local.
Habitat Patchy thickets, trees, and overgrown fields, brushy borders, hedge
rows.
Field Marks 12" Brown above, white below; bill black above, buffy yellow be
low, slightly decurved; inner webs of primaries rufous, forming a wing patch in
flight; tail graduated, black with long 1-vhite feather-tip spots.
MANGROVE CUCKOO (1 S] Cuclillo Manglero Coccyzus minor

Range US-SAm. Res Mex (s.nPac+csPac, s.nAtJ+csAtl, cstl Yue), Biz (cstl),
Guat (cstl), ElSal. Rare.
Habitat Patchy woods and thickets, river-edge woods, mangrove swamps.
Voice A slow cuk-cuk-cuk, co, co, co.
Field Marks 12" Like Yellow-billed Cuckoo, but with black mask; tawny buff
belly and untacs; no rufous markings on wing.
SQUIRREL CUCKOO (14) Cuco Vaquero Piaya cayana

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (c.n.Pac-sPac, peripheral cHi, s.nAtl+csAtl, Yue),
Blz, Guat (Pac, Atl), ElSal.
Habitat Very rare in highlands; moist forest, tree-dotted fields, borders, wood
lots.
Voice A sharp peek or peek-purr-rr.
Field Marks 19" Races vary. nPac and cPac: rich rufous above; throat broadly
pale pinkish brown; lower breast, belly, and untacs pale gray; tail feathers mostly
chestnut, with subterminal black bar and broad white tip; eyes red; bill and eye
ring green; sPac, Atl, and Yue: like previous birds, but lower breast, belly, and
untacs blackish gray; tail feathers (from below) mostly blackish, with white tip.

60 CUCKOOS, ANIS
STRIPED CUCKOO [14] Chiflador Rayado Tapera naevia

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (sPac, se.cAtl+sw.sAtl+e.sAtJ, se Yue), Blz, Guat
(Pac, Atl), ElSal. Rare.
Habitat Pastures, grassy scrub, borders, open woods.
Voice A deliberate far-carrying whistle, of two or three to five notes.
Field Marks 11" Brownish above; back heavily streaked and crown (slightly
crested) finely streaked with black; face striped whitish and brown; white below
except broadly pale buff throat.
PHEASANT CUCKOO [14] Cuco Faisan Dromococcyx phasianellus

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (se.cPac+sPac, se.cAtl+sAtJ, Yue), Biz, Guat (Pac,
Atl), ElSal. Very rare.
Habitat Humid forest, scrubby woods, thickets, borders.
Voice A slow, loud, clear haw-haw-ha-ha, haw, or tremolo ho-haw-ho-0-0-0.
Field Marks 15" Blackish brown above, spotted and scaled; white below, except
black-spotted huffy throat and breast; head small, with short dark brown crest;
white line behind eye; tail long, graduated; uptacs very long, plumelike.
LESSER GROUND-CUCKOO [14] Chiflador Terrestre Morococcyx erythropygus

Range Mex-CRic, exc Blz. Res Mex (s.nPac+csPac), Guat (Pac), ElSal.
Habitat Scrubby woods, thickets, borders, brushy fields.
Voice One rasping hoot or several, slowing.
Field Marks 11" Green-glossed grayish brown above, with blackish and rufous
rump; tawny rufous below, with blackish untacs; face lines buff and black; blue
eye ring.
LESSER ROADRUNNER [14] Correcamino Tropical Geococcyx velox

Range Mex-Nie, exc Blz. Res Mex (c.nPac-sPac, sw.csHi, n Yue), Guat (Pac +
adj Hi), EISal.
Habitat Overgrown brushy fields, dry thorny woods, dry sandy coastal areas.
Field Marks 18" Like Greater Roadrunner, with sides of neck streaked, but un
derparts not streaked.
GREATER ROADRUNNER [15) Correcamin o Norteiio Geococcyx californianus

Range US-Mex. Res Mex (BajCal, n.nPac, ncHi, nAtl).
Habitat Brushy fields, scrubby borders, mesquite grassland, semideserts.
Voice A low mournful coo or hoot.
Field Marks 22" Heavily streaked above and on lower throat, neck, and chest;
ragged crest; long tail, with white feather tips.
SMOOTH-BILLED ANI [1 S] Garrapatero Pi quiliso Crotophaga ani

Range US-Mex, Biz, Hon, CRic-SAm. Res Mex (ne Yue), Blz (ace).
Habitat Scrubby woods, orchards, thickets, brushy fields.
Voice A harsh peu-ut
Field Marks 13" Like Groove-billed Ani, but bill arch higher, no grooves on bill.
GROOVE-BILLED ANI [1 S] Garrapatero Pijuy Crotophaga sulcirostrls

Range US-SAm. Res Mex (c.nPac-sPac, Atl, Yue), Biz, Guat, EJSal.

CUCKOOS, ANIS, BARN OWLS, TYPICAL OWLS 61
Habitat Brushy fields, farms, hedgerows, gardens, borders.

Voice A somewhat musical pee-clue.
Field Marks 12" Blade all over, appears scaly; tail rather long, rounded, floppy;
bill laterally compressed, very high, sides grooved.
BARN OWLS-LECHUZAS-TYTONIDAE
BARN OWL [1 SJ Lechu.za de Campanario Tyto alba

Range Can-SA.m. Res Mex, Blz, Guat, ElSal. Rare.
Habitat Old buildings, towers, wells, ruins, patchy woods and fields.
Voice A raspy, hissllke screech.
Field Marks 15" Buffy brown above, mottled and barred; white or buff beJow,
with scattered small spots; face heart-shaped, white or buff.
TYPICAL OWLS-TECOLOTES, LECHUZAS-STRIGIDAE
FLAMMULATED OWL [1SJ Tecolotito Ojioscuro Otus ffammeolus

Range Can-Mex, Guat. Res/win Mex (res/sum ncHi; win sHi); win Guat (Hi),
EISal. Rare.
Habitat Pine forest or pine-oak woods.
Voice A low hoot or paired hoots, repeated slowly.
Field Marks 7" Like Western Screech-Owl, but eyes dark brown; ear tufts very
short; facial disk redder than other feathers.
EASTERN SCREECH-OWL [1 SJ Tecolote Chill6n Otus asio

Range Can-Mex. Res Mex (nAtl).
Habitat Dry woods, river borders, patchy woods and thickets.
Voice A mellow or walling tremolo, descending or not.
Field Marks 8" Gray morph: pale to medium gray all over; streaked, mottled,
barred, and spotted; facial disk has black border and white V above bill, leading
to prominent ear tufts; eyes bright yellow. Red morph: like gray morph, but ru
fous replaces most of gray; not as heavily streaked.
WESTERN SCREECH-OWL [14] Tecolote Occidental Otus kennicottii

Range AK-Mex. Res Mex (BajCal, n.nPac, ncHi).
Habitat Pine or pine-oak woods, semidesert, openings.
Voice A bouncing l1oot, hoot, hoot-hoo-hoo-00-0.
Field Maries 8" Like Eastern Screech-Owl, but red morph dull brown, not ru
fous. Vinaceous Screech-Owl has a pinkish wash above and below and fewer
dark streaks but nevertheless ls now considered a race of Western Screech-Owl.
BALSAS SCREECH-OWL Tecolote de Balsas Otus seductus

Range Mex. Res Mex (w+c.cPac).
Habitat Scrubby woods, cactus, semidesert.
Voice Like Western Screech-Owl, but rougher.
Field Marks 8" Like gray morph of Western Screech-Owl, but eyes brown.

62 TYPICAL OWLS
PACIFIC SCREECH-OWL Tecolote Manglero Otus cooperi

Range Mex-CRic, exc Blz. Res Mex (se.cPac+sPac), Guat (Pac), EISal. Rare.
Habitat Palm groves, open woods, mangrove swamps.
Voice A rather rough, uniformly low-pitched, short trill.
Field Marks 8" Like Western Screech-Owl, but toes and lower tarsus not
feathered.
WHISKERED SCREECH-OWL Tecolote Rftmico Otus trichopsis

Range US-Nie, exc Biz. Res Mex (csPac, w.+se.nHi+csHi), Guat (Hi), ElSal (n).
Habitat Dry oak, pine-oak, or pine woods.
Voice Lo\-v-pitched hoots on one pitch hoohoohoo hoo, 1100 or hool1oohoo, 1100
- , •
FieldMarks 8" Like Eastern Screech-0\.-vl, with gray morph and red morph, but
.
facial bristles longer, voice different.
VERMICULATED SCREECH-OWL (14] Tecolote Crescendo Otus guatemalae

Range Mex-SAm, exc ElSal. Res Mex (c.nPac-cPac, s.nAtl+csAtl, Yue), Blz,
Guat (Atl). Rare.
Habitat Scrubby \\'oods, humid forest, borders.
Voice A long, rather low-pitched trill on one pitch, beginning quietly, gradu
ally becomin.g louder, ending abruptly.
Field Marks 8" Like Western Screech-Owl, but fewer dark streaks and more
narrow bars below; eyebrow lines not as contrasty; toe.s not feathered; voice
different.
BEARDED SCREECH-OWL [14) Tecolote Grillo Otus barbarus

Range Mex, Guat. Res Mex (sHi), Guat (Hi). Rare.
Habitat Mid.mountain pine or pine-oak woodlands and borders.
Voice A short, quiet, high-pitched trill.
Field Marks 7" Like Western Screech-Owl, but smaller; more contrasty black
streaked on whltish below; eyebrow marks and whisker marks more contra.sty
white; toes and lower tarsus not feathered; voice different.
CRESTED OWL [14] Buho Corniblanco Lophostrix cristata

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (sPac, se.cAtl+s.sAtl), Blz (s), Guat (Pac, Atl), ElSal
(ace). Rare.
Habitat Humid forest, woodlots, partial clearings.
Field.Marks 16" Brown above, with large white wing spots; underparts vermic
ulated dark brown and paler tawny brown; face dark reddish brown, with white
line over eye and long whlte ear tufts.
SPECTACLED OWL (14) Buho de Anteojos Pulsatrix perspicilfata

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (sPac, se.cAtl+s.sAtl), Blz (s), Guat (Pac, Atl), ElSal.
Rare.
Habitat Dense humid lowland forest, forest borders, openings, partial
clearings.
Voice A rapid series of low-pitched, thumping notes.
FieldMarks 19" No ear tufts; blackish brown above and oo breast; belly and un-

TYPICAL OWLS 63
tacs tawny; face blackish brown, with whjte throat, whisker marks, and eye
brow lines.
GREAT HORNED OWL (15] Buho Cornudo Bubo virginianus

Range AK-SAm. Res M'ex, Biz, Guat (Hi + adj Pac), ElSal.
Habitat Semidesert to moist forest.
Field Maries 2cr Races vary greatly; most brownjsh, streaked and mottled above,
mostly barred below; face rufous with black border; white throat; medium ear
tufts.
NORTHERN PYGMY-OWL (15] Tecolotito Norteno Glaucidium gnoma

Range AK-Mex, Guat, Hon. Res Mex (sBajCal, w+e.nHi+csHi), Guat (Hi).
Habitat Upland pine forest, pine-oak woods.
Vulce A long slow series of hlgh piping notes on one pitch-ho, ho, ho, ho, ho,
110, ho, etc.
Field Marl<.s 7" Gray or reddish above, with pale spots; mostly white below with
blackish streaks; two eye spots on nape; five or six bars on tall; tiny spots on
crown.
COLIMA PYGMY-OWL Tecol otito Colimense Gfaucidlum palmarum

Range Mex. Res Mex (ncPac). Rare.
Habitat Humid woodland, mixed pine-oak woods, dry deciduous forest.
Voice Like that of Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl, but usually in much shorter and
more irregular series.
Field Marks 6" Like Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl, but tail shorter, with only two or
three bars.
TAMAULIPAS PYGMY-OWL Tecolotito Tamau lipeco Gfaucidium sanchezi

Range Mex. Res Mex (e.nHi). Rare.
Habitat Cloud forest, humid pine-oak woods.
Voice Like that of Northern Pygmy-Owl, but has only two or three notes in a
series.
Field Marl<.s 6" Like Northern Pygmy-Owl, but has only two or three bars on its
short tail.
CENTRAL AMERICAN PYGMY-OWL (14] Tecolotito Centroamericano Gfaucidium

gnse1ceps
Range Mex-SAm, exc ElSal. Res Mex (se.cAtl +s.sAtl}, Blz, Guat (Pac, Atl). Rare.
Habitat Humid lowland forest.
Voice Like that of Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl, but usually only a few notes in a
series.
Field Marks 6" Like Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl, but tail shorter, with only three or
four bars. In ncPac Mex, see Colima Pygmy·Owl; in e.nHi Mex, see Tamaulipas
Pygmy-Owl.
FERRUGINOUS PYGMY-OWL [15) Tecolotito Bajeno Glauddium brasifa

i num
Range US-SAm. Res Mex (Pac, AU, Yue), Blz, Guat (Pac, Atl), ElSal.
Habitat Humid forest borders, scrub woods, riverbank forest, thickets.

64 TYPICAL OWLS
Voice Like that of Northern Pygmy-Owl, but faster; may begin with cwirt notes.
Field Marks 7" Like Northe.m and Least Pygmy-Owls, but faint strea.ks, not
spots, on crown; six to eight tail bars.
ELF OWL (1 S] Tecolotito Enano Micrathene whitneyi

Range US-Mex. Res/win Mex (res sBajCal; sum/win ncPac, ncHi). Rare.
Habitat Semidesert scrub, scrubby woods, rocky slopes with cactus.
Field Marks 6" Grayish brown above, with white nape band; whitish and bu.tty
brown below; no ear tufts; tail much shorter than Pygmy-Owl's.
BURROWING OWL [15] Tecolote Llanero Athene cunicularia

Range Can-SA.m, exc Blz, Nie. Res/win Mex (res BajCal, nPac, nHi; win csPac,
csHi, ncAtl; cas Yue); win Guat (Pac + adj Hi), ElSal (cas). Rare.
Habitat Usually on ground or fence post or utility pole in grassy plains, dry
brush, rocky areas; often active by day.
Voice A loud piping toot-too.
Field Marks 9" Reddish to grayish, spotted above; whitish below, with barred
sides and flanks; black band across white throat; legs long; tail short.
MOITLED OWL [14] Mochuelo Cafe Ciccaba virgata

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (Pac, e.+w.ncHi, Atl, Yue), Blz, Guat (Pac, Atl),
ElSal.
Habitat Very rare in highlands; humid forest, partial clearings, borders, or
chards, plantations.
Voice A slow descending, burred hroot, hroot, hroot, hroot.
Field Marks 14" Blackish brown above, mottled and dotted; buffy or tawny be
low, with heavy streaks; facial di.sks rimmed with white or buff; eyes brown; tail
with four or five dark bars; no ear tufts.
BLACK-AND-WHITE OWL [14] Mochuelo Zarado Ciccaba nigro/ineata

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (csAtl, sPac, s+e Yue), Biz, Guat (Pac, Atl), ElSal (w).
Rare.
Habitat Dense humid forest, tall river-border woods, partial clearings.
Field Marks 15" Black above, but hindneck barred with whitish; underparts
narrowly barred black and white; usually only four or five narrow white tail
bars; no ear tufts.
SPOITED OWL [1 S] Buho Manchado Strix occidentalis

Range Can-Mex. Res Mex (local nBajCal, w.+e.nHi+w.cHi). Rare.
Habitat Highland pine forest, pine-oak woods.
Voice Like first three or four notes of Barred Owl's call.
Field Maries 19" Like Barred Owl, but large whitish spots above, not bars; barred
and spotted below, not streaked.
BARRED OWL (1 S] Buho Serrano Strix varia

Range AK-Mex. Res Mex (w.ncHi+se.cHi). Rare.
Habitat Pine or pine-oak forests.
Voice A loud ho-hoo ho-hoo, ho-hoo ho-hoo-ah.
Marep�1an 3ar.u1t1U..CHHb11;1 aeropcK1;1M npaeoM

TYPICAL OWLS 65
Field Marks 20" Brownish gray, barred above and on chest; rest of u,nderparts
heavily streaked; no ear tufts; eyes brown.
FULVOUS OWL [14] Lechuz6n Strix fulvescens

Range Mex, Guat, EISal, Hon. Res Mex (sHi), Guat (Hi), EISal (n). Rare.
Habitat Open pine forest or humid pine-oak woods.
Voice A loud four-noted huho, huhoo; may be repeated a second time quickly.
Field Maries 17" Like Barred Owl, but much more reddish brown and buff or
tawny, above and below.
LONG-EARED OWL [15] Lechuza Caricafe Asio otus

Range Can-Mex. Res/win Mex (res n.nBajCal, local e.nHi; Win n.cPac, ncHi).
Rare.
Habitat River valleys, dense hedgerows, pine forest, pine-oak woods.
Voice Often three low-pitched hoots.
Field Maries 15" Like Great Horned Owl, but smaller and more slender; ear tufts
proportionally longer and attached closer to center of (reddish) face.
STYGIAN OWL [14] Lechuza Oscura Asio stygius

Range Mex, Blz, Guat, Hon, Nie, SAm. Res Mex (w.nHi, w+s+e.cHi, Yue), Blz,
Guat (Pac, Hi). Very rare.
Habitat Pine forest, pine-oak woods, thickets, scrubby woods.
Voice Hoo or hoo-hoo.
Field Maries 17" Heavy black streaks and narrow crossbars on pale gray below,
appears whitish-spotted in some lights; head, ear tufts, and uppe.rparts black
ish, with a prominent whitish urn-shaped patch between the yellow eyes and
base of centrally located ear tufts.
SHORT-EARED OWL [1 S] Lechuza Llanera Asio flammeus

Range AK-Mex, Guat. Win Mex (BajCal, nPac+nw.cPac, ncHi, nAtl+n.cAtl),
Guat (ace). Rare.
Habitat Grassy, open country; marshy, grassy, or sedgy fields.
Field Maries 16" Often hunts in daylight, flight buoyant and somewhat erratic.
Streaked tawny and brown above and below, but whitish belly and untacs;
sooty around eyes; white between eyes; ear tufts very short, close together.
STRIPED OWL [14] Lechuza Cariblanca Pseudoscops clamator

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (se.cAtl+w.sAtl, sPac), Blz (s), Guat (Pac, Atl), ElSal.
Rare.
Habitat Patchy woods and grassy fields, thickets, forest borders.
Voice A rapid series of rather rough notes, ho-ho-ho-ho-ho-ho.
Field Marks 14" Streaked dark brown and tawny above; tawny buff below, with
sharp brown streaks; face whitish, black-bordered; ear tufts long, from near
center of face.
NORTHERN SAW-WHET OWL [15] Tecolotito Cabez6n Aegolius acadicus

Range AK-Mex. Res Mex (w+e.nHi+cHi). Very rare, local.
Habitat Mountain forest of fir, pine-oak, or pine.

66 TYPICAL OWLS, NIGHTJARS
Voice Like Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl's, but slightly slower, more mellow.

Field Marks 7" Adt: dark brown above, with white spots; whitish below, with ru
fous streaks; head appears square; tail short, barred. Juv: reddish brown above,
spotted; head and breast chocolate brown; belly and untacs tawny rufous; white
between eyes.
UNSPOTTED S AW-WHET OWL [14] Tecolotito Volcanero Aegolius ridgwayi

Range Mex, Guat, ElSal, CRic, Pan. Res Mex (sHi), Guat (Hi), ElSal (n). Very rare.
Habitat Mountain pine-oak woods, high cloud forest, partial clearings,
borders.
Field Marks 7" Like Northern Saw-whet Owl, but no spots on upperparts; no
bars on tail; toes partly bare.Juv: rJch brown above, buffy below.
NIGHTJARS- TAPACAMINOS-CAPRIMULGIDAE
SHORT-TAILED NIGHTHAWK Chotacabra Colicorta Lurocalis semitorquatus

Range Mex-SAm, exc Blz, ElSal. Res Mex (extreme se.sAtl), Guat (Atl). Rare.
Habitat Humid forest, partial clearings, borders, openings.
Field Marks 8" Mostly blackish brown all over, spotted and mottled with ru
fous and whitis.h, or narrowly barred (belly, untacs, and tail) pale dull redctish
brown; white patch on throat; tall short and slightly notched.
LESSER NIGHTHAWK (15] Chotacabra Halc6n Chordeiles acutipennis

Range US-SAm. Res/win Mex, Blz, Guat, F.lSaJ.
Habitat Scrubby woods, semidesert, patchy thorny woods and fields.
Voice A low-pitched, unobtrusive tremolo.
Field Marks 8" M: mottled grayish above; buffy-gray barred below and on tail;
white throat; white bar near wingtip crosses four outermost primaries. F: wing
tip ba.r huffy; throat white or buff.
COMMON NIGHTHAWK (15] Chotacabra Zumb6n Chordeiles minor

Range US-SAm. Sum/tr Mex (sum w.ncHi+sHi +adj Pac, ncAtl; tr csPac, Hi,
sAtl, Yue), Blz, Guat.
Habitat Open areas, brushy short-grass fields, patchy farm.sand woods.
Voice A nasal, raspingpeent
Field Marks 9" Flies high. Like Lesser Nighthawk, but darker and grayer; white
bar farther from wingtip, crosses five outermost primaries; may have unbarred
vvhltish lower belly and untacs.
PAURAQUE Pachacua Pucuya Nyctidromus albicollis

Range US-SAm. Res Mex (c.nPac-sPac, Atl, Yue), Biz, Guat (Pac, Atl), ElSaJ.
Habitat Patchy farms and woods, brushy fields, hedgerows, semidesert, or
chards, borders.
Voice A repeated, rasping wbistle,pur-weeror ivee-o.
Field Marks 11" M: mottled grayish brown, buff, and black above; barred black-
Marep�1an 3ar.u1o1u..cHHb11;1 aeropcK1;1M npaeoM

NIGHTJARS 67
ish and dull tawny below; white patches on tail; white bar on wing. F: little
white in tail; wing bar buff.
COMMON POORWILL Pachacua Tevii Phalaenoptilus nuttallii

Range Can-Mex. Res Mex (BajCal, n.nPac, nHi, nAtl).
Habitat Low scrubby woods, semidesert, rocky slopes, borders.
Voice A mellow whistle, pur-wlll or cor-yillup.
Field Maries 8" Mostly mottled gray above and below. M: broad white bar on
blackish throat and upper breast; white tail corners. F: throat bar buff; tail
patches buff or whitish.
EARED POORWILL (14] Pachacua Orej6n Nyetiphrynus mcleodii

Range Mex. Res Mex (ncPac + adj HJ). Rare, local.
Habitat Mountain pine forest and pine-oak woods, open woods, borders.
Voice A loud, abrupt pyeeoo.
Field Marks 7" M: mostly dark brown and tawny above and below, with black
spotted scapulars, white-spotted wing coverts, and white band on throat; tail
comers white; feathers of chest and side of crown elongated. F: more reddish.
YUCATAN POORWILL (14] Pa chacua Yucateca Nyctiphrynus yucatanicus

Range Mex, Blz, Guat. Res Mex (e.sAtl, Yue), Blz, Guat (n Atl). Rare.
Habitat Patchy woods and fields, thorny woods, borders.
Voice An abrupt whee-oo or will.
Field Marks 7" Like Eared Poorwill, but much darker and more mottled above
and below.
CHUCK-WILL'S-WIDOW Tapacamino de Paso Caprimulgus carolinensis

Range US-SAm. Tr/win Mex (sPac, Atl, Yue), Blz (n), Guat, EISaJ (tr). Rare.
Habitat Thickets, undergrowth, river-valley woods, borders, hedgerows.
Voice A loud whistle, yuc-wl1eeoo-witto.
Field
. Marks 11"' Seldom calls in winter. Mottled dark buffy reddish brown;
white throat bar; two large tail patches white above, buffy below. F: r10 tail
patches.
(TAWNY-COLLARED NIGHTJAR) CHIP-WILLOW (14] Tapacamino Ti-cuer

Caprimulgus saMni
Range Mex, Nie? Res Mex (ncAtl+w.sAtl).
Habitat Semidesert, scrubby woods, patchy farms and fields, borders.
Voice A dear, loud yip-willow.
Field Marks 9" M: mostly mottled rich blacldsh brown; collar pale tawny ru
fous behind, pale buff in front; tall blackish with broadly white corners. F: tail
has small buff corners.
YUCATAN NIGHTJAR Tapacamino Yucateco Caprimulgus badius

Range Mex, Biz, Guat, Hon. Res Mex (n.sAtl, Yue), Blz, Guat (Atl). Rare.
Habitat Patchy woods, overgrown fields, borders.
Voice A rolling yip-willo-reeo.
MaTep�1an JaLUL11U..e1111b111 aeropcK�'M npasoM

68 NIGHTJARS, POTOOS
Field Marks 9" Like Chip-willow, but collar paler; face darker; tail patches white
in female as well as in male, and much larger; voice different.
(BUFF-COLLARED NIGHTJAR) TUCUCHILLO Prestame-tu-cuchillo Caprimulgus

ridgwayi
Range US, Mex, Guat, Hon. Res/sum Mex (Pac+ adj Hi, c.cAtl), Guat (e). Rare.
Habitat Thickets, borders, brushy fields, pine-oak woods.
Voice A rapid chatter, cu-cu-cu-cu-cu-cu-whee-o, rising then falling sharply and
ending in a whistle.
Field Marks 9" M: mostly dark grayish brown above, paler below; collar reddish
buff behind, whitish in front; tail barred, with large white corner patches. F: tail
patches much smaller, dull buffy white.
WHIP-POOR-Will Tapacamino Cuerporrufn Caprimulgus vociferus

Northern group Cuerporrufn Nortei'io Caprimulgus v. vodferus
Range Can-Pan. Win Mex (sPac, sHi, Atl), Biz (s), Guat, ElSal.
Habitat Hedgerows, patchy woods and brush, partial clearings, forest borders.
Voice A loud, rhythmic, repeated whistle, whip-pur-wee-o.
Field Marks 10" M: mottled grayish brown above; barred brownish gray below;
throat bar and very large tail corners white. F: throat bar and very small tail
patches pale dull huffy.
Mexican group Cuerporrufn Mexicano Caprimulgus v. arzona e
i
Range US-Hon, exc Blz, ElSal? Res/sum Mex (s.sBajCal, w.+e.nHi+csHi +adj
Pac), Guat (Hi), ElSaJ (n?).
Habitat Pine forest, pine-oak woods, partial clearings, borders.
Voice Wheer-pur-weer, like call of Northern g:roup birds, but more rolling and
burred, and phrases repeated more slowly.
Field Marks 10" Like Northern group, but usually darker and more reddish
buff; smaller white patches on tail corners in male.
(SPOT-TAILE.D NIGHTJAR) PIT-SWEET [14] Tapacamino Pit-suit Caprimulgus

maculicaudus
Range Mex, Hon, Nie, SAm. Sum Mex (se.cAtl+sw.sAtl). Rare.
Habitat Patchy grassland and scrubby woods, savannas.
Voice A very high-pitched keep-sweep, not repeated rapidly.
Field Marks 7" M: mottled blackish brown above; reddish nape collar; mottled
buff and black below, but plain bu.ff lower belly and untacs; tail black with
white tail corners and white spots below. F: no white in tail.
POTOOS-JOJUS-NYCTIBllDAE
GREAT POTOO Joju Grande Nyctibius grandis

Range Mex-SAm, exc Biz ElSal. Res Mex (s.c.sAtl), Guat (Atl). Very rare.
,
Habitat Humid forest, partial clearings, borders.

Field Marks 21" Like Northern Potoo, but larger and larger-headed; entire head
and throat grayish with fine vermiculations, not streaked dark brown and

POTOOS, SWIFTS 69
whitish; underparts generally more vermiculated or narrowly barred, not

streaked; eyes dark brown, not yellow (but eyes of both species glow reddish or
ange in a light beam).
NORTHERN POTOO [14] Joju Norteno Nyctibius jamaicensls

Range Mex-CRic. Res Mex (s.nPac+csPac, s.nAtJ+csAtl, Yue}, Biz, Guat (Pac,
Atl), ElSal. Rare.
Habitat Patchy woods and shrubby fields, pastures, forest borders; perches up
right on posts, dead trees.
Voice A loud baw,· loud rasping notes.
Field Marks 14" Mottled, blotched, and streaked brownish gray and blackish;
more blackish blotches on breast; head striped black, brown, and whitish; tail
long; mouth large, but bill small; eyes yellow (but glow reddish orange in a light
beam).
SWIFTS-VENCEJOS-APODIDAE
BLACK SWIFT [18] Vencejo Negro Cypseloide5 niger

Range AK-CRlc, e.xc Biz. Sum/tr Mex (BajCal, Pac, w.nHi+csHi), Guat (Pac+
adj Hi), ElSal (cas). Rare.
Habitat Over open areas, dry rocky slopes, shrubby grassy plains, waterfalls.
Field Marks 7" M: black, often with faint white frosting on forehead; tail me
dium, usually slightly notched. F: belly may be faintly scalloped with white.
(WHITE-FRONTED) SIERRA MADRE SWIFT [23] Vencejo Mexicano Cypseloides

storer/
(Some authorities lump this with White-chinned Swift; see below)
Range Mex. Res/sum Mex (nw-sc.cID). Very rare.
Habitat Ba"ancas, steep-sided valleys, mountain slopes, waterfalls.
Field Marks 6" Like female Chestnut-collared Swift, appears black all over, but
slightly larger; tail shorter; in the hand, shows white frosting all around base
of bill (chin, lores, forehead, etc.). Like Black Swift, but wing and tail relatively
shorter; more white frosting on chin and all around base of bill.
WHITE-CHINNED SWIFT [23) Vencejo Sombrfo Cypse/oldes cryptus

Range Blz-SAm. Res/sum Blz (s), Guat (Atl). Rare.
Habitat Open country, mountainsides, wooded ravines, waterfalls.
Field Marks 6" Like Sierra Madre Swift, but white frosting mostly on chin and
around base of lower mandible, not reaching center of forehead.
CHESTNUT-COLLARED SWlFT (23) Vencejo Cuellicastano Streptoprocne rutila

Range Mex-S.Am, exc Biz, Nie. Res/Win Mex (wc.nHi-se.sHi + adj Pac), Guat
(Hi + adj Pac), ElSal. Rare.
Habitat Over open or wooded slopes or deep ravines.
Voice A rasping zee-zee-zee.
Field Marks 5.5" Blackish brown; appears round-headed. M: inconspicuous,
broad, dark reddish brown full collar. F: no reddish brown collar.

70 SWIFTS
WHITE-COLLARED SWIFT [23] Vencejo Cuelliblanco Streptoprocne zonaris

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (csPac, s.nAtl-sc.sAt.l), Blz (s), Guat, ElSal.
Habitat Cliffs, caves, over wet fields, stream valleys, humid forest, partial
clearings.
Voice A loud cleek, cleek, cleek.
Field Marks 8" Blackish, except white full collar (broader below); tail medium,
notched.
WHITE-NAPED SWIFT [23] Vencejo Nuquiblanco Streptoprocne semicollaris

Range Mex. Res/vis Mex (s.nPac, sw.nHi, sw.+sc.cHi; cas/acc sPac). Rare.
Habitat Over deep ravines, rocky wooded slopes, or brushy flatlands.
Voice A harsh, extended chi-ik, cf1i-ik.
Field Marks 9" Blackish, except white nape band; tail square or slightly
notched.
CHIMNEY SWIFT (18) Vencejillo de Chimenea Chaetura pelagica

Range Can-SAm. Tr Mex (Atl, Yue), Blz, Guat (Atl), ElSal.
Habitat Over open country, wooded slopes, humid forest, savanna.
Voice High-pitc.hed, rather musical, rapid, chipping notes.
Field Marks 5" Blackish brown; throat pale gray; tail short, square, spiny. See
Vaux's Swift.
VAUX'S SWIFT [18) Vencejillo Comun Chaetura vauxi

Range AK-SAm. Res/tr Mex (res s.nPac-sPac, csHi, s.nAtl-sc.sAtl, Yue; tr
nBajCal, nPac, w.nHi), Biz, Guat, EJSal.
Habitat Caves, cenotes, clearings, patchy woods and fields, orchards.
Voice Like Chimney Swift's, but somewhat less musical and not as loud.
Field Marks 4" Like Chimney Swift, but paler below and on rump; throat
whitish (but both Chimney Swift and Vaux's Swift may be blackened with
soot); tail short, square, spiny.
WHITE-THROATED SWIFT [18] Vencejo Pechiblanco Aeronautes saxatalis

Range Can-Hon, exc Blz. Res Mex (BajCal, s.nPac+cPac, Hi), Guat (Hi + adj
Pac), Guat (Hi), ElSal. Rare.
Habitat Usually over mountainous terraln, deep ravines, wooded or open
rocky slopes.
Field Marks 6.5" Black and white Like Geronimo Swift, but white line over eye;
breast and center of belly white; tail much shorter, only slightly forked.
(LESSER SWALLOW-TAILED) CAYENNE SWIFT [23) Vencejillo Tijereta Panyptila

cayennens1s
.
Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (sPac, c.cAtl-sc.sAtl), Blz, Guat (Pac, Atl), EJSal (w).
Very rare.
Habitat Hlgh over humid forest, archaeological sites, partial clearings, bor
ders, and openings; long, vertical fibrous tube nest glued (with saliva) against
tree trunk or to walls of buildings.
Field Marks 5" Like Geronimo Swift, but much smaller; flight somewhat more
like that of Chimney Swift or Vaux's Swift.

1
GREEN HERON
p.9
UTTlEILUE
HERON
p.9
,_.�-..
GREAT BLUE HERON
p.8
Moiling
Imm
Imm
Imm
�/
•
•
White
,I mof'Ph
·{;;'
..jp.
DISH EGRET
p.9 .��...
'
Imm
. GREAT EGRET SNOWY EGRET
J BLACK·
p.8 p.8
CROWNED
NIGHT-HERON
p. 10 '
OLORED ICNH
ERON Imm
p.9
YELLOW·
CROWNED
NIGHT-HERON
p. 10
ER ICAN
WHITE IBIS ROSEATE SPOONllU
ITTERN
p. 10 p. 11
p.8
Imm Imm
/
WHITE-FACED
IBIS
p. 11
GREATER
fl.AMI NGO
p. 12
WOOOSTOIJC
p. 11
GLOSSY •
IBIS
p. 10
Mar p;<an 3 u.�111

2
�-
BRANT
p. 13
TUNDRA SWAN
p 13
CANADA GOOSE
p I]
!/
-
Imm
ROSZ
GOO
p I
WHITE·fRONTlO
GOOSl
p 13
Imm
O<irk morph
Whltr. morpl
SNOW
GOOSE
p 13
t.1AlLARO
p. 14
BLACK 8[W[0
WHISTLING-DUCK
p 12
fULVOUS
WHISTL1NG·DUCI<
p 12
NORlHLRN
PINTAIL
p I·I
t.1 "
t.1
GAOWAll
fl IS
WOOD DUCK
p 14
F
NORTH LAN AMlRICAN

SliOVlltR \'VIGEON
p IS p. IS
-
F
3
REEN-WINGED TEAL M BLUE-WINGED TEAL
F
p. 14 p. 1S M CINNAMON T£Al
p. 1S
REDHEAD
F
p. 16
RING-NECKED DUCX GREATER SCAUP
p. 16
p. 16
M
f
CANVASBACK
p IS
BUFFLEHEAD
p 17
LESSER
SCAUP
p. 16
F
COMl\.ION MASKED DUCK
p. 17 RUDDY
GOLDENEYE
DUO(
p. 17
p. 11
Adt F
Adi M
llE-WlNGED SCOTER
p. 16
OLOSQUAW
FWln p. 116
Adt M
Win
SURF SCOTER
p. 16 Adt M
M
BLACK SCOTER
p. 16
RfD.IREASTED
MEAGANSEJI
COMMON F p. 17
MERGANSER
p. 17
M u rrc.IL
e..+ 1 t.-
c:=
Mar p�1 11 U1.1U. Hlbl� a T pCK�M npasoM

4 SLATY-BREASTEO
UTTU TINAMOU THICKET
GREAT TINAMOU TINAMOU p. 1 TINAMOU
p. 1 p. 1 p. 1
BAR£·THROATED
TIGER·HERON PINNATED
p .8 BITTERN
p. 7
AGAMI HERON
p.9
80AT·BILUO
HERON
p. 10
MUSCOVY
DUCK
p. 1'4
JA81RU
p. 11
(la.ser Yellow hea

SAVANNA VULTU
p. 12
KING
VULTURE
p. 12
DOUBLE-TOOT
KITE
•
I
p. 19
•
M PLUMBEOUS
KITE
F
•
., p. 19
-
-
�....
GRAY-HEADED HARPYEAGU
KITE p. 2'4
p. 18
HOOK·Blll D KITE
flw�L
aiifK.l
p. 18
B ICOLORED �AWK
Mar p , 1I Ip. 2() ;,1 pc 111"1 'lpaBOM
'· <- VULTURES s
TURKEYp. 11
BU.CK p. 11 KINGp. 12
CRANE HAWK BLACK-HAWKS
:1
/.
Li..J WHITE HAWK
� p.21
p.21 GREATp. 22 COMMONp. 21
llTARY EAGLE
p.22
BLAOt-COLLARED
�A; I
..
.
'
HAWK •
p.20
Imm
ORNATt
HAWK-EAGLE
1R:� _,_
- "-
p.2S
BLACK-ANO-WHITE
HAWK,£AGL£
p. 2S
COUARED
Underwlng (Foreit·Flkon)
MICRASTUR
\ p.26
BLACK
HAWK-EAGLE
p. 2S
BARRED (Fon!sl-Fakon)
MICRASTUR
p.26 ORANGE-BREASTtO
ROADSIDE HAWK
FALCON
p.22
WHITE-8ltEASTtD p.27
HAWK
p.20
BAT FALCON
p.27
l'f--/l-
2"1/eA-
3r-J� an 3alllL1U.CHHbl"1 asropr M nr11:1M
6
NOR'THERN
MISSISSIPPI GOSHAWK COOPER S HAWK
KITE p 20
p 21
p. 19
Imm
BROAD·WINGCD
Imm
HAWK
p 23
ROUGH
LEGGED HAWK
p. 24
RED-TAILE
Dark HAWKp 2
morph
FERRUCINOUS
HAWK
p. 24 Im
NORTHERN
HARRIER GOLDEN EAGLE
p 20 p.24
I
/I.' Tall of
Imm
lrnm
AMERICAN KESTREL
p 26
PRAIRIE
FALCON
p 27
Marep...an 3 u..11lll 8BOM

SWALLOW-TAILED
7
(Snail)
KITE
EVERGLADE
WHITE·TAJUD KtTI p. 18 M KITE
p. 19 p. 19
WHITE-TAIUO
HAWK
p. 23
SHORT-TAIUD
HAWK
ZONE· TAILED
HAWK p.23
p.21
_
.'I
..
GRAY HAWK
p. 21
COMMON
BLACK-HAWK
p.21
SWAIN SON'S HAWK
p. 21
HARRIS'S HAWK
p.22
APLOMAOO
FALCON
p.V
GAMBEl'S
QUAIL
p.32
MOUNTAIN SCAUD
••
. QUAIL QUAIL
.
p.32 CALIFORNIA
p. 33
...
•,
•
QUAIL
- ' p. 32
: "('
MONTI.ZUMA
QUAIL
p.30
NORTHERN Northern Bobwhite: Males of

BOBWHITE some other Mexican races
p. 31
JaUl�Ht,GHllbllll aeropcK111 M npaeoM
-
8
GREAT CURASSOW CREmDGUAN RUFOUS.BElllED
p.29 p.28 CHACHAlACA
p.28
OCEUATED TURKEY
HIGHLAND GUAN
p. 29
p.28
HORNED GUAN
p 29
BEARDED
WOOD·PAJITRJDGl
p.30
LONG·TAILED BUFFY CROWNED

WOOD-PARTRIDGE WOOD PARTRIDGE _.,,.._
p.29 - p.30
SPOTTED
WOOD-QUA il
p.30 GRAY·NECl<ED WOOD-RAIL
p.3-4 RUFOUS·NE
WOOD·
p.34
OCEUATED QUAIL (8�d<-lhr«Mll�)

p.31 YUCATAN 808WHrTE SINGING QUAIL
p.32 p.30
F
F
BANDED QUAil
SPOTTED RAIL
p.32 UNIFORM (Cr•ke) R.
Y£UOW-BREASTEO RUDDY (Cr•ke) RAIL p.35
p.34
(CrU.) RAIL p.33
p.35
-
ar M
SORA VIRGINIA RAil VEUOW RAil p 187 BlACK RAJl p. 33 9
p . 34 p. 34
Imm Imm
PURPLE
GALUNULC
p 3S •
-
BLACK·NECKEO STILT BLACK OVSTtRCATCltER

p 39 Win p.39
AMERICAN
OVSTERCATCHER
p 38
AMERJCAN
AVOCET
p 39
NORTHERN
JACANA
p. 39
KING RAil CLAPPER RAIL

p. 34 p 33
WHOOPING CRANE
p. 187
SANOHIU CRANE Imm
p. J6:::::: :::::::/if�-:.::-
LIMPKIN
p J6
10 BLACK·BEl.UEO AMERICAN SEMIPALMATEO
PLO\/ ER GOlDEN·PLO\/ER rLOVER
p 37 p.37 p.38
KILLDEER MOUNTAIN F
p.38 _--... PLO\/ER SNOWY PlO\/E
p 38
f) 37
PIPING PLO
-
p 38
F ....
....!
.
WHIMBREL
p.40
l0NG·BILL£0
CURLEW
p. 41
SOLIT,ARV
SANDPIPER
p.40
HUOSONIAN
GODWIT
p 41
MARBLED coowrr
LONG·BlLUO
p.41
OOWITCHER
p 44
GREATER
YEUOWLEGS
LESSER p.39 S�iORT BIUED STILT

VELLO�VlECS OOWITCHER SANDPIPER
p.40 • p.43 p.43
Mitrrc.IL.
.Butle.L-..
Marep1.1an M nplC"IM
11
WILLET WANDERING
p 40 TATTLER
p 40
Win
RUDDY
TURNSTONE
_..,p "'
Win
BLACK
TURNSTONE
p.41
SURF
BIRD
p 41
Slll.11 PALll.1ATED
-�SANDPIPER
p 42
\\tin
. Sum
LEAST ,
SANDPIPf.R
p 42
I
BAIRD S SANDPIPER
p. 43
E STERN I
DPIPER
•
I
p. 42 •
Win PECTORAL
WHITE· SANDPIPER
RUMPED p 4)
SANDPIPER
p. 42
d
BUFF
BREASTED
SANDPIPER RED-NECKED
DUNLIN p. 43 PHALAROPE
p 41 p 44
Win
Win
Win
Mnr p1.1 n 111..,li. Hlb 1.1 o ropcK�M npasoM

12
SUNBITTERN
p .36
DOUBLE·STRIPED
THICK-KNEE
p.3 6
PALE-VENTtD PIGEON
- p.52
SUNGREBE
p. 35
- -
-
SHORT·BILLED
PIGEON
p. 52
SCAUD PIGEON SOCORRO DOVE
p.52 p. 188
PLAIN-BREASTED
ZlNAIDA DOVE GROUND-DOVE RUDOY
p.53 p.5-4 BLUE M
GROUND-DOVE
GROUND-DOVE
p.5-4 M -4
p.S
..
(M11r001Khested) F
MONDETOURA CARIBBEAN DOVE GRAY-FRONTED GRAY-CHESTED
GROUND- DOVE p.55 DOVE DOVE
M
-
p.S-4 p.5-4 p.S S

__.....,.
M
�-
TUXTI.A RUDDY WHITE-FACED
QUAil-DOVE QUAIL-DOVE QUAIL-DOVE
p.55 p.55 p.55
f
nwn.1L
&11e.t..
aT p BT pCK M np B
13
...
SCARLET MACAW MIUTARY MACAW

p.S6 1.&2. p. S6
I. 2.
M M
AZTIC PARAKEET
....
- .. �p. 56
2. (Yellow·lored)
YUCATAN l. 8ROWN°HOOOEO
I. WHITE°FR.ONTED
57 p. S8 p.57
p.
MEALY S. WHrTE·CROWNED
p. S8 / p.S7
MAROON·fRONTED
4. RED·LORED YEUOW·HEADED p. SB
p S8 p.57
PARROTS '\.
LILAC-CROWNED RED·CROWNED -
p.SB p . S8 YEUOW·NAPEO
p.S9
6. TI11CK BILLED p. S6
(Otangt'<hlnned) ..
TOVI
RED·TH.ROATED p.S7
56
p.
GREEN
MEXICAN
p.SS
PARROTLET
p.S7
ORANGE·fRONTlO
56
p.
BAR.RED
p.57
PARAKEETS
Marep11an, 3au.i.1u.eHHb111 ropcK11M npasoM

14
PHEASANT
CUCKOO
STRIPED
p.60
CUCKOO
p.60
SQUIRREL
CUCKOO
p. $9
LESSER GROUND-CUCKOO
p.60
VERMICULA
SCREECH·OWl
p.62
LESSER
ROADRUNNER
p.60 BEARDED
SPECTACLED OWL SCREECH-OWL
p.62 p.62
CRESTED
OWl
p.62 MOTTLED
OWL
p.6 4
CENTRAL AMERICAN
PYGMY OWL
p.63
F\JLVOUS OWL STRIPED

p. 65
OWL
p.65
STYGIAN ..
OWL BLACK·AND-WHITE
p.65 OWL
p. 64
UNSPOTTE '
SAW·WHEl
OWL
p.66
NORTHERN
POTOO
p.69
(Spot·lllllled Nlghtjar)
PIT·SWEET
YUCATAN f p.68
POORWILL
p.67
EARfD
F
POORWILl
p.67
!"\..•tcJ'
&4 11<I
(Tawny-collared Nlghtjar)
CHIP·WIUOW
p. 67
IVar-) an 3au.i. u.eHHbllll asropcKlllM npasoM
BLACK-BILLED
YELLOW-BILLED
CUCKOO
15
GROOVE·BILUO
CUCKOO p.S9 MANGROVE
ANI
p. S9 CUCKOO
p.60
p.59
.iAMMULAITO OWL EASTERN SCREECH.OWL p. 61 SMOOTH-BILLED

p.61 ANI
Gniy morph Red morph
p.60
NORTHERN
PYGMY·OWL
p.6)
FERJIUGINOUS
PYGMY-OWL
p.61
Elf OWL
p.64 COMMON
Imm
NIGHTHAWK
p.66
USSUI
NIGHTHAWIC
NORTHERN
p.66
SAW WHET
O\\IL
p 65
BARN OWL
p. 61
. . .
• ••
• •
•
• • •
•
• •
GREATER GREAT HORNED
.I ROADRUNNER 0\VL
p.60 p 61
LONG·lAAED
OWL
p.65
SPOTTU>OWl BARRED OWL

p.64 p.6 4 SHORT-EARED OWL
p.6S
•
M rpaBOM
16
SCA.I.Y-BREASTED
HUMMINGBIRD
p.71
UTilE HERMIT
LONG·TAILED
HERMIT p. 71
p. 71
VIOLET
SABERWING
p.72
RUFOUS
SABEJIWING
p.n
WEDGE·TAILED
SABERWINC
p.n
CREEN VIOLET-EAR CREEN-BREASTED

MANCO
p. n
p.7l M
EMERALO·CHINNEO
HUMMINCIllR D
p.73
F
F
(Shott<rHttd)
CUERRERO
WHITE·NEC:KED COQUETTE
JACOBIN p.73
p.72 CANIVET'S
BLACK-CRESTED M
COQUITTE EMERALD
p. 7l p. 7-4
MEXICAN
DUSKY M WOOD NYMPH XANTUS'S
HUMMINGBIRD
p. 7-4 HUMMINCBIRO
P• 7-4 M p. 75
B..tl -
BLUE-THROATED WHITE-BELLIED AZURE-CROWNED BERYLLINE RUFOUS-TAIUD

GOLOENTAIL EMERALD HUMMlNCBIRD HUMMINCBIRD HUMMINCIllRD
p.7S p.75 p. 75 p.75 p.76
M np B
17
LUE-TAILED
MMINGBIRD
p.76
CINNAMON
�
p.76
'
GREEN-FRONTED
(Blue-capped) (Whlte·lalled) GUERRERO STRIPED·TAILED
HUMMINGBIRD
OAXACA HUMMINGBIRD HUMMINGBIRD
p. 76
IUMMINGBIRO
p.77
--..•P
·77 p. 77
(Amethyst-ttvo.ted) GREEN·THAOATED
CACIQUE HUMMINGBIRD MOUNTAIN·GEM
f
p.n p.n
GARNET-THROATED
HUMMINGBIRD
p. 78
PURPU.CROWNED
FAIRY
p. 78
PLAIN.CAPPED
STARTHROAT
p. 78
lONG·BIUED
STARTHROAT
p. 78
SLENDER MEXICAN
M SHEARTAIL
SHEARTAIL
f p. 79 p.79
SPARKLING· TAILED BUMBUBEE

HUMMINGBIRD BEAUTIFUL HUMMINGBIRD
p. 79 HUMMINGBIRD p.81
p.79
r-F
f
// •
B M npae M
18
M WHITE-CROWNED
COMMON f PIGEON
GROUND DOVE
•
p.52
WHITE-TIPPED DOVE
p.53 p 54
BAND·TAlllD
PIGEON RED BILLED
p 52 PIGEON
p 52
WHITT-WINGED
DOVE
p 53
INCA DOVE
p.53
VAUX'S SW1n1
p. 70
BLACK SWIFT
p.69 WHITE-THROATED
SWIFT
CHIMNEY '
p 70 SWIFT
p. 70
BROAD-BILLED
p. 7'1
BUFF BELU£03
F
p 76
F
WHITE· EARED
p.7S
MACNlflClNT
...... p.78
VIOUT
CROWNED
p . 76
ANNAS
p 80
LUCIFER F
p.79
RUfOUS
p 81
CALLIOPE
BROAD:rAILED ._....,. Bi:tkt
p. 81
p 80
HUMMINGBIRDS
19
M
M M
F F
RlSPltNOENf
QUETZAL
p.8J
EARED TROGON
(Sl.lty·t•iled)
MASSENA TROGON
p.83
p.81
J
CITRlOllNE TROGON
I u
p.82
I
F
M
f
F
MOUNTAIN COllARED VIOlACCOUS

TROGON TROGON TROGON
p.82 p.81 p.82
RINGED PYGMY KINGFISHER

KINGFISHER AMAZON p.8S
p.8S KINGFISHER
p 8S
M
Klll· Blllf.D
MOTMOT
p. 8·1
BlUE·CROWNtD
TODY MOTMOT MOTMOT
p 8) p.8'1
F
RUSSCT·
CROWNED
MOTt.10T
TURQUOISE p 84 RUFOUS·TAILED
BROWED JACAMAA
MOTMOT p.86
BLUE·THROATED p.8 4
MOTMOT
p.8'1
20 M ALLEN'S
HUMMINGBIRD
p.81
F
(G�owned) F
F MEXICAN
EMERALD
p. 7l
RUBY·THROATED
HUMMINGBIRD
p.80
GRAY KINGBIRD
EASTERN
p. 109 KINGBIRD
p. 109
aIA
HAIRY
WOODPECKER
p.89
CORDILLERAN
FLYCATCHER
p. 104
TREE SWALLOW BANK

SWALLOW
p. 122
p. 123
Imm
MYIARCHUS FLYCATCHERS
GREAT CRESTED
flYCATCHE.R
p. 106
I
Nutllng's DuUc)'<•P
Brown-crened
I P· I06
P· I 07 Ash·throated Yuc•t•n
P· l06
p. 106 p. IOS
M
llB.TED KlNGRSHER
p.85
WILLIAMSON'S
p.89
LEWIS'S
\NOOOPECKER
p. 117
YB.LOW· RED·NAPlD RID-BREASTED

M
BEWED p. 89 p.89
p.89
YEllOW
BELUED
,,, p. 88
SAPSUCKERS Mar pL4 n ll1·1L.. HHb i.-i eropc l-IM npaeoM

M GREEN KINGFISHER NORTHERN FLICIWI 21
p.8S Red-shafted group
f p. 91
ELEGANT TROGON
p.82
ACORN
WOODPECKER
p.97
ORTHERN
FUCKER
llOW·Jhafted
group
p.91
COLDEN·
HAIRY WOODPECKER
FRONTED
p.89
WOODPECKER
p.88
F
GILA W.
p.88
1
I '
r
I
LADOER·BACKED W.
p.89 ROSE-THROATED
8ECARD
p. 110
"
·"nrTALl: S
WOODPECKER
p 89 �:.:..
PURPLE MARTIN
-
HORNED LARK p. 121

p. 121
BARN SWALLOW
p.123
VIOLET-GREEN
CLIFF SWALLOW SWALLOW
p. 123 p. 122
CAVE SWALLOW
p.123
N.ROUCH-WINGED
SWALLOW
p. 122
�ar"p1.1an, 3au.i.1u.eHHb1111 asropcK1.1M npasoM

22
WHITT- NECKED �� WHITT-WHISJCERED

PUFf'BIRD r� PUFF81RD
p.85 - p. 86
•
EMERAlO
TOUCANET
p.86
COLlAREO ARACARI
p. 86
KEEL-BILLED
TOUCAN
p.86 f
M F
GRAY·CROWNED BRONZE·WINGED
p.91 p.90
WOODPECKERS
F
F F
GOLDEN-OLIVE LINEATEO
p.90
p.91
CHESTNUT-<:OLORED
p.91
r
I
(Gr•y·brusted) BALSAS
I
p.88 (Red-�nted) YUCATAN
p.88
GOLO£N.CHEEXED
p.87
M
PALE-BILLED
p.92
SMOKY·BROWN STRICKLAND'S
BLACK-CHEEKED
p. 90 p.90
p.B7
ar pL4 n ll1·1L.. HHb i.-i eropc l-IM npaeoM
23
WHITI·COLLARE.D SWIFT
p.70
CHESTNl/T.CO UARED SWIFT
p.69
WHITE-NAPED SWIFT
p.70 (Whl1c: fronted)
SIERRA MADRE SWIFT
/ p.69
/
WHITE-CHINNED
SWIFT
p.69
(Great Swallow-tallc:d)
GERONIMO SWIFT
p. 71
(Lener Swallow-tailed)
CAYENNE SWIFT
p. 70 TAWNY-WINGED
p.93
RUDDY
p.93
BLACK-BANDED
p 94
OUVACEOUS WEDGE-BILUD
p. 93 p. 94
NORTHERN
'
BARRED ,,
(Strong-blllc:d) WOODCREEPER
sPomD p.9s GIANT p. 94 p.94
WHITE·
STRIPED
p 9S
STREAKE.D
HEADED
p.9S
rlil•clL
(lvory·bllled) 1>'1.....
u_
_
._
LAUGHIN<4 p. 94 SPOmDCRO\VNED
WOODCREEPERS p an 3aiu ,.. --n P•9,S
24
RUFOUS·BREASTED SCALY-TitllOATED RUDDY (f ollage-gleaMr)

SPINETAIL (Foll�luner) l.UfGLEANER
p.92 LE.AFGLEANER p.92
p.92
BUFF-THROATED
(Fol�le•ner)
PLAIN
l.UfGUANER
XENOPS
p.92
p 93
TAWNY-THROATED
LEAFTOSSER
\ SCALY-THROATE
p.93 - .... lEAfTOSSER
p.93
llARRED
F ANTSHRIKE
p.9S
F
PLAIN ANTVIREO
p 96
{V DOITED WINGED
11 ANTWREN
p 96
BLACK-FACED SCALED ANTPITTA

ANTTHRUSH p 97
DUSKY ANTlllRO p. 97
p.96
f M
f M
R£D.CAPP£D
MANAKIN
p. 112
LONG·TAIUO
MANAKIN
p. 112
WHITT-COLLAJlED
MANAKIN
r1
p. 112 TMRUSH-l.IKE
MOURNER MunclL
p. 111 Elwtlcc__
Mar p�an :-in�"1U. HHbt� aerop K�M npasoM

25
TUFT1D FLYCATCHER BELTED FLYCATCHER PILEATEO

p. 101 p. 100 FLYCATCHER
p. 101
RUDDY· TAILED ROYAL

FLYCATCHE.R SULPHUR· FLYCATCHER
p. 100 RUMPED p. 100
FLYCATCHER
p. 100 STUB·TAILED
SPADEBIU
M
p. 100
_
..
",,
YELLOW-OLIVE EYE-RINGE.D
FLYCATCHER FLATBILL
p.99 p.99
COMMON SLATE·HEADEO
TODY-FLYC.ATCHER TODY·
p.99 FLYCATCHER
p.99
NORTHERN YELLOW·BEU.IED CAR.IBBEAN GREENISH

BENTBILL ELAE.NIA ELAENIA El.AfNIA
p.99 p.98 p.98 p.98
'
PALTRY YEUOW-BELLIED SEPIA·CAPPED OCHRE-BELLIED

TYRANNULET TYRANNULET FLYCATCHER FLYCATCHER
p.97 p.97 p .98 p.98
Marep111an, 3au.i.1u.eHHb1111 asropcKlllM npasoM

26 M
LOVELY COTINGA F BRIGHT-RUMPED SPECKLED

p. 112 ATTILA MOURNER
p. lOS p. 111
RUFOUS RUFOUS PIHA

MOURNER p. 111 CINNAMON:
p. lOS
BECARD
p. 110
GRAY-COLLARED
BECARD
p. 110
F
BLACK-CROWNED
TITYRA
M p. 111
MASKED TITYAA
p. 111
•
FORK·TAILED
FLYCATCHER
p. 110
STREAKED
FLYCATCHER
p. 108
PlRATlC
FLYCATCHER
p. 108
BOAT-BILL
FLYCATCH
p. 107
SOCIAL
FLYCATCHE.R
p. 107
NUTTING'5
FLYCATCHUI
p. 106
FLAMMULATE,
FLYCATCHER
- YUCATAN p. 107
FLYCATCHER
p. 10S
TROf'lCAL
PEWEE WHITE-THROATED PINE YELLOWISH
p. 102 flYCATCHER FLYCATCHER FLYCATCHER
p. 103 p. 104 p. 104

VERMILION FLYCATCHER 27
p. lOS
BLACK PHOEBE SAY'S PHOEBE

SCISSOR·TAILED
p. lOS p. lOS
FLYCATCHER
p. 109
CASSIN'S WESTERN TROPICAL

KINGBIRD KINGBIRD KINGBIRD
p. 109 p. 109 p. 108
THICK·BlllED
KINGBIRD
p. 109
SULPHUR·
llElllED
FLYCATCHER
p. 108
GREAT KISKADEE
p. 107
DUSKY
CAPPED
FLYCATCHER
p. 106
WESTERN
WOOD·PEWEE
p. 101
SH·
OATED
ATCHER
. 106
BROWN
CRESTEO
OUVE·SIOEO
FLYCATCHER
FLYCATCHER
p. 107
p. 101
E,.t.c' NORTHERN
BUFF·BREASTED
GREATER PEWEE DUSKY FLYCATCHER GRAY FLYCATCHER BEARDLESS-TYRANNULET
FLYCATCHER
p. 101 p. 103 p. lOo4
11 ) p. 1 � LI I I � 1 I I
p. 97• nr - ·�
28
GRAY·BREASTW BLACK-CAPPED MANGROVE
MARTIN SWAUOW SWALLOW
SINALOA
p. 121 p. 122 p. 122
MARTIN
p. 121
TAMAULIPAS CROW
SINAlOA CROW
WHITE-THROATED MAGPIE·JAY p 120
�� p.117
BLACK-THROAITO
MAGPIE·IAY
p. 117
Imm
TUFTED JAY
Plaln-llpp«t
p. 117
morph
BROWN JAY
p.118
Whlle·llpped
morph
Juv
AZURE-HOODED
JAY
p.119
(While·throat�
PURPLISH BACKED OMILTEMJ JAY
IAY p 119
p 118
!COLORED JAY
DWARF JAY BLACK· THROATED p. 120
p. 119 JAY r
p. 119 b
u,eHHb B M npae M
29
CLARK'S NUTCRACKER
p. 120 COMMON RAVEN
p. 121
OilHUAHUAN RAVEN
p. 120
GREEN IAY
p. 118
PINYON JAY
p. 120 I MEXICAN IAY
p. 119
WESTERN SCRUB-JAY
p. 119
STUUR'SJAY
p. 117
MEXICAN CHICKADEE
p. 123
JUNIPER
TITMOUSE
p. 124
IDUO TITMOUSE TUFTED TITMOUSE

p. 123 Bladc-<rested group
p. 124
'
I'
r
..
(
'f ')
1-- �
p· (
•
� f
VERDIN
p. 124 /f PYGMY
,,./' f NUTHATCH
p. 125
BUSHTIT
r
Imm p. 124 t· •' •
WHITE-BREASTED 1
NUTHATCH
p. 125
p�an sropc M np s M
30 WRENS
GIANT
p. 126
BANDED·
BACKED
p. 125 •
RUFOUS-NAPED SPOTTED
p. 126 p. 126
PLAIN SINALOA
p. 129 p. 128
BANDED WHITE-BROWE
p. 128 p. 128
HAPPY SPOTTED SOCORRO CLARION

p. 128 BREASTED p. 188 p. 188
p. 127
�
RUFOUS-�
,.11 �
SOUTHERN COZUMEL GRAY·BREASTE
BROWED °"' , �
HOUSE-WREN p. 129 WOOD-WREN
p. 130 p. 129 p. 131
,
WHITE-BREASTED WHITE-BEl.UED SUMICHRAST'S NIGHTINGAL
WOOD-WREN p. 130 p. 121 p. 131
p. 130
Mw1clL
Sutfc;L
Marep1t1an 3aLJ.11t1U.CHHbll" asropCK(llM npasoM

31
AMERICAN
WRENTIT DIPPER
p. 137 p. 131
SEDCEWREN
MAR5H WR£N
p. 130
p. 130
BROWN CREEPER
p. 125
CACTUS WREN NORTHEltN

p. 126 HOUSE·WREN
p. 129
CAROLINA
WREN
p. 128
LONG·BILLED
THRASHE.R
p. 138
CANYON
WREN
p. 127 I
OCK WREN
p. 127 l/""'�URVE·81LUD
THRASHER
p 139
'
BENDIRE"S
CALIFORNIA
THRASHER
THRASHER
p. 138
p. 139
ONTE'S THRASHER
p. 139
,...1 NORTHERN
MOCKING81RO
p. 137
CRISSAL THRASHER
p. 139
TOWNSEND'S
SOLITAIRE
p. 133
AMERICAN ROBIN
American group
p. 136
Marep111an 3alJ.(111U..CHHb11-1 a0ropc • M npaBOM

32
COZUMEL THRASHER OCEUATED THRASHER
p. 138 p. 119
GRAY THRASHER
p. llB
BLUE MOCKINGBIRD
p. 119
BLUE·AND·WHITT
BLACK CATBIRD
MOCKINGBIRD
p. 117
p. 119
AMERICAN ROBIN
San luca5 group
p. 117
SOCORRO TROPICAL
MOCKINGBIRD MOCKINGBIRD ,,/
p. 188 p. llB " •
-
RUFOUS· RUFOUS·BACKED
COLLARED ROBIN ROBIN WHITE·THROATED
p. 136 p. 136 ROBIN
p. 116
MOUNTAIN ROBIN
p. llS
CLAY.COLORED
ROBIN
p. llS
•
•
•
BLACK ROBIN
BROWN BACKED p. llS
SOLITAIRE
p 131
SLATE.COLORED
SOLITAIRE
F p. ll"
AZTEC THRUSH
p 137
ORANGE·
RUSSET BLACK·
BILLED
p. 134 RUDDY· HEADED
p. ll...
CAPPED p. ll-4
p. 13"
SPOTTED
p. 11...
NIGHTINGALE-THRUSHES
aer p M rpaGOM
33
WINTER WREN CANYON WREN
p. '130 p. 127
ROCK WREN
p. 127
GRAY CATBIRD
p 137
SAGE THRASHER
p. 138
WOOD THRUSH
p. 135
HERMIT THRUSH
p. 13S
SWAINSON'S
THRUSH
p. 13S
£ASTE.RN BLUE.BIRO
VEERY p. Ill GRAY.CHEEKED THRUSH
p 13S p. 13S
MOUNTAIN
BLUEBIRD M
p 133
wtSTlRN BLUEBIRD
p. 133
AMERICAN PIPIT
p. I '40
:EDAR
�XWING
p. 140 Win
SPRAGUE'S PIPIT
p. 140
EUROPE.AN STARLING
p. 140
HOUSE
'ARROW
p 183
F
,...""'''"*••
• •
34
WHITE·LORED TROPICAL
GNATCATCHER GNATCATCHER
BLACK-CAPPED
p. 132 p. 133
GNATCATCHER
F
p. 132
MWin
GRAY SILKY-FLYCATCHER ·" MWin

p. 140
M
LONG·BILLEO
GNATWREN
p. 132
RUFOUS-BROWED
PEPPERSHRIKE
p. 117
CHESTNUT·SIDED
SHRIKE·VIREO
p. 116
GREEN SHRIKE-VIREO
p. 116 COZUMEL VIREO
p. 113
DWARF
VIREO
MANGROVE VIREO GOLDEN p. 11'4
p. 1 ll VIREO
p. 115
YUCATAN VIREO SLATY VIREO TAWNY.CROWNED

p. 116 p. 113 GREENLET
p. 116 n,,.iu tU L_
f"tltt-.
LESSER GREENLET
p. 116
Mar pL4 n T
35
M
BLACK-CAPPED WHITT·EYED VIREO

VIREO p. 113
p. 11'4 HUTTON'S VIREO
p. I IS
GRAY VIREO
p. 11'4
BLUE·HEADED VIREO
p. 114
RED-EYED VIREO
p. 1 I S
'S VIREO
p. 113
WARBLING
VIREO
p. 115
RANGE
ROWNEO
.t.RBLER
p. 141
VIRGINIA'S
WARBLER COLIMA WARBLER LUCY'S WARBLER
p. 142 p. 142 p. 142
M
'
Win
OLIVE WARBLER
p. 141
f
YELLOW.RUMPED WARBLER
Audubon's group
BLACK-THROATED
p. 144
GRAY WARBLER
-
p. 14 4
GRACE'S
MACGILLIVRAY'S
W.t.RBUR
WARBLER GRAY-CROWNED
p. 14S
p. 148 YELLOWTHROAT
p. 149
8.t.N.t.NAQUrT
PAINTED REDSTART
RED·F4CED WARBLER p. 152
p. ISO
p. lSO
�11�1
Mar pL4 n ll1·1L.. HHb i.-i eropc l-IM npaeoM
36 PROTHONOTARY SWAINSON'S
BLACK-AND-WHITE WARBLER WARBLER
WAABLER p.147 p. 147
--
p. 147
"Brew1tl!r's"
WORM-EATING BLUE-WINGE.D
p. 141
WARBLER WARBLER
p. 147 p. 141
F
NASHVIUE WARBLER
p. 142
F
NORTHERN
PARULA
p. 142
TROPICAL PARULA
p. 142
YELLOW WARBLER
p. 143
GOLDEN
WARBLER
F p. 143
PINE WARBLER
p. 146
MAGNOLIA
WARBLER
p.143
CAPE MAY
WARBUR
p. 144
BLACK-THROATED
TOWNSEND'S BLUE WARBLER
WARBLER p.144
p.144
F
HERMIT WARBLE.R BLACK-THROATED
p. 14$ GREEN WARBLER GOWEN-CHEEKED
tb;r\ell .
p. 145 WARBlfR f"li• t 1
..
p. 145
Mareplt1a11 3<'lll� u."Hdbll" asropr "1. n�::icJM
M
YELLOW-THROATlD
WARlll..ER
p. 14S
Ir'
£RUUAN WARBLER
F
lllACkllURNIAN
p. 147 WARBUR
p. 14S
BlACKPOll WARllLER
Win
CHESTNUT SID(D \t p. 146
WARBLER
p. 143
Win
PRAIRIE WARllUR
p. 146
OVENBIRD
PALM WARBLER p. 147
p. 146
KENTUCKY WARllLER
p. 148 --�
NORTHERN
WATERTHRUSH
p. 148
\,
�
LOUISIANA
WATlRTHRUSH
"'
' p. 148
�-=·,..,....
YELLOW-BREASTED
CHAT
p. 1S1
HOODED WARBLER
WILSON'S WARBLER
p. 1<19
p. ISO
MOURNING WARllLER
p. 148
CANADA WARllLER
F
p. ISO
AMERICAN REDSTART
p. 1<17
n,.,,,.IL.
f\ :1 t11.1
Mar p an 11.1 an rop Kiii.., npanoM

38
M M
\))';
(Cl'HCent-chtited)
SPOT·BJl£ASTU>
WAUUJt TROPICAL PAAULA -1
p. 143 p. 142
MANGROVE WARBLER
p. 143
F F
F
IELOING'S
YELLOWTHROAT COMMON YEUOWTHROAT
p. 149 Common group
ALTAMIRA
p. 148
YELLOWTHROAT
M M
p. 149
F
F F
BLACK·POLLED
YEUOWTHROAT
HOODED
p. 149 YEllOWTHROAT
p. 149 RE.O.BREAmD
CHAT
M
p. IS2
GRAY·THROATED
CHAT SLATE-THROATED FAN·TAILED WARBLER
r
'4
p. 1S2 REDSTART p. ISi
p. 150 f
GOLDEN-CROWNED
RED WARBLCR PINK-HEADED WARBU.R WARBLER
p. ISO p. ISO p. IS I
GOLDEN·BROWEO RUFOUS-<:APPED WARBLER RUFOUS-CAPPED WARBLER

WAABLER Rufou�-upped group Ch�Unut-capped group
p. ISi p. ISl p. IS1
Mar p. t,... u. HHbl� aerop K�M npaBOM

ELEGANT EUPHONIA SCRUB EUPHONIA YELLOW-THROATED 39
Scrub group EUPHONIA
p. 156
BLUE.CROWNED p. 156
p. 155
CHLOROPHONIA M
p. 156
(Azure-nimped)
CABANIS'S
OLIVE-BACKED GOLDEN-HOODED TANAGER
EUPHONIA TANAGER p. 156
p. 156 p. 1S7
YELLOW-WINGED
TANAGER
PASSEIUNl'S p. 155
TANAGER
p. 155
IPED-HIADED
TANAGER
p. 155 CRIMSON·
COLLARED
TANAGER
p. 154
WHITE-WINGED (Fl1mt-·<olored)
TANAGER
STRIPED TANAGER
p. 1S4 p 154
OSE·THROATED
M
TANAGER
p. 1S3
RED·CROWNED
ANT-TANAGER
p 1S3
ED-HEADED
TANAGER RED·THROATED
p. 154 ANT-TANAGER
p. 1Sl
BLACK-THROATED
SHRIKE-TANAGER
p. 153
COMMON GRAY-HEADED
TANAGER ROSY THRUSH-TANAGER
BUSH-TANAGER
p. 1S3 p. 152
p. 152
1111 BTOPCKll1"1 npaBOM

40
PHAlNOPEPlA
p. 140 SUMMER TANAGER
LOGGE.RHEAO SHRIKE M p. 1S3
M
p. 112
NORTHERN CAJlOINAL
p. 172
HEPATIC TANAGER
p. 1S3
PYRRHULOXIA
p. 172
M c;;;.
M
WESTERN TANAGER
p. 1 S 4
BlACK-HEAOm
GROSBEAK
p. 172
F
•
LAZULI BUNTING
p. 173 M
M
PAINTED BUNTING VARIED BUNTING

p. 174 p. 174
EVENING GROSBEAK
p 183
HOUSE FINCH
p. 181
PURPU FINCH
p. 181
CASSIN'S FINCH
p. 181 WHITE-COLLARED PINE SISKIN
SEAOEATER p. 181
Sharpe's group
Cinnamon-rumped group
p. 158 1 11.1 aer p 1-11\.1 npaeoM
BUFF·lliROATEO SAi.TATOR 41
p. 171
BLACK0HEAOED SALTATOR
p. 171
(Grayish) GllAY
sAlTATOR
p.1n
BLUE BUNTING 8 11.ACK.fAct.O

p 173 SALTATOR
MSON·COLLAREO Q. O"o p. 171
GROSBCAK 0
p. 171
l
�� vtllOW
BlUE-8lACK
GROSBEAK
p. 173
M GROSBEAK
F
p. 172
YlllOW-FACfD
GRASSQUIT
p. 159
ORANGE-BREASTED
BUNTING
p. 17'4
BLUE SEEDEATtl
p. 159
VARIABLE
SEEOEATER
p. lSB
I� .. � GllASSlAND
YEUCJW.flNCH
M p. 159
THKK·BILlEO SEW.FINCH BLACK..cAPPEO SISKIN BLACK-HEADED SISKIN '
p. 158 p. 1112 p. 182

42
SLATY FINCH
p. IS9 RUFOUS-CAPPED WHITE·NAPEO
F BRUSH-FINCH BRUSH·ANCH
p. 160 p. 160
(Pl1ln-breasted)
CHESTNUT·CAPPED TUXTLA
BRUSH· FINCH BRUSH-RNCH
YELLOW· THROATED
p. 160 p. 160
BRUSH·FINCH
p. 160
GREEN-STRIPED
BRUSH·flNCH
p. 160
COLJ..ARED TOWHEE
p. 162
SPOTTED TOWHEE
p. 161
Hybrid� of Collared Towhee and Spotted Towhee

(seep. 162)
GRE!N·BACKEO RUSTY-CROWNED
WHITE· THROATED
ORANGE·BIUEO SPARRO\\I GROUND-SPARROW
TOWHEE
SPARROW p. 161 p. 161
p. 163
p. 161
SIERRA MADRE
SPARROW
p. 167
PREVOST'S WHITE-EARED STRIPED SPARROW

GROUND-SPARROW GROUND-SPARROW p. 16S
p. 161
I p. 161
� L:'JtolL
bc.1J!r
Marep111an, 3au.i.1u.eHHb1111 asropct... �. n�3c::i1�

43
ROSE·BREASTEO INDIGO BUNTING DICKCISSEL M
GROSBEAK p. 173 p. 17<4
M
p. 172
F
GREEN-TAIUD TOWHEE I.ARK BUNTING
AMERICAN p. 162 p. 167
GOLDFINCH
p. 182
T
CHIPPING SPARROW
VESPER SPARROW p. 16S
FIELD SPARROW
p. 166 p. 165
Win
fuv
Adt WHITE·THROATED
GOLDEN.CROWNED SPARROW
SPARROW p. 168
p. 169
Imm
DuU
Imm
FOX SPARROW LINCOLN'S SWAMP SPARROW

p. 167 SPARROW p. 168
p. 168
CHESTNUT-COLLARED
LONCSPUR
p. 170
MWln
MWln
MuncAL
.Batlt.t_
MCCOWN'S LONGSPUR
p. 170

44 LESSER GOLDFINCH LAWRENCE'S RED CROSSBIU
p. 182 GOLDFINCH p. 181
p. 182
Grttn•backed
group
CALIFORNIA TOWHEE
- p. 162
r·) ABERT'S TOWHEE

, p 163
Ollvt SPARROW
p. 161
SAVANNAH SPARROW GRASSHOPPER

p. 167 SPARROW
p. 167 rt <'��
�
LARK SPARROW
p. 166
�·
RUFOUS·WINGED
SPARROW
p. 164
RUFOUS.CROWNED
SPARROW
p. 164
BLAO<·THROATED
SPARROW
p. 166
SAGE DARK-EYED
SPARROW JUNCO
p. 166 p 169
Gray head�
group
YELLOW-EYED
JUNCO
p. 170
SONG SPARROW
';!:..
... 0 p. 168
llLACK·CHINNED
SPARROW
p. 166
r-<i
---
Imm
CLAY-COLORED SPARROW
p.165
sropc M oasoM
45
FM·STRIPED SPARROW BRIDLED SPARROW BLACK-CHESTED STRIPED·HEADED
p. 165 p. 163 SPARROW SPARROW ,_. ..
p. 163 p. 163
SUMICHRASTS
SPARROW
p 163
OAXACA
SPARROW RUSTY
p 164 SPARROW
p, 164
BLACK
ORM PlTREL BLUE·GRAY
TANAGER
p.4
�� p. lSS
WORTHEN'S
COLLARED SPARROW
PLOVER p. 166
p.37 _...
.....
SPOTTED·BREASTED
ORIOU
p. 178
MAGNIFICENT
FRIGATE.IIIR D WHITE·lllWED
p. 7 CHACHAlACA
p.28
DG E·TAILED
EARWATER
p.l
-
RED-FOOTED BOOBY
p.5
.-
•
Mnr p1.1 n U1"1li. Htb 1.1 o ropcK�M npasoM

·�
46 BLACK-TAILED GNATCATCHER
GOLDEN.CROWNED KINGLET
p. 131 RUBY-CROWNED KIN
BLUE-GRAY GNATCATCHER p. 132 p. 131
p. 132
F M
I
�
GREAT-TAILED GRACKLE M
p. 176 M
BltOHUD COWBIRD BROWN-H
p. 176
COWBI
,t. 176
ORCHARD
p. 17
BALTIMORE
ORIOLE
p 179
ALTAM
ORIO
BREWER'S p. 1
BLACKBIRD
p . 93 --
BULLOCK· $""+.
scorrs otuOLE ORIOLE r
p. 186 p. 179
AUDUBON'S ORIOLE M
p 179
RED-WINGED
BLACKBIRD
p. 17S
HOODED ORIOLE TRICOLORED BLACKBIRD

p. 1n p. 175
EASTEJIN
MEADOWl.ARt(
p. 17S
YEUOW-HEAOEO rs
BLACKBIRD
p. 175
Mar pvi n 3'1U1"1t... Hiib 111 1eropc1>�M npaeoM

47
MONTEZUMA
OROPENDOLA
(Chestnut-he�)
p. 180
WAGUR'S OROPENDOLA
p. 180
YELLOW·BIUED
CACIQUE
p. 180
(Yellow.winged)
MEXICAN CACIQUE
p. 180
GIANT COWBIRD
p. 176
,..
,,. (81nck backed)
(MelodlouJ) ABEILLE'S ORIOLE
SINGING BLACKBIRD p. 179 OCHRE ORIOLE
p. 176 p. 177
..
(Black·vented)
WAGLER'S ORIOLE
p. 177
BLACK-COWLED
BAR-WINGED ORIOLE
ORIOU
176 p. 177
p.
M111<IL
�tiCL 11
CINNAMON·BEWED
FlOWEJIPIERCER GREEN HONEYCREEPER RED·LEGGED SHINING HONEYCR.EEPER
p. 1S9 p. 1S7 HONEYCREEPER p. 1S7
p. 1S7 npaBOM
48
VIOL£T-CROWNED
WOODNYMPH
BARE-CROWNED p. 74
ANTBIRO
p.96
WE.ffiRN
CAAY-llREASTEO
SLATY· ANTSHRIKE
(Crab) RAIL
p.33
p.96 F
BROWN
VIOLET·EAR
p. 72
WHITE-WINCED
BECARO
p. 110
BAND·TAILED
BARBTHROAT
p.71
OLIVACEOUS
PICULET
p.B7
SLATE-COLORED
SEEDEATER
p. IS8
COCOA
WOOOCRfB'fR
p.94
MOUNTAIN
UAE.NIA
p.98
CAAY·HEA
PIPRJTES
p. 111
BUSHY-CRESTED
JAY
p. I IB
CRESTED BOBWHITE
Whlt�br�ait� group
p.11
SOUTHEASTERN SPECIALTIES
I
PACIFIC LOON WESnRN GREBE CLARK'S GREBE BROWN PELICAN
p .2 p. 3 p. 3 p.6
>
Imm
�J RED-BILLED TROPICBIRD
p.S
NEOTROPIC
��·��--- CORMORANT
p.6
-�
Imm
DOUBLE· Imm
CRESTED
CORMORANT
p.6
BLACK·�Oono
BLACK SKIMMER ALBATROSS
ANHINGA
p.SO p. l
p. 7
,_
Imm
----,
HEUMAN N'S
GUll
PARASITIC p.46
JAEGER
Win
p. 4S
Imm
LAUGHING
GULL
p.4S
XANT\JS'S
MURR EL.ET
p.Sl
-- •
Sum
BLACK TERN
Imm
/ p so
, I
/Win �
ROYAL TERN
p.48
RING-BILLED
GUll
lIASTGREBE
p.46
p 2
MnT p1.1 n U1"1li. Htb 1.1 o ropcK�M npasoM

II
EMEOGR£8E Pll.AGIC CO.MOAANT
IRANDrS CORMOltANT
p.2 p.7
rtfD.41UfDGll£R p.7
p .2 Win
Win
,
.
GUU·alWD
TUN
p.41 Win
Sum
Sum
• •
Win
CASPIAN
SANDWICH TtltN
TtltN p.48
p.49 ElfC.ANT TERN
•. ::::#'- SOOTY TERN

Sum p. 41
p.SO
COMMON TEllN
p.49
UASTTUN
.#&� .
Sum
Win
P• 49
Win
Sum
Sum
..
-
FOltSTllt'S TUN ARCTICTUN

p.49 p. 187
T p11 e p1c.;KvM npaeoi

Ill
BLUE-FOOTED
BOOBY
p.S
SOOTY
SHEARWATfR
p.4
BLACK-VENTED
SHEARWATER \ PINK-FOOTfD
p.4 j SHEARWATfR
p. 3
1st win
1stwin
1st win
IUwin
,,.
I ,.
�-
SABINE'S BONAPAATf'S
GULL GUU
p . 48 p.46
BROWN
BOOB Y
p.S
M-All co.tit
F-bolh co•sU
lsl win
-
1st win ht win HERRING GULL
ht win .,
. p.47
1st win
lnwln
2dwin
�
I".
2dwtn
GLAUCOUS· 2dwln
wtSTERNGUU
WINGEDCULL �
p.47 p.47
� 1st win
1st win
ln win , In win 1st win
I•
..
- 111 win
?--
•
..
"' .
•
__,_ •
...
_
2dwln
2dwln
Islwin
1st win
1st win
CALIFORNIA
MEWGUU BLACK·LEGGED
GUU
p.46 KITTIWAKE
p.46
p.47 L.;OHHb"' B" p K npae M
,
•. I
•.••' Regions of Guatemala
.'
.
�
•
0
•• Cl)
El1>cnadJ "' USA ('J
.
AtJ-Atlanllc a.
c
HJ-Highlands
..
•• ••
.
.
.•
•
. �
..
Pac-Padfie s
" :>.!
!: u
nHi
.
nBajCal .
.
·
•
:
.
a.
0
BELIZE
•
••
.
••
....
'
-. "
..
IBelile (ii}
..
.
.
. ..
.
•.. .•"•I••:
!
Tik.1
1 . •
Cl)
ro
nPac .
•
...
:,:
•
... .
•.
•'
. ••
..
-
s
•. . '. ..•
:
Atl :0
.
l_.,.--,
• .
...
. .
-
-
.
.
0 .
' ... l:
C>
••·
. . .
.
.
. ...
.
. :J
GUATEMALA ''
. .
..
- . .
.�
'
..
.
. . .... s
•
•
..·..·.
. .... ..... :J
•
.. .
.
HI
.· . .
•
. ·····..
· ..
·.. .·...·.. ·.......
. .
. .
('J
• .
..
·
·
.
·
-
.
.1 /- M
..
.
'
nHI . •..
·- .. · .
•• • •
.
EL SALVADOR
.
' .... Guaten1ala

. .
·. .. .
•
nHI
.
.•
."·· c::::
..
• : ·/· .... . ('J
.
.
.... .. .
. .
.
. .
...
..
. . Pac' ..... -;;
•.
·..,.•\ a.
. ..
.
. .
Q)
•
..
.
..
,_
San \alvador
.• •
... ..
•
.
. .
. . .. , ...
.
• Cl)
�
- ....�
. -.
..
•, Monterrey
'
sBajCa
.. �
. ,, .. .. .
·.
.
• •
l
.
•
Saltillo nAt
• Durango
.'
""
San Jose dcl Cabo nHI

:: �
f:. :
"·.
• �6n1ez !:arias
El Naranjo
Cozun1cl
lj nd
' ,. __...,.
··.
- · ..... .... ../\.
"\'Ta n1plco
Subregions of Mexico " ChllhL•rt IW
'
cAtl
-
..... - "
.... �.
-
•
. San Blas Cob.:i.

nBajCal-northcrn llala C 1llfornla nPac ..
-�.
�
.
sBajC.al-southcm Baja Callfon1la cHi Yue
ruerto \·auana tepee de Jual'C2
nHl-northern Illghlands
cHl-central Highlands
sHl-southern ll lgh lands
P.illt'UilHI �iexlro City sAtl
�
•
0Collma j"\
nPac-northem l'aclfic ·
sAtl
cPac-central radfic
cPac
•
l'ak114ul· BELIZE
Vall.t.hl'nno� �
sPac-southern Pacific
•
cHi _
.__.
'.. '. I
lu:xtla L.uticrrez
\Jn< ri\t<>h.11 de las<J�\
nAtl-nonhem Atlantic Region Boundary
MEXICO .. 1
;c
•
··,
cAll-central Atlantic - - - Sub-region Boundary . 'sPJLO.- sHi :-... /
. . 5000' Contour line Al,l(lUlc.:\l� c:.
��....- I ,,.
sAt. 1-wuthern Atlanllc
.
. ... . .
(};lexico only)
Yue-Yucatan
L
t<->ALVADOR
IV. Geographic Areas Covered in the Field Guide GUATEMALA

SWIFTS, HUMMINGBIRDS 71
(GREAT SWALLOW-TAILED) GERONIMO SWIFT (23} Vencejo Tijereta Panyptila

sanctlhieronymi
Range Mex, Guat, ElSaJ, Hon, Nie. Res Mex (s.nPac+csPac + adj csHi), Guat
(Hi + adj Pac), EISal (w). Rare.
Habitat Usually seen in spectacular flight over rugged terrain, canyons, steep
slopes, mountain forests, waterfalls.
Voice A plaintive tyee-ew.
Field Marks 8" Glossy black, but throat, sides of neck, upper breast, flank
patch, and narrow band on hind border of long slender wing white; tail long,
deeply forked.
HUMM INGBIROS-CHUPAFLORES-TROCHILIDAE
BA ND-TAILED BA RBTHROAT [48) Ermitano Barbudo Threnetes ruckeri

Range Blz, Guat, Hon-SAm. Res Blz (s), Guat (Atl). Rare.
Habitat Humid forest undergrowth, thickets, borders.
Field Marks 4.5" Like Long-tailed Hermit, with whitish-bordered black mask
and long, decurved bill, but chin and upper throat black, not pale buff; rufous
chest; deeply rounded, mostly black-and-white tail, not a long and slender
pointed, less contrasty tail. See also Rufous Saberwing.
LONG-TAILED HERMIT [16] Ermitano Comun Phaethornis superciliosus

(Includes Mexican Hermit, P. s. mexicanus)
Range Mex-SAm, exc ElSal. Res Mex {s.nPa<;+cPac, c.cAtl-sc.sAtl), Blz (s),
Guat (Atl); P. s. mexicanus Mex (s.nPac+cPac).
Habitat Humid forest undergrowth, borders, river-edge woods, ravines.
Voice A rasping creep.
Field Marks 6" Bronzy back; blackish ear patch; buffy eye line and mustache
mark; mostly buffy below; grayer on throat and breast; bill very long, decurved;
tail Y-shaped, with very long white tips of central feathers extended far beyond
other feathers. See Little Hermit.
L ITTLE HERMIT [16) Ermitano Chico Phaethornis longuemareus

Range Mex-SAm, exc ElSal. Res Mex (se.cAtl+sAtl), Blz, Guat (Atl).
Habitat Humid forest undergrowth, dense humid forest.
Field Marks 3.5" Crown and back bronzy; rump and uptacs dark rufous; rich
tawny buff below; blackish ear patch with buffy border above and below; bill
very long, decurved; tail graduated, long wedge shape, with reddish brown
feather tips. See Long-tailed Hermit.
SCALY-BREASTED HUMMINGBIRD (16) Chupaflor Escamado Phaeochroa cuvierii

Range Mex-SAm, exc EISal. Cas/irr res? Mex (sc.sAtJ); res Blz (s), Guat (Atl).
Very rare.
Habitat Humid forest, partial clearings, borders.
Field Marks 5" M: greenish above; throat and breast scaly dull greenish; tail
black below, broadly white-cornered; belly buff. F: belly whitish. See Whlte
necked Jaco bin.

72 HUMMINGBIRDS
WEDGE-TAILED SABERWING [16] Fandanguero Grit6n Campylopterus curvipennis

Range Mex, Biz, Guat, Hon. Res Mex (s.nAtl+csAtl, Yue), Biz, Guat (Atl).
Habitat Humid forest, borders, partial clearings, gardens.
Field Marks 5" Greenish above, with violet forehead; pale gray to whitish be
low; tail rather long, wedge-shaped. M: tail blackish, especially toward tip.
F: outer tail feathers broadly whitish at tip.
LONG-TAILED SABERWING Fandanguero Colilargo Campylopterus excel/ens

Range M.ex. Res Mex (se.cAtl).
Habitat H11mid forest, gardens, orchards, partial clearings.
Field Marks 5.5" Like Wedge-tailed Saberwing, but larger; tail notably longer.
RUFOUS SABERWING [16] Fandanguero Rojizo Campylopterus rufus

Range Mex, Guat, FJSal. Res Mex (sPac + adj Hi), Guat (Pac), ElSal. Rare.
Habitat Humid forest undergrowth, partial clearings, cafetales, borders.
Field Marks 5" Greenish above; dark patch through eye; underparts rufous; tail
square, mostly rufous from below, with black bar near tip; bill long, slightly de
curved, black. See Little Hermit and Band-tailed Barbthroat.
VIOLET SABERWING [16] Fandanguero Morado Campylopterus hemileucurus

Range Mex-Pan. Res Mex (local c.cPac+sPac, c.cAtl-s.c.sAtl), Blz (s), Guat
(Pac+Atl + adj Hi), ElSal. Rare.
Habitat Humid forest undergrowth, overgrown coffee or banana plantations,
shrubby partial clearings.
Field Marks 5.5" Tail black below with prominent white corners; bill medium
long, strongly decurved. M: mostly dark purple, appears black in poor light,
with green wrist patch and uptacs. F: greenish above, pale gray below; small vio
let throat patch (or spots in immature female). Imm M: like female, but much
darker and greener below.
WHITE-NECKED JACOBIN [16) Chupaflor Nuquiblanco Florisuga mellivora

Range Mex-SAm, exc ElSal. Res Mex (c.cAtJ-sc.sAtl}, Biz (s), Guat (Atl). Rare.
Habitat Middle branches in humid forest, borders, partial clearings.
Field Marks 4.5" Bill medium, black, straight. M: dark blue head, throat, and
chest; white hindneck band; bright green back and rump; white belly, untacs,
and most of tail. F: Like female Scaly-breasted Hummingbird, but more con
trastingly scaled blackish or greenish on white; white tail corners much smaller,
on greenish, not black, tail.
BROWN VIOLET-EAR [48] Chupaflor Cafe Co//bri delphinae

Range Blz, Guat, Hon, Nic-SAm. Res Blz, Guat (Atl). Rare.
Habitat Canopy of humid forest or middle branches in partial clearings,
borders.
Field Marks 4.5" Mostly brownish; bill short, straight; dull whitish stripe on
side of face, between purplish ear patch and bluish green throat.
GREEN VIOLET-EAR (16] Chupaflor Verdemar Calibri thalassinus

Range Mex-SAm, exc Blz. Res Mex (csHI +adj cPac; ace sBajCal, Yue), Guat (Hi
+ adj Pac), ElSal.

HUMMINGBIRDS 73
Habitat Moist mountain pin.e-oak, fir, or pine forest, borders, partial clearings.
Field Marks 4.5" Bill medium length, slightly decurved. M: mostly dark irides
cent green, with purplish ear patch; may have purplish chest patch; some buff
on untacs; dull blackish band on bluish tail.
GREEN-BREASTED MANGO [16] Chupaflor Gorjinegro Anthracothorax prevostii

Range Mex-SAm. Res/win Mex (csPac, s.nAtl+csAtl, Yue), Blz (s), Guat (Pac,
Atl), ElSal
Habitat Humid open woods, partial clearings, borders, gardens.
Field Marks 4.5" Bill black, mec:tium long, slightly decurved. M: mostly bright
green, with darker ear patch; narrow black patch on throat and chest; most of
tail bright purple. F: like male, but white below, with jagged black median stripe;
dark tail white-tipped.
EMERALD-CHINNED HUMMINGBIRD [16] Colibrf Piquicorto Abeillia abeil/ei

Range Mex-Nie. Res/vis Mex (e.cHi+sHi + adj sPac+csAtl), Guat (Hi), ElSal
(w). Very rare.
Habitat Cloud forest, partial clearings in humid forest, borders.
Field Marks 3" White spot or short line behind eye; dark square tail gray
tipped; very short straight black bill. M: iridescent green; throat brighter green;
breast black. F: bright greenish above; whitish or pale gray below.
(SHORT-CRESTED) GUERRERO COQUETTE (16] Coqueta de Guerrero Lophornis

brachylopha
Range Mex. Res Mex (c.cPac). Rare, local.
Habitat Humid forest, partial clearings. borders.
Field Marks 2.5" Bronzy above; short straight bill; buff or whitish bar on lower
back. M: elongated rufous crest feathers; grayish underparts, with bright green
gorget; square, rufous tail; black bill. F: mostly grayish buff below, but throat
white; crown rufous, not crested; bill dark; tail square, blackish, with cinnamon
tip.
BLACK-CRESTED COQUETTE (16] Coqueta Crestinegra Lophornis helenae

Range Mex-CRic, exc EJSaJ. Res Mex (sPac, se.cAtl+s.sAtl), Blz (s), Guat (Pac,
Atl). Rare.
Habitat Humid forest, second growth, partial clearings. borders.
Field Marks 2.5" Bronzy above; bill short, straight; white bar on lower back. M:
long black crest; chin broadly green with buff and black throat plumes; bronzy
rufous speckles on white breast and belly; tail short, reddish brown. F: no crest;
buffy below with many dark breast speckles; tail reddish brown, with broad
black bar.
(GOLDEN-CROWNED) MEXICAN EMERALD (20] Esmeralda Mexicana Chlorostil

bon auriceps
Range Mex. Res Mex (c.nPac-cPac).
Habttat scrubby woods, partial dearings, gardens, borders.
Field Marks 3.8" Like Canivet's Emerald, but tail much more deeply forked, in
m.ale and female.
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74 HUMMINGBIRDS
COZUMEL EMERALD Esmeralda Cozumelena Chlorostilbon forficatus

Range Mex. Res Mex (ne Yue: Cozumel Island).
Habitat Scrubby woods, borders, overgrown clearings, gardens.
Field Marks 3.8" Like Ca.nivet's Emerald, but tail much more deeply forked in
male and female.
CANIVET'S EMERALD [16] Esmeralda Verde Chlorostilbon canivetii

(Includes Salvin's Emerald, C. canivetii salvini)
Range Mex-CRic. Res Mex (sPac + adj Hi, s.nAtl+csAtJ + adj Hi, Yue), Biz,
Guat, ElSal; C. c. salvini Guat (Hi, Pac), EISal.
Habitat Humid to dry forest, partial clearings, borders, gardens.
Field Marks 3.4" M: bright iridescent green, with brighter green throat; bill
short, straight, red at base, black-tipped; tail black, deeply forked. F: dull green
ish above; whitish below; tail slightly forked, with white comers; white Line be
hind eye; black ear patch.
DUSKY HUMMINGBIRD [16] Colibrf Prieto Cynanthus sordidus

Range Mex. Res Mex (s.cHi + adj Pac). Irregular.
Habitat River-border woods, gardens, parks, orchards, overgrown vacant lots.
Field Marks 3.S" Like female Broad-billed Hummingbird, but slender bill;
darker underparts; duller, more bronzy green, not blackish blue, tail; M: no
small gray tail corners; F: rather large white tail corners.
BROAD-BILLED HUMMINGBIRD [18] Colibrf Piquiancho Cynanthus latirostris

(Includes Doubleday's Hummingbird, C. doubledayi)
Range US-Mex. Res/sum Mex (ncPac, w.nHi+cHi + adj Atl; cas sBajCal);
C. doubledayi Mex (cstl c+se.cPac).
Habitat Gardens, brushy woods, partial clearings, thickets.
Field Marks 3.5" Bill mostly broad, red with black tip; tail blackish blue. M:
iridescent green; gorget greenish blue; untacs pale gray or whitish; tail forked.
F: greenish above, pale gray below; tail square, with small gray corners.
MEXICAN WOODNYMPH [16] Ninfa Mexicana Thalurania ridgwayi

Range Mex. Res Mex (s.nPac+nw.cPac). Rare.
Habitat Humid forest, overgrown clearings, wooded ravines.
Field Marks 4" Bill medium, black, slightly decurved; tail notched. M: dark iri
descent green above, but forehead and forecrown violet-blue; blackish below,
but gorget to center of breast bright bluish green; tail blackish. F: greenish
above, pale grayish below, with dull gray-green breast; tail dark with whitish
tail corners.
VIOLET-CROWNED WOODNYMPH [48] Ninfa Violeta Thalurania townsendi

Range Blz-Pan, exc EISal. Res Blz (s), Guat (se Atl). Rare.
Habitat Humid forest, borders, partial clearings.
Field Marks 4" Like Mexican Woodnymph, but M: much more deeply forked
tail; mostly green, not black, breast, belly, and untacs, with some purplish on
sides, flanks, and upper back.
Marep�1an 33U.h1U.CHHbl"1 aaropcK111M npaaoM

HUMMINGBIRDS 75
BLUE-THROATED GOLDENTAIL [16) Chupaflor Colidorado Hylocharis eliciae

Ra.nge Mex-SAm. Res/vis Mex (sPac, se.cAtl+sc.sAtl), Biz, Guat (Pac, Atl),
ElSal. Rare.
Habitat Forest, river-border woods, partial clearings.
Field Marl<s 3.S" rridescent green, with reddish bronze uptacs; cinnamon
brown untacs; iridescent greenish gold tail; pu1plish blue throat; bill straight,
red with black tip.
WHITE-EARED HUMMINGBIRD [18) Chupaflor Orejiblanco Hylocharis leucotis

Range US-Nie, exc Biz. Res Mex (Hi), Guat (Hi), ElSal (n).
Habitat Gardens, borders, pine-oak woods, mountain pine forest.
Field Marks 3.S" Square tail; slender bill red with black tip; white line behind
eye. M: crown broadly dark purple; blackish ear patch; iridescent green throat;
pale gray untacs. F: crown and upperparts dull greenish; whitish below, with
variable green speckling on throat, sides, and flanks.
XANTUS'S HUMMINGBIRD [16) Chupaflor Peninsular Hylocharls xantusii

Rmige Mex. Res Mex (sBajCal).
Habitat Rocky hillsides with scrubby shrubs, gardens, borders, open dry
woods.
Field Marks 3.5" Like White-eared Hummingbird, but M: forehead and chin
black; breast, belly, untacs, and taiJ rich rufous below; F: all-rufous underparts;
tail rufous below, with du.II black bar near tip.
WHITE-BELLIED EMERALD (16] Chupaflor Esmeralda Amazilia candida

Range Mex-Nie, exc ElSal. Res Mex (sPac, csAtl, Yue), Blz, Guat (Pac, Atl).
Habitat Humid forest, borders, partial clearings, overgrown fields.
Field Marks 3.5" Greenish crown and upperparts; clear white below, except
lightly mottled green sides; tail gray, with dull dark band near tip; bill medium
short, dark above, red below. See Azure-crowned Hummingbird.
AZURE-CROWNED HUMMINGBIRD [16) Chupaflor Coroniazul Amazilia

cyanocephala
Range Mex-Nie. Res Mex (s.nAtJ+cAtJ+sw.sAtl + adj HJ), Blz (pine), Guat
(Hi + adj Pac), EISal (n).
Habitat Cloud forest, gardens, plne or pine-oak woods, borders.
Field Marks 4" Like White-bellied Emerald, but crown iridescent blue; sides
more broadly (and more grayish) green; no dark tail band; bill darker, mostly
blackish.
BERYLLINE HUMMINGBIRD (16] Chupaflor de Berrio Amazilia beryl/Ina

Range Mex, Guat, EISal, Hon. Res Mex (Pac + adj nHi, csHi + adj Atl), Guat
(Hi + adj Pac), ElSal.
Habitat Scrubby pine-oak woods, borders, overgrown clearings.
Field Marks 3.S" M: iridescent green; folded wings, uptacs, and tail rufous;
lower belly and untacs pale dull rufous; bill reddish below, dark above. F: belly
and untacs grayish.

76 HUMMINGBIRDS
BLUE-TAILED HUMMINGBIRD [17] Chupaflor Coliazul Amazilia cyanura

Range Mex-Nie, exc Blz. Res Mex (se.sPac), Guat (Pac), .ElSal (e).
Habitat Humid forest, cafetales, partial clearings, borders.
Field Marks 3.7" Bright iridescent green above and below, with coppery rump;
blackish blue tail a.nd uptacs; dark purplish folded wings, with rufous patch
(mostly secondaries); untacs whitish.
RUFOUS-TAILED HUMMINGBIRD [16] Chupaflor Tzacatl Amazilia tzacatl

Range Mex-SAm, exc ElSal. Res Mex (s.nAtl+csAtl, s Yue), Biz, Guat (Atl).
Habitat Borders, gardens, hedgerows, clearings, forest.
Field Marks 3.5" Iridescent green, but lower breast and belly gray; untacs, up
tacs, and tail rich reddish brown, with tail tinged purple; wings blackish; red
bill black-tipped.
BUFF-BELLIED HUMMINGBIRD [18] Chupaflor Yucateco Amazilia yucatanensis

Range US, Mex, Blz, Guat. Res Mex (Atl, Yue), Blz (n), Guat (nw Atl).
Habitat Scrubby woods, gardens, borders.
Field Maries 3.5" Like Rufous-tailed Hummingbird, but buffy .rufous, not gray,
lower breast, belly, and untacs; slightly notched tail tinged bronzy green, 11ot
purplish.
CINNAMON HUMMINGBIRD [17] Chupaflor Canelo Amazilia rutila

Range Mex-CRic. Res Mex (s.nPac+csPac, n+e Yue), Biz (cstl + cayes), Guat
(Pac), EISal.
Habitat Scrubby woods, thickets, borders, gardens.
Field Marks 4" Dull greenish above; uptacs, ta.ii (darker near tip), sides of face,
and underparts rich reddish brown; bill bright red, black-tipped.
VIOLET-CROWNED HUMMINGBIRD [18] Chupaflor Occidental Amazilia vio/iceps

Range US-Mex. Res Mex (ncPac, w.ncHi).
Habitat Scrubby open woods, river horde.rs, partial clearings.
Field Marks 4" Contrasty white below, dull greenish bronze to grayish bronze
above, tail greener; crown broadly violet (dull in some immatures); bill red,
black-tipped. See Green-fronted Hummingbird.
GREEN-FRONT ED HUMMINGBIRD [17] Chupaflor Corona Verde Amazilia

viridifrons
Green-fronted group A. v. viridifrons
Range Mex. Res Mex (sc-se.cPac+sPac).
Habitat Open woods, parks, gardens, overgrown clearings.
Field Marks 4" Like Violet-crowned Hummingbird, especially dull-crowned
immatures, but crown green or blackish; sides and flanks gray; uptacs and tail
not greenish, but M: rufous-brooze, F: dull grayish brown.
Cinnamon-sided group [17] Chupaflor Flanquicanelo A. v. wagneri
Range Mex. Res Mex (se.cPac).
Habitat Scrubby thorny woods, wooded river valleys.
Field Marks 4" Like Green-f.ronted group, but bright reddish brown stripe
down side of neck and on sides and fla,nks.
Marep�1an 33Uh1U..CHHbl"1 aaropcK111M npaaoM

HUMMINGBIRDS 77
STRIPED-TAILED HUMMINGBIRD (17] Chupaflor Colirrayado Eupherusa eximia

Range Mex-Pan. Res Mex (s.csAtl + adj Hi), Biz (s), Guat (Atl).
Habitat Cloud forest, borders, humid ravines.
Field Marks 3.5" Bill black, medium length; rufous patch (secondaries) on
folded blackish wing; tail (from below) contrasty white-based, black-tipped.
M: iridescent green; lower belly buff; untacs white. F: pale to medium gray be
low, with whiter u.ntacs and greenish sides. See Oaxaca Hummlngbird.
(BLUE-CAPPED) OAXACA HUMMINGBIRD (17] Chupaflor Oaxaqueno Eupherusa

cyanophrys
Range Mex. Res Mex (se.cPac +adj Hi).
Habitat Humid ravines, dense borders, ln mixed mountain forest.
Field Marks 3.5" Like Striped-tailed Hummingbird, but additional rufous on
wings (on Lnner primaries) and M: crown iridescent blue; belly alJ green, not
partly buffy; tall mostly whitish below, shading to gray tip and F: paler gray
below; tail appears all white or whitish below.
(WHITE-TAILED) GUERRERO HUMMINGBIRD (17] Chupaflor Guerrerense

Eupherusa poliocerca
Range Mex. Res Mex (c.cPac). Local.
Habitat Humid and mixed forest, borders, moist ravines.
Field Marks 3.5" Like Oaxaca Hummingbird, but M: crown green, not blue.
GREEN-THROATED MOUNTAIN-GEM (17] Chupaflor Montanero Lampornis

viridipallens
Range Mex, Guat, ElSal, Hon. Res Mex (sHi + adj Pac+Atl), Guat (Hi), ElSal (w).
Habitat Mou.ntain pine-oak or cloud forest.
Field Marks 4" M: bright green crown to greenish back to coppery rump to
black uptacs and tall; underparts whitish, throat speckled green on white; sides
mottled green and pale gray; ear patch black; line behind eye white; bill me
dium long, straight, black. F: similar, but unlformly bright green above; sides of
tail pale gray; no speckles on throat.
(AME THYST-THROATED) CACIQUE HUMMINGBIRD (17] Chupaflor Amatista

Lampornis amethystinus
(Includes Margaret's Hummingbird, L margaritae)
Range Mex, Guat, ElSal, Hon. Res Mex (Hi + adj csPac+Atl), Guat (Hi), ElSal
(n); L. margaritae Mex (cHi + adj Pac).
Habitat Pine-oak woods, fir forest, clearings, cloud forest.
Field Marks 5" Bill medium short, black, straight. M: iridescent green above
and on sides; black ear patch; iridescent red throat (bluish violet in L. margari
tae); blackish gray breast, belly, and untacs; gray-cornered black tail. F: paler be
low; throat rich buff; tall comers paler gray.
BLUE-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD (18] Chupaflor Gorjiazul Lampornis clemenciae

Range US-Mex. Res/sum Mex (w+e.nHi+cH1). Local.
Habitat Grassy meadows, moist ravines, open pine forest, pine-oak woods .
Field Marks 5" Bill medium long, slightly decurved, black. M: mostly bronzy

78 HUMMINGBIRDS
green above; large white corners on rounded black tail; blue throat; gray breast
and belly; white line behind eye; black ear patch. F: throat pale gray.
GARNET-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD (17] Chupaf1or Alicastano Lamprolaima

rhami
Range Mex, Guat, EJSal, Hon. Res Mex (local csHi + adj Pac+Atl), Guat (Hi),
ElSal (n). Rare.
Habitat Cloud forest, humid pine forest, borders.
Field Maries 4.5" Dark iridescent green above; rufous wings with some blac.k
feather edgings; short black bill; blackJsh purple tail; underparts and border of
red throat black; chest violet. F: duller; dark gray below, with traces of red on
throat; tail gray-cornered.
MAGNIFICENT HUMMINGBIRD (18) Chupaftor Magnffico Eugenes fulgens

Rarige Mex-Pan. Res Mex (Hi+ adj Pac, Atl), Blz (ace), Guat (Hi), ElSal.
Habitat Rocky slopes, pine-oak woods, partial clearings, pine forest.
Field Marks 4.5" M: dark green above; crown purple; tail. dark green; wings
blackish; mostly blackJsh below, but iridescent green throat. F: dull greenish
above; tail dark green, with black bar near tip and pale gray corners; underparts
pale gray; throat speckled.
PURPLE-CROWNED FAIRY (17] Chupaflor Pechinevado Heliothryx barroti

Range Mex-SAm, exc ElSal. Res Mex (sc.sAtl), Biz (s), Guat (Atl). Very rare.
Habitat Humid forest, small openings, woodland pools, flowering epiphytes.
Field Ma.rl<s 5", 6" Shining pale bluish green above, but black central tail feath
ers; underparts and tail (below) clear white; black patch through eye; short,
straight, black bill. M: crown purple. F: crown green; tail much longer than
male's, graduated.
LONG-BlUED STARTHROAT [17] Chupafl or Piquilargo Heliomaster longirostris

Range Mex-SAm, exc Biz. Res Mex (csPac, se.cAtl+s.sAtl), Guat (Pac, Atl), ElSal.
Habitat Humid forest borders, partial clearings, openings.
Field Marks 4.5" Like Plain-capped Starthroat, but line behind eye pale grayish
olive, not contrasty white; base of tail (below) dark greenish, blending to black;
Adt: forehead and forecrown bright blue (all males and cPac females) or bronzy
green (other females); not as much black on chin and upper throat; Imm: may
have some red speckles on throat.
PLAIN-CAPPED STARTHROAT (17] Chupaflor Pochotero Heliomaster constantii

Range Mex-CRic, exc Biz. Res Mex (Pac), Guat (Pac), ElSal.
Habitat Dry scrubby woods, borders, hedgerows.
Field Marks 4.5" Bill long, rather stout, straight, black; tail pale gray at base
(seen from below), then contrasty broad black bar, and prominent whitish cor
ners. Adt: greenish above, bill to tail, with a whitish streak down center of rump;
white mustache mark and line behind eye; black ear patch; blackish chin and
upper throat; iridescent red lower throat; grayish breast and belly. Imm: entire
throat blackish.
Marep�1an 33Uh1U.CHHbl"1 aaropcK111M npaaoM

HUMMINGBIRDS 79
SLENDER SHEARTAIL [17] Tijereta Surena Doricha enicura

Range Mex, Guat, ElSal, Hon. Res Mex (sHi + adj upper slopes Pac), Guat (Hi),
EISal (w).
Habitat Humid forest, lush borders, cafetales, overgrown partial clearings.
Field Marks 4.5", 2.5" Bill medium length, somewhat decurved, black. M: iri
descent green above; very deeply forked tail all black; white below, except violet
gorget and bronzy green sides. F: underparts and line behind eye buff; black
mask; slightly forked tail, rufous at base, then a black bar and white tip. See
Sparkling-tailed Hummingbird.
MEXICAN SHEARTAIL [17] Tijereta Yucateca Doricha e/iza

Range Mex. Res Mex (near-coast c.cAtl, n Yue). Very rare cAtl, common cstl
.n Yue.
Habitat Low thorny woods, brushy fields, hedgerows, gardens.
Field Marks 4", 2.5" Bill long, slightly decurved, black. M: iridescent green
above; white below, with broadly green sides and purplish red gorget with
pointed corners; tail very deeply forked, feathers square-tipped, black with
brown stripe. F: greenish above, mostly white below; rounded tail buffy at base
(below), then broad.ly black, with white corners.
SPARKLING-TAILED HUMMINGBIRD [17) Chupaf1or Mosc6n Tilmatura dupontii

Range Mex-Nie, exc Blz. Res Mex (s.nPac+csPac, csHi), Guat (Hi + adj Pac,
Atl), ElSal (w). Rare.
Habitat Parks, gardens, open pine-oak woods, humid forest, cafetales.
Field Marks 4", 2.5" Drifting, supersmooth flight is like that of a large bee; tail
of male sparkles. Bill short, straight, black. M: mostly iridescent green, with
white patch on each side of rump; blue throat; white chest; tail very deeply
forked; tail feathers black and brown, with white tips. F: greenish above; buff
patch each side of rump; dark tawny rufous below. Darker rufous below (and
straighter-bi.Ued) than female Slender Sheartail, Mexican Sheartail, Lucifer
Hummingbird, or Beautiful Hummingbird.
LUCIFER HUMMINGBIRD [18) Tijereta Altiplanero Calothorax lucifer

Range US-Mex. Res/win Mex (ncHi + adj slopes Pac). Rare.
Habitat Dry brushy grassland, open pine or pine-oak woods, borders.
Field Marks 3.5", 3" Greenish above; bill medium length, black, decurved.
M: whitish below with long-cornered, reddish violet gorget; broadly grayish
green sides and flanks; tail black, medium long, deeply forked. F: pale huffy be
low; whitish untacs; tail double�rounded, with rufous base below, then broadly
black, then white corners; pale streak behind eye. See Beautiful Hummingbird,
female Sparkling-tailed Hummingbird, and female Slender Sheartail.
BEAUTIFUL HUMMINGBIRD [17] Tijereta Oaxaqueno Calothorax pulcher

Range Mex. Res Mex (se.cHi + adj upper slopes Pac). Rare.
Habitat Brushy areas, scrubby woods, semidesert.
Field Marks 3.5", 3" Like Lucifer Hummingbird, but bill slightly shorter, more

80 HUMMINGBIRDS
slender, not as strongly decurved; M: tail longer, outer feathers broader, with
more rounded tips.
RUBY-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD (20] Chu paf lor Rubf Archilochus colubris

Rar1ge Can-Pan. Win/tr Mex (s.nPac+csPac, Hi, Atl, Yue; ace sBajCal), BJz,
Guat, ElSal. Rare.
.Habitat Patchy woods and pastures, gardens, woodlots, borders.
Field Marks 3.5" Greenish above; bill medium length, slender, black, straight;
tail feathers pointed. M: taiJ forked, blackish; front of face blackish; whitish be
low, with iridescent red gorget, and broadly greenish sides. F: black tail double
rounded, white-tipped; underparts whitish, sides tinged brownish. See Black
chinned, Anna's, and Broad-tailed Hummingbi1ds.
BLACK-CHINNED HUMMINGBIRD [18] Chu paflor Barbinegro Archi/ochus

alexandri
Range Can-Mex. Sum/win Mex (BajCal, ncPac, ncHi, nAtl). Rare.
Habitat Gardens, dry brushy areas, river valleys, semidesert.
Field Marks 3.5" Like Ruby-throated Hummingbird, but M: gorget black and
(lower part) violet and F: may be not as brownish below; crown not as greenish.
See Costa's Hummingbird.
ANNA'S HUMMINGBIRD [18] Chupaflor Coronirrojo Calypte onno

Range Can-Mex. Res/win Mex (res nw.nBajCal; win nBajCal, n.nPac, n.nHi).
Habitat Open areas with scattered trees, semidesert, gardens, overgrown fields,
river-border woods.
Field Marks 4" Bill black, short, straight. M: greenish above, with red forehead
and crown; dull greenish gray below, with white chest and short-cornered red
gorget; tail notched, black. F: greenish above, pale gray below; red and gray
specks on throat; dark ear patch; tail rounded, greenish (below) to black, with
white tips. See Costa's and Broad-tailed Hummingbirds.
COSTA'S HUMMINGBIRD [18] Chupafl or Coronivioleta Colypte costae

Rarige US-Mex. Res/win Mex (BajCal, n.nPac; win s.nPac).
Habitat Scrubby thorny semidesert, scattered trees and shrubs, gardens, dry
stream beds.
Field Marks 3.5" Like Anna's Hummingbird but smaller; not as much greenish
gray below; M: crown and longer-cornered gorget violet, not red; F: white un
derparts, no specks on throat. See Black-chinned Hummingbird.
CALLIOPE HUMMINGBIRD [18] Chupaflor Rafaguitas Stellula calliope

Range Can-Mex. Sum/win Mex (sum/tr nBajCal; tr/win ncPac + adj lower
slopes Hi). Rare.
Habitat Woodland edge, open pine-oak or pine woods, wooded stream valleys,
thickets, brush.
Field Marks 2.5" Greenish above, mostly whitish below. M: gorget ragged,
streaked white and violet-red; tail short, blackish. F: whitish below; red and gray
throat specks; tinged cinnamon on sides, flanks, and untacs; little rufous on

82 TROGONS
TROGONS- TROGONES-TROGONIDAE
BLACK-HEADED TROGON [20] Trog6n Cabecinegro Trogon melanocephalus

Range Mex-Cruc. Res Mex (se.cAtJ+sAtl, Yue), Blz, Guat (Atl), ElSal. Rare.
Habitat WoodJands, humid forest, orchards, borders.
Voice like that of Citreoline Trogon (see also Barred Antshrike voice).
Field Marks 11" YeJJow-bellied. Like Citreoline Trogon, but underside of fe
male's tail shows two black bars across white (some males may show this pat
tern aJso); eyes dark brown, not yellow; and eye ring lighter blue; and M: blacker
head and chest and bluish tail (above) and back.
CITREOLINE TROGON [19] Trog6n Pacifico Trogon dtreolus

Range Mex. Res Mex (s.nPac-w.sPac).
Habitat Dense thorny woods, borders, thickets, hedgerows.
Voice An accelerating series of croaks, ending in a rattle, co-co-co-co-co
co-co-kr-r-r-r-r. See Barred Antshrike voice.
Field Marks 11" Yellow-bellied. Tail white beJow, except black base and tip; eyes
yellow; eye ring bluish. M: tail (above) and back green; head blackish. F: head
slaty gray; tail (above) and back blackish. See Black-headed and Violaceous
Trogon.
VIOLACEOUS TROGON [19] Trog6n Violace o Trogon violaceus

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (sPac, csAtl, Yue), Blz, Guat (Pac, Atl), ElSaJ. Rare.
Habitat Dense forest, open humid woods, borders, partial clearings.
Voice A musical series, cyo, cyo, cyo, cyo, etc.
Field Marks 10" Yellow-bellied. Like Citreoline Trogon, but eye ring greenish
yellow; M: upper breast, back, tail (above) more purplish and most of tail nar
rowly barred black and white below; F: tail black belo\v, with narrow white
feather tips and barred margins.
MOUNTAIN TROGON [19) Trog6n Mexicano Trogon mexicanus

Range Mex, Guat, Hon. Res Mex (Hi), Guat (Hi + adj Pac).
Habitat Open or dense pine-oak, pine, or fir forest.
Voice A regular ringing series co, co, co, etc., or cah-oo, etc.
Field Marks 12" Red-bellied, with white chest bar. M: tail black below, with
three broad white bars; tail bluish green above, with black tip; head and back
iridescent greenish; bill yellow. F: tail feathers black beJow, with white tips and
barred margins; upperparts and tail (above) b.rown. See Elegant and Collared
Trogon.
ELEGANT TROGON [21] Trog6n Elegante Trogon elegans

Range US-CRic, exc Blz. Res Mex (ncPac, e+w.nHl+cHi, s.nAtl+nw.cAtl),
Guat (e Pac), EISaJ. Irregular.
Habitat Rocky ravines, dry oak or pine-oak woods, thorny scrub, humid river
borders.
Voice A hoarse, clucking, croaking series, co-wy, co-wy, co-wy, co-wy.
Field Marks 11" Red-bellied. Like Mountain and Collared Trogon, but tail gray

TROGONS. MOTMOTS 83
(finely vermiculated black and white) below, with white feather tips; M: tail
copper-colored above, with black tip; F: tail brown above with black tip; white
patch behind and below eye.
COLLARED TROGON [19] Tr096n Collarejo Trogon co/loris

Range Mex-SAro. Res Mex (csPac+csAtl + adj Hi, Yue), Blz, Guat (Pac, Atl +
adj Hi), EJSaJ (n).
Habitat Humid forest, river-border woods, scrub woods, cafetales.
Voice A slightly descending musical two-noted call, cyo-cyo.
Field Marks 10" Red-bellied. Like Mountain Trogon, but M: back more golden
green; tail black below with fine \vhite bars, golden green above and F: tail duJJ
grayish below with narrow dark bar near each feather tip.
(SLATY-TAILED) MASSENA TROGON [19) Trog6n Grande Trogon massena

Range Mex-SArn, exc EISal. Res Mex (se.cAtl+sAtl), BJz, Guat (Atl).
Habitat Humid forest, overgrown clearings, lush gardens, cafetales.
Voice Loud barking notes.
Field Marks 13" Red-belJied. No white breast bar; tail black below. M: orange bill
and eye ring; head, chest, and upperparts, including taU above, bluish green.
F: slaty gray head, chest, upperparts, and tail; upper mandible mostly dark.
E ARED TROGON (19] Tr096n Silbador Euptifotis neoxenus

Range US-Mex. Res Mex (nw.nHi-wc.cHi). Rare, irregular.
Habitat Mountain pine forest, open pine-oak woods.
Voice Higher-pitched and more trilled than that of other trogons-tree-tree
tree-tree.
Field Marks 14" Red-bellied. Like Massena Trogon, but tail mostly white below;
bill dark gray; M: tail blackish blue above; F: upperparts bluish green, not slaty
gray.
RESPLENDENT QUETZAL [19] Quetzal Norterio Pharomachrus mocinno

Range Mex-Pan, exc Blz. Res Mex (sHi + adj Pac+ Atl), Guat (Hi + adj Pac, Atl),
EISal (n). Rare.
Habitat Cloud forest, other dense humid mountain forest.
Field Marks 35", 15" Red-bellied. Wing coverts and uptacs form plumes. M: tail
white below; uptacs very long, extending up to a foot or two beyond tip of tail.
F: head medium gray; chest to untacs green to gray to dull red; tail barred black
ish gray and whjtish below; uptacs reach tip of tail.
MOTMOTS-MOMOTOS-MOMOTIDAE
TODY MOTMOT (19] Momoto Enano Hylomanes momotula

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (sPac, se.cAtl+sAtl), Blz, Guat (Pac, Atl), ElSal (w).
Rare.
Habitat Low branches in dense humid forest.
Voice A slow series of cwook or cwonk notes.

84 MOTMOTS
Field Marks 7" Sits quietly, flies directly, with rapid wingbeats. Tail not racket
tipped; no black chest spot; crown rufous; short pale blue line over eye; mostly
blackish ear patch, with white and olive lines below; back and wings green; un
derparts mostly pale buffy greenish, with faint streaks; center of belly whJte.
BLUE-THROATED MOTMOT [19] Momoto Gorjiazul Aspatha gularis

Range Mex, Guat, E!Sal, Hon. Res Mex (sHl), Guat (Hl), EISal (n). Very rare.
Habitat Humid plne, pine-oak, or cloud forest.
Voice Coot or took, singly or series.
Field Marks 11" Tail not racket-tipped; plumage mostly olive-green, with pale
blue throat; small black ear patch; small black chest spot; tail long, graduated,
·
and dull rufous below.
BLUE-CROWNED MOTMOT [19] Turco Real Momotus momota

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (sPac, c.nAtl-sAtl, Yue), Blz, Guat (Pac, Atl}, ElSal.
Habitat River-border woods, dry or humid forest, overgrown orchards.
Voice A low-pitched lioot, hoot.
Field Marks 16" Green above, or with some rufous; olive-green or rufous below;
crown pale blue with black border (nAtl, n.cAtl) or crown with black center,
then blue cirde, then black border (s.cAtl, sAtl, sPac, Yue); short bare space on
racket-tipped tail; black ear streak and chest spot.
RUSSET-CROWNED MOTMOT [19] Momoto Coronicafe Momotus mexicanus

Range Mex-Guat. Res Mex (Pac+ adj Hi), Guat (local, interior Atl).
Habitat Ope.a arid slopes, low thorny woodland, semidesert scrub.
Voice A burred, low-pitched fl-rr-oot
Field Marks 13" Pale olive-green above, pale bluish green below; crown rufous;
short bare space on racket-tipped tail; black ear streak and chest spot.
KEEL-BILLED MOTMOT [19] Gallinola Electron carinatum

Range Mex-CRic, exc ElSal. Res Mex (s.sAtl), Blz (s), Guat (Atl). Very rare, local.
Voice Like part of cackle of chicken, a loud, nasal dank or conk.
Field Marks 13" Olive-green above, dull brownish below; bill broad, Oat, keeled
on top; forehead rufous; blue streak over eye; short bare space on racket-tipped
tail; black ear streak and chest spot.
TURQUOISE-BROWED MOTMOT [19] Momoto Corbatinegro Eumomota super

ciliosa
Range Mex-CRic, exc Blz. Res Mex (sPac, n.sAtl, Yue), Guat (Pac), ElSal.
Habitat Dry thorny woods, humid forest borders, farms, gardens, archaeologi
cal sites.
Voice A mellow or harsh toke or tuck or tuck-a-lake.
Field Marks 14" Brownish green above, with dull rufous back patch; greenish
breast, with long blue-bordered black streak down throat to chest; rufous belly
and untacs; pale blue plumelike stripe over eye; black ear patch; long bare space
on racket-tipped tail.

KINGFISHERS, PUFFBIRDS 85
KING FISHERS-PESCADORES-ALCEDINIDAE
RINGED KINGFISHER [19] Pescador Grande Ceryle torquata

Range US-SAm. Res Mex (s.nPac+csPac, Atl), Blz, Guat (Pac, Atl), ElSal. Rare.
Habitat Rivers, canals, ponds, estuaries, lagoons, marshes, swamps.
Field Maries 17" Gray-blue above (collar white), reddish brown below; ragged
crest; bill stout. M: untacs whitish. F: broad blue breast band, bordered above
and below by white; belly and untacs reddish brown. See Belted Kingfisher.
BELTED KINGFISHER [20] Pescador Nortei'lo Ceryle alcyon

Range AK-SAm. Tr/win Mex, Biz, Guat, EISal. Rare.
Habitat Rivers, lakes, ponds, lagoons, marshes, estuaries.
Field Marks 13" Like Ringed Kingfisher, but M: white below with blue chest
band and F: three breast bands-blue upper, white mjddle, rufous lower; belJy
and untacs white.
AMAZON KINGFISHER [19] Pescador Amazonas Chloroceryle amazona

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (s.nPac+csPac, s.nAtl+csAtl), Biz, Guat (Pac, Atl),
ElSal (?). Rare.
Habitat Wooded rivers, ponds, lakes, lagoons, estuaries.
Field Marks 11" Like Green Kingfisher, dark green above, with broad white
collar, but plain, not heavily white-spotted, dark green wings; larger, with heav
ier bill; larger and shaggier crest and F: only one breast band, often or usually
incomplete.
GREEN KINGFISHER [21] Pescador Menor Chloroceryle americana

Range US-SAm. Res Mex (Pac, Hi, Atl, Yue), Blz, Guat, ElSal.
Habitat Streams, rivers, ponds, coastal lagoons.
Field Marks 8" Dark green above, somewhat rounded crest, broad white collar,
many white spots and spotty bars on wings and tail. M: broad chest band ru
fous; flanks spotted dark green. F: usually h�o spotty green breast bands on
white (lower band may be incomplete).
PYGMY KINGFISHER [19] Pescador Enano Chloroceryle aenea

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (sPac, se.cAtl+sAtl, Yue), Blz, Guat (Pac, Atl), E1Sa1
(cstl). Rare.
Habit.at Wooded stream banks, small ponds, mangrove swamps, marsh pools.
Field Marks 5" Plies with buzzy wingbeats. Dark green above; much smaller
than any other kingfisher in our area. M: throat (and partial collar, more or less),
breast, sides, and flanks tawny buff to rufous; belly and untacs white. F: 11ot as
rnucl1 rufous below; dark green chest band.
PUFFBIRDS-BOCONES-BUCCONIDAE
WHITE-NECKED PUFFBIRD (22] Boc6n Notharchus macrorhynchos

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (sPac, se.cAtl+sAtl, e Yue), Biz, Guat (Pac, Atl),
ElSaJ. Rare.
Marep�1an JaU11-1u.eHHb11.1 aeropcKll\M npaeoM

TOUCANS, WOODPECKERS 87
tacs bright red; uptacs white; extremely large bill yellowish green, with orange
patch and red tip.
WOODPECKERS-CARPINTEROS-PICIDAE
OLIVACEOUS PICULET [48] Carpinterito Olivaceo Picumnus olivaceus

Range Guat-SAm, exc ElSal. Res Guat (e Atl). Rare.
Field Marks 3.S" Brownish; crown and nape spotted white on blackish; tail
short, not sharp-tipped, black with a prominent yellow center stripe; M: red
streaked forehead; F: white-spotted forehead.
LEWIS'S WOODPECKER (20] Carpintero Ventrirrosado Melanerpes lewis

Range Can-Mex. Win Mex (nBajCal, n.nPac, n.nHl). Casual/rare, irregular.
Habitat Scattered trees and shrubs, dry river-valley woods, open pine or oak
woods.
Field Marks 10" Front of face maroon-red; rear of face (and upper throat) black;
collar and breast sUvery gray; belly deep pink; untacs blackish; upperparts black
with greenish gloss.
ACORN WOODPECKER [21] Carpintero Arlequfn Melanerpes formicivorus

Range US-SAm. Res Mex (BajCal, Pac, Hi, Atl), Biz (pine), Guat, EISal (n).
Habitat Mostly in mountain oak or pine-oak woods, but also down to near sea
level, in mixed grass-palmetto-oak-pine habitat.
Voice A nasal rhythmic wick-y, wick-y, wick-y, or a single crenk.
Field Marks 8" Often in groups, packs acorns into rows of holes drilled in trees
or posts. M: black, but whlte rump, uptacs, forehead, cheek patch, throat band
(tinged yellowish), and small wing patch; forecrown and hindcrown red; belly
and untacs white with some black streaks; eyes white. F': forecrown black; hind
crown red.
BLACK-CHEEKED WOODPECKER [22] Carpintero Selvatico Melanerpes pucherani

Range Mex-SAm, exc ElSal. Res Mex (se.cAtl+s.sAtl), Blz (s), Guat (Atl). Rare.
Field Marks 7.5" Darker-backed than similar species; small white patch behin d
eye, within long, broad black eye streak. M: narrow white bars on black back;
dark bars on pale gray sides and untacs; throat and breast pale gray; reddish
belly patch; white rump; red crown and nape. F: nape red; crown mostly black
and pale gray.
GOLDEN-CHEEKED WOODPECKER (22] Carpintero Cariamarillo Melanerpes

chrysogenys
Range Mex. Res Mex (c.nPac-cPac).
Habitat Scrubby thorny woods, overgrown river valleys, borders, mixed farms
a.nd woods.
Field Marks 8" Black-and-white barred back, rump, and untacs; mostly pale
gray underparts with yellow-tinged belly; small black eye patch; faint yellowish

WOODPECKERS 89
Field Maries 9" Digs small holes in back, eats sap. M: crown and throat red;
black throat border and chest band; black above, liberally barred with whitish
and with long white patch on wing; rump patch white. F: like male, but chin
and upper throat white. Juv + part of 1st win: mostly barred blackish and
brown above and below, with little or no trace of adult pattern, except on wing;
gradually acquires adult pattern and colors through winter and early spring.
RED-NAPED SAPSUCKER [20] Chupasavia Nuquirroj a Sphyrapicus nuchalis

Range Can-Mex. Win Mex (BajCal, nPac, nHi). Rare.
Habitat Varied wooded habitats, pine-oak woods, deciduous forest.
Field Marks 9" Like Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, with red throat in male, but fe
male throat red also, not white; male and female nape patch red, not black; Juv:
adult plumage by late fall or early winter.
RED-BREASTED SAPSUCKER [20) Chupasavia Cabecirroja Sphyrapicus ruber

Range AK-Mex. Win vis Mex (n.nBajCal). Very rare.
Habitat Conifers and other woodland.
Field Marks 9" Like Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, but darker-backed, with fewer
whitish bars, and head and chest nearly all red, with short diagonal white streak
below eye.
WILLIAMSON'S SAPSUCKER [20] Chupasavia Oscura Sphyrapicus thyroideus

Range Can-Mex. Res/win Mex (res mts n.nBajCal; win w.ncHi +adj Pac). Rare.
Habitat Mountain pine forest or pine-oak woods.
Field Ma.rks 9" M: black, except two white head stripes, wing patch, rump, and
uptacs; red throat; yellow belly; black-and-white barred sides. F: mostly heavily
barred blackish brown and white; black breast patch; yellow belly patch; brown
ish head and throat; white rump and uptacs; no large white patch on wing.
LADDER-BACKED WOODPECKER [21] Carpinterillo Me xicano Picoide.s scalaris

Range US-Nie. Res Mex, local Biz, Guat, ElSal (cas e).
Habitat Desert, semidesert, scrubby woods, borders, clearings.
Field Marks 7" Barred black-and-white back; pale gray below with streaked
sides; narrowly black-bordered white ear patch; heavily spotted wings. M: red
crown patch. F: crown black, no red. See Nuttall's Woodpecker.
NUTIALL'S WOODPECKER [21) Carpinterillo Californiano Picoides nuttallii

Range US-Mex. Res Mex (n.nBajCal).
Habitat Dry wooded river valleys, thorny scrubby woods, hedgerows, borders.
Field Marks 7" Like Ladder-backed Woodpecker, but broadly black ear patch;
large black patch below nape and on sides of neck. (Ranges overlap only in
n.nBajCal.)
HAIRY WOODPECKER [20, 21] Carplntero Ocotero Picoides villosus

Range AK-Pan, exc BJz. Res Mex (n.nBajCal, Hl), Guat (Hi), EISal (n).
Habitat Mountain forests or open woods of pine, pine-oak, or tir.
Field Marks 9"- 7" Back stripe, wing spots, part of cheek, line over eye, and

90 WOODPECKERS
outer tail feathers white or whitish; wings, scapulars, some head markings, and
central taiJ feathers black. M: small red nape patch. F: no red. Birds of north
i-vestern Mexico whitish below; birds of northeastern, central, and southern
Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador medjum grayish brown below. Progres
sively smaller from northwest Mexico to Panama.
ARIZONA WOODPECKER [21] Carpintero de Arizona Picoides arizonae

(The AOU lumps this with Strickland's Woodpecker; see below)
Rat1ge US-Mex. Res Mex (w.ncHi). Rare.
Habitat Oak or pine-oak woods.
Field Marks 811 Plain dark brown above; brown spots below, on white; brown
ear patch and malar streak on white face. M: red nape patch. F: no red.
STRICKLAND'S WOODPECKER [22] Carpintero Volcanero Pico/des stricklandi

(Does not include Arizona Woodpecker; see above)
Range Mex. Res Mex (c.cHi). Rare.
Habitat High-mountain woodlands.
Field Marks 8" Like Arizona Woodpecker, but back barred and underparts
heavily streaked.
SMOKY-BROWN WOODPECKER [22] Carplnterillo Cafe Veniliornis fumigatus

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (s.nPac+csPac [rare and local], s.nAtl+csAtl, s+e
Yue), Biz, Guat (Pac, Atl), ElSal.
Habitat Humid areas, dense forest, wooded river valleys, partial clearings,
hedgerows.
Field Marks 6" Dar.k brown; throat and face grayish. M: nape red, crown
streaked red. F: crown and nape brown, not red.
BRONZE-WINGED WOODPECKER (22] Carpintero Verde Picu/us aeruginosus

(The A.OU lumps this with Golden-olive Woodpecker; see below)
Range Mex. Res Mex (c.nAtl-c.cAtl + adj Hi). Rare.
Habitat Dense humid forest, cloud forest, wooded river valleys.
Voice One call is a petulant kweer.
Field Marks 10" Like Golden-olive Woodpecker, but grayer and greener, not as
yellowish below or as bronzy above; appears more scaly than barred below; no
red on sides of forecrown or forehead.
GOLDEN-OLIVE WOODPECKER [22] Carpintero Olivaceo Piculus rubiginosus

(Does not Include Bronze-winged Woodpecker; see above)
Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (sPac, sHi, se.cAtJ+sAtl, Yue), Blz, Guat, ElSal. Rare.
Habitat Cloud forest, borders, humid pine-oak or pine woods.
Voice Like Northern Fllcker's, clee and kick-kick-kick-kick. Also a weak, chatter
ing trill, on one pitch.
Field Marks 9" M: red border all around crown joins red patch on nape; mus
tache mark red; dark oljve to brownish olive above; barred yellowish and dark
olive-green below. F: red nape patch, but little or no red on sides of crown or fore
head; no red mustache mark.

WOODPECKERS 91
GRAY-CROWNED WOODPECKER [22] Carpintero Occidental Piculus auricularis

Range Mex. Res Mex (c.nPac-cPac + adj Hi). Rare.
Habitat Hurnld pine-oak or pine forest, borders, partial clearings.
Field Maries 9" Like Golden-olive Woodpecker, with red mustache mark in
maJe, but more grayish green overall; only faint traces of red, or none, on nape
or border of crown.
NORTHERN FLICKER (21] Carpintero Norteiio Colaptes auratus

Yellow-shafted group (21] Carpintero Aliamarillo Colaptes a. auratus
Ra11ge AK-Mex. Win Mex (nw+ne.nHi + adj Pac+Atl). Very rare.
Habitat Pine forest, pine-oak woods, borders, partiaJ clearings.
Voice Clee or dee-o. Also a hjgh-pitched chatter, kick-kick-kick-kick.
Field Marks 11" Brown above, barred black, with whjte rump; grayish crown
and nape, with red nape patch; throat and face buffy gray; black chest band;
black-spotted whitish breast and belly; yellow underwings and tail base.
M: black mustache mark. F: no mustache mark.
Red-shafted group (21] Carpintero Alirr ojo Colaptes a. cater
(lncJudes C. a. mexicanoides)
Range AK-Nie, exc Biz. Res Mex (nBajCal, e+w.ncHi+sHi +adj ncPac+ncAtl),
Guat (Hi), EJSal.
Habitat Open or dense pine or pine-oak or fir forests, partial clearings.
Field Marks 12" Llke Gilded Flicker, with red mustache mark (male only) and
no red nape patch, but brown of crown, nape, and back darker and more red
dish; underwings and tail base red, not yellow.
GILDED FLICKER (21] Carpintero Dorado Cofaptes chrysoides

Rarrge US-Mex. Res Mex (BajCal, n.nPac).
Habitat Desert or semidesert, saguaro-covered hillsides.
Field Maries 11" Like YeUow-shafted group of Northern Flicker, with tajl base
and underwings yellow, but pale buffy brown crown; pale gray face and throat;
no red nape patch; M: mustache mark red, not black.
CHESTNUT-COLORED WOODPECKER (22] Carpintero Castano Celeus castaneus

Range Mex-Pan, exc ElSal. Res Mex (s.cAtl+sAtl, s+e Yue), Blz, Guat (Atl). Rare.
Habitat Dense humid forest.
Voice A mellow but slightly metallic cleek.
Field Marks 10" Appears very dark, with many V-shaped black marks on rich
chestnut above and below; crested head crea.my brown; bill greenish ivory.
M: broad mustache mark, part of ear patch, and (sometimes) lores red.
LINEATED WOODPECKER [22] Carpintero Real Dryocopus lineatus

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (c.nPac-sPac, c.nAtJ-sAtl, Yue), Biz, Guat (Pac, Atl),
ElSal. Rare.
Habitat HumJd forest borders, openings, open scrubby woods, river-border
woods, large trees in mixed pastures and hedgerows.
Field Maries 12" Eyes pale yellow. M: black, except broadly red forehead, crest,
and mustache mark; black-and-whitish barred belly, sides, and untacs; whitish

92 WOODPECKERS, OVENBIRDS
I
chin; white streak from scapulars up along side of neck and (in most areas) un
der eye to base of bill. F: forehead and mustache mark black, not red.
PALE-BILLED WOODPECKER [22] Carpintero Picotero Campephilus guatemalensis

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (c.nPac-sPac, c.nAtl-sAtl, Yue), Biz, Guat (Pac, Atl),
EISal. Rare.
Habitat Humid forest, borders, partial clearings, wooded river valleys.
Field Marks 14" Double-rap peckin.g is distinctive. Like Lineated WoodpeckeI,
but sides of face all red (except very small black bare-skin patch around eye), not
black and white or black, white, and red; and M: chin and upper throat red, 11ot
whitish; F: chin, upper throat, and front and top of crest black.
OVENBIRDS- TREPAMUSGOS-FURNARllDAE
RUFOUS-BREASTED SPINETAIL [24] Colaespina Chepita Synallaxis erythrothorax

Range Mex-Hon. Res Mex (sPac, se.cAtl+sAtl, Yue), Biz, Guat (Pac, Atl), ElSal.
Rare.
Habitat Hedgerows, thickets, brushy forest borders and openings.
Voice Rasping, one-two-tJiree-kick.
Field Marks 6" Olive-brown back; gray head; rich reddish brown breast; gray
belly; throat finely streaked; tail rather long, spine-tipped.
SCALY-THROATED (FOLIAGE-GLEANER) LEAFGLEANER [24) Trepamusgo Cejudo

Anabacerthia variegaticeps
Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (csHi + adj Pac+Atl), Blz (s), Guat (Hi + adj Pac+
Atl), EISal (n). Rare.
Habitat Cloud forest or humid oak or pine-oak woods; mostly in middle or up
per branches.
Field Marks 6" Brown above, slightly paler below; throat broadly creamy,
faintly scaled; spectacles (prominent eye ring and line behind eye) buff, with
broad dark line below eye. See Buff-throated Leafgleaner.
BUFF-THROATED (FOLIAGE-GLEANER) LEAFGLEANER [24] Trepamusgo Gor

jipalido Automolus ochrolaemus
Range Mex-SAm, exc ElSal. Res Mex (se.cAtl+sAtl), Biz (s), Guat (Atl). Rare.
Habitat Undergrowth to middle branches of dense lowland humid forest.
Field Marks 7" Like Spectaded Leafgleaner, but notably larger; no eye ring;
throat, sides of face, and line behind eye rich tawny buff with brown line be
hind eye.
RUDDY (FOLIAGE-GLEANER) LEAFGLEANER [24] Trepamusgo Castaf\o Automo

lus rubiginosus
Range Mex-SAm, exc Biz. Res Mex (sw+ne.cHi+sHi + adj Pac+Atl), Guat
(Hi + adj Pac, Atl), ElSal (n). Rare.
Habitat Undergrowth in humid forest.
Field Ma.rks 8" Mostly rich brown; throat bright tawny rufous; bill straight,
sharp, dark; no contrasty face pattern.

OVENBIRDS, WOODCREEPERS 93
PLAIN XENOPS [24) Picolezna Sencillo Xenops minutus

Range Mex-SAm, exc ElSal. Res Mex (se.cAtl+sAtl, s+e Yue), Blz, Guat (Atl).
Rare.
Field Marks 4.5" Mostly dull olive-brown to reddish brown; pale buffy eye
stripe, and whjte mustache mark; short, up-turned, wedge-shaped bill; black
a.nd rufous tail. Usually does not perch upright as illustrated; looks and acts
more like a small woodcreeper, wren, or piculet, but note white mustache mark
and black and rufous tail.
TAWNY-THROAT ED LEAFTOSSER (24] Breiiero Gorjirrufo Sclerurus mexicanus

Range Mex-SAm, exc Biz, EISal. Res Mex (e.cHi+sHi + adj sPac+csAtl), Guat
(Hi + adj Pac, Atl). Rare.
Habitat Ravines or stream banks in humid forest, on ground or in low shrubs.
Voice A sharp, loud chip.
Field Ma.,ks 6" Like Ruddy Leafgleaner, but darker and more olive-brown; tail
shorter, more rounded, and much darker; bill longer and slightly decurved.
SCALY-THROATED LEAFTOSSER [24] Bref\ero Oscuro Scleruru.s guatemalensis

Range Mex-SAm, exc Blz, ElSal. Res Mex (sAtl), Guat (Atl). Very rare.
Habitat Rocky areas or ravines in dense humid forest, on ground or in low
shrubs.
Field Marks 6" Like Tawny-throated Leaftosser, but even darke.r, duller brown;
throat scalloped dark brown and buffy to whitish; bill slightly shorter and
straight.
WOODCREEPERS-TREPADORES-DENDROCOLAPTIDAE
TAWNY-WINGED WOODCREEPER (23] Trepador Sepia Dendrocincla onabotino

Range Mex-Pan, exc ElSal. Res Mex (se.cAtl+sAtl, s+e Yue), Biz, Guat (Atl).
Rare.
Habitat Dense humid forest, partial clearings.
Field Marks 7" Mostly unstreaked dull olive-brown; tail and large patch on
wing contrasty rufous; pale buff line over eye; th.coat whitish; chest faintly
streaked.
RUDDY WOODCREEPER (23) Trepad or Rojizo Dendrocincla homochroo

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (sPac, se.cAtJ+sAtl, Yue), Biz, Guat (Pac, Atl), EISal
(w). Rare.
Habitat Cloud forest or other humid forest, near or on ground near a.rmy ants.
Field Marks 7" PJa1n dark dull rufous; throat paler, tawnier; bill straight, gray
ish brown.
OLIVACEOUS WOODCREEPER (23] Trepador Olivaceo Sittasomus griseicopillus

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (csPac +adj Hi, s.nAtl+csAtl, Yue), Biz, Guat (Pac,
Atl), EISal.
Habitat Humid forest, dense scrubby woods, borders.

96 ANTSHRIKE.S, ANTBIRDS
and white; floppy crest with partly hidden white patch. F: rufous above, tawny
below; face streaked blackish on buffy.
WESTERN SLATY-ANTSHRIKE [48] Batara Pizarra Thamnophilus atrinucha

Range Blz-SAm, exc EISal. Res Blz (s), Guat (ne Atl). Very rare.
Habitat Humid forest, thickets, overgrown clearings.
Field Marks 6" M: slaty gray to black above, with spotty white wing bars;
mostly medium gray to slaty gray below. F: similar, but in shades of grayish
brown, buff, and rufous-brown.
RUSSET ANTSHRIKE [24] Pupero Cafe Thamnistes anabatinus

Range Mex-SAm, exc ElSal. Res Mex (se.cAtl-sc.sAtl), Biz, Guat (Atl). Very rare.
Habitat Humid forest.
Field Marks 6" Much paler below and on face than similar reddish brown birds,
such as mourners, pihas, cotingas. M: dull tawny brown above, with rufous
wings and tail; face and underparts pale tawny buff; bill rather heavy. F: duller.
PLAIN ANTVIREO [24] Hormiguerito Sencillo Dysithamnus mentalis

Range Mex-SAm, exc ElSal, Nie. Res Mex (sc.sAtl), Biz (s), Guat (Atl). Very rare.
Habitat Humid forest.
Field Marks 4" Faint wing bars; short tall; dark eyes. M: plain medium to
dark gray above and on breast; throat whitish; belly \.-Vhitish to pale yellow.
F: browner above, crown rufous.
SLATY ANTWREN [24] Hormiguerito Apizarrado Myrmotherula schisticolor

Range Mex-SArn, exc Biz, ElSal. Res Mex (extreme sc.sAtl), Blz (cas), Guat (Atl).
Rare.
Habitat Humid forest, mostly in undergrowth.
Field Marks 4" Bill short, rather slender; tail rather short. M: gray, with black
throat and breast; spotty wing bars. F: dark brown above; buffy wing bars; pale
buff to tawny buff below.
DOTTED-WINGED ANTWREN [24] Horm iguerit o Alipunteado Microrhopias

quixensis
Range Mex-SAm, exc ElSal. Res Mex (se.cAtl +s.sAtl), Biz, Guat (Atl). Rare.
Habitat Humid forest, second growth, partial clearings.
Field Marks 4.5" M: black, with spotty white wing bars and tall corners. F: con
trasty rufous below and slaty gray above, with spotty wing bars and tail corners.
DUSKY ANTBIRD [24] Hormiguero Tirano Cercomacro tyronnino

Range Mex-SAm, exc ElSal. Res Mex (se.cAtl+s.sAtl), Biz, Guat (Atl). Rare.
Habitat Humid forest borders, overgrown partial clearings, thickets.
Field Marks 6" M: dark slaty gray all over; faint spotty pale wing bars and nar
row tail tip. F: olive-brown above, rich tawny rufous below.
BARE-CROWNED ANTBIRD [48) Hormiguero Calvo Gymnocichla nudiceps

.Range Blz-SAm, exc ElSal. Res Blz (s), Guat (ne Atl). Very rare.
Habitat Thickets, undergrowth in humid forest or second growth, overgrown
clearings.

ANTSHRIKES, ANTBIROS, ANTTHRUSHES, ANTPITTAS, FLYCATCHERS 97
Field Marks 6" M: black all over except pale blue bare skin on forehead, fore
crown, lores, and around eye; white wing bars, tall-feather tips, and wrist spots.
F: similar, but medium to dark reddish brown and buff, and not as much blue
bare skin.
ANTIHRUSHES, ANTPITIAS-GALLITOS, CHOLINOS-FORMICARllDAE
BLACK-FACED ANlTHRUSH [24] Hormiguero Carinegro Formicarius analis

Rare.
Habitat Humid forest or dense patchy second growth.
Voice A deliberate whistle, first note higher-pitched, haa, 11a -ha-ha ha - - or a
.mellow rolling tch-ba-ba-ba-ba-ba-ba-ba-ba, last three notes higher.
Field Maries 7" On ground (tail pointing up) or perched low while singing.
Dark reddish brown above, dark gray below; pale blue eye ring; black throat and
part of face, bordered by rufous; very short black tail.
SCALED ANTPllTA (24] Cholino Escamoso Grallaria guatimalensis

Range Mex-SAm, exc Biz. Res Mex (cHi Oocal] + sHi + adj csPac+csAtl), Guat
(Hi+ adj Pac+Atl), ElSal (w). Rare.
Habitat Dense undergrowth in cloud forest or other humid forest.
Field .Ma1*.s 8" Hops on ground, logs, or shrubs. Scalloped blackish on olive
back and bluish gray crown; tawny rufous (cHi birds are much paler) below;
throat a.nd malar area striped, with black necklace; tail very short, rufous; bill
rather heavy, blackish.
FLYCATCHERS-MOSQUEROS- TYRANNIDAE
PALTRY TYRANNULET [25] Mosquerito Grit6n limmerius vilissimus

Range Mex-SArn. Res Mex (sHi + adj Pac+Atl), Blz (s), Guat (Hi +adj Pac, Atl),
ElSaJ (w). Rare.
Habitat Humid forest, partiaJ clearings, borders, plantations.
Voice A quiet peer-deer or pee-wee.
Field Marks 4.5" Greenish olive above, grayer on crown and nape; pale gray be
low, with very faint breast streaks and yellowish wash on belly and untacs;
white forehead and line over eye; bill very short, small.
YELLOW-BELLIED TYRANNULET [25] Mosquerito Pequenito Omithion semiflavum

Range Mex-CRic, exc ElSal. Res Mex (se.cAtl+s.sAtl), Blz (s), Guat (Atl). Rare.
Habitat Hu.mid forest, wooded river valleys.
Field Marks 3.5" Olive above; crown dark gray; prominent white line over eye;
yellow below, faintly streaked; tall and bill very short.
NORTHERN BEARDLESS-TYRANNULET [27] Mosquerito lampino Camptostoma

imberbe
Range US-CRic. Res Mex (Pac, Hi, Atl, Yue), Blz, Guat (Pac+Atl + adj Hl), ElSal.
Habitat Tree-dotted pastures, hedgerows, thickets, scrubby woods, borders.

FLYCATCHERS 99

Field Marks S" Greenish olive above; crown and nape dark olive-brown; face
and breast faintly streaked; throat whitish; breast pale olive; belly yellow; buff
wing bars.
NORTHERN BENTBILL [25] Mosquerito Piquicurvo Oncostoma cinereigulare

Range Mex-Pan. Res Mex (sPac, se.cAtl+sAtl, Yue), Biz, Guat (Pac, Atl), ElSal.
Rare.
Habita't Dense humid forest, borders, partial clearings.
Voice A short, quiet metallic trill, bir-r-r-r.
Field Marks 4" Perches upright, quietly, usually in lower branches. Olive-green
above, with gray crown and nape; dark wings, two white wing bars; throat,
breast, and ear patch faintly streaked; yellow belly and untacs; bill arched, bent
down at tip; eyes white; tail short. See Yellow-olive Flycatcher.
SLATE-HEADED TODY-FLYCATCHER [25] Espatulilla Gris Poecilotriccus sylvia

Range Mex-SAm, exc EISal. Res Mex (se.cAtl+sAtl, s+e Yue), Blz, Guat (Atl).
Very rare.
Habitat Lower inn.er branches in dense humid forest, scrubby woods, thickets.
Voice A quiet mellow took.
Field Marks 3.5" Grayish olive-green above, whitish below, with grayish
breast; crown and nape dark gray; wing bars and wing-feather edgings yellow
ish; tail sl1ort, narrow, graduated; bill somewhat spatulate; eyes pale grayish
brown.
COMMON TODY-FLYCATCHER [25] Espatulilla Comun Todirostrum cinereum

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (sPac, se.cAtl+sAtl, Yue), Blz, Guat (Pac, Atl), EJSal.
Rare.
Habitat Brushy pastures, overgrown clearings, forest borders, scrubby woods.
Voice A musical, whistled trill and a repeated, dry tick.
Field Marks 3.5" Holds tajl high, waves it from s.ide to side, hops actively from
twig to twig. Blackish olive above, with paler rump and blaC:k crown, nape,
and ear patch; underparts bright yellow; wings black with yellowish bars and
feather edgings; black tail narrow at base, white-tipped; bill spatulate, black;
eyes whitish.
EYE-RINGED FLATBILL [25] Piquichato de Anteojos Rhynchocyclus brevirostris

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (c.cPac-sPac + adj Hi, c.cAtl-sAtl + adj Hi, s+e
Y ue), Biz, Guat (Pac, Atl), ElSal (w). Rare.
Habitat Dense humid lowland forest, cloud forest.
Voice A hig.h-pitched wees.
Field Marks 6" Dark olive-green; breast faintly streaked; belly and untacs yel
low; prominent white eye ring; bill very broad and flat, dark above and pale
below.
YELLOW-OLIVE FLYCATCHER (25] Piquichato Ojiblanco Tolmomyias sulphurescens

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (sPac, se.cAtl+sAtl, Yue), Blz, Guat (Pac, Atl), ElSal.
Rare.

100 FLYCATCHERS
Habitat Humid forest, borders, scrubby woods, partial clearings.

Voice A very high-pitched weet, weet, weet.
Field Marks 5n Like Northern Bentbill, but larger; broad, flat bill; longer tail;
rather prominent spectacles and moves around actively, seldom perches quietly
upright.
STUB-TAILED SPADEBILL [25] Piquichato Mexicano Platyrinchus cancrominus

Range Mex-CRic. Res Mex (sPac, se.cAtl+sAtl, s+e Yue), Blz, Guat (Pac, Atl),
EISal. Rare.
Habitat Dense undergrowth of humid forest, thickets, borders, overgrown
clearings.
Voice Two to five notes, a petulant, abrupt chatter, ki-di-di-di-dit.
Field Marks 4" Usually turns around abruptly on its perch just before flying.
Brownish above, with white throat and tawny breast; very short flat bill; ex
tremely short tail; white eye ring; buffy spot on dark ear patch.
ROYAL FLYCATCHER [25] Mosquero Real Onychorhynchus coronatus

Range Mex-SArn. Res Mex (sPac, se.cAtl+sAtl, s+e Yue), Biz, Guat (Pac, Atl),
ElSal. Very rare.
Habitat Dense humid forest; nest usually hangs over small stream or pool.
Field Marks 7" Mostly olive-brown above, with tawny tail and underparts; bill
long, broad, flat; legs yellow to yellow-orange; crest extends back and down
when folded, flares crossways when open, red in male, tawny buff in female,
bordered and spotted iridescent bluish.
RUDDY-TAILED FLYCATCHER [25] Mosquerito Colirrojizo Terenotriccus erythrurus

Range Mex-SArn, exc ElSal. Res Mex (s.sAtl), Blz (s), Guat (Atl). Very rare.
Habitat Humid forest, overgrown clearings.
Field Marks 3.5" Olive above, with rufous and black wings; pale tawny rufous
rum.p, uptacs, tail, and underparts.
SULPHUR-RUMPED FLYCATCHER [25] Papamoscas Saltarfn Myiobius sulphureipy-

91us
.
Range Mex-SAm, exc ElSal. Res Mex (se.cAtl+sAtl, s+e Yue), Biz, Guat (Atl).
Rare.
Habitat Lower branches in dense humid forest or overgrown partial clearings.
Voice A harsh chip or pick or a musical ter-ter-ter.
Field Marks 5" Moves often, wings droopin.g, tail partly spread, bright rump
patch usually very conspicuous. Brownish olive above; blackish wings and tail;
underparts tawny to whitish on throat and yellowish on belly; rump bright
creamy yellow.
BELTED FLYCATCHER [25] Papamoscas Chiapaneco Xenotriccus callizonus

Range Mex, Guat, EISal. Res Mex (sHi + upper slopes sPac), Guat (Hi), ElSal.
Very rare, local.
Habitat Low inner branches in thickets, hedgerows, dense brush along
borders.

FLYCATCHERS 101
Voice A petulant cheer or chip pi"-" or a pert, pert, pick-chi-chew.

Field Marks 5" Jerks tail up, filcks wings, seldom lowers crest. Brownish olive
above; crown and long crest brownish gray; blackish wings with buffy brown
bars and feather edgings; underparts mostly yellow, with tawny rufous breast
band and whitish throat.
PILEATED FLYCATCHER [25] Papamoscas del Balsas Xenotriccus mexicanus

Range Mex. Res Mex (cPac + adj Hi). Rare, local, irregular.
Habitat Arid scrubby woods, rocky hillsides or ravines.
Voice A two-phrased song, a whistled twheeyu, then a rolling trill and abrupt
whistle tr-r-r-eet-yu; also a cl1ee-up.
Field Marks 5.5" Often fljes to ground to pick up insects, flicks tail up, flicks
wings, raises and lowers crest. Grayish to brownish olive above; whitish below,
darker on breast; long, pointed but ragged, grayish crest; white wing bars, eye
ring, and lores; wings blackish.
TUFTED FLYCATCHER [25] Papamoscas Penachudo Mitrephanes phaeocercus

Range Mex-SAm, exc Blz. Res/win Mex (res e+w.ncHi+sffi; win ncPac, ncAtl),
Guat (Hi), ElSal (n).
Habitat Open pine, pine-oak, oak, or fir forest; or (winter) borders, riverbanks.
Voice A rolling churree, cl1urree.
Field Marks S" Rufous-olive above, with buffy rufous wing bars on blackish
wings; prominent crest; rich tawny rufous below. See Buff-breasted Flycatcher.
OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER [27) Mosquero Boreal Contopus cooperi

Range A.K-SAm. Sum/win Mex (sum mts nBajCal; tr/win Pac, Hi, Atl), tr/win
Biz, Guat, ElSal. Rare.
Habitat Upper branches of pine forests, pine-oak woods, river-border woods,
partial clearings.
Field Maries 7" Grayish olive above and on sides and Hanks; throat and center
of breast and belly white; partly hidden white patch on each side of rump. See
Greater Pewee.
GREATER PEWEE [27) Tengofrfo Grande Contopus pertinax

Range US-Nie. Res Mex (Hi + adj Pac+Atl), Biz (pine), Guat (Hi), ElSal (res/
win n).
Habitat Upper branches, open pine woods, pine-oak or fir forest, or lowland
forests, river borders.
Voice Pert or pert-pert, or a sad hesitant ree -deet, ree-oo Uose Maria or Tengofrio) or
ree-deet, ree-deet, ree-deet, ree-oo. See Bright-rumped Attila.
Field Marks 7" Grayish olive, paler below; slight crest. Like Olive-sided Fly
catcher, but lower mandible orange; no broad white center streak below.
WESTERN WOOD-PEWEE (27] Tengofrfo Occidental Contopus sordidulus

Range AI<-SAm, exc Blz? Sum/tr Mex (BajCal, Pac, Hi), Guat (Pac + adj Hi),
EISal.
Habitat Scrubby open woods, borders, partial clearings, open pine woods.

102 FLYCATCHERS
Voice A rasping weer or peer.

Field Marks 5" Dark grayish olive above and on breast and sides; whitish throat,
belly, and untacs; blackish wings, white wing bars; bill may be yellow-brown
below. See Eastern Wood-Pewee.
EASTERN WOOD-PEWEE Tengofrfo Verdoso Contopus virens

Range Can-SAm, exc ElSal? Tr Mex (sPac, sHi, Atl, Yue), Blz, Guat. Rare.
Habitat River-border woods, forest borders, partial dearings, hedgerows, open
woods.
Voice A plaintive pee-a-wee or pe-wee (seldom heard in Mexico).
Field Marks 5" Like Western Wood-Pewee (except voice), but slightly paler be
low; lower mandible pale yellowish.
TROPICAL PEWEE [26] Tengofrfo Tropical Contopus cinereus

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (sPac, se.cAtl+sAtl, Yue), Blz, Guat (Pac, Atl), EISal.
Rare.
Habitat Partial clearings, openings in humid forest, borders, tree-dotted pas
tures.
Voice A liquid, twittering series or a single peet.
Field Marks 5" Like Western Wood-Pewee (except voice), but lores appear
whiter, center of belJy yellower.
YELLOW-BELLIED FLYCATCHER Mosquerito Oliva Empidonax ffaviventris

Range Can-Pan. Tr/win Mex (e.cPac+sPac, Atl, Yue), Blz, Guat, ElSal. Rare.
Habitat Usually low in open woods, humid forest, borders.
Voice A quiet, rising cur-lee.
Field Marks 5" Brownish olive above; prominent yellowish eye ring and wing
bars; throat pale yellowish; breast yellowish olive; belly and untacs yellow; bill
nearly as wide (at base) as it is long, yellowish orange below.
ACADIAN FLYCATCHER Mosquerito Verdoso Empidonax virescens

Range Can-SAm. Tr Mex (sPac + adj Hi, Atl + adj Hi, Yue), Blz, Guat, ElSal.
Rare.
Habitat Wooded stream valleys, htimid forest, borders.
Voice A rising, abrupt wheet; also a quiet chatter.
Field Marks S.S" Mostly olive above, but wings blackish brown with whitish
bars; pale yellowish to whitish eye ring; throat and lower breast whitish; chest
and sides grayish olive; belly a.nd untacs pale yellow to whitish; bill nearly as
wide (at base) as it Is long, yellowish below.
ALDER FLYCATCHER Mosquerito Alnoro Empidonax alnorum

Range AK-SAm, exc Blz?, ElSal? Tr Mex (sPac + adj Hi, Atl + adj Hi), Guat. Mi
gration poorly understood. Rare.
Habitat Thickets, borders, hedgerows; in summer in alder swamps or thickets
in bogs or near ponds.
Voice Fee-bee-o.
Field Marks 5" Like Acadian Flycatcher, but darker and browner above and on

FLYCATCHERS 103
chest (contrasts more with white throat); duller belly and untacs; eye ring less
distinct; bill more orange below.
WILLOW FLYCATCHER Mosquerito Saucero Empidonax trail/ii

Range Can-Pan. Tr/win Mex (Baj Cal, Pac, Hi, Atl), Biz (cas), Guat, EISal. Migra
tion poorly understood. Rare.
Habitat Moist thickets, partial clearings, borders; in summer in wet meadows,
drier brushy areas.
Voice An abrupt fitz-bew.
Field Marks 5" Like Alder Flycatcher, but slightly browner above; eye ring even
Jess prominent.
WHITE-THROATED FLYCATCHER [26] Mosquerito Gorjiblanco Empidonax albigu

laris
Range Mex.-Pan. Res/win Mex (res cHi; sum w+e.ncHi+sHi; win csPac, csAtl),
Biz (s), Guat, EJSal. Rare, local.
Habitat Wet meadows, shrub-dotted moist fields, brushy marshes, borders,
dry brush.
Voice An abrupt, sneezeUke er-rick-er.
Field Marks 5" Like Alder Flycatcher, but slightly browner, white throat more
contrasty; breast may appear vaguely streaked; wing bars and eye ring buffier;
flanks and untacs may be buffy; thighs and underwing coverts cinnamon-buff;
bill flesh color below.
LEAST FLYCATCHER Mosquerito Mfnimo Empidonax minimus

Range Can-CRic. Tr/win Mex (s.nPac+csPac, Hi, Atl, Yue); win Biz, Guat, ElSal.
Habitat Open woods, thickets, borders, wooded parks, large suburban gardens.
Voice An abrupt, unmusical chi-bee.
Field Marks 4.5" Like Hammond's Flycatcher, but head and upperparts darker;
belly and untacs slightly yellower; throat slightly whiter; bill paler below.
HAMMOND'S FLYCATCHER Mosquerito Pasajero Empidonax hammondil

Range AK-Nie, exc Biz. Tr/win Mex (nBajCal, Pac, Hi, ncAtl), Guat (Pac, Hi),
ElSal (n).
Habitat Pine or fir forest or pine-oak woods, borders.
Voice Three parts, st-pit, sup, tre-ip.
Field Marks 5" .Like Dusky Flycatcher, but head relatively larger, paler, contrasts
more with back; tail shorter, grayish margin on outer tail feathers; bill slightly
shorter, darker below.
DUSKY FLYCATCHER [27] Mosquerito Oscuro Empidonax oberholseri

Range Can-Mex. Res/win Mex (res rots nBajCal; tr/win nBajCal, Pac, Hi).
Habitat Scrubby woods, hedgerows, borders, open woods.
Voice Several phrases in sequence, chippy, chi-wee, tslip.
Field Marks 5" Flicks tail up. Like Gray Flycatcher, but slightly darker and more
olive, with more contrasty wing bars and eye ring; yellower below; bill darker
below.

104 FLYCATCHERS
GRAY FLYCATCHER (27] Mosquerito Gris Empidonax wrightii

Range US-Mex. Tr/win Mex (sBajCaJ, ncPac, ncHi).
Habitat Hedgerows, borders, semldesert, dry pine or pifion-juniper woods.
Voice An abrupt cl1i-bic.
Field Marks 5" Pushes tajl downward. Gray above, wings darker; whitish wing
bars and eye ring; whitish below (yellower in winter), with pale grayish chest;
taU notched, outer feathers white-edged; bill about twice as long as wide, pale
orange at base below, dark-tipped.
PINE FLYCATCHER (26) Mosquerito Pinero Empidonax affinis

Range Mex, Guat. Res Mex (Hi), Guat(Hi).
Habitat Dense or open pine, pine-oak, or fir forest, borders, partial clearings.
Voice A mellow, loud peet or pert
Field Marks 5" Like Gray Flycatcher, but browner; wings darker; wing bars
(tinged olive) and eye ring more prominent; yellower below with more olive
tinge on chest.
PACIFIC-SLOPE FLYCATCHER Mosquerito Occidental Empidonax difflcilis

Range US-Mex. Sum/win Mex(sum local BajCal; win BajCal, ncPac).
Habitat Shrubby ravines in pine or pine-oak forests.
Voice Several se-weet phrases.
Field Marks 5" Like Cordilleran Flycatcher in appearance and behavior, except
for voice. Not expected in northern and central highlands.
CORDILLERAN FLYCATCHER (20) Mosquerito Barranqueflo Empidonax occidentalis

Ra.nge AK-Mex. ResMex(ncPac, w+e.nHi+ cHi).
Habitat Shrubby ravines in pine, pine-oak, fir, or other mountain forest.
Voice An abrupt hree-deet.
Field Marks 5" Like Yellow-bellied Flycatcher, but somewhat browner above
and on breast; bill more orange below; wing bars huffier, not so prominent; tail
somewhat longer.
YELLOWISH FLYCATCHER (26) Mosquerito Ama rillen to Empidonax flavescens

Range Mex-Pan, exc Biz. Res/win Mex(sHi +adj Pac+Atl; local se.cAtl [Tuxtla
Mts.]), Guat(Hi + adj Pac), ElSal.
Habitat Cloud forest and other humid forest; also pine-oak woods.
Voice A high-pitched hree-deet
Field Marks 5" Like Cordilleran Flycatcher(may be same species), but yellower
above and below.
BUFF-BREASTED FLYCATCHER (27) Mosquerito Canelo Empidonax fulvifrons

Range US-Hon, exc Biz. Res/win Mex (Hi + adj ncPac), Guat (Hi + adj Pac),
EJSal(n).
Habitat Open pine, pine-oak, or fir forest, or(winter) river-border woods.
Voice A m.usical, rollingpulleet-yew.
Field Marks 4.5" Grayish brown above, darker on crown; pale buff wing bars
and wing-feather edgings; eye ring white; pale tawny below, to whitish belly
and untacs.

FLYCATCHERS 105
BLACK PHOEBE [27] Mosquero Negro 5ayornis nigricans

Range US-SAm. Res Mex (BajCal, Pac, Hi, s.nAtl-sc.sAtl), Blz (s}, Guat, EISal
(w). Rare.
Habitat Near pools, streams, lakes.
Voice A harsh fee-bee.
Field Marks 6" Black, but belly, untacs, and some feather edgings white.
E ASTERN PHOEBE [20] Mosquero Fibf 5ayomis phoebe

Range Can-Mex. Win Mex (ncHi, ncAtl; cas/very rare BajCaJ, Pac, Yue). Rare.
Habitat Hedgerows, borders.
·
Voice Fee-bee.
Field Marks 6" Like Eastern Wood-Pewee, but yellower below; head darker; no
wing bars; bill black.
S AY'S PHOEBE [27] Mosquero Llanero 5ayornis soya

Range AK-Mex. Res/win Mex (BajCal, ncPac, Hi, ncAtl). Rare.
Habitat Arid grassy fields, open semidesert, rocky ravines or h1Jls1des.
Field Marks 7" Dull medium gray above; darker head, wings, and tail; mostly
tawny buff below.
VERMILION FLYCATCHER [27] Mosquero Cardenalito Pyrocephalus rubinus

. Range US-SAm, exc EJSal, CRic. Res Mex, Biz, Guat (Atl).
Habitat Arid open areas, semideserts, brushy overgrown fields, parks, gardens;
on weeds, fences, wires.
Field Marks 5.5" M: black, except scarlet crown and underparts. F+ Imm: dull
grayish brown above; dark ear patch; white throat; white breast streaked gray or
brown; belly and untacs pale yellow, pink, or red.
BRIGHT-RUMPED ATTILA [26) A tila Bigot6n Attila spadiceus

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (c.nPac-sPac + adj Hi, c.cAtl-sAtl + adj Hi, Yue),
Blz, Guat (Pac, Atl), ElSaJ. Rare.
Habitat Humid forest, borders, openings, scrubby woods, river borders, tree
dotted pastures.
Voice Like Greater Pewee's, but louder, more abrupt, wheed-ut, wheed-ut, �vheed
ut, whee-oo.
Field Marks 8" Variable; usually brown or olive above; rump and uptacs yellow
or tawny; underparts whitish or tawny; face, throat, and breast streaked; eyes
whitish, tan, brown, or red.
RUFOUS MOURNER [26] Llorona Alazan Rhytipterna holerythra

Range Mex-SAm, exc ElSal. Res Mex (sc.cAtl-sc.sAtl), Blz (s), Guat (AtJ). Rare.
Habitat Dense humld forest, partial clearings, dense borders.
Voice A sad wheep or wheep-wee.
Field Marks 8" Dull reddish brown above, tawny brown below. See Speckled
Mourner.
YUCATAN FLYCATCHER [20, 26] Copet6n Yucateco Myiarchus yucatanensis

Range Mex, Biz, Guat. Res Mex (c+e.sAtl, Yue), Biz (n), Guat (nw Atl). Rare.

FLYCATCHERS 107
BROWN-CRESTED FLYCATCHER (20, 27] Copet6n Tiranillo Myiarchus tyrannulus

Range US-CRic, SArn. Res/sum Mex (Pac+AtI +adj Hi, Yue; cas sBajCaI), Biz,
Guat (Pac, Atl), EISal.
Habitat Open woods, borders, brushy pastures, partial clearings.
Voice A mellow wl1it and a raspy breer.
Field Marks 8.5" Like Ash-throated Flycatcher, but larger; larger-billed; brighter
yellow on belly and untacs; somewhat more rufous on tail. Like Great Crested
Flycatcher, but bill dark, heavier; chest paler gray, contrasting less with yellow
belly; tail less rufous, with broader shaft stripes of dark gray.
FLAMMULATED FLYCATCHER (26] Copet6n Piquiplano Deltarhynchus flammulatus

Range Mex. Res Mex (c.nPac-w.sPac). Very rare.
Habitat Dense scrubby dry woods, overgrown fields, thickets, hedgerows.
Voice A quiet querulous wee-eet, sliding down then up; a quiet rolling pr-r-reet
Field Marks 6.5" Resembles Ash-throated Flycatcher somewhat, but more gray
ish above, with cinnamon-rufous uptacs, wing bars, and wing-feather edgings;
pale gray eye ring; whitish lores prominent at times; chest pale gray faintly
streaked whitish; belly and untacs pale yellow; tail dark brown and rufous; bill
rather short, broad, flat.
GREAT KISKADEE (27] Luis Bienteveo Pitangus sulphuratus

Range US-SAm. Res Mex (Pac+Atl +adj Hi, Yue), Biz, Guat (Pac, Atl +adj Hi),
EISal.
Habitat River-border woods, forest borders, open woods, partial clearings,
hedgerows; often over water, may catch small fish.
Voice A very loud nasal ree or kurree or keep-kurree.
Field Marks 9" Reddish brown above, with rufous wings and tail; head broadly
striped black and white; underparts bright yellow, except white throat; me
dium heavy bill.
BOAT-BILLED FLYCATCHER [26) Luis Piquigrueso Megarynchus pitangua

.Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (s.nPac+csPac, s.nAtl+csAtl, Yue), Blz, Guat (Pac,
Atl), ElSal. Rare.
Habitat Higher branches in tree-dotted fields, forest borders, river-border
woods, partial clearings.
Voice A high-pitched gii-lick, gU-lick, a whining kee-rr-r or mew-e-r-r, or a dry
chee-r-r.
Field Marks 9" Like Great Kiskadee, but voice different, and wings and tail
more grayish olive, not rufous; bill heavier.
SOCIAL FLYCATCHER (26] Luis Gregario Myiozetetes similis

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (c.nPac-sPac, s.nAtl+csAtl, Yue), Biz, Guat (Pac,
Atl), ElSal.
Habitat Often in (family?) groups on branches overhanging rivers or ponds, or
in forest borders, tree-dotted fields, partial clearings.
Voice Ki-tee, ki-tee, ki-tee or a petulant chee-ee.
Field Marks 7" Often flutters wings while perched, seems excitable. Like Great

108 FLYCATCHERS
Kiskadee, but much smaller and smaller-billed; more grayish olive above; no ru
fous on wing.
STREAKED FLYCATCHER (26] Ventura Pinta Myiodynastes maculatus

Range Mex-SAm, exc ElSal. Sum Mex (s.nAtl+csAtl, s+e Yue), Blz, Guat (AtJ).
Rare.
Habitat Partly cleared pastures, woods along rivers, humid forest borders or
openings.
Voice A melodious tyew; a whining wa-a-a.
Field Marks 8" Like Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher, but head stripes yellower; un
derparts wbjter; bill heavier.
SULPHUR-BELLIED FLYCATCHER (27) Ventura Meca Myiodynastes luteiventris

Range US-SAm. Sum Mex (Pac+Atl + adj Hi, Yue), Blz, Guat (Pac, Atl + adj
Hi), ElSal.
Habitat Partly cleared pastures, forest borders and openings, orchards, woods
along rivers.
Voice A high-pitched peet-chee.
Field Marks 8" Streaked dark brown and buff above, with rich rufous rump, up
tacs, and tail; yellow below with heavy dark streaks; .head streaked white and
blackish gray.
PIRATIC FLYCATCHER [26] Ventura Pirata legatus leucophaius

Range Mex-SAm, exc ElSal. Sum Mex (sPac, csAtl), Blz, Guat (Atl). Rare.
Habitat Partial clearings, overgrown pastures, luxuriant hedgerows, borders;
often seen on outer branches or utility wires near a hanging nest, which it uses
after driving away the original occupants.
Voice A loud whistled whee-oo (pause), then three softer m.usical notes, te-te-te.
Field Marks 6.5" Like Streaked and Sulp.hur-bellied Flycatchers, but smaller and
smaller-billed; darker and not streaked above.
TROPICAL KINGBIRD [27) Tirano Tropical Tyrannus melancholicus

Range US-SAm. Res/sum Mex (Pac+Atl + adj Hi, Yue; rare/cas BajCal), Blz,
Guat (Pac+Atl + adj Hi), ElSal.
Habitat Hedgerows, partly wooded pastures, scrub woods, forest borders,
mixed woods and farms.
Voice Chipping, trilling notes, higher-pitched than Couch's Kingbird's; also
high-pitched kittick notes.
Field Marks 8" Grayish olive above, with bluish gray crown; blackisl1 wings;
yellow below, except white throat and pale grayish wash on chest; tail blackish
brown, notched. See Couch's Kingbird.
COUCH'S KINGBIRD Tirano Me.xicano Tyrannus couchii

Range US, Mex, Blz, Guat. Res Mex (Atl, Yue), Biz, Guat (Atl).
Habitat Overgrown pastures, open woods, ranches, forest borders, partial
clearings.
Voice A mellow pert or pit; a rolling whee-ee-rr-r or ti-peer.

FLYCATCHERS 109
Field Marks 8" Like Tropical Kingbird, but voice different, and tail may be more
brownish. See Cassin's and Western Kingbirds.
CASSIN'S KINGBIRD [27] Tirano Crit6n Tyrannus vociferans

Range US, Mex, Biz?, Guat, Hon. Res/win Mex (res/sum nBajCal, ncPac, ncHi;
win BajCal, sPac, sHi), Blz (cas?), Guat (Pac?).
Habitat Shrubby pastures, open mesquite grassland, hedgerows, thickets;
perches on wires, posts, shrubtops.
Voice A chlpping kiteer, kiteer, kiteer, kiteer.
Field Marks 8" Like Tropical Kingbird, but more contrasty; chest much darker
gray; tail blacker, square with pale tip band.
THICK-BILLED KINGBIRD (27) Tirano Piqulgrueso Tyrannus crassirostris

Range US, Mex, Guat. Res Mex (ncPac + adj Hi), very rare/cas Guat (Pac).
Habitat Upper branches in scrubby woods, borders, partial clearings.
Voice A loud harsh bur-ree, or kit-er-keer.
Field Maries 8" .Head (especially crown) and back much darker and underparts
and sides of face much whiter than other kingbirds except Eastern (which has
prominent white tail-tip band and much smaller bill). Imm: yellower.
WESTERN KINGBIRD [2.7) nrano Palido Tyrannus verticalis

Range Can-CRic, exc Biz. Sum/win Mex (sum nBajCal, nPac, nHi; tr/win csPac,
csHi + adj Atl}, Guat (Pac + adj Hi), ElSal.
Habitat Tree-dotted or brushy fields, savannas, borders, partial clearings.
Field Marks 8" Like Tropical Kingbird, but paler; bill shorter; sides of square tail
whitish-bordered.
EASTERN KINGBIRD (20] Tirano Viajero Tyrannus tyrannus

Range AK-SAm. Tr Mex (sPac, sHi, Atl +adj Hi, Yue; cas/acc sBajCal, nPac, cHi),
Blz, Guat, ElSal.
Habitat Flocks in trees in pastures, savannas, borders, hedgerows, clearings, or
flying 50 to 300 feet above ground.
Field Maries 8" Upperparts blackish to blackish gray; underparts and tail-tip
band white.
GRAY KINGBIRD [20] Ti rano Gris Tyrannus dominicensls

Range US, Mex, Biz. Tr Mex (e Yue), Biz (cayes). Rare.
Habitat Overgrown brushy fields, clearings, borders, utility wires.
Field Marks 8.5" Mostly medium gray above, with browner wings; pale gray to
whitish below; darker ear patch and area around eye; tail notched.
SCISSOR-TAILED FLYCATCHER (27) Tirano Tijereta Tyrannus forficatus

Range US-Pan. Sum/win Mex (sum ne.nHi, nAtl; tr/win csPac, cHi, csAtl; very
rare/cas BajCal, nPac, Yue), Blz, Guat (Pac), ElSal.
Habitat Tree-dotted pastwes, brushy grasslands, hedgerows, utility poles,
wires, tops of s.rnall trees; flocks overhead.
Field Marks 14" M: bluish gray above, pale pink and whitish below; red-orange
sides. F+ Imm: paler below; tail shorter. See Fork-tailed Flycatcher.

BECARDS, MOURNERS 111
gray with little or no red on throat. F: in most of Mexico grayish brown above,
with pale buff collar a.nd underparts; in Belize, Guatemala (Atl), and Mexico
(sAtl) mostly ta\vny rufous above, with pale tawny collar and underparts.
MASKED TITYRA [26] Titira Puerquito Tityra semifasciata

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (c.nPac-sPac, s.nAtl+csAtl + adj sHi, Yue), Blz,
Guat (Pac, Atl), F.lSal. Rare.
Habitat Grassy forest remnants, partial clearings, river-border woods, borders,
openjngs; usually in pairs, often seen near cavities in dead trees (nests or poten
tial nest sites).
Voice A rasping, gruntlike kiddit, kiddit.
Field Marks 8" M: mostly pearly gray, but forehead and forecrown, patch
around eye, outer part of wing, and broad tajl band black; eye ring and base of
bill red. F: back, crown, nape, and ear patch dark grayish brown.
BLACK-CROWNED TITYRA [26] Titira Piquinegra Tityra inquisitor

Range Mex-SAm, exc ElSal. Res Mex (csAtl, Yue), Biz, Guat {Atl). Rare.
Habitat Upper branches, humid forest borders, openings, partial clearings,
river-border woods; often seen in dead trees, in pairs.
Voice A rasping sik.
Field Marks 8" Flies long distances. Like Masked Tityra, but no red on head; M:
crown all black; F: crown blackish; forehead buff; ear patch rufous.
RUFOUS PIHA [26] Alazan Mayor Upaugus unirufus

Range Mex-SAm, exc ElSal. Res Mex (se.cAtl+sAtl), Biz (s), Guat (Atl). Rare.
Habitat Middle branches, dense h\1mid forest, overgrown partial clearings.
Voice A very loud whistle, wheet-a-weet.
Field Marks 10" Dark reddish brown above and below, paler and tawnier on
throat and belly; larger, larger-billed, and more two-toned than Rufous and
Speckled Mourners.
THRUSH-LIKE MOURNER [24] Saltarfn Tontillo Schiffornls turd/nus

Range Mex-SAm, exc ElSal. Res Mex (se.cAtl+sAtl, s+e Yue), Biz, Guat (Atl).
Rare.
Rabi.tat Undergrowth in dense humid forest.
Field Marks 7" Darker and much more olive-brown than other mourners,
pihas, and female becards.
GRAY-HEADED PIPRITES [48] Turquito Cabecigrfs Piprites griseiceps

Range Guat, Hon, Nie, CRic. Res Guat (e Atl). Very rare.
Habitat Humid forest, borders.
Field Marl<s 4.5" Yellowish olive above; yellow below with grayish wash across
breast; white eye ring; short tail is dark olive; bill short, rather thick.
SPECKLED MOURNER [26] Llorona Manchada laniocera rufescens

Range Mex-SAm, exc ElSal. Res Mex (se.cAtl-sc.sAtl), Biz (s), Guat (Atl). Very
rare.
Habitat Dense humid forest; moves slowly.
Voice A whistled peet-a-weet.

112 BECARDS, MOURNERS, COTINGAS, MANAKINS, SHRIKES
Field Marks 9" Like Rufous Mourner and Rufous Piha, but darker brown; two
dull spotty wing bars; faint breast bars or scallops; yellow patch on each side of
chest, often hidden.
COTINGAS-COTINGAS-COTINGIDAE
LOVELY COTINGA [26] Cotinga Azuleja Cotinga amabilis

Range Mex-CRic, exc ElSal. Res Mex (se.cAtl-sc.sAtl), Biz (s), Guat (Atl). Rare,
irregular.
Habitat Middle to upper branches in dense humid forest, small openings, bor
ders, partial clearings.
Field Marks 8" M: cobalt blue; throat and belly patch purple, may look black;
wings and tail black. F: speckled and scalloped blackish brown above, spotted
pale gray below.
MANAKINS-SALTARINES-PI P RIDAE
WHIT E-COLLARED MANAKIN (24] Saltarfn Cuelliblanco Manacus candei

Range Mex-Pan, exc ElSal. Res Mex (se.cAtl-se.sAtl), Blz, Guat (Atl). Rare.
Habitat Undergrowth in humid forest, shrubby borders, overgrown partial
clearings.
Voice Short notes or trills. Also makes loud snapping sounds with wings.
Fteld Marks 4.S" M: Mostly black, white, and yellow. F: belly yellower, legs
brighter orange than those of other female manakins.
LONG-TAILED MANAKIN [24] Saltarfn Toledo Chiroxiphia linearis

Range Mex-CRic, exc Biz. Res Mex (sPac), Guat (Pac), ElSal. Rare, irregular.
Habitat Ravines, thickets, undergrowth in humid to rather dry woods.
Voice A loud, mellow taw-eet-oo or to-le-do.
Field Marks 10", S" M: black, with scarlet crown, pale blue back, central tail
feathers very long, black. F: greenish olive above, dull buffy greenish below;
central tail feathers noticeably elongated.
R ED-CAPPED MANAKIN (24) Saltarfn Cabecirrojo Pipra mentalis

Range Mex-SAm, exc ElSal. Res Mex (csAtl, Yue), Biz, Guat (Atl). Rare.
Habitat Undergrowth in dense humid forest.
Voice A series of short and long high-pitched notes.
Field Marks 4" Makes abrupt short flights or jumps, also snapping, whirring, or
buzzy noises. M: black, with mostly red head; yellow thighs; white eyes. F:
much duller and grayer below, much darker legs than female White-collared
Manakin. Imm M: may be mostly greenlsh, but eyes white, thighs yellowish.
SHRIKES-VER DUGOS-LANllDAE
LOGGERH EAD SHRIKE [40] Verdugo Americano Lanius /udovicianus

Range Can-Mex, Guat. Res/win Mex (res BajCal, ncPac, ncHi; win all exc Yue),
Guat (very rare/cas w Hi). Rare.

114 VIREOS
BLACK-CAPPED VIREO (35) Vireo Gorrinegro Vireo atricapillus

Range US-Mex. Sum/win Mex (sum .ne.nHi; win s.nPac+cPac, w.cHi). Rare.
Habitat Large shrubs or small trees in dry scrubby woods, thickets, hedgerows,
borders.
Field Marks 4" M: olive-green above; bead and face mostly black with white
eye ring, lores, and throat; wing bars pale yeUow; underparts white with yel
lowish wash on flanks. F: paler and duller; head dark gray, not black; whitish
throat.
DWARF VIREO (34) Vireo Enano Vireo nelsoni

Range Mex. Res Mex (s+w.cHi + adj Pac). Very rare.
Habitat Thickets, scrubby hedgerows, brushy hillsides, riverside woods.
Field Marks 4" Olive-gray above; two narrow white wing bars; partial white eye
ring; whitish below with pale olive on sides and flanks.
GRAY VIREO [35) Vireo Gris Vireo vicinior

Ra11ge US-Mex. Sum/win Mex (sum nBajCal, ne.nHi; win sBajCal, nw.nPac,
n.nHi). Rare.
Habitat Brushy areas, piiion-juniper, thickets, chaparral.
.Field Marks 4.5" Bobs tail up and down. Gray above; one falnt wing bar; faint
white eye ring; gray lores.
BLUE-HEADED VIREO [35) Vireo Cabeciazul Vireo solitarius

Range Can-CRlc. Win Mex (csAtl, e.nHi+csH1, ncAtl; cas Yue), Guat, ElSal.
Habitat Pine or pine-oak woods, deciduous forest, second growth.
Field Maries S" Mostly olive-green or grayish green above, but top and sides of
head bluish gray to slaty gray, contrasting with white "spectacles" and throat;
bold pale yellowish or whitish wing bars; white below, with yellow flanks and
untacs.
CASSIN'S VIREO Vireo de Cassin Vireo cassinii

Range Can-Mex. Res/win Mex (res sBajCal; sum.nBajCal, tr/win BajCal,
ncPac+Hi).
Habitat Wooded river valleys, pine or pine-oak forest.
Field Marks 5" Like Blue-headed Vireo, but upperparts (including top and sides
o.f head) uniform duU. gray or greenish gray, with little contrast between sides of
head and throat; underparts duller whitish, with duller greenish yeUow flanks
and untacs.
PLUMBEOUS VIREO Vireo Plomizo Vireo plumbeus

Ra1rge US-Hon. Res/win Mex (res w.nHi+csHi; tr/win ncHi), res. Biz (s), Guat
(Pac, Hi), ElSal (n).
Habitat Dry, brushy woods, pinyon-jun1per hillsides, pine or pine-oak forest.
Field Marks 5" Like Blue-headed Vireo, with prominent "spectacles" and wing
bars and wing-feath.er edgings, but dull gray above and on head; pale gray to
whitish below; seldom shows any greenish or yellowish wash on wing bars,
upperparts, or underparts.
VIREOS 115
YELLOW- THROATED VIREO Vireo Pechiamarillo Vireo f/avifrons

Range Can-SArn. Tr/win Mex (sPac, Atl, Yue), Biz, Guat (Pac, Atl), EISal. Rare.
Habitat Open woods, wooded river valleys, borders, partial clearings.
Field Marks 5.5" Yellow-green above; two white wing bars; yellow spectacles;
yellow throat and breast; white belly and untacs.
HUTTON'S VIREO [35] Vireo Reyezuelo Vireo huttoni

Ral'tge Can-Mex, Guat. Res Mex (mts BajCal, Hi+ adj Pac), Guat (Hi).
Habitat Pine, pine-oak, or fir forest or scrubby oak woods; middle or upper
branches-other drab, wing-barred vireos usltally stay at shrub to low-branch
levels.
Voice One- or two-note song, repeated persistently.
Field Marks 4" Like female Ruby-crowned Kinglet, but heavier bill; doesn't flick
wings.
GOLDEN VIREO [34] Vireo Dorado Vireo hypochryseus

Range Mex. Res Mex (c.nPac-cPac+adj Hl).
Habitat Dry scrubby open woods, hedgerows, brushy arroyos, borders.
Vo ice Weer, weer, weer, peek.
Field Marks 5" Olive-yellow above; superctllary line and underparts bright
yellow.
WARBLING VIREO [35] Vireo Gorjeador Vireo gilvus

Range AK-Nie. Sum/win Mex (sum mts BajCal, w.ncHi +adj Pac; tr/win all exc
sAtl, Yue); tr/win Blz, Guat (Pac+adj Hi), EISal. Sum rare, local; win common.
Habitat Pine-oak forest, river-border forest, openings, borders.
Field Marks 5" Gray or olive-gray above, including crown; whitish below, with
sides tinged greenish olive; gray line through eye; white line over eye; no wing
bars.
BROWN-CAPPED VIREO Vireo Gorripardo Vireo leucophrys

Range Mex-SAm, exc Blz, Nie. Res M.ex (e Hi+ adj Atl), Guat (Hi +adj Pac?),
ElSal (w). Rare, local.
Habitat Cloud forest, partial clearings, small openings, tali trees in lush
gardens.
Field Marks 5" Like Warbling Vireo, but crown much browner; upperparts
mostly brownish gray.
PHILADELPHIA VIREO Vireo Filadelfico Vireo phlladelphlcus

Range Can-SAm. Tr/win Mex (Atl + adj Hi, Yue), Biz, Guat (Pac, Atl), ElSal.
Very rare.
Habitat Open woods, borders, partial clearings.
Field Marks 5" Small-billed like Warbling Vireo, but grayer above; darker line
through eye; more yellowish breast.
RED-EYED VIREO [35] Vireo Ojirrojo Vireo olivaceus

Range AK-SAm. Tr Mex (sPac, Atl, Yue), Blz, Guat, ElSal (cas).

116 VIREOS
Habitat Dense or open forest, wooded riversides, gardens, parks with numer
ous trees, forest borders.
Field Marks 6" Olive-green above, whjte below; crown meditim gray, narrowly
black-bordered; white Line over eye; dark line through eye; eyes red (adult) or
brownish (immature).
YELLOW-GREEN VIREO Vireo Tropical Vireo flavoviridis

Range US-SAm. Sum Mex (Pac, Atl, Yue), Blz, Guat (Pac, Atl), EISal.
Habitat Middle and upper branches, wooded riversides, borders, humid forest,
partial clearings, parks, swamps.
Field Marks 6" Like Red-eyed Vireo, but only a faint blackish crown border and
a faint dark line through eye; sides, flanks, and untacs greenish yellow, not
whitish.
YUCATAN VIREO (34) Vireo Yucateco Vireo magister

Range Mex, Blz, Hon. Res Mex (extreme e.sAtl+Yue), Blz (cstl).
Habitat Middle or upper branches, scrubby woods or forest borders, mangrove
swamps, coastal forests.
Field Marks 6" Like Yellow-green V ireo, but more olive to brownish gray above;
darker line through eye; gray, not yellow, wash on breast, sides, and flanks;
larger bill.
TAWNY-CROWNED GREENLET (34] Vireo Leonado Hylophilus ochraceiceps

Range Mex-SAm, exc ElSal. Res Mex (se.cAtl+sAtJ, s+e Yue), Blz, Guat (Atl).
Rare.
Habitat Humid forest, forest borders1 openings, partial clearings; usually at
low or middle levels.
Field Marks 4.5" Brown to rufous above, with tawny rufous crown; gray face
and throat; pale tawny breast and sides; white eyes.
LESSER GREENLET [34) Vireo Menor Hylophilus decurtatus

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (sPac, csAtl, s+e Yue), Biz, Guat (Pac, Atl), EISal.
Habitat Humid forest, partial clearings, borders; active in middle branches.
Voice A repeated pit-chu-lip.
Field Marks 4" Olive-green above; crown and si.des of face gray; eye ring and
lores white; white below with yellowish green sides, flanks, and untacs.
CHESTNUT-SIDED SHRIKE-VIREO (34] Vire6n Pechicasta"o Vireolanius melitophrys

Range Mex, Gnat. Res Mex (csHi + adj Pac+cAtl), Guat (Hi). Very rare, local,
irregular.
Habitat Pine, pine-oak, or fir forest, among upper bra.nches.
Voice A loud, low-pitched whip, whee-ur.
Field Marks 6.5" M: grayish ollve above, with gray crown and nape; whlte be
low, with rufous breast band; face and throat white, black, and yellow; eyes
white. F: similar pattern, but paler, duller.
GREEN SHRIKE-VIREO (34) Vire6n Verde Vireolanius pulchellus

Range Mex-Pan. Res Mex (se.cAtl+sAtl), Blz (s), Guat (Pac, Atl), ElSal (w). Rare.
VIREOS, CROWS, JAYS 117
Habitat Canopy in dense humid forest, rarely lower in forest border, partial
clearings.
Voice A loud1 persistent wheet-ur, wlteet-ur, wheet-ur.
Field Marks 6" Bright green above with bluish green crown; duller yellow
green below, with yellow throat.
RUFOUS-BROWED PEPPERSHRIKE (34] Vire6n Alegrln Cyclarhis gujanensis

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (sPac + adj Hi, s.nAtJ+csAtl, Yue), Blz, Guat (Pac,
Hi, locaJ Atl), ElSaJ.
Habitat River-border woods, humid forest, partial clearings, borders, tree
dotted pastures.
Voice A phrase of five or six loud, rather staccato notes, repeated often, then
changed and repeated.
Field Marks 6.5" Olive-green above, with gray crown, nape, and side of face;
forehead and broad line over eye rufous; bill heavy; eyes reddish. Cozumel Is
land birds duller below, with grayish wash on breast; whitish belly and untacs.
CROWS, JAYS-URRACAS, CUERVOS- C ORVIDAE
STELLER'S JAY [29) Chara Copetona Cyanocitta stelleri

Range AK-Nie, exc Biz. Res Mex (irr Hi+ adj Pac+Atl; cas BajCal), Guat (Hi),
ElSaJ (n).
Habitat Pine, pine-oak, or fi.r forests, borders, openings, partiaJ clearings.
Voice A slow, harsh chaa, cliaa, chaa, chaa.
Field Marks 12" Two types. Mex (nHi+n.cHi): head, long crest, breast, and up
per back dull blackish blue; lower back, rump, belly, and untacs rich medium
blue; wings and tail barred; white above and below eye. Mex (se.cHi+sHi), Guat
(Hi), ElSal (n): like the northern type, but da.rker and more purplish blue all
over; crest shorter and often not raised.
BLACK-THROATED MAGPIE-JAY (28) Urraca Carinegra Calocitta colliei

Range Mex. Res Mex (nPac+ adj Hi).
Habitat Open scrubby woods, hedgerows, borders, mixed woods and farm
land.
Field Marks 27" Purplish blue above, white below; forward-curling crest, throat,
chest, and part of face black; very long slender tail.
WHITE-THROATED MAGPIE-JAY (28] Urraca Cariblanca Calocitta formosa

Range Mex-CRic, exc Biz. Res Mex (csPac), Guat (Pac+ interior e Atl), ElSal.
Habitat Hedgerows, borders, mixed scrubby woods and farms.
Field Marks 21" Like Black-throated Magpie-Jay, but paler blue above; tail
shorter; throat and face white; narrow breast band black.
TUFTED JAY [28] Urraca Pinta Cyanocorax dickeyi

Range Mex. Res Mex (local, sw.nHi). Rare.
Habitat Usually humid pine-oak, oak, or oak-fir forests on steep slopes.
Field Marks 15" Spectacular pattern of very dark purplish blue and snowy
white; bushy crest mostly on forehead and forecrown; yellow eyes.

CROWS, JAYS 119
Field Marks 16" Black, with dark purplish blue back, wings, rump, and tail;
small forehead crest seldom raised; black bill; orange-yellow legs; whitish eyes.
F: eyes yelloWish. Imm: bill yellowish, eyes dark brown.
AZURE-HOODED JAY [28] Chara Gorriazul Cyanolyca cucullata
Range Mex, Guat, Hon, CRic, Pan. Res Mex (csAtl + adj Hi), Guat (Hi + adj
Atl). Rare.
Habitat Undergrowth of cloud forest, other hl1mid forest, overgrown cafetales,
partial clearings, dense borders.
Field Marks 12" Often in small flocks. Mostly black head, back, and breast, but
very pale blue (white-bordered) patch from midcrown to lower hindnec.k; rest
of plumage dark purplish blue.
BLACK-THROATED JAY [28] Chara de Niebla Cyanolyca pumilo

Range Mex, Guat, ElSal, Hon. Res Mex (sHi), Guat (Hi), ElSal (n). Rare.
Habitat Secluded portions of cloud forest, humid pine forest, overgrown par
tial clearings.
Field Marks 10" Dark purplish blue, but throat, face, and forehead black, bor
dered with white line above.
DWARF JAY [28] Ch ara Enana Cyanolyca nano

Range Mex. Res Mex (se.cffi). Rare.
Habitat Humid pine-oak woods, fir forest, piney ridges in cloud forest; middle
or upper branches, often in groups.
Field Marks 9" Mostly dark grayish blue, with black sides of face and very pale
bluish gray throat.
(W HITE-THROATED) OMILTEMI JAY [28] Chara de Omiltemi Cyanolyca mirabilis

Range Mex. Res Mex (c+se.cHi). Rare.
Habitat Secluded humid mountain forests, cloud forest.
Field Marks 10" Mostly dark grayish blue, with white throat and face border;
black face, crown, hlndneck, and breast band.
WESTERN SCRUB-JAY (29] Grajo Azulejo Aphelocoma californica

Range US-Mex. Res Mex (BajCal, ncHi +adj nPac+nAtl).
Habitat Open woods, hedge rows, scrubby woods on rocky hillsides, mixed
woods and clearings, borders.
Voice A harsh chreek. or chak-chak-chak-chak.
Field Marks U" Small flocks. Like Mexican Jay, but somewhat browner above;
broadly white throat, irregular dark breast band, and white line over eye.
MEXICAN JAY (29] Grajo Mexicano Aphelocoma ultramarina

Range US-Mex. Res Mex (w+e.nHi+cHi).
Habitat Pine, pine-oak, or oak woodland, borders, thickets, mixed woods and
clearings.
Voice A loud, questioning, somewhat musical quenk, quenk.
Field Marks 12" Grayish blue above; blackish ear patch; whitish below with
grayer breast; may be vaguely streaked. See Western Scrub-Jay.

•
120 CROWS, IAYS
UNICOLORED JAY [28) Grajo Unicolor Aphelocoma unicolor

Range Mex, Guat, ElSal, Hon. Res Mex (local sw+e.cHi+sHi), Guat (Hi), ElSal
(n). Rare.
Habitat Humid pine, pine-oak, or cloud forest, borders, partial clearings.
Voice A single musical chwenk.
Field Maries 13" Very dark, slightly purplish blue all over; ear patch blackish;
throat may be faJntly streaked; bill black. Wings and tall not barred; no white on
head. Imm: lower mandible yellowish. See Steller'sJay.
PINYON JAY [29] Chara Pif'ionera Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus

Range US-Mex. Res/vis Mex (n.nBajCal; cas n.nPac, n.nHi).
Habitat Open pine, pine-oak, or juniper woods; in flocks, often on ground.
Field Marks 11" Bluish gray; throat faintly streaked whitish; tall short; bill
pointed, slender.
CLARK'S NUTCRACKER [29) Cascanueces Americano Nucifroga columbiano

Range Can-Mex. Res/vis Mex (res n.nBajCal, ne.nHi [Cerro Potos�; cas/very
rare vis nHi). Rare, local.
Habitat Coniferous forest, forest borders, partial clearings, often on ground.
Field Marks 12" Pale gray, except white face and untacs; black wings with some
white; white taU with black central feathers; bill long, pointed.
AMERICAN CROW Cuervo Norteiio Corvus brochyrhynchos

Range AK-Mex. Res/vis Mex (res n.nBajCal; cas/very rare nw.nPac).
Habitat Grassy fields or mixed woods and farmland, often near woodland bor
ders, hedgerows.
Voice A harsh kah.
Field Marks 17" Often in large flocks. Black; tail square-tipped. Larger than
Tamaulipas a.nd Sinaloa Crows; smaller than ravens.
TAMAULIPAS CROW (28] Cuervo Tamaulipeco Corvus imparotus

Range US-M.ex. Res Mex (nAtl+n.cAtl).
Habitat Open brushy grassland, farm fields, semidesert, river-border woods.
Voice A guttural boys or carrk.
Field Marks 15" Black; tail square-tipped. See Sinaloa Crow.
SINALOA CROW Cuervo Sinaloense Corvus sinolooe

Range Mex. Res Mex (c+s.nPac).
Habitat Open woods or brushy grassland, borders, mixed woods and farms, of
ten near water.
Voice High-pitched cawing notes, more like Brown Jay1s than Tamaullpas
Crow's.
Field Marks 15" Like Tamaulipas Crow, but voice different.
CHIHUAHUAN RAVEN [29) Cuervo Llanero Corvus cryptoleucus

Range US-Mex. Res/win Mex (n+c.nPac, nHi+n.cHi, nAtl+n.cAtl).
Habitat Open, dry, brushy grassland or semidesert.
Voice Higher-pitched than Common Raven's.
CROWS, JAYS, LARKS, SWALLOWS 121
Field Marks 21" Like Common Raven, but neck feathers white at base (usually
concealed); bill shorter; throat feathers not as shaggy.
COMMON RAVEN [29) Cuervo Grande Corvus corax

Range AK-Nie, exc Blz. Res Mex (BajCal, Pac, Hi), Guat (Hi), ElSal.
Habitat Dry, brushy slopes, mixed farms and dry grassland; seen more often
than Chihuahuan Raven on rocky mountainsides with scattered large trees,
less often in open desert or semidesert.
Voice A low-pitched a-a-rk.
Field Marks 25" Black; throat shaggy; head and bill rather large; tail wedge
shaped.
LARKS-ALONDRAS-ALAUDIDAE
HORNED LARK [21] Alondra Comuda Eremophila alpestris

Range AK-Mex, SAm. Res Mex (BajCal, ncPac, ncHi, nAtl).
Habitat Short-grass fields, dry pastures, open grassy semideserts.
Field Marks 7" M: streaked brownish above; mostly whjte below, with black
breast band and black on face; short black "horns"; tail black below, with white
margins. F+win M: duller. Imm: faint face pattern and breast band; tail as in
adult; no "horns."
SWALLOWS-GOLONDRINAS-HIRUNDINIDAE
PURPLE MARTIN [21] Martin Azul Progne subis

Range Can-SAm, exc ElSal. Sum/tr Mex (sum BajCal, n.nPac, irr ncHi, nw.nAtl;
tr all), Blz, Guat. Rare.
Habitat Colonies in nest boxes, tree cacti, or large dead trees in grassland, park
like openings, partial clearings; flocks along coast in migration.
Field Marks 8" M: black with purplish gloss. F+imm: dark brown above with
slight gloss; pale gray-brown to whitish below, with faint scallops and streaks.
SINALOA MARTIN [28] Martfn Bicolor Progne sinaloae

Range Mex, Guat. Sum Mex (nPac+nw.cPac, irr w.ncHi; cas/acc sPac), cas/acc
Guat (Atl). Very rare.
Habitat Usually colonies in oak groves or scattered pines, near suitable nest
holes.
Field Marks 7" M: blackish purple, with white belly and untacs. F+imm: like
adult male above, but dark areas below are duller and browner.
GRAY-BREASTED MARTIN (28] Martfn Pechigris Progne chalybea

Range Mex-SAm. Res/sum Mex (res c.nPac-sPac; sum Atl, Yue); res Blz, Guat
(Pac, Atl), ElSal.
Habitat Usually colonies around buildings, town squares, bridges, partial
clearings.
Field Marks 7" M: glossy blackish above, whitish to grayish below. F+imm:
browner, not as glossy.

122 SWALLOWS
TREE SWALLOW [20] Golondrina lnvernal Tachycineta bicolor

Range AK-CRic. Tr/win Mex, Blz, Guat (exc Pac?), ElSal (cas). Rare to common.
Habitat Over open areas usually near rivers, lakes, coastal lagoons, marshes,
beaches.
Field Marks 5.5n White below, dark greenish blue above; black wings and tail.
Imm: brown above, w.hite below; brown patch on side of breast. See Mangrove
Swallow.
MANGROVE SWALLOW [28) Golondrina Manglera Tachycineta albilinea

Range Mex-Pan. Res Mex (Pac, Atl, Yue), Blz, Guat (Pac, Atl), EJSaJ.
Habitat Over lowland rivers, ponds, lakes, coastaJ lagoons, marshes, swa.mps.
Field Marks 5n Often solitary. Like Tree Swallow, but rump and uptacs white
(whitish or pale gray in immature). See Violet-green Swallow.
VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW [21) Golondrina Verde Tachydneta tha/assina

Range AK-CRic, exc Blz. Res/win Mex (res BajCal, n.nPac, ncHi; sum nHi; win
csPac, sHi), Guat (Pac + adj Hj), ElSaJ.
Habitat Gardens, orchards, parks, in towns and villages, mixed fields and
woods, borders.
Field Marks 4.5" Like ·rree and Mangrove Swallows, but purplish gloss above;
sides of face and sides (only) of rump white. Imm: grayish brown above; sides of
rump wrute.
BLACK-CAPPED SWALLOW [28] Golondrina Gorrinegra Notiochelidon pileata

Range Mex, Guat, EISal, Hon. Res Mex (sHi + adj Pac+Atl), Guat (Hi + adj Pac,
Atl), ElSal (n). Rare.
Habitat Rocky road cuts or cliffs, borders, partial clearings in pine or pine-oak
forest, rarely in towns.
Field Marks 5n Blackish above and oo sides, flanks, and untacs; white throat,
breast, and belly; tail rather long, deeply forked.
NORTHERN ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW [21] Golondrina Gorjicafe Stelgi

dopteryx serrlpennis
(Does not include Yucatan SwaJlow; see below)
Range AK-Pan. Res/win Mex (res/sum nBajCal, Pac, w+e.nHi+csHi, Atl;
tr/win all), Blz, Guat, ElSaJ.
Habitat· Near road cuts, riverbanks, arroyos, open archaeologicaJ sites.
Field Marks 5" Dark grayish brown above; whitish below, with brownish wash
on throat; tail rather short, slightly forked. See Yucatan and Bank Swallows.
(YUCATAN ROUGH-WINGED) YUCATAN SWALLOW Golondrina Yucateca Stelgi

dopteryx ridgwayi
(The AOU lumps this with Northern Rough-winged Swallow; see above)
Range Mex, Biz, Guat. Res Mex (se.cAtl+sAtl, Yue), Biz, Guat (Atl).
Habitat Dirt banks, especially along rivers or road cuts, archaeologicaJ sites.
Field Marks 5n Like Northern Rough-winged SwaUow, but darker above; longer
untacs black-tipped.

124 TITMICE, CHICKADEES, VERDINS, BUSHTITS
Voice Wheeta-wheeta-wheeta.
Field Marks 5" Gray above, very pale gray below; black of throat barely reaches
chest; black line through eye and bordering ear patch; crest black and gray.
OAK TITMOUSE Paro Occidental Baeolophus inornatus

Range US-Mex. Res Mex (mts n.nBajCal+mts s.sBajCal).
Habitat Chaparral, oak groves or pine-oak woodlands.
Voice Variations on a loud, clear wheeta-wheeta-wheeta.
Field Marks 5.5" Like Juniper Titmouse (no range overlap in Mex), but smaller,
smaller-billed, darker, and browner above (and s.sBajCal birds are whiter
breasted); voice and habitat differ.
JUNIPER TITMOUSE [29] Paro Sencillo 8aeolophus ridgwayi

Range US-Mex. Res Mex (mts. extreme nw.nHi).
Habitat Juniper, or plnyon-juniper hillsides.
Voice A longer, more rapidly repeated series of notes (whee-whee-whee-whee
whee-whee-whee) than that of the Oak Titmouse.
Field Marks 5.5" Gray all over; paler below than above; crested. In Baja Califor
nia see Oak Titmouse.
TUFTED TITMOUSE [29] Paro Penachudo Baeolophus bicolor

Black-crested group [29] Paro Copetinegro 8. b. atricristatus
Range US-Mex. Res Mex (ncAtl + adj Hi).
Habitat Scrubby woods, hedgerows, borders, dry oak woods.
Field Marks 5.5" Gray above, whitish below; crest black; flanks rufous.
Tufted group Paro Penachudo 8. b. bicolor
Range Can-US. Not in our area.
VERDINS-BALONCITOS-REMIZIDAE
VERDIN [29) Baloncito Auriparus flaviceps

Range US-Mex. Res Mex (BajCal, n.nPac, nHl+n.cHi, n.nAtl).
Habitat Shrubtops, in semidesert or desert scrub.
Field Marks 3.5" Mostly medium gray above, pale gray below, but all or part of
head yellow; rufous wrist patch usually hidden. Imm: head and wrist patch gray.
BUSHTITS-SASTRECITOS-AEGITHALIDAE
BUSHTIT (29] Sastrecito Psaltriparus minimus

Range Can-Mex, Guat. Res Mex (n.nBajCal+s.sBajCal, w+e.nHi+csHi), Guat
(w Hl). Irregular.
Habitat Open oak or pine-oak woods, pinon-juniper, chaparral, borders,
hedgerows.
Field Maries 4" Usually in flocks among lower branches. Grayish above, whitish
below, with long tail; crown and flanks may be grayish or brownish; ear patches
may be grayish, brownish, or black. M: eyes dark. F: eyes white. Most Mexican
and Guatemalan birds are black-eared; ln northwest Mexico and north of there
some juveniles may be black-eared; BajCal birds are not black-eared.

NUTHATCHES, CREEPERS, WRENS 125
NUTHAT CHES-SALTAPALOS-SITTIDAE
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH Saltapalo Canadiense Sitto canadensis

Range AK-Mex. Win Mex (n.nBajCal, nHi + adj Pac+Atl). Very rare to casual.
Habitat Mainly in conifers.
Field Marks 4" Like White-breasted Nuthatch, but smaller; rufous below; long
black line through eye, white line over eye. F+imm: paler and duller.
WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH (29] Saltapalo Blanco Sitto carofinensis

Range Can-Mex. Res Mex (n.nBajCal+s.sBajCal, w+e.nHi+cHi). Rare.
Habitat Pine, pine-oak, or fu forest.
Field Marks 5.5" M: gray above; crown and hindneck black; white below; some
rufous on thighs, belly, or untacs; white patches on black tail. F: duller; crown
gray.
P YGMY NUTHATCH (29] Saltapalo Enano Sitto pygmaea

Range Can-Mex. Res Mex (mts o.nBajCal, w+ne.nHi+cHi).
Habitat Pine, pine-oak, and fu forest; low branches to treetops.
Field Marks 4" Usually very active small groups voicing tinkling, chippering
notes. Gray above, white below; crown brown; nape spot whitish; tiny tail.
CREEPERS-COR T ECERITOS-CERTHllDAE
BROWN CREEPER (31] Cortecerito Certhia americana

Range AK-Nie, exc Blz. Res/win Mex (irr res Hi; win nBajCal, nPac, nAtl), Guat
(Hi). Rare.
Habitat Pine, pine-oak, or fir forest.
Field Marks 5" Climbs up trunks and large branches. Brownish colors, streaked
head and back, stiffened pointed tail feathers, and its way of climbing trees are
reminiscent of woodcreepe1s, but Brown Creeper is smaller, unstreaked whitish
below, with whitish line over eye; wings blackish brown and whitish, not rich
rufous.
WRENS-SALTAPAREDES- TROGLODYTIDAE
BANDED-BACKED WREN [30] Matraca Tropical Campylorhynchus zonatus

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (sPac, se.cHi+sHi, csAtl), Blz (s), Guat (exc Pac),
ElSal (n).
Habitat Dense humid forest, moist pine or pine-oak forest, partial clearings,
borders; small groups, in middle or upper bra.aches.
Voice Rasping notes, ji-ji-ji-jit, jit, ii-jit, or harsh crack.
Field Mark.s 7" Barred black and pale buff above, spotted black on whitish be
low, except mostly unspotted cinnamon belly, flanks, and untacs.
GRAY-BARRED WREN (30] Matraca Serrana Campylorhynchus megalopterus

Range Mex. Res Mex (cHi).
Habitat Humid pine-oak or fir forest, partial cle.arings; small flocks in middle
or upper branches.

126 WRENS
Voice Very harsh rasping notes.

Field Marks 7" Appears gray, actually blackish and white; barred above, but
streaked on head and neck; spotty streaks and dull bars below.
GIANT WREN (30) Matraca Chupahuevo Campylorhynchus chiapensis

Range Mex. Res Mex (sPac).
Habitat Hedgerows, tree-dotted brushy fields, river-border woods, partial
clearings.
Voice A rollicking chort-chort-chort�chort; also wock�, wock-o.
Field Marks 8" Mostly plain dark chestnut above; primaries blacker; crown,
hind.neck, and line through eye black; underparts and sides of face mostly
white; wings and tail not barred,
RUFOUS-NAPED WREN [30) Matraca Nuqulrrufa Campylorhynchus ruflnucha

Range Mex-CRic, exc BJz. Res Mex (csPac, c.cAtl), Guat (Pac), ElSaJ.
Habitat Hedgerows, brushy fields dotted with small trees, scrubby open woods,
borders, semldesert.
Voice A loud, rollicklngjoricky-joricky-joricky.
Field Marks 6" Crown mostly black; nape and upper back rufous; whitish line
over eye; black line through eye; back and rump streaked or spotted or plain ru
fous; underparts whitish or dull grayish buff, may be partly spotted or barred;
wings and tail heavily barred.
SPOTTED WREN (30] Matraca Manchada Campylorhynchus gularis

Range Mex. Res Mex (w+se.nHi +adj Pac+Atl, w.cHi). Rare, irregular.
Habitat Hedgerows, semidesert, scrubby hlllsides, open oak or pine-oak
woods.
Field Marks 7" Heavily streaked and spotted black, whitish, and rufous above;
brown crown and line through eye; whitish line over eye; mustache mark black;
chest, sides, and flanks spotted, but throat and belly mostly unspotted. Imm:
not spotted below.
BOUCARD'S WREN [30] Matraca Balseiia Campylorhynchus jocosus

Range Mex. Res Mex (se.cHi + adj Pac). Rare.
Habitat Dense scrubby arid areas or brushy parts of pine-oak woods.
Field Marks 7" Like Spotted Wren, but more heavily spotted below, including
lower throat and belly; noticeable dull bars on flanks; darker brown above, es
pecially on crown. Imm: numerous dull spots and bars below.
YUCATAN WREN (30] Matraca Yucateca Campylorhynchus yucatanicus

Range Mex. Res Mex (n Yue).
Habitat Scrubby woods, hedgerows, overgrown fields, thickets, mainly near
coast.
Field Marks 7" Dark brown above; barred on wings, tail, and rump, and
streaked on hindneck and back; line over eye whitish; underparts whitish, with
narrow spotty streaks on throat and breast and bars on belly and flan.ks.
CACTUS WREN [31] Matraca Desertica Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus

Range US-Mex. Res Mex (BajCal, n+c.nPac, nHi+n.cHi, n.nAtl).

WRENS 127
Habitat Scrubby semidesert, overgrown brushy fields, hedgerows, thickets,

borders.
Voice A rasping cha-cha-cha-cha-cha-cha.
Field Marks 7.5" Blackish to reddish brown forehead and crown; white line
over eye; dull reddish brown above, streaked with black and whjte; tail and
wings barred; heavy spotting below, especially on chest and lower throat, much
less on buffy belly a.nd flanks.
ROCK WREN (31, 33] Saltaladera Roquera Salpinctes obso/etus

Range Can-CRic, exc Blz. Res Mex (BajCal, nPac, Hi + adj Pac+Atl), Guat (Hi),
ElSal.
Habitat Open dry hillsides, archaeological sites, on ground, rocks, boulders.
Field Marks 5.5" Grayish above, with narrow spotty whitish streaks; rufous
rump; white line over eye; whitish to pale buff below, with narrow streaks on
breast and sides. In late summer may be very worn and faded.
CANYON WREN [31, 33) Saltaladera Risquera Catherpes mexicanus

Range Can-Mex. Res Mex (BajCal, Pac, ncHi +adj Atl, w.sHi).
Habitat Rocky cliffs, archaeological sites, abandoned buildings, steep rocky
hillsides, rock walls, barrancas.
Voice A descending series of loud chu-wee notes, ending in a buzzy note.
Field Marks 5.5" Mostly reddish brown above and below, except clear white
throat and breast; narrow spotty streaks above; bars on wings, tail, and flanks;
no whitish line over eye.
SUMICHRAST'S WREN [30] Saltapared Cuevero Hylorchilus sumichrasti
Range Mex. Res Mex (c.cAtl). Very rare and local.
Habitat Among large rocks, boulders, and small caves, in dense humid forest.
Voice An abrupt tink.
Field Marks 5.5" Mostly dark brown above and below, except dull tawny face,
throat, and chest, with blackish crescent borderin.g rear of ear patch; faint fine
spots and bars below; long bill slightly decurved.
NAVA'S WREN Saltapared de Nava Hylorchilus navai

Range Mex. Res Mex (extreme se.cAtl+sw.sAtl). Very rare and local.
Habitat Rocky slopes, outcrops, and small caves, in humid forest.
Field Marks 5.5" Like Sumichrast's Wren but more heavily scalloped and spot
ted below; throat and center of chest whitish, not tawny; sides of head nearly
uniform dull tawny.
SPOT-BREASTED WREN [30] Saltapared Cluequita Thryothorus maculipectus

Range Mex-CRic. Res Mex (sPac, c.nAtl-sAtl, Yue), Blz, Guat (Pac, Atl),
ElSal.
Ha.bitat Thickets, hedgerows, forest borders, openings, river-border woods.
Voice A loud, rhythmic wee-see, wee-lee-ree.
Field Marks 5" Mostly plain reddish brown above, basically whitish to rufous
below; the only medium-sized or small wren in Mexico with heavily spotted
throat and breast. Imm: few small breast spots.

128 WRENS
RUFOUS-AND-WHITE WREN (30] Saltapared Rufiblanco Thryothorus rufalbus

Range Mex-Pan, exc Blz. Res Mex (c.+e.sPac), Guat (Pac+ne Atl), EJSal. Rare.
Habitat Brushy woodland borders, undergrowth in forest, cafetales, tall grass
Jn weedy fields.
Voice A varied series of mellow low-pitched phrases, like hoots or trills of small
owl; also cho-d10-cho.
Field Marks 5.5" Bright rufous above; wings and tail barred; plain white below,
except prominently barred untacs.
SINALOA WREN [30] Saltapared Sinaloense Thryothorus sinoloa

Range Mex. Res Mex (ncPac + adj Hi).
Habitat Shrubby grassland, brushy gullies, scrubby woods, grassy borders.
Voice Like Banded Wren's, a varied patchwork of loud, dear notes, some trills,
hoots, chew-chew, and chipping notes.
Field Marks 5.5" Like Plain Wren, but duller brown above and on tlanks;
streaked behind ear patch; barred untacs.
BANDED WREN (30] Saltapared Ventribarrado Thryothoru5 pleurostictus

Range Mex-CRJc, exc Blz. Res Mex (c.cPac+sPac), Guat (Pac), ElSal.
Habitat Thickets, especially in �"tream valleys, hedgerows, scrubby woods,
grassy borders.
Voice Va.ried phrases, musical trills, hooting notes, chipping notes; like canary
song, lower-pitched.
Field Marks 5.5" Dark reddish brown above; clear white below, except face and
neck streaks extending to heavy black bars on sides, flanks, beJly, and untacs.
CAROLINA WREN [31] Saltapared Carolinense Thryothorus ludovidanus

(Does not include White-browed Wren; see below)
Range US-Mex. Res Mex (nAtJ +adj Hi). Rare.
Habitat Hedgerows, brushy grasslands, open woods, borders.
Voice Toreetle-toreetle-toreetle.
Field Marks 5.5" Like Plain Wren, with no prominent streaks on or just behind
ear patch, but broadly rich tawny, not whitish, on breast; more heavily barred
wings and tail; barred untacs.
WHITE-BROWED WREN [30) Saltapared Yucateco Thryothorus albinucha

(The AOU lumps thls with Carolina Wren; see above)
Range Mex, Blz, Guat, Nie. Res Mex (e.sAtl, Yue), Blz (n), Guat (nw Atl). Rare.
Habitat Thickets, hedgerows, borders, undergrowth of scrubby woods.
Voice A loud chortle-dee-chortle-dee-chortle-dee.
Field Marks 5" Like Plain Wren, but stripes behind ear patch; darker and grayer
above and on tail; paler and duller below; barred untacs.
HAPPY WREN (30] Saltapared Feliz Thryothorus Felix

Range Mex. Res Mex (ncPac + adj Hi).
Habitat Thickets, hedgerows, borders, scrubby woods, brushy hillsides, forest
undergrowth.
Voice Like Spotted-breasted Wren's, see-see, wee-lee�vee.

130 WRENS
Habitat Thickets, yards, vacant lots, borders, partiaJ clearings.

Field Marks 4.S" Like Southern House-Wren, but paler and whiter below;
slightly larger; only wren occurring regularly on Cozumel Island.
RUFOUS-BROWED WREN (30] Matraquita Cejirrufo Troglodytes rufociliatus

Range Mex-Nie, exc Blz. Res Mex (sHi), Guat (Hi), EISal (w). Rare.
Habitat Humid dense pine or pine-oak forest, high cloud forest; often among
epiphytes on trunks, middle branches, or fallen logs.
Field Marks 4.S" Like Southern House-Wren, but face, breast, and (more promi
nent) line over eye rich reddish tawny brown; belly and untacs buffy; flanks and
untacs heavily barred; tail shorter.
WINTER WREN (33] Matraquita lnvemal Troglodytes troglodytes

Range AK-Mex. Win Mex (n.nAtl +adj Hi). Very rare.
Habitat Brushy stream valleys, forest undergrowth, dense borders.
Field Marks 4" Dark brown above, paler brown below; heavily barred belly,
flanks, and untacs; very short tail; short bill.
SEDGE WREN [31) Saltapared Sabanero Cistothorus platensis

Range Can-SAm, exc ElSal. Res/win Mex (res cHi, se.cAtl+w.sAtl; win n.nHi,
nAtl), Biz (s), Guat (local, Hi + adj Pac). Very rare, local.
Habitat Open grassy or sedgy marsh, marshy meadows, dense tall grass.
Voice Metallic, chattering, warbling notes; also a metallic chep.
Field Marks 4.5" Back streaked black and whitish; crown finely streaked brown
and buff; underparts wh.itish, tinged pale rufous on sides, flanks, and untacs;
tail and bill short.
MARSH WREN [31] Saltapared Pantanero Cistothorus palustris

Range Can-Mex, Blz. Res/win Mex (res ec.cHi; sum ne.nBajCal; win BajCal,
ncPac, ncHl, ncAtl), Blz (ace). Rare, local.
Habitat Marshes, marshy borders of ponds, canals, lakes.
Voice A metallic, rattling song and a metaJlic chuck.
Field Marks S" Like Sedge Wren, but crown blackish and reddish brown, not
streaked; back streaks more contrasty; white line over eye much more promi
nent; bill and tail longer.
WHITE-BELLIED WREN [30) Saltapared Cantarina Uropsila leucogastra

Range Mex, Blz, Guat, Hon. Res Mex (nw.cPac, s.nAtl+csAtl, Yue), Blz (n), Guat
(nw Atl). Common Atl, Yue; rare cPac.
Habitat Scrubby thorny woods, brushy fields, thickets, overgrown clearings.
Voice A rapid, rhythmic chip-it-ti-pee.
Field Marks 4" Grayish brown above; white below, with dull buff flanks and
untacs; prominent white line over eye; tail short.
WHITE-BREASTED WOOD-WREN [30] SaltabreRa BajeRa Henicorhina leucosticta

Range Mex-SAm, exc ElSal. Res Mex (sPac, csAtl), Blz, Guat (Pac, Atl).
Habitat Humid forest undergtowth, borders, partial clearings.
Voice A rhythmic hur-dee-hur-dee-ho or pur-dee.

WRENS, DIPPERS, KINGLETS 131
Field Maiks 4" Dark reddish brown above; streaked face; white line over eye;
white throat and breast; rusty brown belly, fianks, and untacs; barred \-vings and
(very short) tail. Imm: breast gray.
GRAY-BREASTED WOOD-WREN [30] Saltabrefia Alteiia Henicorhina leucophrys

Range Mex-SAm, exc Blz. Res Mex (irr csHi + adj Pac+Atl), Guat (Hi + adj
Pac), EISal (n).
Habitat Cloud forest or other humid forest, thickets in openings, partial clear
ings, borders.
Voice In csAtl, a rapidly repeated rhythmic cl1ur-ree-chur-ree, up then down; on
Pacific slope of Oaxaca, more complex, like Spotted-breasted Wren's, wee-see,
ivee-lee-ree, often sung antiphonally.
Field Marks 4" Often in pairs. Like White-breasted Wood-Wren, but breast and
upper belly dark gray, not white; flanks and untacs darker.
NIGHTINGALE WREN [30) Saltabrefia Oscura Microcerculus philome/a

Range Mex-CRic, exc EISal. Res Mex (sw+sc.sAtl), Biz (s), Guat (Atl). Rare,
local.
Habitat Dense humid forest undergrowth.
Voice An intriguing, long, deliberate series of random(?)-pitcl1 musical notes.
Field Marks 4" Dark brown above; wings and tail blackish; ear patch, throat,
and breast medium grayish brown; flanks and untacs darker and more reddish
brown; may have scaly throat and barred flanks. Juv: scalier throat, breast, and
back.
DIPPERS-TORDOS ACUATICOS-CINCLIDAE
AMERICAN DIPPER [31] Tordo Acuatico Cine/us mexlcanus

Rat1ge AK-Pan, exc Blz, ElSaJ. Res Mex (w.nHi +Irr csHi), Guat (Hi). Rare.
Habitat Along fast-flowing streams in mountain forest; walking and bobbing
on banks, rocks, or in shallow water, or submerging.
Field Marks 7" Plump body, short tail; dark gray all over except white eyelids,
yellowish gray legs.
KINGLETS-REYEZUELOS-REGULIDAE
GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET [46] Reyezu elo de Oro Regulus satrapa

Range AK-Mex, Guat. Res/win Mex (res cHi; win nBajCal, n.nffi, nAtl), Guat
(s Hi).
Habitat Upper branches in dense humid pine-oak or fir forests.
Field Marks 3.7" Grayish olive above, paler below; two white wing bars; head
striped black and white, with crown patch orange (male) or yellow (female);
tiny bill.
RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET [46) Reyezuelo de Rojo Regulus calendula

Range AK-Mex, Guat. Res?/wm Mex (res? Guadalupe Island off nBajCal;
wln/cas all, exc sPac?), Guat (cas Hi).

GNATCATCHERS, THRUSHES, ROBINS 133
Habitat Grassy, brushy, open fields, vacant lots, borders, overgrown clearings,
thickets.
Field Marks 4.5" Like Blue-gray Gnatcatcher, but Sum M: entire cro�vn black to
eyes; Win M: crown black; lores and line over eye white; F: lores and line over
eye white. See Tropical Gnatcatcher.
TROPICAL GNATCATCHER [34] Perlita Tropical Polloptila plumbea

Habitat Humid forest, forest borders, or humid overgrown clearings; usually
middle branches or higher.
Field Marks 4.5" Like winter White-lored Gnatcatcher, but broader white line
over eye, winter and summer; ranges do not overlap.
THRUSHES, ROBINS-ZORZ ALES, MIRLILLOS- TURDID A E
E ASTERN BLUEBIRD [33) Azulejo Gorjicanelo Sialia sialis

Range Can-Nie. Res/win Mex (res ncPac, w.nHi+csHi; res/win nAtl; cas n
Yue), Blz (mt pine), Guat (Hi + adj Pac), ElSal.
Habitat Gardens, parks, villages, borders, partial dearlngs, open pine woods.
Field Marks 6.5" M: uniform medium blue above; throat and breast bright
rufous; belly and untacs white. F: paler, duller; in worn plumage may appear
very drab.
WESTERN BLUEBIRD [33) Azulejo Gorjiazul Sialia mexicana

Range Can-Mex. Res/win Mex (res n.nBajCal, ncHi; win n.nPac).
Habitat Tree-dotted grasslands, mountain pine forest, borders, partial clear
ings.
Field Marks 6.5" Like Eastern Bluebird, but M: throat broadly purplish blue, not
rufous; usually some rufous across upper back; F: throat and sides of neck more
grayish; back brownish, not grayish.
MOUNTAIN BLUEBIRD [33) Azulejo Palido Sialia currucoides

Range AK-Mex. Win Mex (n.nBajCal, n.nPac, nHi+n.cHi). Rare.
Habitat Tree-dotted open areas, junipers, partial clearings, pine woods.
Field Marks 6.5" M: grayish blue above, pale blue and white below. F: throat
and breast usually pale grayish; only slightly tinged rufous, if at all.
TOWNSEND'S SOLITAIRE (31) Clarfn N orteno Myadestes townsendi

Range AK-Mex. Res/win Mex (res w.nHi; win n.nBajCal, n.nPac, n.nHi).
Habitat Middle or upper branches, large trees in pine or open pine-oak forest.
Field Marks 8" Perches upright. Plumage mostly medium gray; eye ring and
sides of tail whitish; wing patch buffy.
BROWN-BACKED SOLITAIRE [32] Clarfn jilguero Myadestes ocddentalis

Range Mex-Hon, exc Blz. Res Mex (Pac, Hi, Atl), Guat (Hi), EJSal.
Habitat Humid forest, borders, pa.rtial clearings, scrubby woods, forests of
pine, pine-oak, or fir.

THRUSHES, ROBINS, WRE.NTITS, THRASHERS 137
San Lucas group [32] Zorzal del Cabo T. m. confinfs

Range Mex. Res Mex (mts s.sBajCal).
Habitat Woods, borders, partial clearings, openings.
Field Marks 10" Like American group, but much paler gray above, mostly buff
below; throat streaks very faint.
VARIED TH RUSH Mirto Pinto lxoreus naevius

Range AK-Mex. Win Mex (n.nBajCal). Rare.
Habitat Woods, borders, partial clearings.
Field Maries 9" M: dark slaty gray above; black breast band and ear patch; ru
fous wing bars; tawny rufous eye line, malar area, throat, and breast. F: similar
pattern, but much duller and paler.
AZTEC THRUSH [32) Mirto Azteca Ridgwayia pinicola

Range US-Mex, ElSal? Res Mex (w+e.nHi, local cHi), ace ElSal. Rare.
Habitat Pine, pine-oak, or fir forest, borders.
Field Marks 8" M: boldly blackish brown and white; upperparts obscurely
brown-streaked. F: somewhat paler, duller, and more noticeably streaked than
shown.
WRENTITS-CA MEAS-TIMALllDAE
WRENTIT [31) Camea Chamaea fasciata

Range US-Mex. Res Mex (nw.nBajCal).
Habitat Dry, dense, scrubby vegetation.
Voice A soft chirr; also a loud accelerating series of bouncing, chattering, musi
cal notes.
Field Marks 6" Dark grayish brown; faintly streaked below; eyes white; tail
long.
THRASHERS-CUITLACOCHES-MIMIDAE
G RAY CATBIRD [33] Mfmido Gris Du mete/la carolinensis

Range Can-Pan. Win Mex (sPac, Atl, Yue; cas/acc nBajCal, ncPac), Biz, Guat
(Hi, Atl), ElSal (cas w).
Habitat Forest undergrowth, partial clearings, borders, hedgerows.
Field Marks 8" Slate gray, with black cap and dark reddish brown untacs.
BLACK CATBIRD [32] Mfmido Negro Melanoptila glabrirostris

Range Mex, Biz, Guat, Hon. Res Mex (e.sAtl, Yue), Biz (n), Guat (nw Atl). Com
mon on Cozumel Island, rare elsewhere.
Habitat Scrubby woods or borders, gardens, hedgerows, thickets, humid forest
openings.
Field Marks 8" Glossy black, including bill and legs; eyes dark reddish brown.
NORTHER N MOCKINGBIRD [31] Cenzontle Norteno Mimus polyglottos

Range Can-Mex. Res Mex (BajCal, ncPac, ncHi, ncAtl).

138 THRASHERS
Habitat Thickets, hedgerows, tree-dotted pastures, farms, gardens, parks, bor

ders.
Field Marks 9" Wing bars and sides of tail white; large white wing patch shows
in flight. See Tropical Mockin.gbird.
TROPICAL MOCKINGBIRD [32] Cenzontle Tropical Mimus gilvus

Range Mex-SAm, exc Nie, CRic. Res Mex (sPac, sHi, sAtl, Yue), Biz (n), Guat
(w Pac, Hi, e Atl), ElSal.
Habitat Thickets, hedgerows, farmyards, gardens, parks, scrubby woods, bor
ders.
Field Marks lCY' Like Northern Mockingbird, but much less white on extended
wing, much more white on tail tip.
SAGE THRASHER [33] Mfmido Pinto Oreoscoptes montanus

Range Can-Mex. Win Mex (BajCal, nPac, nHi, n.nAtl). Rare.
Habitat Open arid areas, shrub-dotted fields.
Field Marks 8" Grayer and shorter-billed than other thrashers; tail corners and
narrow wing bars white; underparts heavily streaked black on whitish.
BROWN THRASHER Cuitlacoche Rojizo Toxostoma rufum

Range can-Mex. Win Mex (nPac, nAtI). Very rare/casual.
Habitat Hedgerows, borders, scrubby woods, thickets.
Field Marks 11" Like Long-billed Thrasher, but more reddish above, especially
on head; a shorter, straighter bill; yellow eyes.
LONG-BILLED THRASHER (31] Cuitlacoche Piquilargo Toxostomo longirostre

Range US-Mex. Res Mex (nAtl+n.cAtl).
Habitat Scrubby woods, thickets, borders.
Field Marks 11" Grayish rufous above; sides of head pale gray; whitish below
with heavy blackish streaks; eyes orange or orange-yellow; bill .medium long
and decurved.
COZUMEL THRASHER [32) Cuitlacoche de Cozumel Toxostoma guttatum

Range Mex. Res Mex (ne Yue: Cozumel Island}
Habitat Scrubby woods , borderst thickets.
Field Marks 10" Rufous above; heavy blackish streaks below; eyes red.
GRAY THRASHER (32] Cuitlacoche Peninsular Toxostoma cinereum

Range Mex. Res Mex (BajCal}.
Ha.bitat Scrubby brushy areas, semidesert.
Field Marks 10" Brownish gray above; heavy black streaks (made up of triangu
lar spots) on white to pale buff below; eyes orange-yellow.
BENDIRE'S THRASHER [31] Cuitlacoche Sonorense Toxostomo bendirei

Range US-Mex. Res Mex (n.nPac; ace ne.nBajCal).
Habitat Open arid countryt semidesert, scrubby woods, thickets, brushy fields.
Field Marks lCY' Like Curve-billed Thrasher, but slightly browner above; bill
shorter and straighter; streaks finer; eyes paler yellow.

THRASHERS 139
OCELLATED THRASHER [32] Cuitlacoche Manchado Toxostoma ocellatum

Range Mex. Res Mex (nc-s.cHi). Rare, local.
Habitat Dense scrubby woods; humid oak, pine-oak, or fir forest; borders, par
tial clearings.
Field Marks lO"Tbe spots forming its breast streaks are larger, blacker, and more
nearly round than those of any other thrasher.
CURVE-BILLED THRASHER [31) Cuitlacoche Comun Toxostoma curvirostre

Range US-Mex. Res Mex (nPac, ncHi, nAtl).
Habitat Shrubby gardens, parks, thickets, scrub woods, borders.
Voice A loud whit-wliit.
Field Marks 11" Races vary. Especially nondescript in worn plumage; usually
some huffy tinge below; spots in breast streaks obscure or rather prominent; tail
corners pale buff or whitish; bill medium long and decurved; eyes orange
yellow.
CALIFORNIA THRASHER [31] Cuitlacoche Californiano Toxostoma redivivum

Range US-Mex. Res Mex (nw.nBajCal).
Habitat Scrubby woods, chaparral, semidesert.
Field Marks 11" Like Crissal Thrasher, but breast darker a.nd browner; belly and
untacs paler cinnamon-buff, not rufous.
CRISSAL THRASHER [31] Cuitlacoche Crisal Toxostoma crissale

Range US-Mex. Res Mex (ne.nBajCal, nPac, nHi). Rare, local.
Habitat Arid areas with dense scrubby or thorny vegetation.
Field Marks 11" Belly and untacs (crissum) rich reddish brown; submalar streak
prominent; breast medium gray.
LE CONTE'S THRASHER [31] Cuitlacoche Palido Toxostoma lecontei

Range US-Mex. Res Mex (near sea level BajCal, nPac, Sonora).
Habitat Sparse semldesert or desert.
Field Marks 11" Paler and more nearly uniform gray than other thrashers; un
tacs pale tawny.
BLUE MOCKINGBIRD (32) Mulato Comun Melanotis caerulescens

Range Mex. Res Mex (ncPac, w+se.nH1+cH1 +adj Atl). Irregular.
Habitat Cloud forest, other humld forest, borders, thickets, scrub woods.
Field Marks 10" Dark blue with some pale blue streaks; sides of face black; eyes
red. Juv: dull blackish gray to blackish blue.
BLUE-AND-WHITE MOCKINGBIRD [32) Mulato Pechiblanco Melanotis hypoleucus

Range Mex, Guat, ElSal, Hon. Res Mex (sHi +adj Pac+Atl), Guat (Hi), ElSal (w).
Habitat Scrubby woods, forest borders, scattered thjckets, undergrowth in
open woods.
Field Marks 10" Like Blue Mockingbird, but throat, breast, and upper belly
white.Juv: dull blackish, with bluish tinge.

140 STARLINGS, PIPITS, WAXWINGS, SILKY-FLYCATCHERS
STARLINGS-EST ORNI NOS-STURNIDAE
EUROPEAN STARLING [33] Estomino Pinto Sturnus vulgaris

Range AK-Mex. Res Mex (BajCal, nPac, ncHi, ncAtl, Yue). Range expanding.
Habitat Parks, gardens, downtown buildings, suburban areas, pastures, farms.
Field Marl<s 8" Basically black; short tail; pointed bill. Wln: many small buff
spots, which wear away gradually; bill black. Sum: obscurely speckled; bill yel
low. Juv: dark brownish gray.
PIPITS-BISBITAS-MOTACILLIDAE
AMERICAN PIPIT [33] Bisbita Americana Anthus rubescens

Range AK-Mex, Guat, ElSal. Win Mex (all exc sPac+sHi), Guat (Hi), ElSaJ (cas).
Irregular.
Habitat Short grass or bare open fields, lakeshores, pastures.
Field Marks 6" Often in flocks, bobs taiJ as it walks. Grayish olive above; buffy
to whitish below, with white outer tail feathers, blackish legs; dark streaks most
prominent in fall and winter.
SPRAGUE'S PIPIT (33] Bisbita Uanera Anthus spragueii

Ra11ge Can-Mex. Win Mex (ncHi + adj Pac, ncAtl). Rare.
Habitat Grassy fields, medium or taller grass.
Field Marks 6" Like American Pipit, but much more prominent streaks above;
legs yellowish to pinkish, not blackish.
WAXW INGS-CHINITOS-BOMBYCILLIDAE
CE DAR WAXWING [33] Chinito Bombycilla cedrorum

Range AK-Pan. Win Mex, Biz, Guat, EISal. irregular.
Habitat Usually in flocks in gardens, parks, open woods, borders, orchards.
Field Marks 6" Crested. Adt: black throat and mask; yellow-tipped gray and
black tail; may have red tips on some wing feathers. Juv: paler and duller; head
and underparts streaked.
SILKY-FLYCATCHERS-CAPULINEROS-PTILOGO NATIDAE
GRAY SILKY-FLYCATCHER [34] Capulinero Gris Ptilogonys dnereus

Range Mex, Guat. Res Mex (w+e.nHi+csID + adj Pac+Atl), Guat (Hi).
Habitat Pine-oak or fir forest, borders, partial clearings, or pure pine or oak
woods; often in flock.seating mistletoe berries or catching insects.
Field Marks 8" Crested; short black bill. M: mostly pale brownish gray, with
tawny flanks, yellow untacs; blackish tall, with broad white crossbar seen from
below. F: more cinnamon-gray above and below, including flanks.
PHA INOPEPLA [40] Capulinero Negro Phainopepla nitens

Ra1i ge US-Mex. Res Mex (BajCal, n.nPac, ncHl). Rare; mostly win cHi.
SILKY-FLYCATCHERS, OLIVE WARBLERS, WOOD-WARBLERS 141
Habitat Sparsely wooded dry shrubby areas or semidesert; perches upright on

wires, treetops, shrubtops.
Field Marks 7" Crested; eyes red. M: glossy black except large white patch in ex
tended wing. F: brownish gray, with darker crest and tail; duller wing patch; un
tacs scalloped whJtish and blackish.
OLIVE WARBLERS-CHIPES OLIVACEOS-PEUCEDRAMIDAE
OLIVE WARBLER [35) Chipe Olivaceo Peucedromus toeniotus

Range US-Nie, exc Biz. Res Mex (w+ne.nHi+csHi), Guat (Hl), ElSal (n).
Habitat Open pine forest or semihumid pine-oak woods, upper branches.
Voice A musical wheeta, ivl1eeta1 wlzeeta.
Field Marks 5" Grayish above, mostly white below. M: entire head and chest
orange-brown except black mask; white wing bars and tail patches. P+imm:
head and upper breast yellowish; mask gray; faint wing bars.
WOOD-WARBLERS-CHIPES-PARULIDAE
BLUE-WINGED WARBLER [36] Chipe Aliazul Vermivora pinus

Range Can-Pan. Tr/win Mex (se.cPac+sPac, Atl, Yue), Biz, Guat (Pa.c, Atl), ElSal
(cas). Rare.
Habitat Dense humid forest, open woods, borders.
Field Marks 4.5" M: hindneck and upperparts brownish gray; head and under
parts mostly bright yellow; black line through eye; white bars on bluish wings.
F: similar pattern but paler and duller.
GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLER [36] Chipe Alidorado Vermlvoro chrysoptera

Range Can-SAm. Tr/win Mex (cPac, se.cAtl+sAtl, Yue), Biz, Guat (Atl), ElSal.
Very rare.
Field Marks 4.5" M: bluish gray above, with yellow crown; black ear patch and
throat; yellow marks on wing. F: similar pattern but paler and du.Lier.
HYBRIDS OF GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLER AND BLUE-WINGED WARBLER [36]

Brewster's Warbler Like Blue-winged, but white mostly replaces yellow.
Lawrence's Warbler Like Golden-winged, but yellow replaces whJte.
TENNESSEE WARBLER (36) Chlpe Peregrino Vermivora peregrina

Range AK-SAm. Tr/win Mex (irr all exc nHi), Blz, Guat, EISaJ. Rare, except sPac.
Habitat Humid forest, open woods, trees in pastures, borders, hedgerows.
Field Marks 4.5" Sum M: grayish green above, white below; head pale gray;
white throat and line over eye. F+win M+imm: more yellowish overall; faint
wing bar.
ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER (35] Chipe Celato Vermivoro celata

Range AK-Mex, Blz, Guat, ElSal. Res/win Mex (res nBajCaJ; win BajCal, Pac, Hi,
ncAtl; cas/very rare sAtl, Yue), Blz (cas), Guat (Hi), ElSal (cas).

142 WOOD-WARBLERS
Habitat Open pine, pine-oak, or fir forest, thickets, gardens, parks, borders.
Field Marks 4.5" Races vary. Greenish gray to grayish olive above; yellowish
gray to grayish yellow below, with faint dark streaks; faint llne over eye; hidden
crown patch.
NASHVILLE WARBLER [36] Chipe Gorrigrfs Vermivora ruficapilla

Ra11ge Can-Mex, Blz, Guat, ElSal, Hon. Tr/win Mex (BajCal, Pac, Hi, ncAtl; cas
Yue), Biz (cas), Guat (Pac+ adj Hi, cas Atl), EISal.
Habitat Open or dense woods, thickets, gardens, parks, borders.
Field Marks 4.5" Greenish olive above; wings darker; white eye ring; gray head
with reddish brown crown patch; bright yellow below. F+imm: similar but
slightly duller.
VIRGINIA'S WARBLER [35] Chipe de Virginia Vermivora virginiae

Range US-Mex, Blz, Guat. Tr/win Mex (ncPac, ncHi), Biz (ace), Guat (ace Atl).
Rare.
Habitat Brushy areas, scrubby woods, arroyos, borders.
Field Marks 4.5" Gray above; crown patch rufous; eye ring whjte; breast, rump,
uptacs, an.d untacs bright yellow; throat and belly whitish. Imm: crown gray;
breast and belly buff.
COLIMA WARBLER [35] Chipe Colimense Vermivora crissalis

Range US-Mex. Sum/win Mex (sum ne.nHi; win sw.nHi, cHi). Rare.
Habitat Undergrowth of open or scrubby pine woods, or oak or fir forest.
Field Marks S" Like Virginia's Warbler, but browner; untacs, uptacs, and rump
buflier; breast whitish.
LUCY'S WARBLER [35] Chipe de Lucfa Vermivora lucioe

Range US-Mex. Sum/win Mex (sum ne.nBajCal, n.nPac; tr/win sBajCa],
ncPac).
Habitat Arroyos, river valleys, open or dense woods, borders.
Field Marks 4.5" Like Colima Warbler, but entirely white below; rump patch
rufous, not buffy yellow.
NORTHERN PARULA [36] Parula Nortena Parula americana

Range Can-CRic. Tr/win Mex (se.cPac, Atl, Yue; cas/very rare ncHi), Biz (cstl),
Guat (Pac, Atl), EISal (ace). Rare.
Habitat Wooded riversides, dense thorny woods, partial clearings, borders,
gardens.
Field Marks 4.5" M: grayish blue above; yellowish olive back patch; yellow
throat and breast, black and reddish patch on lower throat and chest; belly, un
tacs, partial eye ring, and wing bars white. F: paler and greener above; onJy a
trace of breast patch, or none.
TROPICAL PARULA [36, 38] Parula Tropical Paruta pitiayumi

Range US-SAm. Res Mex (ncPac + adj Hi, Atl + adj Hi), Biz (cas), Guat (Pac,
Atl). Local.

WOOD-WARBLERS 147
CERULEAN WARBLER [37) Chipe Ceruleo Dendroica cerulea

Range Can-SAm, exc ElSal. Tr Mex (Atl, Yue; cas/acc BajCal), Blz, Guat (Atl).
Very rare.
Habitat Forest, open woods, borders.
Field Marks 4.S"White wing bars. M: blue crown; black streaks on bluish above
and on white below; black lower-throat band. F +lmm: bluish gray or olive-gray
above; may be bluer on crown; faint streaks on huffy yellowish below.
BLACK-AND-WHITE WARBLER [36] Chipe Trepador Mniotilta varia

Range Can-SAm. Tr/win Mex, Blz, Guat, ElSal.
Habitat Humid and semihumid forest, pine-oak woods, borders, partial clear-
mgs.
•
Field Marks 5" M: striped black and white; plain white belly; white stripe down
center of crown; black throat. F: fainter streaks below; white throat. See Black
poll Warbler.
AMERICAN REDSTART [37) Pavito Migratorio Setophago ruticillo

Range AK-SAm. Tr/win Mex, Blz, Guat, EISal.
Habitat Humid forest, pine-oak woods, mangroves, borders.
Field Marks S" Adt M: black, with white belly and untacs; orange patches on
sides, wings, and tail. F: grayish above, with yellow patches. 1st-yr M: like fe
male, but darker, patches more orange.
PROTHONOTARY WARBLER [36] Chipe Protonotario Protonotorio citreo

Range Can-SAm, exc ElSal. Tr/win Mex (Atl, Yue; cas/acc nBajCal, ncPac), Biz,
Guat (Pac, Atl). Very rare.
Habitat Scrubby woods, forest borders, moist hedgerows, other wet, low-lying
wooded areas.
Field Marks S.S" Bill black, pointed. M: entire head, breast, and sides orange
yellow; belly and untacs white; wings and tail mostly blue-gray. F: duller.
WORM-EATING WARBLER (36) Chipe Vermfvoro Helmitheros vermivorus

Range Can-Pan. Tr/win Mex (csPac, Atl, Yue), Blz, Guat (Pac, Atl), ElSal. Rare.
Habitat Humid forest, wooded riversides, deciduous woods.
Field Marlcs 5" Brownish gray above, whitish with buff wash below; head
strjped black and tawny buff; bill pointed.
SWAINSON'S WARBLER [36] Chipe de Swainson Limnothlypis swainsonii

Range US-Mex, Blz, Guat? Tr/win Mex (tr Atl, Yue; win sAtl, s+e Yue); win Biz,
Guat? (Atl?}. Very rare.
Habitat Humid forest, dense scrubby woods, thickets.
Field Marks 5" Like Worm-eating Warbler, but much paler streak through eye;
crown reddish brown, not striped black and buff.
• OVENBIRD [37) Chipe Suelero. Seiurus aurocopillus

Range Can-SAm. Win Mex (s.nPac+csPac, csHi, Atl, Yue; cas/acc n.nPac), Biz,
Guat, ElSal. Rare.
Habitat Undergrowth of dense forest, scrubby woods, wooded riversides.

WOOD-WARBLERS 149
Chapala group Mascarita de Chapala G. t chapalensis

Range Mex. Res Mex (w.cHi, especially Lake Chapala).
Habitat Marshes bordering large lakes.
Field Marks 4.5" Like Altamira Yellowthroat (but no range overlap).
BELDING'S YELLOWTHROAT [38] Mascarita Peninsular Geothlypis be/ding/

Range Mex. Res Mex (sBajCal).
Habitat Marshes, marshy river valleys, lagoons.
Field Marks 5" Like Common group of Common Yellowthroat, but M: border
of mask yellow (G. b. beldingi) or broad gray (G. b. goldmani); underparts mostly
bright yellow; belly whitish in some.
ALTAMIRA YELLOW THROAT [38] Mascarita de Altamira Geothlypis flavovelata

Range Mex. Res Mex (s.nAtl+n.cAtl).
Habitat Brackish or freshwater marshes, marshy lagoons, partly flooded fields.
Field Marks 5" Like Common group of Common Yellowthroat, but underparts
all yellow; M: very broad yellow border behind mask.
BLACK-POLLED YELLOWTH ROAT [38) Mascarita Transvolcanica Geothlypls
speciosa
Range Mex. Res Mex (c.cHi). Irregular and local.
Habitat Large freshwater marshes or marshy areas near lakes, ponds, slow
moving water.
Field Marks 5" Like Common group of Common Yellowthroat, but darker a.nd
more olive-green above, mostly golden yellow below; M: mask larger, merging
into blackish crown.
HOODED YELLOWTHROAT [38) Mascarita Matorralera Geothlypis nelson/

Range Mex. Res Mex (e.ncHi). Rare, local.
Habitat Weedy, brushy, rather dry slopes, brushy undergrowth in open pine or
pine-oak woods.
Field Marks 5" Like Common group of Common Yellowthroat, but darker gray
mask border in male; M+ F: darker and greener above; all yellow below, with
darker wash on sides and flanks.
GRAY-CROWNED YELLOWTHROAT (35] Mascarita Piquigruesa Geothlypis

poliocephala
Range Mex-Pan. Res Mex (s.nPac+csPac, s.nAtl+csAtl, Yue), Blz, Guat (Pac,
Atl), ElSal. Rather common, but irregular.
Habitat Tall-grass fields, other dense tall herbaceous growth, thickets, weedy
hedgerows.
Field Marks 5.5" M: dull medium olive above, but forehead and lores black;
crown and nape gray; bright yellow below; partial eye ring; bill thick, yellowish.
F: duller; head less contrasty.
HOODED WARBLER (37] Chipe de Capucha Wilsonia citrina

Range Can-Pan. Tr/win Mex (Atl, Yue; cas/acc Pac), Blz, Guat (Atl), ElSal. Rare.
Habitat Humid forest undergrowth, borders, partial clearings.
Field Marks 5.S" White tail patches. M: yellow face; black hood, including

150 WOOD-WARBLERS
throat; yellowish olive above, yellow below. F: no hood; olive crown, yellow
throat. See Wilson's Warbler.
WILSON'S WARBLER [37] Chipe Pelucil lo Wilsonia pusilfa

Range AK-Pan. Tr/win Mex, Blz, Guat, ElSal.
Habitat Humid forest, scrubby woods, partial clearings, borders, lush gardens.
Field Marks 4.5" Like Hooded Warbler, but no white tail patches; M: circular
black cap; sides of neck and throat yellow, not black.
CANADA WARBLER [37] Chipe Collarejo Wilsonfa canadensis

Range Can-SAm. Tr Mex (sPac, Atl + adj Hi; cas/very rare Yue), Blz, Guat (Hi+
adj Pac+Atl), ElSal. Rare.
Habitat Dense forest undergrowth, thlckets, borders.
Field Marks 5" M: dark blujsh gray above; yellow spectacles; yellow below, with
white untacs; black streaky necklace. F+imm: duller; necklace faint or absent.
RED-FACED WARBLER [35] Chi pe Coloradito Cardel/ina rubrifrons

Range US-Mex, Guat, ElSal, Hoo. Sum/win Mex (sum w.nHi; win s..nHi+
csHi), Guat (Hi), ElSal (cas). Rare.
Habitat Pine, pine-oak, or fu forest, scrubby oak woods.
Field Marks 5" Gray back; white nape, rump, and underparts, except red throat
and chest; forehead and forecrown red; hindcrown black.
RED WARBLER [38] Chipe Rojo Ergaticus ruber

Range Mex. Res Mex (w. nHi +cHi).
Habitat Mostly fir forest, but also dense humid pine-oak or pine woodland;
lower to middle branches.
Field Marks 5" Adt: red, ,..,ith pale silvery gray ear patch (blackish in northwest
ern birds). lmm: dull red; dark ear patch.
PINK-HEADED WARBLER [38] Ch ipe Rosado Ergaticus versicolor

Range Mex, Guat. Res Mex (sHi), Guat (Hi).
Habitat Open pine woods or rather humid pine-oak or oak woods.
Field Marks 5" Much of plumage dark red to brownish red, but entire head,
throat, and chest silvery pink.
PAINTED REDSTAR T [35] Pavi to Aliblanco Myioborus pictus

Range US-Nie, exc Blz. Res/sum Mex (w+e.nHi+csHi + adj Pac, Atl), Guat
(Hi), ElSal (n).
Habitat Pine or pine-oak woods, borders, partiaJ clearings.
Field Marks 5" Mostly black, but breast broadly red; white wing patcl1, outer
tall feathers, and center of belly and untacs.
SLATE-THROATED REDSTAR T (38] Pavito Selvatico Myioborus miniatus

Range Mex-SAm, exc Blz. Res Mex (w+e.nHi+csHi + adj Pac+Atl), Guat (Hi
+ adj Pac), ElSal (w).
Habttat Cloud forest, humid lowland forest, mountain pine-oak or fir forest.
Field Marks S" Dark blue-gray above; chestnut crown; mostly red below or

WOOD-WARBLERS 151
orange-red in Guatemala (Pac) and El Salvador, with blackish throat and white
untacs; tail long, white-cornered, often fanned.
FAN-TAILED WARBLER [38] Pavito Roquero Euthlypis /achrymosa

Range Mex-Nie, exc Biz. Res Mex (Pac + adj Hi, s.nAtl+cAtl), Guat (Pac), EISal.
Rare.
Habitat Humid forest, borders, wooded riversides, rocky wooded hillsides.
Field Marks 6" Often on ground, fans and droops tail. Bluish gray above; black
bordered yellow crown; white tail corners; dull tawny below with yellow throat
and white untacs.
GOLDEN-CROWNED WARBLER [38] Chi pe Rey Gorridorado Basileuterus culidvorus

Range Mex-SAm. Res Mex (csPac, Atl, s+e Yue), Biz, Guat (Pac, Atl), ElSaJ (w).
Habitat Cloud forest and other humid forest, borders, overgrown clearings.
Voice A loud, deliberate weety, weety, wftchu.
Field Marks 5" Greenish olive above, yellow below; black-bordered orange
crown stripe; pale yellow eye rin.g.
RUFOUS-CAPPED WARBLER [38] Chipe Rey Mexicano Basi/euterus rufifrons

Rufous-capped group [38] Chipe Rey Mexicano 8. r. rufifrons
Range Mex, Biz, Guat. Res Mex (Pac, w+e.nHi+csHi, ncAtl), Blz (s), Guat (Atl).
Habitat Borders, scrubby open woods, overgrown clearings, hedgerows.
Field Marks 5" Adt: crown, nape, and ear patch rufous, with white line above
and below ear patch; throat and breast yellow, belly and untacs white, or all
yellow underparts in Mex (sAtl), Blz, Guat (Atl). Juv: much duller, browner;
buffy wing bars; head pattern olive-brown and whitish; underparts buffy.
Chestnut-capped group [38] Chipe Rey de Delattre 8. r. delattrii
Range Mex-SAm, exc Blz. Res Mex (e.sPac), Guat (Pac), ElSal.
Habitat Humid forest, borders.
Field Marks 5" Like southeastern race of Rufous-capped group (all yellow be
low), but no white line below ear patch; nape olive, not rufous.
GOLDEN-BROWED WARBLER [38] Chipe Rey Cejidorado Basileuterus belli

Range Mex, Guat, ElSal, Hon. Res Mex (w+e.ncHi+sHi + adj Pac+Atl), Guat
(Hi), ElSal (n).
Habitat Humid pine-oak or fir forest, cloud forest, borders, partial clearings, in
shrubby undergrowth or lower tree branches.
Voice A rasping zi-zi-zi, like katydid call; also a song.
Field Marks 5" Adt: like Chestnut-capped group of Rufous-capped Warbler, but
crown narrowly black-bordered; line over eye yellow; colors seem more intense.
Juv: olive-brown above; two buff wing ba.rs; duller face pattern; mostly dark
brownish olive below.
YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT [37] Chipe Arriero lcteria virens

Range Can-Pan. Sum/win Mex (sum nBajCal, nPac, ncHi; tr/win all); win Biz,
Guat, EJSal.
Habitat Borders, hedgerows, brushy fields, low shrubby vegetation, overgrown
clearings.

I
Bird\valching; field guides
"This conveniently priced guide will find a niche among both tourists and locals. The
illustrations are excellent and provide immediate and easy access to bird identification.
For the average birder who wants to identify a good nu.mber of species, this book is a
useful and convenient way to go."
-ROB I N W. DO u G HT Y, coauthor of The Purple Martin
MORE THAN A THOUSAND species of birds occur in

Mexico and in the adjacent countries of Belize, Guatemala,
and El Salvador. Of these birds, a unique mixture of
temperate-zone and tropical species, less than half are round
in the United States, and many cross the border onJy a shon
distance into the southwestern states.
This practical field guide contains detailed annotations for easy

identification of all of Mexico's regular species. The descriptions
include the English, Spanish, and Latin names; a general range
statement for each bird, along with its specific occurrences in the regi.on; its
cypical habitat(s) and abundance; and its physical characteristics, including
size and plumage. Excellent color plates \vith drawings or over 850 species
make this the most fully illu.straled guide to the region.
Published by the author in 1972 and 1989, this convenient take-along guide is now
totally revised, updated, and re-designed lo provide handy assistance and enjoymenl to
professional ornithologists and amateur birders alike.
Ernest P Edwards is Dorys M. Duberg Professor of Ecology Emeritus al Sweet Briar
College in Virginia.
ALSO OF I TEREST
Antbirds and Ovenbirds "Skutch is a most notable researcher of these birds, with more than
Their Lives and Hornes 50 years of resident field\vork in Lhe neotropics. Here he presents a
By Alexander F. SkuLch first-lime synLhesis of virtually all that is known about the behavior
Drawings by Dana Gardner and ecology of these two major bird groups." -Choice
Foreword by David Snow ISBN 0-292-77699-3, hardcover ISBN 0-292-77705-1, paperback
Browse our complete birding books catalog online

at www.utexas.edu/utpresslsubjectslbird. html
ISBN 0-292-72091-2 UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS PRESS

90000 PO BOX 7819 AUSTLN TX 78713-7819
Cover Uluscrado ns by Ed111ard Mt1mll Buder.

Front Blach-dtroated Sh rlhc-Tanae e r. Back: CrintSOn-collan.:d Tanai!.t T.
J '1�'J�.an ""a111 �i1..
.,nl lbllll 1.,rop- �r.i np1BOM

A Field Guide To The Birds of Mexico and Adjacent Areas

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A FIELD GUIDE TO

The Birds of Mexico, Belize, Guatemala,

GREAT TINAMOU (4) Perdiz Mayor Tinamus major

LITTlE TINAMOU (4) Ponchita Crypturellus soul

THICKET TINAMOU [4] Perdiz Canela Crypturellus cinnamomeus

SLATY-BREASTED TINAMOU [4] Perdiz Jamuey Crypturellus boucardi

RED-THROATED LOON Somorgujo Menor Gavia stellata

Marep11an 3Clll.\'1l40HHb111 asropcK�M npasoM

Habitat Mostly coastal salt water in \.-\'inter.

PACIFIC LOON [I] Somorgujo Pacifico Gavia pacifica

COMMON LOON Somorgujo Comun Gavia immer

LEAST GREBE [I] Zambullidor Menor Tachybaptus dominicus

PIED-BILLED GREBE [II] Zambullidor Pfquipinto Podilymbus podiceps

HORNED GREBE Zambullidor Cornudo Podiceps auritus

EARED GREBE [II] Zambullidor Orejudo Podiceps nigrlco/li5

Marep111an aaU1"1U1e1111b1111 aeropcK"' M npaeoM

Habitat Lakes, ponds, rivers, lagoons.

WESTERN GREBE [I] Achichilique Occidental Aechmophorus occidentalis

CLARK'S GREBE [l] Achichilique de Clark Aechmophorus darkii

BLACK-FOOTED ALBATROSS [I] Albatros Oscuro Phoebastria nigripes

NORTHERN FULMAR Fulmar Fulmarus glacialis

PINK-FOOTED SHEARWATER [Ill] Pardela Patirrosada Puffinus creatopus

WEDGE-TAILED SHEARWATER [45) Pardela Pacifica Puffinus pacificus

Marep111an 3a111111u.e1111b1111 asropcK111M npasoM

SOOTY SHEARWATER [Ill] Pardela Gris Puffinus griseus

SHORT-TAILED SHEARWATER Pardela Colicorta Puffinus tenuirostris

BLACK-VENTED SHEARWATER [Ill] Pardela Mexicana Puffinus opisthomelas

TOWNSEND'S SHEARWATER Pardela de Townsend Puffinus auricu/arls

AUDUBON'S SHEARWATER Pardela Chica Puffinus lherminieri

Habitat Open ocean and (very rarely) 3-mile waters.

BLACK STORM-PETREL [45] Paffio Negro Oceanodroma melania

LEAST STORM-PETREL Paffio Mfnimo Oceanodroma microsoma

Marepltlan 3aUl"1U..01Hlbllt1 asTOPCKll' M npaBOM

RED-BILLED TROPICBIRD [I] Rabijunco Piquirrojo Phaethon aethereus

MASKED BOOBY Sula Enmascarada Sula dactylatra

BLUE-FOOTED BOOBY [Ill] Sula Piesazules Sula nebouxii

BROWN BOOBY [Ill] Sula Cuellioscura Sula leucogaster

RED-FOOTED BOOBY [45] Sula Patirroja Sula sula

Marop�1an 3alUV1we1111b111 as ropcK1;1 M npasoM

NORTHERN GANNET Sula Nortef'la Morus bassanus

AMERICAN WHITE PELICAN Alcatraz Blanco Pelecanus erythrorhynchos

BROWN PELICAN [I) Alcatraz Pardo Pelecanus occidentalis

DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT [I] Cormoran Orejudo Phalacrocorax auritus

NEOTROPIC CORMORANT [I] Corvej6n Phalacrocorax brasilianus

Marep111 an 3alJ.(viL11ot11tb111 aaropcK�M npaeoM

BRANDT'S CORMORANT [II] Cormoran de Brandt Phalacrocorax penicillatus

PELAGIC CORMORANT [II] Cormoran Pelagico Phalacrocorax pelagicus

ANHINGA [I] Huizote Anhinga anhinga

MAGNIFICENT FRIGATEBIRD [45] Fragata Comun Fregata magnificens

HERONS, EGRETS-GARZAS, PEDRETES-ARDEIDAE

PINNATED BITTERN [4] Pedrete Uneado Botaurus pinnatus

Marep1t1an 3aLU'11!\Cllllb1"1 aeropcKv.M npaeoM

AMERICAN BITTERN [1] Torcomon Botaurus lentiginosus

LEAST BITTERN (1] Garcita lxobrychus exilis

BARE-THROATED TIGER-HERON [4] Garza Tigre Mexicana Tigrisoma mexicanum

GREAT BLUE HERON [1] Garzon Cenizo Ardea herodias

GREAT EGRET [1] Garzon Blanco Ardea alba

Habitat Coastal and inland waters, lagoons, marshes, lakes.

SNOWY EGRE T [1] Garza Nfvea Egretta thula