Polytechnic University of The Philippines

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES 1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Language is used as a medium of communication where people used it as a tool to
express their ideas and wishes. According to Ramelan (1991), “language can help man to
express his thoughts and wishes to another such as when people need some help, so that
close relationship among member of the group can be carried out”. In our daily lives, people
constantly interact socially and communicate with one another, as communication is a means
of interaction.
"Communication is a social activity that needs the cooperation of two or more
people. Communication is a concept that describes social activities that involve more than
one individual. It usually occurs between the hearer (receiver) and the speaker”, Gumperz in
Wardhaugh (1992). On the other hand, individuals must engage in conversation in order to
share information with one another.
In some ways, conversations are the optimal mode of communication, as they enable
people with divergent perspectives on a subject to learn from one another. As a cited
Fairclough (2001), a speech is an oral presentation by one person directed at a group. For a
successful conversation, it must include mutually interesting connections between the
speakers or knowledge shared by the speakers. Conversation is a critical political medium.
As contentious the idea of conversation as the “soul of democracy” may be (Shudson 1997),
politics is partly created and articulated, made public and disputable, in a variety of more or
less institutionalized forms of public talk and interaction. To analyze the interaction of two
or more people in conversation, the appropriate theory was dubbed Conversation Analysis
(CA). According to Schiffrin (1994) “CA is similar to interactional sociolinguistics in that it
is concerned with social order and the ways in which language both creates and is created by
social context."
Conversation analysis is a method for studying social interaction and talk-in-
interaction that has gained widespread acceptance across the social sciences and humanities,
including linguistics, despite its origins in the sociological study of everyday life. By
examining both individual instances of naturalistic interaction (unscripted, non-elicited, etc.)
and patterns exhibited across collections of cases, conversation analysts attempt to describe
the stable practices and underlying normative organizations of interaction. In contrast to
narrative analysts, conversation analysts have little interest in individuals, let alone in the
subconscious meanings of narrators or the reflexive intro-sections of researchers. Instead,
conversation analysts understand individuals to be members of a community that shares
interactional competencies. A common understanding among members is that unscripted
conversation is a technical marvel, a way in which they manage, turn by turn, to maintain
their assumed possibility of a shared intersubjectivity.
Along with the decline of traditional values and increased exposure to political
information via the media, particularly television, in Asia in particular (e.g., Thomas, 2005;
Zhang, 2011), citizens are able to make sense of politics through broadcast interview
programs. Interview programs enable citizens to keep track of public policy developments,
to identify emerging candidates and distinguish between them and their political
orientations, and to evaluate the various political alternatives.

In the broadcasting media, the interview has risen to become the predominant mode
of conveying information. Much of our news and current events report not on what occurred,
but on what people say about what occurred (or might have occurred, or will occur), thereby
putting us in the position of eye- (and ear-) witnesses. to events that would have occurred
regardless of the presence of microphones and cameras, such as press conferences and
interviews. These events always take the form of question-and-answer exchanges.
Politicians now prefer being interviewed to giving speeches, because they believe that the
public sees interview’s as more truthful and reliable than other modes of address — in
interview’s they can be seen to speak ‘intimately’ and 'spontaneously’ = to the public, and
the 'spontaneous' is generally seen as more truthful than the premeditated and the posed
(Bell, P., & van Leeuwen, T. (1994).
It is critical to analyze broadcast political interviews for a variety of reasons. First, it
teaches us how political interviews are conducted and the conventions that govern
interactions between journalists (interviewers) and public officials or experts (interviewees).
Specifically, it provides us with the details to such questions as: What is the nature of the
functions, roles, rights, and responsibilities of the interviewers and the interviewees; what
shapes their discourse’s basic structure and rules; How biased are the interviewers; What is
the nature of the questions, their tone, and structure; To what extent are interviewees'
responses evasive; and how do interviewees use their responses to construct a particular
image of themselves and others? Second, analyzing political interviews enables recognition
of how political interviews differ from 'ordinary' conversation, and more specifically how
political interviews are constrained by their particular setting, which includes culture and
political culture, as well as social issues and problems, such as hierarchy, unequal power,
race, and gender in a particular society. Additionally, it enables us to dig deeper into the
interviewees' underlying beliefs and examine issues such as power, social truth, and the
participants' motivations for conveying particular ideologies.
Background of the study
Sandova (2010) claims political interviews as a subgenre of political discourse in
which politicians achieve the specific communicative goal of affecting and convincing the
audience through the use of conventional methods. a subgenre of political discourse in which
politicians achieve the specific communicative goal of affecting and convincing the audience
through the use of conventional methods. According to Bhatia (2006), a political interview is
a form of close contact social interaction in which the interviewer is expected to inquire
about political issues and the politician is expected to respond. Similarly, (Johansson, 2007)
political interview has been defined as a genre in which the fusion of two culturally
generated institutional discourses (media and political discourses) results in the creation of
meaning.
Within the past years, many researchers have devoted their focus to investigating
political interviews from a variety of linguistic perspectives. As an example, Chilton (2004)
conducted research on the role of linguistic structures in political discourse. His analysis
demonstrated how nominalization, agentless passives, and ambiguous antecedent pronouns
are used to implicitly state political propositions without expressing them explicitly.
Bramley (2001) examined how pronouns are used in political interviews to construct "self"
and "other." He concludes that politicians use pronouns in political interviews to construct
the self and other. Fetzer (2007) examined the linguistic manifestations of challenges in
British and German political interviews conducted in the run-up to the country’s general
elections in the United Kingdom and Germany. She revealed that there are language and
culture-specific dispositions for explicating, negotiating, and contextualizing challenges.
Sandova (2010), Political interviews are regarded as a genre whose primary
communicative goal is to persuade and convince the audience. Similarly, it has been stated
that a political interview is a dialogical genre in which institutional actors contribute
comments on a particular subject and their conversation is moderated by media experts
(Lauerbach & Fetzer, 2007). MacNair (2011) believes there is now “… Between the
politician and the media professional, a relationship of mutual convenience and
interdependence develops as each seeks to satisfy the other's hunger for news while
maximizing his or her favorable public exposure".
Having taken a pragmatic approach, the findings from studies on political interviews
indicate that the interview is a highly structured, rule-governed speech event. Both
interviewer and interviewee adhere to a set of genre-specific rules, and the interviewer and
interviewee have a continual discussion on how to achieve these standards. (Blum-Kulka,
1983; as cited in Bramley, 2001).
Kibrik (2013), according to her, each interview entails three distinct roles: 1)the
interviewer's role is to address audience-related questions, 2) the respondent's role in
providing an answer to the questions, and 3) the presupposed audience's role, which is to
direct the interviewer's questions toward the issues that concern them. Additionally, there are
some characteristics that are consistent across all types of political interviews. They are
structured in an argumentative manner. They take the form of question-and-answer. In all
interviews, the interviewer serves as the people's spokesperson. They present challenging
questions and represent the audience's viewpoint. On the other hand, the interviewee's role
is to express and support their arguments (Lauerbach, 2007). As de Beus (2011) claims, the
two parties are inextricably linked in that journalists rely on politicians for government and
political information, while politicians rely on news writers to fulfill their desire to be
exposed and seen publicly.
Bell and van Leeuwen (1994) examined political interviews through the lens of
communication and media studies. They made a point of emphasizing the social context in
which political interviews occur. They defined a political interview as a communicative
event during which politicians "can be seen speaking 'intimately' and 'spontaneously' to the
public" (as cited in Bramley, 2001, p. 8). Other studies examined political interviews from a
pragmatic standpoint. . For instance, in the study by Blum-Kulka (1983), It was discovered
that the interviewer regarded the interviewee's responses as supportive or unsupportive. The
third method examines political discourse from an interactional perspective. This approach is
demonstrated in Greatbatch's (1986) study, in which he examined the agenda shifting
procedure used during an interview and concluded that interviewees engaged in overt or
covert agenda shifting in order to alter the interviewer's proposed agenda.
In this paper, the researchers aim to show the importance of detailing televised
political interviews in the Philippines and to do so, in a highly selected manner, the
paradigm that will be used is the one proposed by Ofer Feldman. The paradigm is based on a
series of studies he conducted in Japan during 2000, 2010~2011, and 2012~13 (Feldman,
2004, p. 76-110, 2015; Feldman et al., n.d., 2015). This paradigm introduces what the core
aspects and questions that should be addressed when detailing political interviews in a
particular society. The researchers will be able to gather information about the nature of the
interaction between interviewers and interviewees, their communicative style when
addressing or replying to questions, and the strategies used by the participants to achieve
their objectives through the application of the coding system proposed by the paradigm.
Theoretical Framework
Conversation Analysis is used to analyze questions and responses in televised
political interviews, which is the paradigm under consideration for examining televised
political interviews. Conversation Analysis is a method of analyzing talk as a social
phenomenon; it is used to analyze talk-in-interaction, which considers language primarily as
a form of social interaction, as opposed to other methods of analyzing talk. Conversation
Analysis is concerned with determining how social practices take place within language and
between participants, and thus how social order is formed in a society (Hutchby & Wooffitt,
1998). It examines how participants mutually understand each other during turns, assuming
that “ordinary talk is a highly organized, ordered phenomenon” (Hutchby & Wooffitt, 1998,
p. 13). For the purpose of analysis, Conversation Analysis studies naturally-occurring data
which has been recorded rather than data that is generated in laboratories. This recorded data
is then transcribed and examined without any pre-conceived idea about what one wants to
find, or what is in the data. Researchers let the data speak for itself monitoring what is done
by the participants through their conversation.
The paradigm to examine televised political interviews consists of four distinct
elements at the core of the interaction between interviewers and interviewees. Each of these
elements includes specific aspects and questions that should be included in a coding sheet
designed to decode the information by trained coders.
The four elements are:
1. (1) The Interviewers’ questions;
2. (2) The interviewees’ replies;
3. (3) The questions/replies sequences; and
4. (4) The setting or background to the interviews’ sessions.
Identifying Questions: At the base of this paradigm is the need to identify questions
and distinguish them from other utterances:
“Questions” are regarded as utterances made by interviewers in order to elicit
information or opinions from interviewees. Questions may or may not utilize interrogative
syntax.
In televised political interviews, some questions, usually asked at the beginning of an
interview, are merely “small talk” to make interviewees “comfortable” upfront. These
include “softball” questions, i.e., non-challenging questions that function as greetings before
the actual interview begins, and often invite interviewees to brag about themselves or their
work. Such questions should be excluded from analysis.
Hereupon are the four segments that should be coded:

1. The Questions
The goal of this section is to detail the attributes (e.g., the type, style, mode) of
questions asked during televised political interviews.
There are six ways to classify or identify these questions:
1. Classifying Questions Based on Syntactic Expression
Interview questions are classified into two large groups according to their syntactic
expression. The first consists of prefaced questions and the second of non -prefaced
questions.
Prefaced questions are in most cases prefaced by a main clause in which the main
prepositional content of the question appears in indirect form in a subordinate clause (in non-
prefaced questions there is no such preceding main clause). This group includes questions
such as “What do you think?” “What do you feel?” “Are you saying …?” “Are you
suggesting …?” “Will you explain …?” “Could you say what …?” And, “Can I ask you
…?”
Non-prefaced questions may be further subdivided according to whether or not they
take interrogative syntax:
(1) Interrogative syntax appears in three basic question forms:
(a) Yes/no questions that request a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ response in relation to a certain
matter.
Responding with “Yes,” “No,” or any other clearly affirmative or negative reply
(using words or expressions such as “certainly,” “of course,” “not at all”) is seen as
constituting a reply.
(b) Interrogative-word questions, or the WH-questions, i.e. questions that start with
what, why, who, when, where, or how; and,
(c) Disjunctive or alternative questions that present interviewees a choice between
two or more alternatives. If the interviewee chooses one of the alternatives, then this can be
seen as constituting a reply. It is also possible to present an additional alternative, which can
be regarded as a reply. If the interviewee does not choose between the alternatives offered by
the interviewer, nor offers another alternative, then response is regarded as a non-reply.
(2) Non-interrogative syntax questions include (d) declaratives, imperatives, or
questions lacking a finite verb (i.e., moodless questions). They are identical in form to
declarative statements in writing, but are generally spoken with a final rising, questioning
intonation. Some declarative questions may not be accompanied by rising intonation, but the
expression still clearly functions to elicit information.
Coders decode each question first as either (1) prefaced question, or (2) non -
prefaced question. If (2) non-prefaced questions is selected, the coders further decode the
sub-category of the question as either (a) yes/no questions; (b) interrogative-word questions,
or the WH-questions; (c) disjunctive or alternative questions; or (d) declaratives,
imperatives, or moodless question.
2. Distinguishing the Syntactic Structure of Questions
During interviews, interviewers assess the responses given by interviewees to
determine whether they have answered the question or hedged it. If interviewers consider the
response to be an answer, they can either expand on the same topic or shift to a new topic,
called “topic extension” and “topical shift,” respectively. An interviewer who views the
response as a non-answer can follow up with a “reformulation” or a “challenge.”
(1) Topic extension: the interviewer raises a minor implication of a prior statement in
order to encourage an interviewee to reconfirm and/or expand on prior remarks.
(2) Topical shift: when shifting the topic, the interviewer doesn’t relate back to the
preceding answer but rather brings up a new aspect of the general topic under discussion.
(3) Reformulation: the interviewer “reformulates” when he or she accurately restates
an interviewee’s declared position, with the implication that the preceding answer was not
adequate and needs clarification or expansion.
(4) Challenge: the interviewers directly challenges an answer by making explicit the
possible implications or presumptions of the answer, with the goal of testing some aspect of
the interviewee’s intentions, actions, or attitudes.
Coders decode here either (1) Topic extension; (2) Topical shift; (3) Reformulation;
or, (4) Challenge.
3. Examining the Pragmatic Means of Weight Reduction
There are two ways in which interviewers could challenge an interviewee’s point of
view without appearing to violate the required perception of neutrality: quotation of critics
and questions accompanied by accounts.
(1) Quotation of critics: When interviewers base their questions on actual or
hypothetical critiques by an interviewee’s opponents (political or other), or cite other actual
or potential challengers (e.g., news media). Drawing on the words of others allows
interviewers to openly disagree without appearing to do so personally.

(2) Questions accompanied by accounts: the interviewer provides his or her own
logic or opinions as the basis for challenging questions.
Coders decode either (1) Quotation of critics; or (2) Questions accompanied by
accounts.
4. Identifying Grammatically Complete and Incomplete Questions
Questions can be differentiated between
1. (1) Grammatically complete questions, and
2. (2) Grammatically incomplete questions.
Questions categorized as grammatically complete follow the syntactic rule that a
question particle (such as ka in Japanese) must be attached to the end of the sentence
accompanied by rising intonation. Grammatically incomplete questions, considered less
formal and less direct utterances, lack the question particle but project turn -yielding despite
their incomplete structure.
Coders decode either (1) Grammatically Complete Questions; or (2) Grammatically
Incomplete Questions.
5. Identifying Questions that Seek Personal Opinions versus Prevalent Views
within a Group
Here we distinguish between questions that explicitly seek from interviewees
1. (1) Personal, private information such as their own opinions, thoughts, beliefs, and
feelings; as opposed to
2. (2) Information, ideas, or views of a group that the interviewee belongs to, e.g.,
political parties and government ministries.

In other words, there is a differentiation between questions posed to interviewees
according to the required perspective–personal perspective or that of a social or political
group. The general assumption is that politicians would be asked to share the viewpoints of
their groups, while non-politicians would be asked for their private, personal views; but this
is not always the case.
Coders mark either (1) personal, private information; or (2) information, ideas, or
views of a group that the interviewee belongs to.
6. Assessing the Questions’ Level of Threat
Interviewers’ questions vary in terms of their toughness and neutrality. Questions
may be formulated in such a way that interviewees constantly run the risk of making face -
damaging responses, i.e., responses which make themselves and/or their political allies look
bad, and/or constrain their future freedom of action (P. Bull, 2008). Questions are
distinguished between those that entail “no necessary threat” (least face-threatening) and
those with a “high level of toughness.” Politicians tend to find the latter problematic,
especially when they are potentially face-damaging to themselves, their political party, and
to significant others (Feldman, n.d.). A high proportion of the latter questions would
therefore constitute a tough style of interviewing.
The coding sheet in this part includes two related questions:
(1) A six-point scale, according to which each question is rated in terms of toughness
(from (1) “no threat at all” through (6) “very tough” (“neutral” is not included in these six
possible responses in order to force coders to make a selection on the relative degree of
equivocation); and,
If the answer was not (1), then coders respond to another question:
(2) Indicate at whom the threat was aimed: (a) the interviewee’s face; (b) the party’s
face; (c) a group to which the interviewee belongs; (d) the government (the administration,
the cabinet); (e) others (specify).
2. The Replies
The aim of this section is to examine the manner that interviewees handle the
questions posed at them.
Responses are analyzed in a series of four questions. The questions reflect a
modification of the four Bavelas et al. (1990) dimensions of sender, receiver, content, and
context in the Theory of Equivocation. Equivocation is regarded as a form of indirect
communication characterized as ambiguous, contradictory, and tangential, which may also
be incongruent, obscure, or even evasive (Bavelas et al., 1990, p. 28).
Each of the four dimensions is measured on a six-point Likert-type scale.
1. Sender
Assessed by the question “To what extent is the response the speaker’s own opinion
(intention, observation, ideas)?”
The scale consisted of six options, ranging from (1) “It is obviously his/her personal
opinion/ideas, not someone else’s,” to (6) “It is obviously someone else’s opinion/ideas.”
If the answer was not (1), then coders respond to another question:
(2) “Whose opinion does the speaker seem to express?”
Coders select from the following list: (a) Political parties; (b) The general
public/public opinion; (c) The Government (the administration); (d) Mass media; (e)
Economic and industrial circles (public and private sectors) and the third sections
(organizations that are not for-profit and non-governmental); (f ) Refers to facts/historical
flow of events/common sense.
2. Receiver
In broadcast news interviews, there are multiple receivers. Thus, when an
interviewee responds to a question, it is not always clear whether the intended receiver is the
interviewer or some other party, such as the general public, a particular segment of the
public, or another politician or group of politicians. These other parties can be referred to as
the “overhearing audience.”
To address this issue the following questions are posed:
(1) “To what extent is the message addressed to the person(s) who asked the
question?” (i.e. the interviewer(s)). Possible recipients are assessed on a six -point scale,
ranging from (1) “Obviously addressed to the interviewer(s)” to (6) “Addressed to other
people.”
If the answer is not (1), coders respond to another question:
(2) “To whom does the message seem to be addressed?”
Coders indicate whom they think is the intended target of the message by selecting
from the following list: (a) Another interviewee politician(s) that appear(s) on the show in
the studio; (b) Decision-makers (at the center of politics or Government officials); (c) Voters
in general (d) Specific prefecture/prefecture residents; (e) The public in general (f )
Economic and industrial circles (public and private sectors) and the third sections (not for-
profit and non-governmental organizations); (g) Other (specify).

3. Content
Assessed by the question “How clear is the message in terms of what is being said?”
The six options evaluate the various degrees of equivocation, ranging from (1)
“Straightforward, easy to understand, only one interpretation is possible,” to (6) “Totally
vague, impossible to understand, no meaning at all.”
If the answer is not (1), then coders should specify what made the reply unclear or
difficult to comprehend by selecting from at least one of the following four options:
(a) It consists of long /complex sentences that are difficult to follow; (b) There is run-
around, double talk (circuitous talk); (c) It includes difficult terms, or professional jargon;
(d) It consists of multiple arguments (sometimes inconsistent).
4. Context
Assessed by the question “To what extent is this a direct answer to the question?”
The six options range from: (1) “This is a direct answer to the question asked,” to (6)
“Totally unrelated to the question.”
If the answer is not (1), i.e., the interviewee fails to reply to the question, then the
response is to be coded in terms of the following 12 Categories of Non-Reply (based on
Peter Bull & Mayer, 1993):
(a) Intentionally ignores the question (typically while launching into another
discussion); (b) Acknowledges the question without answering it; (c) Questions the question
(reflecting a question back to the interviewer(s); (d) Attacks the question; (e) Attacks the
interviewer; (f ) Declines to answer a question; (g) Makes a political point; (h) Incomplete
answer; (i) Repeats answer to previous question; (j) States or implies that the question has
already been answered; (k) Apologizes; (l) Other (specify).
These 12 Categories are not mutually exclusive as more than one category can be
used at a time.
A message can be equivocal on any of the four above dimensions. So the content
may be perfectly clear (unequivocal in terms of content), but not a direct answer to the
question (equivocal on the context dimension).
3. Subjects of Enquiry/Response
The aim of this section is to identify the key topics at the center of interviewer
enquiry and interviewee response, and to distinguish the issues at stake in each question -
response:
Two questions are posed:
1. “What is the main content of the question about?”
2. “What is the main content of the response about?”
Each of these two questions is sub-divided (and coded) in respect to six criteria
detailed below, all mutually exclusive, on the content of the questions and answers:
(1) Knowledge, or lack of knowledge, of a certain topic or a fact.
(2) Human affairs/Significant others (i.e., others’ performance at work, impressions
on their activities, evaluation of their ability, characteristics, personality, attitudes, and
thoughts, and human relationships).

(3) Political and social institutions (e.g., impressions, opinion, and judgments on the
activities, attitudes, views, thoughts, and ideas within political parties, party factions, and the
media).
(4) Political process (i.e., involving procedures of decision -making and course of
action in the government, the bureaucracy, and within or between political parties).
(5) Political commitment (promises regarding courses of action, pledges, and public
obligation).
(6) Issues (opinions, stances, and views on policy issues, on social, economic,
political and other problems, and topics on the public agenda).
If category “(6) Issues” is selected, coders answer an open-ended question:
(7) “What is the issue (problem or topic) at the core of the question/response
sequences?”
Coders identify the issues at the focus of the discussion between the interviewers and
the interviewees and list them one by one. It is later clustered in related categories.
4. The Setting of the Interview
The aim of this section is to detail selected factors of the setting or the background of
the interview that may influence the nature of the interaction between interviewers and
interviewees, and the content of the questions and the replies. These factors influence thus
the scope of the information disseminated to the public. They include, but are not limited to,
the following aspects:
(1) The nature of the television program in which the interview takes place:
(a) Nationwide program or local level program

(b) Regular news program;
1. Regular daily/weekly/monthly interview program; or
2. Special interview programs (e.g., during election campaign)
(c) What is the viewing rate (How popular is the program?)
(2) The interview’s format:
(a) One-on-one interview (a single interviewer vs. a single interviewee)
(b) One interviewer vs. multiple interviewees
(c) Two interviewers vs. a single interviewee
(d) Two interviewers vs. multiple interviewees
(e) In small groups
(f ) Questions asked by the interviewers and other “commentators” who are invited to
present questions and participate in the discussion
(g) Questions asked by the interviewers and other interviewees who are invited to
present questions and participate in the discussion.
(h) Other (specify)
(3) The broadcast time and the length of the interview:
(a) Morning/afternoon/evening/night
(b) The interview session duration: Minutes & Seconds
(4) Who asks the interview’s questions? (What are their social and political
orientations?)
(a) Journalists
(b) Scholars
(c) Experts (in such areas as public policy, social affairs, and economics)
(d) Other (specify)
(5) Who are the interviewees? (What are their ranks, in government, for example?)
(a) National level politicians (e.g., presidents, prime ministers, ministers, leaders of
parties)
(b) Local level politicians (e.g., prefectural governors, city mayors)
(c) Government officials (e.g., administrative vice-ministers, heads of sections)
(d) Military, Army officers and personnel
(e) Decision-makers from various social and economic sectors of society
(f) Nonpoliticians (e.g., university professors, experts in economy, social critics).
(e) Other (specify)
(6) The Political Culture and Media Organization
(a) Does the interview take place in a democratic, free society?
(b) How is the media system organized? Who owns/controls the media?
Conceptual Framework
The main focus of the study is to analyze the political interviews of the four (2022)
presidential candidates with the paradigm proposed by Ofer Feldman As a result of using
this paradigm, researchers can collect detailed accounts of the interaction between
interviewers and interviewees, the structure and tone of questions posed to interviewees as
well as the participants' communicative style when responding to such questions, and the
strategies employed by participants to achieve their objectives.
Figure 1 below is the conceptual framework that shows the utilization of the paradigm.
The
interviewe The setting or
rs' background The
question to the output
interviews'
sessions
The The
interviewee questions/re
s' replies plies
sequences
Research Paradigm
Figure 1
Statement of the problem
This study aims to create an in-depth conversational analysis of televised political
interviews that feature the 2022 Philippine presidential candidates. Specifically, it desires to
shed light on the following questions:
1. How are the attributes of the interviewers’ questions detailed in terms of the
following?
a. classification based on syntactic expression
b. syntactic structure
c. pragmatic means of weight reduction
d. grammatical completeness
e. types that seek opinions or prevalent views
f. level of threat
2. How are the interviewees’ replies examined in terms of the four dimensions such
as:
a. Sender
b. Receiver
c. Content
d. context
3. How are the questions/replies sequences analyzed in terms of the following:
a. key topics that are at the center of the interviewer enquiry and interviewee
response
b. issues at stake in each question-response

4. What factors influence the setting or the background of the interviews and impact
the nature of the interaction between interviewers and interviewees, and the
content of the questions and the replies?
Significance of the Study
Specifically, the researchers hope that this study will help in showing the importance
of discerning politicians’ knowledge on certain issues in the political field and help the
Filipino people in their decision making this year’s coming election.
The following areas will benefit from this research:
Political Analyst, it will help them in studying the current language in politics, the
politicians’ strategies in pursuing their goals. How politicians operate during this time of
election period. The language of politicians on convincing the public specifically, on
persuading them with their proposed political platforms.
The public, the televised political interviews will help the public and voters become
more discerning in which political candidate they should vote for the upcoming election.
Because language is powerful tool in pursuing someone.
English majors, this study may help the students to develop their interest in utilizing
the linguistic devices that they learn inside the four corners of their class. It will expand their
knowledge in the field of linguistics.
PUP College of Arts and Letters Reading Center, it will serve as an additional resource
which will provide a highly selected manner of analyzing conversational interviews in the
Philippine politics.
Future researchers as well as thesis makers, the result of this study could serve as
reference and act as basis for further studies or could supplement their respective studies in
the related field.
Lastly, the full benefit of this study is for the researchers themselves. This study gave
the researchers the chance to scrutinize the 2022 presidential candidates to help them choose
the best amongst the rest to serve them in the next six (6) years of their lives. As an end, the
researchers are hopeful that this study that analyses the conversation of political interviews
would help the citizens of the Philippines to become more discerning in choosing their next
chief architect.
Scope and Limitation
The study focuses on analyzing the conversation in the three (3) sets of televised
political interviews of the four (4) selected presidential candidates; Mayor Isko Moreno
Dumagoso, Senator Panfilo "Ping" Lacson, Senator Manny Pacman Pacquiao, and Vice
President Leni Robredo. The researchers have chosen three (3) different sets of televised
political interviews in which they will be analyzing for the purpose of their study. The
researchers chose three (3) different channels on Youtube which conducted the political
interviews, specifically, The Boy Abunda Talk Channel, ANC 24/7, and GMA Public
Affairs.
The four (4) political aspirants were asked same questions regarding their stands and
beliefs on various issues and problems that our country is currently dealing with, and they
were also given respective questions that they need to answer regarding their personal issues.
This research will not cover and extend to the other televised political interviews as
well as on the other political candidates in the 2022 presidential election;
Former Presidential Spokesperson Ernesto Abella, Leody de Guzman (chairman of
the Bukluran ng Manggagawang Pilipino), Former secretary of National Defense Norberto
Gonzales, and Former Senator Ferdinand Romualdez Marcos Jr. The researchers will
primarily focus on analyzing the three (3) channels which conducted the political interviews
as well as on the four (4) political candidates who completed the participation in the three (3)
selected presidential interviews.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
The researchers have found different relevant literatures that would support the
systematically theorized study related on political interviews featuring candidates for public
office. This chapter focuses on landscaping the linguistic phenomenon with regards to its
significance in linguistic, the importance of detailing televised political interviews: having a
good understanding about how interviews are conducted, their communicative style when
conversing with them, and the nature of the interaction between interviewers and
interviewees responding to questions, and the strategies used by the participants to achieve
their objectives
Conversation
Conversations are, in some ways, the ideal mode of communication because they
allow people with varying points of view on a subject to learn from one another. A speech,
on the other hand, is a process of oral presenting made by a single person to a group of
listeners. Successful conversation requires that participants must reach an agreeable balance
of contributions. A successful conversation includes connections between the speakers that
are mutually interesting as well as things that the speakers are familiar with. It is necessary
for this to occur for the people involved in a conversation to find a topic on which they can
both relate in some way. Those participating in conversation have a natural tendency to draw
parallels between the other speaker's statements and their own. Their responses may contain
elements of their personal lives that allow them to relate to the opinions or points of
conversation of the other person.

According to Ciccourel as cited in Sciffrin (1994);
Conversation is a source of much of our sense of social order, e.g. it produces

many typifications underlying our notions of social role. Conversation also
exhibits its own order and manifests its own order and manifest.
Fairclough (2001:9) states “conversation is systematically structured, and that there
is evidence of the orientation of participants to these structures in the way in which they
design their own conversational turns and react to those of others.” Conversation consists of
two or more participants taking turns and only one participant speaking at any time.
Conversation is often divided into two categories: formal conversation and casual
conversation. Eggins and Slade (1997:19-20) classify conversation based on:
1. Pragmatic purpose: whether a conversation has a clear pragmatic or not
2. Number of Interactants Involved: whether multilogue or dialogue.
3. Degree of Formality: whether a conversation employs colloquial expression and humor or
conducted in serious tone involving various expression of politeness. The approach to the
analysis of spoken interactions known as Conversation Analysis (CA).
Conversation Analysis
Conversation is mainly about exchanging ideas. Conversation analysis is a linguistic
discipline that is concerned mainly with the coherence and sequential organization of
discourse, among other things. for example the opening and closing sequences (Levinson,
1983). The openings and closings of conversations were examined by its findings.
Observations were made in empirical studies about how they are created and understood.
Recurring patterns were searched for and theory developed from them.
Conversations have two levels of organization: a local management system and an
overall organization. The overall organization contains the organization of topic talk other
parts of conversations. In overall organization than the topic talk are the opening section and
the closing section. Mean while, the local management system is the one that makes
conversation works. According to Levinson, (1983):
“A conversation can be defined as a string of at least two turns

produced by different speakers. The mechanism that assures this is the one of
turn-taking. At the end of turn-constructional units - these units are syntactic
units like sentences the speaker can change. Such a point is called transition
relevance place”.
This is can mean that the turn-taking becomes an important part in a conversation. If
a conversation is dominated by only one person that means the conversation doesn‟t refers
to transition relevance place.
Political Interview
It is the goal of broadcast political interviews to put public officials and subject-matter
specialists to the test on policy matters and issues that are of interest to the general public.
Considering citizens have a right to be fully informed about political issues and the political
agenda, public officials, including politicians, are obligated to provide explanations for their
acts and intentions. Keeping this idea in mind, political interviews allow the interviewers–
whether they be journalists, social critics, or scientists and researchers from other fields
operating on behalf of the general public–to ask questions and critique answers. Interviewers
may disagree with, dispute with, criticize, or otherwise challenge interviewees within the
course of their efforts to uncover the truth about policies and political situations in which
public officials or their organizations have a stake.

The journalistic or news interview is among the more thoroughly researched forms of
broadcast talk, and the field is showing signs of diversification. While most studies have
focused on general features of news interview interaction – the organization of turn taking
(e.g., Greatbatch 1988, Heritage and Roth 1995), elementary forms of questioning and
answering (e.g., Clayman and Heritage 2002, Ekström 2009, Harris 1991), and the
sensitivity of interview talk to journalistic norms and the broadcasting context (e.g. Clayman
2010, Heritage 1985,) – cecent research has begun to look into more specialized
interviewing practices that are tailored to specific types of interviewees. Studies have shown
that interviews are conducted in different ways depending on whether the subject of the
interview is a primary actor, an expert commentator, or an ordinary member of the public
(Montgomery 2007, 2010, Roth 2002, Thornborrow 2010), and Roth (2005) has identified a
controversial form of “pop quiz” questioning indigenous to interviews with political
candidates. As a result, the news interview can be thought of as encompassing a number of
distinct subgenres that are comprised of specialized tasks and the practices that are used to
carry out those tasks, although these practices retain characteristics that are common to the
general run of interviews conducted by professional journalists with newsworthy
individuals.
This type of interview is a variant of what Montgomery (2007, 2008) calls the
accountability interview, although it involves political candidates rather than current office
holders. Interviews of this sort are a prominent fixture of the campaign season in the U.S.,
the U.K., and elsewhere. For instance, in the months leading up to the 2008 U.S. presidential
election, most of the plausible contenders from both major parties were interviewed on
national television. Such interviews appeared on a range of news and current affairs
programs on the broadcast networks and cable news channels, including morning, evening,
and late-night news shows, weekly news magazines (e.g., 60 Minutes), and the prominent
Sunday morning programs organized around live interviews (e.g., Meet the Press, Face the
Nation, This Week).
A series of studies on the linguistic aspects of political discourse have been
conducted from a variety of viewpoints. Simon‐ Vandenbergen (2000) examined the use of
the phrase "I believe" as a parenthetical verb in political discourse and informal
conversations is discussed. Simon Vandenbergen (2001) cited Urmson's (1952) article, in
which the author proposes that parenthetical verbs are a class of verbs that include
expressions such as "believe, guess, suppose", whose function is to indicate how much
trustworthiness is attached to the statements (as cited in Simon Vandenbergen, 2000).
According to the findings of her investigation, the phrase "I think" is used in a variety of
contexts in both political discourse and casual conversation, with different functions. She
stated that in political interviews, politicians prefer to use the phrase "I think" rather than to
express their uncertainty. Furthermore, she came to the conclusion that politicians use the
phrase "I think" in their speeches to express their personal attitudes.
In another study, Bramley (2001) examined the use of pronouns in the construction
of “self” and “other” in political interviews. He concluded that in political interviews,
pronouns are being exploited by politicians, so as to construct the self and other. For
example, the function of using “I” and “We” in political interviews is to create an acceptable
image of self and the party. Politicians tend to use the pronoun “I” as they want to share their
individual perspective and construct a good picture of themselves. Using “We”, on the other
hand, implies the “collective and institutional identity.” It shows the politicians’ group or
membership affiliation.
Sandova (2010) studied the speaker’s involvement in political interviews. She
examined into the linguistic techniques that used to increase the level of participation in
political interviews. She explains although the genre of political interview as a formal
discourse is considered to have a low involved, detached style, politicians make use of
linguistic means in order to show involvement with their propositions for the aim of
convincing and persuading the audience. Her study revealed that politicians tend to use
phrases like “I think” and “I mean” which indicate the subjectivity of the politicians and
increase the degree of their involvement in the interview.
Furthermore, Sandova compared the discourse of female politicians with that of male
politicians and concluded that female politicians are vague in presenting their viewpoints,
while male politicians are to-thepoint and precise in their expressions.
Becker (2007) conducted a mixed-method study to have a cross-cultural analysis of
British, German and U.S. American interviewers’ questioning practices. The opening phases
of nine national and international election night broadcasts were analyzed. She examined
and cross-culturally compared the form and function of question-answer routines in political
and expert interviews. According to the findings of the study, the selection of linguistic
strategies was closely related to the function of an interview within the overall context of a
media event's overall context.

Conversation Analysis
Conversation analysis is one of the most appropriate analytical approaches to the study
of verbal interaction, and this is one of the reasons why it has received so much attention in
the academic community. Conversation analysis (CA) is a method of investigating how
social interactions are organized structurally. CA performs a thorough analysis of video
recordings' transcripts, paying particular attention to actions such as turn-taking, the length
of pauses, inflections, and any other significant utterances (Hancock, Ockleford &
Windridge, 2007). CA observes silences, and exclamations such as ums, errs, and
overlapping speech when participants speak simultaneously (Moriarty, 2011:18). Apart from
the “words-as-spoken, Using CA, the researcher can draw attention to a variety of
production details, such as timing, intonation, and pace, that have been shown to be critical
for the organization of the interaction” (Ten Have, 2008:130). In CA transcripts, every single
utterance, pause, overlap, change in volume, laughter, and non-verbal action is included
(Niemi, 2016:33; Ten Have, 1999:79). The sequential organization of conversations in CA is
through turn-taking, response preferences, and repair actions. (Flick, 2014; Ten Have, 1999;
Van der Westhuizen, 2012). Turn-taking is the process of entering and exiting a
conversation. It can be accomplished through turn allocation or self-selection, among other
methods (Koole, 2013; Ten Have, 1999). This means that utterances are produced in a
sequential manner, allowing each speaker the opportunity to participate. According to Wu
(2013), participants in conversation give some feedback to a speaker to show that they are
interested in what the speaker is talking about. This observation concurs with Melander
(2007, cited in Van der Westhuizen, 2015a:14) who claims that during conversation,
participants contribute towards keeping the conversation going.
Linguistics
A key strand of linguistic research developed from the writings of Noam Chomsky
(Chomsky, 1965). He argued that there were two features to language. First, there is
linguistic competence, a term he used to refer to the innate rules which inform the
production of grammatically correct sentences. Second, there is linguistic performance: the
actual use of our linguistic competencies. He argued that the goal of linguistics should be to
study underlying linguistic competencies: the rules which inform the production of
grammatical sentences. And the best way to do this was to rely on our own expert
knowledge and intuition about language. This is because, first, we intuitively know that
certain relationships between nouns, clauses, verbs, etc., are ‘right’, and others are ‘wrong’
or nonsensical; second, and more important, he argued that the performance of language –
everyday speech – was chaotic and disorganised, and offered no insight to the underlying
rules of language.
Linguistic theory is concerned with an ideal speaker-hearer in a completely

homogeneous speech-community, who knows its language perfectly and is
unaffected by such grammatically irrelevant conditions as memory limitations,
distractions, shifts of attention and interest, and errors (random or characteristic) in
applying his knowledge of the language in actual performance. (Chomsky, 1965: 3)
For Chomsky, then, the focus was on the underlying structure of language; actual
speech was viewed as disorderly, and therefore not worthy of serious study. Sacks’ key
insight – and a clear finding from his studies and subsequent work in CA – is that ordinary
mundane speech exhibits an extraordinary level of orderliness. Moreover, this orderliness is

not determined by innate cognitive structures of language (although formal grammatical
considerations clearly inform the design of utterances) but reflects a socially organised order
of interpersonal action. Indeed, knowledge of underlying linguistic competence seems ill-
equipped to allow us to understand the observable orderliness of everyday interaction. Our
linguistic competence clearly tells us that certain sequences of words do not belong to the
English language.
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents and discusses the steps and procedures in gathering data. It
includes the research design, tradition of inquiry and data generation method, sources of
data, data reliability and validity and ethical considerations used in the study.
Research Design
The study utilized a descriptive qualitative method since it was suitable to describe
the analysis of data. A descriptive qualitative study aims to investigate detailed rendering of
people, places, or events in a setting (Creswell, 2008). This study was conducted in selected
political interviews in the Philippines. Qualitative research emphasizes the qualities of
entities, processes, and meanings that are not made experimentally or quantified in terms of
quantity, amount, intensity, or frequency. Creswell (2008) stated that qualitative research is a
site that could help the researcher to understand a specific phenomenon.
Tradition of Inquiry and Data Generation Method
Conversation Analysis is used to analyze questions and responses in televised
political interviews, which is the paradigm under consideration for examining televised
political interviews. Conversation Analysis is a method of analyzing talk as a social
phenomenon; it is used to analyze talk-in-interaction, which considers language primarily as
a form of social interaction, as opposed to other methods of analyzing talk. Conversation
Analysis is concerned with determining how social practices take place within language and
between participants, and thus how social order is formed in a society (Hutchby & Wooffitt,
1998). It examines how participants mutually understand each other during turns, assuming
that “ordinary talk is a highly organized, ordered phenomenon” (Hutchby & Wooffitt, 1998,
p. 13). For the purpose of analysis, Conversation Analysis studies naturally-occurring data
which has been recorded rather than data that is generated in laboratories. This recorded data
is then transcribed and examined without any pre-conceived idea about what one wants to
find, or what is in the data. Researchers let the data speak for itself monitoring what is done
by the participants through their conversation.
Thus, methodologically speaking, in the case of broadcast political interviews,
questions and replies of selected interview sessions are recorded, transcribed, and examined
without any detailed assumptions on their form, content, tone, and interrelationship, as the
analysis focuses on the utterances of the interviewer(s) and interviewee(s) as they verbally
interact with each other.
The paradigm to examine televised political interviews consists of four distinct
elements at the core of the interaction between interviewers and interviewees. Each of these
elements includes specific aspects and questions that should be included in a coding sheet
designed to decode the information by trained coders.
The four elements are:
1. (1) The Interviewers’ questions;
2. (2) The interviewees’ replies;
3. (3) The questions/replies sequences; and
4. (4) The setting or background to the interviews’ sessions.
Sources of Data
The researchers used the first three broadcast interviews of the 2022 Presidential
candidates from three different channels wherein these candidates were all present in the
three interviews. The first interview was with the anchor, journalist of the GMA network
Ms. Maria Jessica Aspiras Soho, the second interview was with Eugenio “Boy” Romerica
Abunda Jr. a Filipino professor, television host, publicist and talent manager, and lastly the
third interview was organized by the Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas moderated
by Karen Davila and Rico Hizon. The chosen candidates are the candidates who did not fail
to attend the three said interviews.
Data Reliability and Validity
Ethical Considerations
Chapter 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
(PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA)
1. How are the attributes of the interviewers’ questions detailed in terms of the
following?
1. classification based on syntactic expression
1. Prefaced questions
Table 1. Summary of Prefaced Questions Drawn from the Interviews
Interviews Sample Prefaced Questions Per Candidate and Total Occurrences Total
Manny Pacquiao Leni Robredo Francisco Panfilo Lacson
Domagoso
The 2022 “Senator Manny, “Can you give “Mayor Isko, “Categorically, 14
Presidential bumabalik-balik yourself a paliwanag lang are you trying
one-on-one ka dun sa deadline?” ano yung to say Senator
interview korupsyon. Can endemic versus uh that uh the
with Boy you tell us more “Would you do pandemic?” Covid handling
Abunda about what you something like of this
know about ginagawa na 20% “Nagbubuntis ng government is
corruption in this of the national isang bata na a failure?”
country?” budget actually unwanted (uhm)
goes to, ah, debt does that still fall “Ang
“Sa iyong management? in your reasoning leadership style
palagay, ang na yan ay that you
Pilipinas ba ay bawal?” subscribe to
narco-country? is…”
Katulad nang
sabi ni President
Duterte?”
The Jessica “At this point po ba impossible nang magkaroon pa ng unification among 2
Soho all the other candidates?”
Presidential
“Kung ikaw ang papalaring maging Pangulo, magbigay ng tatlong
Interview
mahahalagang prayoridad sa iyong administrasyon.”
“Kung ikaw ang “At this point po “Kung ikaw ang “So, you’re 5
papalaring ba impossible papalaring saying, you just
maging Pangulo, nang magkaroon maging Pangulo, might pull a
magbigay ng pa ng unification magbigay ng surprise a
tatlong among all the tatlong Senator, ganun
mahahalagang other mahahalagang ho ba?"
prayoridad sa candidates?” prayoridad sa
iyong iyong
administrasyon.” administrasyon.”
The KBP “Will you continue the Mindanao Railway Project and the other big ticket projects 2
Presidential under the Build Build Build Program, such as the Samal Davao Bridge and the
Candidates Iloilo Guimaras Bridge?”
Forum
“If you become President, will you sign this bill to become law? If so, why and
why not?”
“Yun pong “Satisfied ho ba “may pumasok …”ibinalik 15
pagbibigay niyo kayo that justice ho ba sa isip niyo niyo po ang
po ng pera has been served na parang mali pera, maganda
habang eleksyon, sa PDAF? Ready to, baka naman yan di niyo po
hindi po ba yan na po ba kayo mas– mas may tinanggap,
dumadagdag sa mag-move on sa magandang maganda yan,
kultura ng PDAF?” sistema o may pero bat di niyo
korupsyon?” kusa akong po inaresto
“pagka po pwedeng gawin yung tao?”
pinaimbestigahan dito sa pera para
niyo yan kasama hindi lang sa akin
po ba ang mga malikom?”
kaalyado dati ni
Pangulong “Anong klaseng
Aquino?” proteksyon ang
ibibigay ninyo?”
2. Non-prefaced questions
Table 2. Summary of Non-Prefaced Questions Drawn from the Interviews
Interviews Sample Non-prefaced Questions Per Candidate and Total Occurrences Total
Manny Leni Robredo Francisco Panfilo Lacson
Pacquiao Domagoso
The 2022 Presidential one-on-one interview with Boy Abunda

“If elected, pagtitibayin mo ba ang desisyong ito o ipapawalang-bisa?” 4
YES/NO
question “Is it time to enact a law on abortion that would allow pregnant rape victims the
choice of legal and safe abortion?”
“Sa iyong “Do you do this “Are you aware “Ang aking 37
palagay handa even when there is Mayor that there is katanungan,
tayo?” no surge?” a thing, therapeutic Senator Lacson,
abortion dito sa in hindsight, do
“Sa inyong “So meron ka ba Pilipinas?” you regret
palagay po ba doon sa iyong having
napapanahon programa na may “Mayor Isko, withdrawn your
na ba para short term at long would you support from
amiyendahan term solution?” continue the war on then President
ang provision drugs?” Joseph Estrada
na ito ng in 2001?”
“But you also
Saligang realize the cost?” “Having grown up
Batas?” in the streets and I
know your story,
nakatikim ka na ng
drugs?”
"Given the unpredictability and the viciousness of this virus, kunikaw halimbawa 5
ang nakaupong presidente, ano ang programa mo sa COVID-19?”

WH-
question “With these urgent problems of joblessness and hunger, ano po ang inyong
gagawin?”
“Paano natin “How much do “Ano yung “What happened 75
mapapahinto you know about pananaw na to our
sila na, stop drugs?” tinatawag nating educational
encroaching silang bagong aspirations?”
into the “Paano mo bayani?”
territory of the babayaran ang “You’ve been

Philippines?” utang?” “How will you do talking about
that in the being proactive.
“What will you “What countries Philippines. Yung Yung mindset
have to say?” are you talking (uhm) makipag na yan, uh sa
about?” usap, makipag iyong palagay
“Paano mo harapan sa iyo?” uh b-bakit tayo
eksakto uh nag-aantay
“So what
pinaghandaan lang, bakit tayo
happens?”
ito?” nag-aantay na
dumating bago
tayo umaksyon?
Disjunctive 1
or “Are we or are we not a narco country?”
alternative
question
The Jessica Soho Presidential Interview

YES/NO …”Ipagpapatuloy mo ba ang war on drugs?...” 23
question
“Susuportahan mo ba ang panukalang nagbabawal sa substitution by withdrawal sa
paghain ng kandidatura ng mga tumatakbo?”
“ Dapat bang isulong ang mandatory drug testing sa lahat ng tatakbo?”
“Pabor ka ba sa same-sex marriage?”
“Pabor ka ba sa divorce?”
"May Pinaninindigan mo "Sapat na ba iyong "Can you look 28
pagkakaiba ba pa rin ba ang karanasan? Hinog people in the
ang pamimigay nauna mong ka na ba para sa eye, at masasabi
ninyo ng pera pahayag na pinakamataas na niyo ho bang
sa pinupuna tanggapin ang pera pwesto sa wala kayong
ninyong at iboto ang nasa gobyerno o baka nilabag na batas
ginagawa ng konsensya?" naman daw. hinog at karapatang
inyong lang sa pilit?" pantao?"
kalaban?"
WH- “Ano po sa palagay nyo ang magandang ginawa ng adminsitrasyon sa pandemyang 13
question ito na gusto mong ipagpatuloy at ano naman ang gusto mong itama o ituwid?”
“Ano ang kongkretong hakbang na iyong gagawin para tugunan ang nagpapatuloy pa
ring katiwalian sa ating gobyerno?”

…”Papano mo ito babaguhin kung gayunman sa gitna ng mga natuklasang
iregularidad ng DOJ?”
“Ano ang stand "Paano niyo “Pero bakit "The same law 33
ninyo sa same- sinisigurong recurring problem that you have
sex marriage?" lehitimo ang po ito, hindi ho na vowed to defend
inyong mga reresolve?” and uphold. You
donor?" also made a
“Nasaan na ho mockery of.
"How do you yung pera?” Anong masasabi
make sure that niyo ho doon?"
those donations do
not come with
strings attached or
donations in
general?"
Disjunctive “Two-party o Multi-party system?” 2
or
“Parliamentary o Presidential?”
alternative
question
The KBP Presidential Candidates Forum
YES/NO “This could happen in many communities in our country. With that, are you in favor 1
question of granting franchise to online sabong operators nationwide? Yes or no, and why?”
WH- “What is your position on this issue?” 5
question
“If you become President, how will you address the problem of drugs and the
congestion in jail facilities?”
“Kung ikaw po ang magiging Pangulo, paano po ninyo maso-solusyunan ang
problemang ito?”
“How will you “How can you “So paano niyo …”what about 25
stop corruption push transparency, popondohan kung you iba-ban niyo
and how will Full Disclosure, baon na tayo sa ba yung mga
you get the FOI, all these bills utang? (ahhh) cabinet
money at the that are close to President Isko members at
same time?” your heart, (ahhh) kung kayo ending the
pero...di naman maging presidente senate
“So, what nat–di naman na.” investigation if
makes it napapasa sa ever kayo
different from kongreso, what “ano po ang pwede maging
vote buying na could make it nating gawin para presidente?”
illegal?” different now?” sila – para …”At sa

makahabol at para susunod na anim
“Eh, anong “Ano po ang hindi mabansot ang na taon, ano po
posisyon niyo inyong gagawin na kanilang ang ating
rito? O sa praktikal at pagkakataon?” pwedeng gawin
diskarte ng konkreto para para maibalik ng
ating DA uh, matulungan ang maayos at may

Senator ating mga integridad at
Manny?” magsasaka?” kredibilidad ang
Checks and
“Sa susunod po balances sa
na 6 na taon, gobyerno?”
ano po ang
maaari ninyong
gawin para
mapalakas ang
PCGG?”
Disjunctive N/A
or
alternative
question
Table 1 and 2 summarizes the occurrences of prefaced and non-prefaced
questions drawn from the three sets of interviews Table 1 shows that The Jessica Soho
Presidential Interview has the least number of prefaced questions. Table 2 illustrates the
occurrences of non-prefaced questions; It employs interrogative syntax: the three
interviews have most of their questions asked in an Interrogative-word questions or WH-
questions form. It also shows in the table that the The Jessica Soho Presidential
Interview has Yes/No questions form, a total of 23 occurrences in which were asked in
all the candidates with a simply Yes/No answer. Every candidates were also asked with
the same form of syntactic expression with a total occurrences of 28. The The 2022
Presidential one-on-one interview with Boy Abunda has a total no. of 37 occurrences of
Yes/No questions and; one (1) from the The KBP Presidential Candidates Forum in
which were asked to all the candidates. According to the results of the data, the The
KBP Presidential Candidates Forum significantly shows how they asked questions in an
Interrogative-word questions or WH-questions form.
2. Distinguishing the syntactic structure of questions

Table 3. Summary of distinguished syntactic structure Questions Drawn from the Interviews
Interviews Sample of distinguished syntactic structure Questions Per Candidate and Total Total
Occurrences
The 2022 Presidential one-on-one interview with Boy Abunda
Topic Extension 10
“Nalaman mo at na-confirm mo na, iyong menor de edad na anak ay addicted to cyber
pornagraphy bilang magulang, ano ang gagawin mo? At bilang presidente kung ika’y
papalarin ng Pilipinas. Paano mo ito itatawid sa iyong polisiya on the welfare and the
welfare of children.”
“You are applying to be, you know, the President of the country. Ito gusto ko
malaman: how much do you know about illegal drugs in this country at gaano kalala
ito? Uulitin ko yung tanong ni Presidente: Are we or are we not a narco country?
Depende sa iyong kaalaman tungkol sa problema ng illegal drugs, ano ang programa
mo laban dito?”
The Jessica Soho Presidential Interview
Manny Leni Robredo Francisco Domagoso Panfilo
Topic Pacquiao Lacson
Extension "What is wrong with us?” “Ano ang inyong diagnosis o sa tingin niyo ay sakit nating 28
mga Pilipino o ng ating bansa at ano naman po sa inyong palagay ang gamot dito o
prognosis for recovery?”
"“Ano po sa palagay nyo ang magandang ginawa ng adminsitrasyon sa pandemyang
ito na gusto mong ipagpatuloy at ano naman ang gusto mong itama o ituwid?”
“Nagbago na "Noong 2017, "Katulad ng ilang "Sinabi niyo
ba ang inyong sinabi po ninyo na bahagi ng Divisoria, sa twitter na
pananaw maaaring Quiapo at iba pang mga “Unification
tungkol sa nakakapanlulumo lugar Maynila at meron could have
LGBT at ang ang sitwasyon ng pong nakakapuslit na succeeded if
sinasabi ng inyong partido ang illegal sidewalk it was the
bibliya tungkol Liberal Party and vendors doon aah, ang ultimate
dito?” "It's time to work, ibig sabihin ho ba nito objective. It
It's time to rebuild eh, nagkakabaran po failed
the party", pero ulit? Alam niyo ho ba because it
ngayon hindi po ito?" was a
ba para hong scheme.”
inabandona ninyo Quote po yun
ang Liberal Party sa inyo,
when you declared sinabi niyo
yourself as an rin na walang

independent meeting of
candidate sa minds.
pagtakbo sa Mayor?” Pakilinaw niyo
nga ho ito kung
bakit sa inyong
palagay ay
hindi nagkaisa
The KBP Presidential Candidates Forum
sina VP
Topic extension Topical shift Reformulation Challenge
Manny “Oh Sir eto po, N/A “Uh, Senator Manny, “Senator Manny,
Pacquiao ika-kambiyo ko may oras pa po tayo. magandang araw po sa
lang ng kaunti. Ibabalik ko po dun sa inyo. May mga
Nung tanong ni Ed Lingao nagsasabing kulang po
nakaraang taon, para masagot niyo. ang kakayahan at
namimigay May kultura po, hindi karanasan ninyo sa
kayo ng oera at sistema pero kultura ng pamamahala, at hindi
uh sabi nga korupsyon. Yun pong sapat ang kagandahang
ninyo, ayuda pagbibigay niyo po ng loob lamang para sa
yan hindi pa pera habang eleksyon, pamumuno. Ano po

yan illegal hindi po ba yan ang inyong mga
dahil hindi pa dumadagdag sa kultura pamamaraan na
naman ng korupsyon?” panghahawakan para
campaign maitaguyod ninyo ang
period. Pero inyong mga plano at
hindi ho ba sunguin ang mga
itong mga suliranin ng bayan sa
binibigay susunod na 6 na ton?
niyong ayuda
ay hindi naman
yan dumadaan
sa programa
yan po ay
nakapila
lamang. So,
what makes it
different from
vote buying na
illegal?”
“Uh, Senator
Manny
Pacquiao. Ano
yung bayan
niyo po ay
Tuna Capital of
the Philippines
ang Gensan,
kumusta po ang
supply diyan?
Ah, balita ko ay
mahal din ang
tuna diyan?
Oversupply ba
tayo ng tuna
diyan, Senator
Manny?”
Leni “VP Leni, “Hindi po pa “VP Leni ang, ah,
Robredo magandang gawain yung local inyong plataporma ay
araw po. Isa sa government para kasama ang people's
inyong magkaroon ng council, paano niyo
isinusulong na, consultation at pong babalansehin ang,
na plataporma dalin pataas?” ah, bilis ng, ah,
ay gisingin ang pagtugon ng
industriyang pamahalaan at yung,
Pilipino at isa ah, pagko-konsulta sa
dito ay mga mamamayan?”
agrikultura, dati
po tayo ay, ah,
self-sufficient,
ngayon tayo ay
natatambakan
ng imported
bigas at, ah,
hindi po tayo
makapagbenta
ng maayos.
Ano po ang
inyong
gagawin na
praktikal at
konkreto para
matulungan
ang ating mga
magsasaka?”
Francisco N/A “Dumaan ang “Tina– tinanong po “So paano niyo
Domagoso super typhoon kayo ang sinabi niyo popondohan kung baon
Yolanda, we never po; una, legal yung. na tayo sa utang?
learned (ano), Pangalawa, idineklara President Isko kung
dumaan itong ko yan. Pangatlo, kayo maging presidente
super typhoon binayaran ko yan ng na.”
Odette. Grabi ha, buwis dahil yun ang
yung ilang araw requirement pero “may pumasok ho ba sa

yung na-isolate, feeling po ko nalihis isip niyo na parang
walang po– nawala po yung mali to, baka naman
communications. punto. So gusto ko lang mas– mas may
So, papaano po pong ulitin yung
ang plano niyo tanong ni Jessica dahil magandang sistema o
po?” napaka simple lang po, may kusa akong
tama po ba yun?” pwedeng gawin dito sa
pera para hindi lang sa
akin malikom?”
Panfilo “Meron po …” as a President, …”So how do you …”what about you iba-
Lacson bang solusyon ano ang dapat reconcile you're going ban niyo ba yung mga
sa sistema ng piliin ano, ng into hiding with you're cabinet members at
mga isang Presidente, being a Senator and a ending the senate
appointment ah tatlong former Law Enforcer. investigation if ever
sa mga, sa mga COMELEC Isang taon po halos kayo maging
korte sa mga commissioners yun?” presidente?”
independent, and one
supposedly chairman?”
independent
constitutional
bodies, pinag-
uusapan natin
ngayon ang
COMELEC
ang
Umbudsman
supposedly
independent
pero dahil po
lahat ito
nauuwi sa, sa
appointment
ay kasama rin
po yan sa gulo.
May solusyon
po ba diyan?”
Total 15 3 4 15
Table 3 summarizes that the findings of the study regarding the major questions
consist only of ‘topic extension’ both the The 2022 Presidential one-on-one interview
with Boy Abunda and The Jessica Soho Presidential Interview: the interviewer raises a
minor implication of a prior statement in order to encourage an interviewee to
reconfirm and/or expand on prior remarks. On the other hand, the The KBP
Presidential Candidates Forum, interviewers ‘challenges’ the interviewees’ responses by
expliciting possible implications or presumptions of the answer, with the goal of testing
some aspect of the interviewees’ actions, intentions, or attitudes. It is illustrated in the
table that only the The KBP Presidential Candidates Forum has the four (4) elements of
distinguishing the synactic structure of questions: the interviewers of the said interview
were expanded their questions to obtain further information on the topic asked if the
interviewees’ responses answers the questions. However, if the interviewers views the
answers of the interviewees, they either reformuate the questions or challenge their
answers.
3. Examining pragmatic means of weight reduction
1. Quotation of Critics
Table 4. Summary of Questions’ Quotation of Critics Drawn from the Interviews
Interviews Sample Quotation of Critics Questions Per Candidate and Total Occurrences Total
Manny Leni Robredo Francisco Panfilo
Pacquiao Domagoso Lacson
The 2022 …” mahigit 3 million cases sa bansa sabi ng DOH, mahigit 50 thousands 10
Presidential deaths sa Pilipinas. Sabi naman ng John Hopkins, COVID-19, dashboard
one-on-one more than 300 million cases around the world at mahigit 5 million
interview deaths globally.”…
with Boy
Abunda
…” according to Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) ang mga walang
trabaho, para lamang maalala natin, Senador. October of 2001 3.27
million, October 2010 2.79 million, October 2016 2 million, October
2021 3.5 million. Ayon naman sa SWS (Social Weather Station) ang ibig
pong sabihin dito ay perception ng mga kababayan nating nagugutom in
percentages taken into consideration population fluctuation po sa third
quarter ng 2001 9.3%, third quarter of 2010 15.9% ang nagugutom,
third quarter of 2016 10.6%, September ng 2021 10% or 2.5 million

filipinos ang nagugutom.”…
…” Sa 2021 year in review report ng Pornhub, isang online adult video
streaming site, sabi dito ang mga pinoy spends 11 minutes 30 seconds
watching porn, making the Philippines top 1 over Japan and France.”…
…”Senator …”Sa Isang a a 4
Manny, ngayon talumpati before the
naman punta Philippine Military
tayo doon sa Academy alumni in
mga personal Malacañang —
issue-based October 2018 po
question. ito. President
Ngayon pa Duterte said, and I
lamang tayo quote, “Sa totoo
nagkita after lang, even her–
that controversy referring to you–
noong 2016. In even her public
that interview, statements, I don’t
you were mean to offend the
quoted to have lady. She’s very
said and I good, she’s gentle;
quote, pero mahina talaga
“Common si Leni. Mali-mali
sense lang. ang- medyo mahina
Makakita ka ba ang… hindi mahina
ng any animals ang utak. Pumasa

na lalaki sa ng Bar, eh.
lalaki o babae Mahina…”
sa babae? Mas
mabuti pa yung
hayop,
marunong
kumilala kung
lalaki ang lalaki
o babae kung
babae. Ngayon
kung lalaki sa
lakaki o babae
sa babae eh mas
masahol pa sa
hayop ang tao.”
And then, you
posted an
apology post
noong February
16, 2016. At
ang sabi mo,
“I’m sorry for
hurting people
by comparing
homosexuals to
animals. Please
forgive me for
those I’ve hurt.
I still stand to
my belied that
I’m against
same-sex
marriage
because of what
the bible says,
but I’m not
condemning
LGBT. I love
you all with the
love of the
Lord. God bless
you all and I’m
praying for
you.” Ito ang
katanungan ko
uh, Senator
Manny. At wala
ako ditong
follow-up sa
iyong
kasagutan. Ako
po at maraming
tao ay
naniniwala that
gay love is
equal to all
forms of human
love. Ano po
ang iyong
pananaw?”…
"Sa mismong tala ng PNP, 29,000 ang tinatawag po nilang DUI or death under 11
The Jessica inquiry sa war on drugs. Kabilang na yung mga diumanoy nanlaban. Kamakailan
Soho nakita nga po ng Department of Justice ang ilang iregularidad katulad ng labis na
Presidential paggamit ng pwersa at hindi pagsunod ng mga pulis sa SOP or standard operating
Interview procedure. Ipagpapatuloy mo ba ang war on drugs? Papano mo ito babaguhin
kung gayunman sa gitna ng mga natuklasang iregularidad ng DOJ?"
"Ayon sa pagtataya ng Deputy Ombudsman, nasa 670 billion pesos ang nawalang
pera ng bayan noong 2017 dahil sa korapsyon, at 752 billion pesos naman noong
2018. Sumatotal, 1.4 trillion pesos sa loob lang ng dalawang taon. Lumalabas po
na 20 percent ng annual budget ng pamahalaan ay nawawala dahil sa katiwalian.
Ano ang kongkretong hakbang na iyong gagawin para tugunan ang nagpapatuloy
pa ring katiwalian sa ating gobyerno?"
-N/A “Noong 2017, "Sinabi niyo raw “Sa librong 8
sinabi po ninyo na dati na ‘Dark
maaaring hinahangaan ninyo legacy:

nakakapanlulumo si dating Human
ang sitwasyon ng pangulong rights under
inyong partido ang Ferdinand Marcos the Marcos
Liberal Party and because of his regime’ na
"It's time to work, infrastructure and isinulat ng
It's time to rebuild his vision pero American
the party", pero infairness po sa writer at
ngayon hindi po ba inyo. Sinabi niyo historian na
para hong rin na ‘we don't si Alfred
inabandona ninyo forget what Mccoy
ang Liberal Party happened in the noong 1999,
when you declared past but what I binanggit ho
yourself as an want for us is to ang inyong
independent move forward’, pangalan
candidate sa tuloy ang puna sa bilang
pagtakbo sa inyo wala kang miyembro
Mayo?” paninindigan ng MISG na
tungkol sa sinabi
nangyaring niyang “elite
karahasan sa torture
martial law at sa group” daw
nakaw na yaman nung
ng pamilya panahon ng
Marcos." martial law.
Ano pong
masasabi
niyo dun,
kasama ho
ba kayo dun
sa mga
sinasabing
nang torture
o di umano
ng abuso
nung
panahon ng
martial law?
Malinis ho
ba ang
inyong mga
kamay?”
The KBP “And this is my question. Gambling has cost harm to many people in our 4
Presidential community, causing them to fall into death and suffering mentally and
Candidates emotionally. This could happen in many communities in our country, with that,
Forum are you in favor of granting franchise to online sabong operators nationwide? Yes
or no, and why?”
“If elected President, will you continue the Mindanao Railway Project and the
other big ticket projects under the Build Build Build Program, such as the Samal
Davao Bridge and the Iloilo Guimaras Bridge?”
“Uh, Senator “Ma’am ano po, “So paano niyo …”So how 16
Manny, may dun po ako sa popondohan kung do you
oras pa po tayo. pulitika, reklamo ng baon na tayo sa reconcile
Ibabalik ko po Pilipino parati utang? (ahhh) you're going
dun sa tanong "Grabe mga President Isko into hiding
ni Ed Lingao politiko" "Grabe (ahhh) kung kayo with you're
para masagot mga Political maging presidente being a
niyo. May parties" "Walang na.” Senator and
kultura po, pinagkaiba yang a former
hindi sistema mga yan" "Walang “may pumasok ho Law
pero kultura ng kwenta yang mga ba sa isip niyo na Enforcer.
korupsyon. Yun yan". Ito po tanong parang mali to, Isang taon
pong ko sa inyo, ah, baka naman mas– po halos
pagbibigay niyo anong posisyon mas may yun?”
po ng pera niyo sa Anti- magandang sistema

habang turncoatism Bill sa o may kusa akong
eleksyon, hindi pagre-reporma ng pwedeng gawin
po ba yan political parties, ah, dito sa pera para
dumadagdag sa at lahat po yan na hindi lang sa akin
kultura ng gustong gawin, na malikom? “
korupsyon?” matagal na, pero di
napaandar kahit
nung panahon ng
liberal party?”
2. Questions accompanied by accounts

Table 5. Summary of Questions Accompanied by Accounts Drawn from the Interviews
Interviews Sample Questions accompanied by accounts Questions Per Candidate and Total Total
Occurrences
Pacquiao Domagoso
The 2022 “Pero sa iyong “Okay. VP Leni, “Mayor Isko, “Categorically, 102
Presidential pananaw, is this tantamount paliwanag lang are you trying
one-on-one Senator Manny to saying na ika’y ano yung endemic to say Senator
interview ay payag ka, ah para sa total versus uh that uh the
with Boy pabor ka sa mining ban? Or pandemic?” Covid handling
Abunda Ethical or ang ika’y naniniwala of this
tawag nila diyan ba sa sustainable “Nagbubuntis ng government is
ay Sustainable mining?” isang bata na a failure?”
Mining as unwanted (uhm)

opposed to “How do you do does that still fall “Itong opinion
Total Ban ban that? ‘Yung tunay in your reasoning na ito Senador,
Mining?” na konsultasyon na yan ay bawal?” uh may
na iyong kinalaman ba
“So, ire-regulate sinasabi?” ito sa iyong
ika nga? Yung relihiyon? Sa
mga bagong ating
Mining Permits relihiyon?”
kasi yung
monatorium na
yun ang ni-lift

ng Presidente,
pero yung Open
Pit Mining, uh
sayong
pagkakaalam,
Senador Manny,
hindi ba yan uh
masyadong
nakakasira sa
kalikasan?”
The Jessica “nagsisisi ho ba “kaya lang kayo "Ikaw lang ang “Nung 2004, 58
Soho kayo na nasabi tumakbo ay para wala sa posisyong tumakbo kayo
Presidential niyo yun? At labanan si Marcos nasyonal kundi as president
Interview nagbago na ba na para bang ‘yun lokal na posisyon pero hindi po
inyong pananaw ang inyong ang iyong hawak kayo nanalo at
tungkol sa primary at nasabi mong pumangatlo
LGBT? Ano po motivation for kaya ka lang. nung
ba ang sabi ng running.” tumatakbo sa 2019, sinabi
bibliya tungkol pagkapangulo ay niyo naman na
dito?” "Sa kasaysayan gusto mong ulitin tatakbo lang
wala pa pong yung ginawa mo kayo kung
“Sinabi niyong independent sa Maynila– sa meron kayong
hindi balakid candidate na buong Pilipinas clear chance of
ang pagiging nanalo for pero sa totoo lang, winning. Sa
absent para President. Sa yorme? Sapat na latest Pulse
ba iyong Asia survey

magampanan tingin po ninyo karanasan? Hinog panglima po
ang tungkulin. mababago po ka na ba para sa kayo sa mga
Uubra kaya ito ninyo ito?" pinakamataas na tumatakbo. Sa
kapag nanako pwesto sa tingin niyo ho,
kayong gobyerno o baka meron pa
Pangulo?” naman daw. hinog kayong
lang sa pilit?" tsansang
“May Manalo?”
pagkakaiba ba "Hindi ba dapat …”The same

ang pamimigay ang law that you
ninyo ng pera sa ikinakampanyan have vowed to
pinupuna ninyo ay defend and
ninyong pagkakaisa o uphold. You
ginagawa ng unity sa ating also made a
inyong lipunan?" mockery of.
kalaban?” Anong
masasabi niyo
“Handa na ho ho doon?”
ba kayong
maging lider ng
ating bansa?”
The KBP “Anong gagawin mo para sa bayan sa susunod na six years in office kung ikaw 4
Presidential ang magiging pangulo.”

Candidates
Forum “Many local governments in the Visayas including Cebu have considered
reclamation as a way to progress. However, many people here are also against
such plans because of environmental concerns. What is your position on this
issue?”
“Saan po “Pero Vice “Let me put it this …”what about 22
pupulutin ng President hindi way, gaano po ba you iba-ban
inyong lang po yung mga kahalaga sa inyo niyo ba yung
gobyerno ang pormal na ang political mga cabinet
pera para ma- inakusahan, party? Does this members at
pondohan ang because ang isang not smack off ending the
lahat ng plano batikos sa political senate
niyo?” paghandle ni opportunism to investigation if
dating Justice you? Hindi ho ba ever kayo
“Ano po ang secretary Leila de — gaano maging
inyong mga Lima ay may kahalaga sa inyo presidente?”
pamamaraan na double standards ang pagiging
panghahawakan daw, may bahagi ng …”At sa
para selective justice ideolohiya?” susunod na
maitaguyod dahil may mga anim na taon,
ninyo ang listahan na ano po ang
inyong mga lumabas na ating pwedeng
plano at sunguin kasama ang mga gawin para
ang mga ka-alyado ni maibalik ng
suliranin ng President Aquino, maayos at may

bayan sa pagka po integridad at
susunod na 6 na pinaimbestigahan kredibilidad
taon?” niyo yan kasama ang Checks and
po ba ang mga balances sa
kaalyado dati ni gobyerno?”
Pangulong
Aquino?”
Table 4 and 5 summarizes the results of Examining pragmatic means of weight
reduction that were perceived in the interviews. It is illustrated in the tables that the
interviewers’ questions were mostly Questionss accompanied by accounts illustrated in
table 5: the interviewers provided their own logic or opinions as the basis for
challenging questions. However, the major questions which were the main topic of the
interviews fall under the Quotation of Critics: The 2022 Presidential one-on-one
interview with Boy Abunda and The Jessica Soho Presidential Interview’s. On the
contrary, the The KBP Presidential Candidates Forum’s major questions which has a
total no. of eight (8) questions correspondingly have four (4) Questionss accompanied by
accounts and four (4) Quotation of Critics: the interviewers based their questions on
actual or hypothetical critiques, and cited the media. The Questionss accompanied by
accounts were mostly the follow-up questions in which the interviewers tries to expand
the topic and obtain more detailed information.
4. Identifying grammatically complete and incomplete questions

1. Grammatically complete and incomplete question

Table 6. Summary of Grammatically complete and incomplete questions drawn from the Interviews
Interviews Sample Grammatically complete and incomplete questions Per Total
Candidate and Total Occurrences
The 2022 GRAMMATICALLY INCOMPLETE 1
Presidential one- Leni Robredo -
on-one interview
…” Sa Isang talumpati before the Philippine Military Academy alumni in
with Boy Abunda
Malacañang — October 2018 po ito. President Duterte said, and I quote, “Sa
totoo lang, even her–referring to you–even her public statements, I don’t
mean to offend the lady. She’s very good, she’s gentle; pero mahina talaga
si Leni. Mali-mali ang- medyo mahina ang… hindi mahina ang utak.
Pumasa ng Bar, eh. Mahina…”
The Jessica Soho Presidential Interview All questions are grammatically complete.
The KBP Presidential Candidates Forum All questions are grammatically complete.
Table 6 summarizes the findings of the grammatical structure of questions that
were asked. Mostly, all the questions that were asked by the interviewers consisted of
grammatically complete questions with the exception of one question that was asked
by Boy Abunda on his show in which Leni Robredo interrupted him and answered the
question without letting the interviewer finish the sentence of its question. Questions
categorized grammatically complete follow the syntactic role that a question particle
that must be attached to the end of the sentence accompanied by rising intonation.
Grammatically incomplete question, considered less formal and less direct utterances,
lack the question particle but project turn-yielding despite their incomplete structure.
5. Identifying questions that seek personal opinions versus prevalent views within a group
1. Personal, private information

Table 7. Summary of questions that seek personal opinions drawn from the Interviews
Interviews Sample questions that seek Personal Opinions Per Candidate and Total Total
Occurrences
Domagoso
The 2022 “Pero sa iyong “Okay. VP Leni, “Mayor Isko, “Itong opinion 95
Presidential pananaw, is this tantamount paliwanag lang na ito Senador,
one-on-one Senator Manny to saying na ika’y ano yung uh may
interview ay payag ka, ah para sa total endemic versus kinalaman ba
with Boy pabor ka sa mining ban? Or pandemic?” ito sa iyong

Abunda Ethical or ang ika’y naniniwala relihiyon? Sa
tawag nila diyan ba sa sustainable “Nagbubuntis ng ating
ay Sustainable mining?” isang bata na relihiyon?”
Mining as unwanted (uhm)

opposed to Total “Doesn’t that does that still fall “Election
Ban ban infringe into the in your reasoning campaign uh
Mining?” freedom of na yan ay kasalukuyan
speech?” bawal?” uh Sen. Ping,
“So, Senator would you
Manny pag ikaw “How do you do “Are you aware accept
ang naging that? ‘Yung tunay Mayor that there donations from
Presidente ay uh na konsultasyon is a thing, miners?”
itutuloy mo yung na iyong therapeutic

ginawa ni sinasabi?” abortion dito sa “As president,
President Pilipinas?” ano yung una,
Duterte na wala ano yung una
nang Ban ang mong gagawin
New Permits on pagpasok na
Mining, okay pagpasok
sayo yun?” bilang
presidente?”
The Jessica “Isa sa mga “Noong 2017, “Katulad ng ilang "Ano pong 34
Soho pinaka- sinabi po ninyo na bahagi ng masasabi niyo
Presidential controbersyal maaaring Divisoria, dun, kasama

Interview niyong pahayag nakakapanlulumo Quiapo at iba ho ba kayo dun
nung sinabi niyo ang sitwasyon ng pang mga lugar sa mga
na ‘mas masahol inyong partido ang Maynila at meron sinasabing
pa sa hayop ang Liberal Party and pong nang torture o
nakikipag- "It's time to work, nakakapuslit na di umano ng
relasyon sa It's time to rebuild illegal sidewalk abuso nung
kapwa nila the party", pero vendors doon ah, panahon ng
kasarian’. Nag- ngayon hindi po ang ibig sabihin martial law?
sorry na ho kayo ba para hong ho ba nito eh, Malinis ho ba
pero nauungkat inabandona ninyo nagkakabayaran ang inyong
pa rin ito, ang Liberal Party po ulit? Alam mga kamay?"
nagsisisi ho ba when you declared niyo ho ba ito?”
kayo na nasabi yourself as an
niyo yun? At independent
nagbago na ba candidate sa
inyong pananaw pagtakbo sa
tungkol sa Mayo?”
LGBT? Ano po
ba ang sabi ng
bibliya tungkol
dito?”
The KBP “Gambling has cost harm to many people in our community, causing them to fall 4
Presidential into death and suffering mentally and emotionally. This could happen in many
Candidates communities in our country, with that, are you in favor of granting franchise to
Forum online sabong operators nationwide? Yes or no, and why?”

“Many local governments in the Visayas including Cebu have considered
reclamation as a way to progress. However, many people here are also against
such plans because of environmental concerns. What is your position on this
issue?”
“Saan po “How can you “So paano niyo …”what about 34
pupulutin ng push transparency, popondohan you iba-ban
inyong gobyerno Full Disclosure, kung baon na niyo ba yung
ang pera para FOI, all these bills tayo sa utang? mga cabinet
ma-pondohan that are close to (ahhh) President members at
ang lahat ng your heart, Isko (ahhh) kung ending the
plano niyo?” pero...di naman kayo maging senate
nat–di naman presidente na.” investigation if
“Ano po ang napapasa sa ever kayo
inyong mga kongreso, what “ano po ang maging
pamamaraan na could make it pwede nating presidente?”
panghahawakan different now?” gawin para sila
para maitaguyod – para makahabol …”At sa
ninyo ang “Ano po ang at para hindi susunod na
inyong mga inyong gagawin mabansot ang anim na taon,
plano at sunguin na praktikal at kanilang ano po ang
ang mga konkreto para pagkakataon?” ating pwedeng
suliranin ng matulungan ang gawin para
bayan sa ating mga “may pumasok maibalik ng

susunod na 6 na magsasaka?” ho ba sa isip niyo maayos at may
taon?” na parang mali integridad at
“Anong posisyon to, baka naman kredibilidad
“At uh ang inyo niyo sa Anti- mas– mas may ang Checks
pong kakayahan, turncoatism Bill sa magandang and balances
paano niyo po pagre-reporma ng sistema o may sa gobyerno?”
yung political parties, kusa akong
maitataguyod? ah, at lahat po yan pwedeng gawin …”Paano
Alam po natin na gustong gawin, dito sa pera para ninyo po
ang importansya na matagal na, hindi lang sa akin bubuwagin ang
ng mga sinasabi pero di napaandar malikom?” structural
niyo po pero kahit nung corruption na
kayo po ano panahon ng liberal nakapulupot sa
pong pamumuno party?” sistema ng
ang inyong mga sangay ng
gagawin?” “What's your take pamahalaan,
on that Madam?” ano ang
“Ano po ang konkretong
magiging hakbangin
kabutihan nito at ninyo at saan
paano niyo kayo
ipapatupad ang magsisimula?”
aspetong ito
lalong lalo na sa
mga
kumpanya?”
2. Information, ideas, or views of a group that the interviewee belongs to

Table 8. Summary of questions that seek prevalent views within a group drawn from the Interviews
Interviews Sample of questions that seek Prevalent Views Within a Group Per Candidate Total
and Total Occurrences
Manny Leni Robredo Francisco Domagoso Panfilo
Pacquiao Lacson
The 2022
Presidential
one-on-one
interview
with Boy
Abunda
The Jessica “Paano niyo sinisigurong lehitimo ang inyong mga donor?” 3
Soho “Sa inyong palagay, hinog na ba kayo o handa para sa pinaka
Presidential mataas na posisyon sa gobyerno?”
Interview “Kung ikaw ang papalaring maging Pangulo, magbigay ng tatlong
mahahalagang prayoridad ng iyong administrasyon.”
The KBP “Anong gagawin mo para sa bayan sa susunod na six years in office kung ikaw 4
Presidential ang magiging pangulo.”

Candidates
Forum “If elected President, will you continue the Mindanao Railway Project and the
other big ticket projects under the Build Build Build Program, such as the Samal
Davao Bridge and the Iloilo Guimaras Bridge?”
“Uh, Senator “VP Leni ang, “tinanong po kayo ang …Yung day 5
Manny, may ah, inyong sinabi niyo po; una, 1 niyo sa
oras pa po plataporma ay legal yung. Pangalawa, office, ano
tayo. Ibabalik kasama ang idineklara ko yan. ang first
ko po dun sa people's Pangatlo, binayaran ko Act. niyo po
tanong ni Ed council, paano yan ng buwis dahil yun as the
Lingao para niyo pong ang requirement pero President of
masagot niyo. babalansehin feeling po ko nalihis po– the Republic
May kultura ang, ah, bilis ng, nawala po yung punto. of the
po, hindi ah, pagtugon ng So gusto ko lang pong Philippines
sistema pero pamahalaan at ulitin yung tanong ni to sate the
kultura ng yung, ah, Jessica dahil napaka ton of your
korupsyon. pagko-konsulta simple lang po, tama po presidency
Yun pong sa mga ba yun?” and hit the
pagbibigay mamamayan?” ground
niyo po ng running,
pera habang Senator
eleksyon, Ping?“
hindi po ba
yan
dumadagdag
sa kultura ng
korupsyon?”
Table 7 and 8 summarizes the findings of the Identified questions that seek
personal opinions versus prevalent views within a group that were asked. Mostly, all the
questions that were asked by the interviewers seek Personal, private information.
Questions that fall within the category of Personal, private information apprehend their
personal opinion, beliefs, thoughts, and feelings; as oppose to Information ideas or
views of a group that the interviewee belongs to seek the interviewees’ political parties
or government ministries’. This conveys that the interviews seek the personal
knowledge or opinions of the interviewees rather than the political party they belong
to or the government in general. Interviewers seek to depict the knowledge of the
interviewees on a certain topic especially the current issues the President would be
facing as he/she sits.
6. Assessing the questions’ level of threat

Table 9 Summary of questions Substantially Threatening drawn from the interviews
Interviews Sample of questions that Substantially Threatening Per Candidate and Total Total
Occurrences

The 2022 “Senator “Doesn’t that “Mayor, paano “Itong 31
Presidential Manny, infringe into the naman yung opinion na
one-on-one bumabalik- freedom of karapatan noong ito Senador,
interview balik ka dun sa speech?” mayroon malay na uh may
with Boy korupsyon. Can ina na ayaw niyang kinalaman ba
Abunda you tell us “Have you had magka-anak?” ito sa iyong
more about discussions with relihiyon? Sa
what you know priests, with your ating
about council?” relihiyon?”
corruption in
this country?” “Anong

“So ang
kapangyarihan ay gagawin mo
“Eh bakit mo manggagaling doon to address
itutuloy yung sa People’s Council corruption?”
war on drugs in na iyon?”

the right way if “Kung hindi
it didn’t masama ang
“Do you do this
work?” pork barrel,
even when there is
no surge?” uh bakit
hindi mo
kinukuha?”
The Jessica “Isa sa mga "Noong 2017, “Ikaw lang ang "Ano pong 13
Soho pinaka- sinabi po ninyo na wala sa posisyong masasabi
Presidential controbersyal maaaring nasyonal kundi niyo dun,

Interview niyong pahayag nakakapanlulumo lokal na posisyon kasama ho ba
nung sinabi ang sitwasyon ng ang iyong hawak at kayo dun sa
niyo na ‘mas inyong partido ang nasabi mong kaya mga
masahol pa sa Liberal Party and ka tumatakbo sa sinasabing
hayop ang "It's time to work, pagkapangulo ay nang torture
nakikipag- It's time to rebuild gusto mong ulitin o di umano
relasyon sa the party", pero yung ginawa mo sa ng abuso
kapwa nila ngayon hindi po ba Maynila– sa buong nung
kasarian’. Nag- para hong Pilipinas pero sa panahon ng
sorry na ho inabandona ninyo totoo lang, yorme? martial law?
kayo pero ang Liberal Party Sapat na ba iyong Malinis ho ba
nauungkat pa when you declared karanasan? Hinog ang inyong
rin ito, nagsisisi yourself as an ka na ba para sa mga kamay?"
ho ba kayo na independent pinakamataas na
nasabi niyo candidate sa pwesto sa
yun? At pagtakbo sa gobyerno o baka
nagbago na ba Mayo?” naman daw hinog
inyong lang sa pilit?”
pananaw
tungkol sa
LGBT? Ano po
ba ang sabi ng
bibliya tungkol
dito?”
The KBP
no necessary level of threat
Presidential
Candidates
Forum
Table 9 outlines the result of the study in Assessing the level of threat from the
questions that were asked. The table illustrates that both The 2022 Presidential one-on-
one interview with Boy Abunda and The Jessica Soho Presidential Interview have
substantially threatening questions that would meant a self-sabotage to themselves or
their allies. On the contrary, the The KBP Presidential Candidates Forum shows no
significant threat to the interviewee. There was “no necessary level of threat” found in
eight (8) major questions as well as in the minor questions which meant there was no
potentially face-damaging to themselves, their political party, and to significant
others.
2. How are the interviewees’ replies examined in terms of the four dimensions :
1. Sender - whose opinion does the speaker seem to address?

1. The speakers’ own personal opinion or ideas

Table 10 Summary of the speakers’ replies own opinion or ideas drawn from the Interviews
Interview Sample own personal opinion replies Per Candidate and Total Occurrences Total
Domagoso
The 2022 Gusto ko lang po Ako naniniwala Now, let’s full ba dapat ipasara 147
Presidential i-explain sa inyo ako, Boy, sa them back to kaagad, ano. Of
one-on-one na yung mining sustainable the country and course, due
interview kasi ah hindi mining. Pero para invest on it and process should be
with Boy naman po sa’kin kasi ‘yung I think it's high uh followed. Ang
Abunda ipinagbabawal sustainability ma- time for us to problema nga
talaga yan sa mata aattain lang natin discover our ang naging
ng ating ‘yun pag meron own vaccine, kalakaran sa
Panginoon. tayong maayos na discover our ating pamahalaan
mekanismo para own medicine sa ating bansa,
Hindi ako uhm ‘yung mga because kaya ano. Parang yung
pabor diyan sa nakatira doon, natin. palakasan system
Total Ban ‘yung mga taong lagi.
Mining. mangangalaga ay I mean paanong

binibigyan natin bagong bayani Of course it
ng boses. pag dumating should be
Iba kasi ako uh,
Boy. Ako ay kawawang- evidence based
nagma-marriage Kaya nga ang kawawa, six hindi
counseling ako, sinasabi ko ang thousand pesos pupuwedeng say-

siyempre sa pinakamahalaga nagbabayad– so, mag-aakto
experience ko sa ‘yung mekanismo, that’s why we yung uh
buhay you know. hindi pwede na offer Manila gobyerno.
basta ka lang Covid Field Kailangan talaga
nagpa-meeting ay Hospital for free uh sabi ko nga
‘yun na. for OFW and kanina lagi
Sisiguraduhin the very least tayong dapat
natin na ‘yung that we can do babalik sa data-
tunay na boses ng driven.
mga mamamayan, I’ll teach them a

pinapakinggan. very good That’s exactly
lesson, this my point. Kasi
social media kailangan isang
company. I’ll standard lamang
make them kasi pag nag-
responsible double standard
because tayo
nagiging outlet
yoong kanilang
mga site- i’ll
make them
responsible but
all those
account must be
real, alam mo
may plano
talaga akong
ganyan na
papanagutin
natin yung mga
pinag
babalewala
lamang ng mga
social media
companies na
to.
The Jessica “Unang-una ang “Ako, there is “I’ve been “Ang isang 81
Soho problema natin ay always the first working in the kamalian nating
Presidential minsan matigas time. Yung- yung government for mga Pilipino—
Interview rin ang ulo natin sa akin tingin ko twenty-three tumigil tayo sa…
at hindi tayo uh nga baka- baka years, half of na mangarap ano.
sumusunod sa fresh start ito para my life is We have become
batas.” sa bansa natin. Na dedicated to dreamless,
yung- yung uupo public service hopeless and
“Marami pong na presidente ay atsaka binuno helpless… “
salamat at sa presidente hindi ko yun. In fact

”Ang
ngayon ay nagka- lang nanggaling sa (ah) (uhm)
pinakamadaling
intindihan na po isang partido pero ma’am nung
pag-usapan yung
kaming lahat. At presidenteng araw nga hindi
konsepto, yung
bukas sa kahit ako nakapag
uh iyong anong partido. “ aral, totoo theory.ako kasi
paniniwala ko po naman dala ng iba yung aking
ay nananatili po “Ako aaminin ko kahirapan pero pananaw dito.
yun, ang aking sayo Jessica pinunan ko pa Gusto ko merong
paniniwala sa frustrated ako rin “yung kongreto, merong
Panginoon. At nung hindi kakulangan ko closure sapag-
yung uh nangyari. and I’ve been– uusapan…”
pagkalinga sa Frustrated ako kasi I’ve worked

“Meron, kasi—
kanila, iniisip ko ito sana with the
dapat hindi tayo
pagtutulungan sa yung best chance national
mawalan ng pag-
kanila nandiyan for us to unite government as a
asa. Ako I’m
pa rin po para sa under one being
always inspired
mga LGBTQ at candidate. Gusto undersecretary
by my
mas marami pong ko sabihin kahit of DSWD.”
supporters. Lalo
LGBTQ na hindi ko siguro na yung mga
sumusuporta sa yun na unite yung “Katulad ng under own ano,
atin at mga presidential nabanggit ko sa walang pag-
naniniwala…” contenders, ang tanong mo iimbot, at
naging successful kanina (ah) kasi talagang
“..Yun pong uh tayo in u- uniting baka gumagastos sa
na-misquote lang so many different nakakalimutan sariling pero…”
po talaga ako. Uh groups na non- natin na for the
mali lang po yung politicians at ito ay past forty years,
pagka-intindi sa nagbibigay sa atin ang magkaaway
akin, mahabo po ng inspirasyon lang ay

yung explanation kahit yung mga dalawang
ko dun sa politicians na pamilya sa
paliwanag ko na kabahagi natin sa pulitika. Yung
yun. kampanya ngayon mga partido
iba-ibang partido lang nila– and
din yung where are we
pinanggalingan.” now as a
country? Where
are we– naasan
na tayo bilang
mga tao, ganon
pa rin, same
kwento.”
“Hindi– pagka-
fake ang
pagkatao hindi
naman siya ang
tinatawag ko eh.
Basta fake ang
pagkatao, fake
na tao. Kahit na
anong gawin
mo pa, fake ka
pa rin. Mag
Palit-palit ka pa
ng kulay, fake
ka pa rin. Kasi
nakikita,
nararamdaman
yan ng tao eh.
Ako as a citizen
I can see it, not
only as mayor.”
The KBP “Ang maayos na “Ako, ang “ (Ah) basta “On my–on the 59
Presidential tahanan, pinakauna uhm, i- ako ginawa ko first day of my
Candidates kumakalam na require yung yung bilang office no, waiver
Forum sikmura, at Disclosure ah, sa isang of my rights
pangangailangan lahat ng masunuring under the Bank
ng trabaho, at government mamamayan Secrecy Act at
kabuhayan ng offices and ayon sa ini-encourage ko
milyon-milyong instrumentalities. alituntunin ng lahat ng ah
pilipino. Ito ang Kahit wala pa batas at in fact deploys ng
laban ko, laban ng batas. Kasi kahit nag tanong pa gobyerno,
bawat pilipino, wala pang batas, nga ako noon sa officials and
handa na po ako. pwede akong BIR (eh). employees to do
Ito ang aking mga gumawa ng Anong dapat the same. I
plataporma, stop executive order, gawin ko sa cannot mandate it
corruption, para meron nang pera na yun? but I will
employment, ganun na demand Ang sabi encourage

healthcare, from all magbayad ng because these are
internet signal government buwis, individual rights
improvement, at offices –ang nagbayad tayo but I'm going to
renewable energy pinapasok ng buwis and set the tone of
development.” kailangan that is most my presidency to
isapubliko natin– important establish a clean

“Unang-una po
even with the out thing.” government.
diyan is housing,
lead of request.” Leadership by
kasi naranasan ko “ I would rather
example ang
po ang matulog sa “Ako dapat talaga put them in a
tawag namin
kalye, naranasan ginagawa yan, legal manner or
dun. Maraming
ko po na walang dapat talaga under the
salamat.”
tahanan, at kaya ginagawa yung authority or
naman po yang background check. under “Ah magsisimula

pagbibigay natin Hindi lang sa mga supervision of ako sa Internal
ng pabahay mula aspirants pero the state.” Cleansing,
pa po nung 2002.” lahat na public nagawa ko na ito
“ Ito’y epekto
officials kasi yung, nung Chief PNP
“Kailangan po na lamang ng
ang public office ako, tinanong din
magkaroon ng problema kaya I
sa public trust.” ako kung anong
sariling tahanan would rather go
kasi ako po ay “Ako unang-una to the roots of pangunahing
naniniwala na sa hindi kasi ako the problem problema ng
malinis at maayos yung magg-grant which is the PNP, eh, agad na
na tahanan ng franchise kundi supply chain, sagot ko yung
nagsisimula ang yung congress. no? If there is PNP at ang sagot
uh magandang Uhm, yung sakin, no supply and PNP rin. So

pangarap ng isang yung sakin lang there are no nireporma ko
tao.” kailangan pag- available drugs yung PNP
usapan ng maayos in our country.” nawala yung
ito sa kongreso kotong culture at,
pakinggan yung ah, mula baba
lahat ng hanggang taas
apektado.” nawala din yung
corruption.
Ganun din ang i-
apply, scale up
lang natin na
national
government,
internal
cleansing…”
2. Other’s opinion or ideas
1. Political Parties
Table 11. Summary of the speakers’ replies based on others’ opinion or ideas drawn from the Interviews
Interview Sample of the Political Parties Opinions Per Candidate and Total Occurrences Total

The 2022 Francisco Domagoso - 7
Presidential “ako, I am one of the founding father of Asenso Manileno, I never left Asenso
one-on-one Manileno. The parties that you are mentioning is alliances from the local party
interview which I belong and founded with Dani Lacuna, as president and chairman.”
with Boy
Abunda
Panfilo Lacson -
“Imagine kung yun nagamit mo sa productive uh endeavors. Livelihood,
infrastructure, bakit hindi nagagamit? Ibang usapin ito, Boy ano. Kasama sa pro-
plataporma namin, yung budget reform.”
“Kasama sa plataporma naming yan, Boy. digitalization of all government
processes, wala ng human uh intervention. “
The Jessica “...Pero ako “Unang-una, hindi ako “Sa taong “…Kaya yung 18
Soho pinipihilan ko kabahagi noon. bayan, kapag aming aaah
Presidential po na hindi Pangalawa, uhm noong wala silang plataporma
Interview mabuwag dahil ginagawa na nila ‘yun, ginagawang yung aming
ang PDP po uh talagang sinabi katinuan butterfly dapat
ang adbokasiya namin sa kanila ‘yung katulad nitong ayusin yung
ng PDP ay para mga bawal. And in fact, nakikita kong gobyerno para
sa kapakanan tiningnan namin ‘yung kandidato at mapabuti ang
ng parang ano ‘to, parang sila-sila na buhay ng
sambayanang social media account naman– sila-sila bawat

pilipino. Gusto kung saan ginagawa na naman– sila- Pilipino.”
ko pong ‘yung uh fundraising. sila na naman.”

“ Kasi nahinto
magkaisa at Meron doong mga–
kami sa
wag po nating meron doong mga ano
konsepto.”
gamitin para sa ‘to, mga disclosure, ano
ating best ‘yung inyong

“...Alam niyo
interest citizenship. Uh
bang apat na
kailangan sa nakalagay doon na ‘pag
buwan kaming
interes ng mga hindi ka Pilipino hindi
walang sweldo
pilipino.” ka puwedeng mag-
ng aking mga
donate.”
staff, nagtiis
“Yan po ang
kami, dahil
kadahilanan “Ako tuloy-tuloy–
alam niyo
kung bakit tayo tuloy-tuloy yung aming
naman yung
tumakbo bilang mga ginagawa, Jessica.
Bureaucracy
Pangulo ng Marami ngayon na wala
napakabagal.
Pilipinas dahil na nandoon sa amin
Pero hindi
ang dami pong noong 2016. Uh noong
kami umalis,
nangangako sa 2016 meron kaming
nandiyan
tuwing political machinery,
kami,
eleksyon. At ngayon wala na yun. Uh
nagtrabaho
dumadami po yung ating katunggali
kaming
ang naghihirap napakalakas ng political
tahimik at
na pilipino machinery, uh
ginawa namin
kaya ang napakaraming
yung aking
sinasabi ko sa resources, ah yung aming
kanila ay political might magagawa. “
ipapakulong ko napakalakas.”
ang lahat ng ”Yan n ang

mga kawayan no. 1 advocacy
at magbibigay ko,no. 1 sa
ng trabaho at plataporma
libreng pabahay talagang itama
sa ating yung
milyon- gobyerno…”
milyong
pilipino. At
aayusin po
natin yung
ekonomiya
natin, palakasin
po natin yung
ekonomiya po
natin.”
The KBP “Ito pong 22 “Angat Buhay sa “Noong N/A 13
Presidential rounds na Hanapbuhay.” Ibabalik pumasok ako sa
Candidates nabuo ko po ay natin ang ibabalik natin Maynila,
Forum talagang ito po ang tiwala sa gobyerno. walang kapera-
ang magpap- Kapag may kumpiyansa pera halos, zero
unlad sa ating sa sistema ang tao, literally pero

bansa. Dito po papasok ang puhunan, through good
sa loob ng 22 lalago ang negosyo, at governance,
rounds priority dadami ang trabaho.” through
agenda na effective,
“Angat Buhay sa
nagawa po efficiency
Pagkain.”Pagtutuunan
natin, bumuo governance
natin pansin ang first
po tayo ng nakaahon kami
1000 days ng bawat
health of the tapos may
bata para pigilan ang
nation. Which pandemaya,
stunting. Ang goal nito,
is housing, lahat ng
abot kaya ang
education, pinangako
masustansyang pagkain
agriculture, naming
para matugunan ang
livelihood, imposible sa
malnutrisyon.”
transportation mga taga-
utilities and Maynila
health. Yun po nangyari– yung
ang priority sampung taong
natin palagi at pangako–
uh hindi nangyari sa
lamang po yan dalawang taon
yung uh, na sa loob pa ng
sustainable pandemya. So,
livelihood rin hindi siya
po, importante imposible
yan. Dahil sa bombo Elmar

bawat pamilya atsaka ang
kailangan ito pangungutang
para may kailangan
makain sila sa binabayaran.
araw-araw.” Importanteng
nagbabayad
tayo ng utang.”
2. The General Public/Public Opinion

Manny Pacquiao Leni Robredo Francisco Panfilo
Domagoso Lacson
The 2022 Yes po, karapatan Yes. Pero it’s short Magandang Alam mo 18
Presidential po nila yan na wag term. Ang tao mas pamantayan, publiko,
one-on-one natin silang pilitin maa-appreciate niya yun justice susunod lang
interview dahil sarili po nila kung maliban sa ayuda system natin . sa gobyerno.
with Boy yan eh, natatakot bigyan mo siya ng bago ka
Abunda sila o sa pagkakataon maging judge
paniniwala nila, oh makapagtrabaho kasi may X number
kung ano man ang mas long-term ‘yun of years ka na

belief nila. para sa kanya. nagtrabaho…
The Jessica “..Yun pong “Alam mo, Jessica, N/A “...nag- 30
Soho ginagawa kong nung ako ay apologize
Presidential pamimigay ng congresswoman eto siya publicly.
Interview ayuda, pamimigay yung aking pinaka- Maski yung
ng pera sa taong- flagship program. si Cesar
bayan mula noong Yung-yung aming Mangkaw na
2002 pa po.” probinsya isa sa madiin, at
pinakamahirap na sinabi niya
“At pinagpatuloy probinsya and ang– talagang
ko lang po yung ang dahilan talaga ginamit lang
ginagawa ko mula nito, hindi lang yung siya pinilit
noon hanggang mga calamities na siya ni dating
ngayon, yung laging pumapalo sa pangulong
pamimigay ko ng amin pero bad Arroyo para
pabahay, governance. Eto rin idiin ako
pagbibigay ng ang dahilan kung bakit ano…”
trabaho at at one point, pinag-
hanapbuhay sa iisipan kong tumakbo– “Wala! Kasi
bawat pamilya.” pinag-iisipan kong talagang

tumakbo sa isang local ganyan ang
na executive position.” buhay…”
“Alam niyo po sa
mahigit isang
dekado kong
pagse-serbisyo sa
ating gobyerno.
Nakita ko ang
problema kaya po
ako talaga uh
lumaban dahil ang
laban ko na ito ay
laban ng bawat
pilipino dahil
nakita ko ang
problema at ang
mga pang-aapi sa
ating mga
kababayan, kaya
ipaglalaban ko at
panahon na para
ang mahihirap
naman ang manalo
sa labang ito.”
The KBP Manny Pacquiao - 2
Presidential “Kawawa ang ating mga kababayan, walang magandang kinabukasan na hinaharap
Candidates kung nandiyan palagi ang korupsyon. Kaya nga in my time, pagdating ng panahon,
Forum
in God-willing lahat ng mga kawatan sa gobyerno ay magsasama-sana sa kulungan.
Hindi ako nagsasalita in a politician way, nagsasalita ako in a filipino citizen, a
simple citizen katulad ng mga mahihirap na tao.”
“Yan pong Online Sabong, yung sabong po sa bansa natin ay kulturang pilipino po
yan. “
3. The Government
Table 13 Summary of the speakers’ replies based on others’ opinion or ideas drawn from the Interviews
Manny Leni Robredo Francisco Domagoso Panfilo Lacson
Pacquiao
The 2022 Kasama kahat Saka ito kasi, What we have done in Alam mo, 49
Presidential yan sa yung Tito Boy, na… Manila is to really magkano lang
one-on-one mga sakuna naaabuso. Alam confront CoVid-19 national budget
interview na dumarating mo merong and prepare for any natin? 800
with Boy sa ating bansa, requirement sa worst scenario. billion pesos.
Abunda kasama sa batas na Naging 1 trillion,
plano yung konsultasyon. Confront– means lived naging 1.4,
pag-develop Pero ‘yung with it… lived with it, naging 1.9, abot
ng ating konsultasyon as long as we build na ng 5 trillion.
infrastructure, kadalasan na more hospital, the way

yung mga ginagawa– ito we build bagong
economic reklamo ‘to ng ospital ng Maynila, we Alam mo tayo
development mga tao on the build like for example; budget ceiling
natin, yung ground na lagi Manila CoVid-19 field eh, sabi ng
economiya nating hospital in Luneta para DBM. Eto yung
natin na nakakausap. yung may mga sakit budget ceiling ng
palakasin para na walang kakayahang DPWH,
makapag- Na gusto mag isolate meron hanggang 600
bigay nang sabihin nito silang pag lalagakan, billion kayo, so,
trabaho sa sa hindi lang basta mapanatag ang ayan yung i-
milyong magpapa- pamilya nila, at ang submit niyo.
milyong meeting, pero pamilya tuloy sa Anong gagawin
pilipino. ‘yung paghanap buhay. ng DPWH, and
representation the other
Nakita ko ang sa People’s agencies, well
korupsyon sa Councils taasan pa natin
ating represented ng konti kasi
gobyerno, ‘yung mga tatawad pa yan.
kung wala at mahahalagang
hindi yun stakeholders
mabago ang and meron
korupsyon silang voting
diyan, hindi rights. Kabahagi
masuglo yan sila mula sa step
walang one, mula sa
mangyayari sa planning
bansa natin hanggang sa
implementation
hanggang sa
monitoring
hanggang sa
evaluation.
The Jessica “At ang N/A “Nag focus kami on “... inuuna 25
Soho solusyon dito how to save lives as pa,halimbawa, sa
Presidential ay sumunod many as possible, as ayuda, ano.
Interview tayo sa soon as possible kaya Dapat nga, di ba
kinauukulan, kung bakit– kung dapat, i-ramp up
sa ating makikita ninyo ang ng gobyerno
gobyerno at Maynila ang takbuhan yung paggastos.
magtulungan ng mga gamot, bakuna Ang problema,
tayo at atsaka mga testing kits anong inuna?
magkaisa.” or swab testing hindi ba yung
because we’ve been Bureaucracy.
“Ang preparing for this. pagkatapos hindi
kailangan dito Gusto namin laging nakakarating, tas
ay uh nag- ahead of whatever may corruption
uusap, (ah) yung mga hindi pa…”
nagkakaisa natin inaasahan na “...Natutok ang
para paglago ng CoVid administration na
resolbahin ang nineteen which so far ito sa law

anumanh sa awa ng Diyos enforcement.
problema ng nagagamit kami Nakalimutan
ating bansa.” ngayon ng ating mga yung prevention
kababayan sa Metro at tsaka yung
Manila sa ibang rehabilitation…”
bahagi ng probinsya “... There’s a lot
sa– sa– sa central of fixing to do
Luzon, sa southern dun sa
Luzon.” government
natin, why?
Government
lahat ng
pinagsisimulan
ng problema…”
The KBP “Ngayon, “True “ Roy. we will N/A 9
Presidential panahon na ng leadership is continue whatever
Candidates magka- stepping up and they have started
Forum campaign showing up, already in regard of
period na ay may eleksyon Build,Build,Build.
tigil na po man o wala Itutuloy natin ang
yung kandidato man lahat ng
pamimigay o hindi. Bilang Build,Build,Build.
natin. At Vice President Tapos ang atin naman,
susunod po ipinakita ko dito itutuloy ko naman ang

tayo sa sa tapat, sapat at true– build more
kautusan ng consistent na hospitals, more school,
COMELEC at serbisyo. Hindi more housing to create
ng uh ating lang sa pangako more jobs at the same
gobyerno. kundi sa gawa. manner: itong
Hindi po ako Madalas akong problema natin sa
uh lumalabag sinasabihan kuryente, tubig,
sa batas.” “Mahina ka kasi transportasyon dyan sa
babae ka” pero Mindanao. In fact even
ni minsan wala in the northern Luzon,
akong hamon na no? We need this type
inatrasan. of infrastructure or
Mapa-Marawi type of
siege man, Build,Build,Build also
laban kontra sa pero palalakasin
droga, mga naman natin ang
volcanic private sector, PPP ay
eruptions, mga ire-revive natin. Ito
lindol, lahat na ang type ng
bagyong Build,Build,Build na
dumaan at gagawin in the next sis
COVID. years.”
Tuwing tayo ay
kinakailangan
tayo’y
tumitindig,
tumutulong,
lumalaban. Ang
inaalok kong uri
ng pamamahala
isang
gobyernong
tapat, mahusay,
masipag, at
laging
maaasahan,
hindi ka
lolokohin, hindi
ka nanakawan,
hinding-hindi ka
iiwan o
pababayaan.
Handang-handa
akong harapin
ang hamon ng
pagiging
pangulo at
ngayong 2022
the last man
standing will
still be a
woman.”
4. Mass Media
Table 14 Summary of the speakers’ replies based on others’ opinion or ideas drawn from the Interviews
Domagoso Lacson
The 2022 Manny Pacquiao - 9
Presidential Halimbawa, uhm school day ngayon. So, may ilang oras lang na pwede kang
one-on-one gumamit ng Social Media, ganyan pero hindi doon sa mga uh ibang website na
interview with yan. Ano lang yung mga makatulong lang sa inyo.
Boy Abunda
High-tech na kasi ngayon ang kwan ang technology. So, mako-confirm yan by
confirming that ID, kung totoo yan o hindi.
Leni Robredo -
Ako number one bilang Nanay, pinaka priority ko gumaling yung anak ko kasi
sakit siya eh. Gumaling ‘yung anak ko, sisiguraduhin ko na tatanda siya na
hindi dala-dala ‘yung trauma galing doon sa pinagdaanan niya. So para sa akin,
kailangan magkaroon tayo ng batas na kini-criminalize natin, pini-penalize

natin ‘yung mga social media sites for them to be accountable and to be
responsible. Na hindi–hindi dapat ito accessible sa mga tao na wala pa siyang
kahandaan mag-process.
Panfilo Lacson -
kasi tinanong din ako ng media nun sa krame e, nung nag-assume ako. General,
anong nakita niyong pinakamalaking problema ng PNP? Ang bilis ng sagot ko,
Boy,
The Jessica Manny Pacquiao - 5
Soho “..Uh nagbibigay na po ako niyan, in fact marami pong video ang GMA at saka
Presidential ABS-CBN nung araw na namimigay na po talaga ako bago pa ako pumasok sa
Interview pulitika.“
“Wala pong katotohanan yan, nagba-base lang po sila sa socila media po pero
kumpleto naman po tayo ng mga papeles diyan.”
The KBP Presidential Candidates N/A
Forum -
5. Economic and Industrial Circles

Domagoso
The 2022 Kaya nga po na we will be much we need to Nag-offer sila, 46
Presidential kailangan nating better off after 6 generate more kami na ang
one-on-one nang Responsible years. Ako…ako ang FDIs– bibili para sa
interview Mining, may drug problem grabe. Foreign aming mga
with Boy mayroong mga Uhm, kailangan Direct empleyado.
Abunda tinatawag na ah natin mga Investments. Anong ginawa
Small Scale legislation. Hindi More ng gobyerno?
Mining. Kaya ang nga natin mahiwalay investments, Over
sabi ko ay uh hindi yung user saka more jobs, regulation, sa
natin pusher. Eh iba yung more source halip na
ipinagbabawal yan intervention dun. of income, maging
pero, kailangan Dapat, dapat ma- friendly, sa
responsible na institutionalize natin Indigenous halip na i-
hindi naman yung community people– ihire encourage.
makaka uh sira based na natin, sila Pinapahiran,
nang kalikasan at rehabilitation. pagtanimin

uh hindi makaka uh natin they Ang sabi nila,
sira nang tao at hindi natin kailangan know better walang
nang uh dumating sa puntong than anybody mangyayari
maapektuhan yung ‘yun. Unang-una, else on how to kasi gusto
mga tao. meron tayong plant trees. naming buoin
arbitral ruling na na yung

Naku yan po ang pabor sa atin. Ang national
pinka-importante pinaka…pinaka- broadband
talaga sa bansa buod noong arbitral yung mismong
natin dahil kung ruling na ‘yun, atin highway. At
wala pong pondo ang West Philippine mag-iimprove
ang gobyerno, Sea. Dahil atin 'yun, yung internet
mangutang na ipaglalaban natin speed.
mangutang. 'yun.
Gumagastos ang
ating gobyerno
taon-taon, ngayon 5
trillion something
ang approved
budget pero ang
income ng ating
gobyerno ay nasa 2.
7 thrillion lang.
Soho “...So, yun po ang ating kailangan tutukan. Palakasin ang ekonomiya natin nang sa
Presidential ganoon ay ang trabaho na ang maghanap sa tao, hindi ang tao ang maghanap sa
Interview trabaho. Kaya po ang gagawin natin ay palakasin ang ekonomiya natin para
makapagbigay ng trabaho.”
“Unang-una po ay sugpuin natin yang korupsyon, yang korupsyon ay talagang
cancer sa ating bansa…”

Francisco Domagoso -
“Ay unang-una makikipag ugnayan ako sa mga bansa na yun, yung host na bansa
bakit wala silang ginagawa doon sa mga citizen nila na nang aabuso ng mga
Pilipino because the sauce for the gunder, the sauce for the goose. Kung sila’y
inaalagaan natin dito bilang mga banyaga, alagaan din nila yung mga kapwa natin
Pilipino na nagtatrabaho at nagsisilbi sa kanila. Second, we will make sure that we
will put good people in our POLO.”
Panfilo Lacson -
“…Record time yun buong mundo, United nations ang nagsabi niyan. Yung united
nations development program at maraming mga international organizations…”
“Well, unang-una ang Pilipinas napakaliit na bansa para makag-ah lagay ng dent
ano, dun sa tinatawag na sa climate change yung problema. But then, we’re still
part of an international ah community of-of nations and we can do our share, ano..”
Presidential Mayron po tayong tinatawag na Non-tax Revenue Income dapat yung non-tax
Candidates revenue income ay palakasin natin para hindi lamang din sa tax revenue income
Forum magre-rely ang ating bansa.”
"Ang pagbaba po ng corporate tax ay hindi po yan biglaan, gradual po yan dahil uh
magsa-suffer rin po ang revenue income ng ating gobyerno.”
“(Ahh) unang-una pagka sila pumasok dito may mga bagay na pwede tayong
kopyahin nakapag nag invest ang foreigner dito, bibigyan natin sila ng particular
(uhm) prescribed time to sustain their investment but what matter most to me; pag
nag invest ang mga banyaga dito sa ating bansa may maibigay tayong trabaho kasi
ang importante ngayon– pandemya.”
6. Facts or Historical flow

Domagoso Lacson
The 2022 Leni Robredo - 1
Presidential “actually it’s a very contentious provision, marami tayong mga kilala na
one-on-one nagsasabi bakit naman ganyan ka-minimum ‘yung requirements ng pagpa-
interview with Pangulo? Pero ako kasi binasa ko, binasa ko ‘yung mga diskusyon, ‘yung mga
Boy Abunda debate noong, uhm framers ng 1987 Constitution. And ‘yung pinakadahilan
kung bakit ganito ka-minimal ‘yung mga qualifications na binibigay kasi
gustong bigyan ng pagkakataon kahit ‘yung hindi– alam mo dito kasi sa
Pilipinas, ang iba hindi natatapos sa pag-aral dahil walang opportunity.”
The Jessica Leni Robredo - 5

Soho “Unang-una, meron tayong mga batas na…uhm nagci-criminalize ng maraming
Presidential mga kasamaan na ginagawa online pero ‘yung pag-implement ng batas ay
Interview hindi–hindi maayos.”
“Sana matigil na talaga yung pasa-pasa ng politika sa mga kanilang mga
kamag-anak para magkaroon naman ng opportunity yung ibang tao na
makapamili (no) sa mga lider ng ating kanya-kanyang komunidad and
particularly sa bansa kasi yung mangyayari for the past forty years, ang nag
aaway dalawang pamilya lang isang parang (uhm) (ah) tungkol lagi sa kanilang
buhay-buhay at buhay lamang nila at higantihan lang ang nangyayari.”
Panfilo Lacson -
“…Meron hong jurisprudence na pinapayagang magfile ng pleadings ang isang
nasasakdal maski meron ng warrant of arrest…”
The KBP Presidential Candidates N/A
Forum -
Table 10 - 16 summarizes the questions on how the Sender or the interviewee
handle the questions posed at them: “To what extent is the response the speaker’s own
opinion (intention, observation, ideas)?”. The aim of this section is to examine the
manner that interviewees handle the questions posed at them. The table illustrates that
the Sender or the interviewees’ responses are “obviously his/her personal opinion/ideas,
not someone else’s”.
In the context of a political interview, politicians might seek to support the face
of political colleagues and allies; at the same time, they would not wish to support the
face of negatively valued others, such as their political opponents. Goffman (1955)
observed that in many relationships, the members come to share a face, so that in the
presence of third parties an improper act on the part of one member becomes a source
of acute embarrassment to other members: politician appears on television as the
representative of that party to defend and promote its collective face. Consequently, on
the basis of Goffman's observations, it can be argued that politicians must concern
themselves with three faces: their own individual face, the face of significant others and
the face of the party which they represent.
In fact, face may be of even greater importance in political interviews than
extrapolations from Goffman and from Brown and Levinson would suggest. For these
three authors, face seems to be not so much an objective of interaction, but rather a
kind of ritual constraint or even a condition for interaction to take place. However,
Pearson (1988) made the point that face maintenance can be seen more positively as a
strategy which speakers skilfully manipulate in order to achieve their goals in social
interaction.
In these table the interviewees’ responses manner of answering the questions
were predominantly their own personal opinion and their own individual face and not
someone else’s. The government or the administrations idea’s comes next in The 2022
Presidential one-on-one interview with Boy Abunda, while it comes third and fourth to
the other interviews. The public or the general public is second in the The Jessica Soho
Presidential Interview, while it only occurred 18 times in The 2022 Presidential one-on-
one interview with Boy Abunda and twice (2) in the The KBP Presidential Candidates
Forum. Their political parties comes second in the The KBP Presidential Candidates
Forum, whie it took 18 times in The Jessica Soho Presidential Interview and seven (7) in
The 2022 Presidential one-on-one interview with Boy Abunda.
2. Receiver - To what extent is the message addressed to the person(s) who asked the
question?
1. The reply is obviously addressed to the interviewee(s)

Table 17. Summary of the speakers’ replies Obviously addressed to the interviewer(s) drawn from the Interviews
Interview Sample replies that Obviously addressed to the interviewer(s) Per Candidate and Total
Total Occurrences
The 2022 Uh alam mo Ah–Actually, Boy, Oo! Most likely Well, tama 141
Presidential Boy, marami naglabas na kami ng happening, we lang na ilift
one-on-one akong mga uhm Kabuhayan saw it eh. May ang ban
interview strategy na wala Para sa Lahat nakukulong– may kasimatagal na
with Boy silang lusot. Program. Ang mga ring uh kung
Abunda Pero hindi ko pinakauna, ang sistensyadong merong mga
lang ibubulgar aming paniniwala, hindi na new permits

sa kanila kasi kailangan talagang nakukulong eh na i-
mga kawatan maibalik ang tiwala issue,basta’t
yan eh, uh ano sa pamahalaan, ‘yun Tito Boy, sa aking ang
yan eh kung ‘yung number one masaklap yun bottom line is,
baga sa ano may naaawa ako sa kailangan
uh strategy na Sa amin, Boy, anong sitwasyon responsible
gagawin para nagbibigay kami ng pero hindi ako mining at
mapakulong ko mga ayuda pero diyos para kung merong
silang lahat. dapat kasi mas kumuha ng buhay mga violations
Wala silang mekanismo again eh, ng tao. Diyos ang along the way,
kawala, I will mas mekanismo. nagbigay ng walang
not compromise buhay, diyos patumangga
anybody. lamang ang na dapat
pwedeng kumuha ipatupad.
Alam mo, Boy neto.
kaya ako balik That’s exactly
nang balik sa my point. Kasi
korupsyon kasi kailangan
gusto ko isang standard
malaman ng lamang kasi
taong bayan na pag nag-
kaya nagkaka- double
ganuto ang standard tayo,
ating bansa,
kaya nagkaka-
ganuto ang
sitwasyon ng
pilipino,
sitwasyon ng
ating bansa
because of
corruption.
The Jessica “Ako aaminin ko “Hindi– pagka- “Meron, kasi 45

“...Yun pong uh
Soho sayo Jessica fake ang pagkatao —dapat hindi
na-misquote
Presidential frustrated ako nung hindi naman siya tayo mawalan
lang po talaga
Interview hindi nangyari. ang tinatawag ko ng pag-asa.
ako. Uh mali
Frustrated ako kasi eh. Basta fake ang Ako I’m
lang po yung
iniisip ko ito sana pagkatao, fake na always
pagka-intindi sa
yung best chance for tao. Kahit na inspired by
akin, mahabo po
us to unite under one anong gawin mo my supporters.
yung
candidate. Pero nung pa, fake ka pa rin. Lalo na yung
explanation ko
hindi sya nangyari at Mag Palit-palit ka mga under
dun sa
ultimately pa ng kulay, fake own ano,
paliwanag ko na
kumandidato ako, ka pa rin. Kasi walang pag-
yun.”
ang daming nangyari nakikita, iimbot, at
after that na nararamdaman talagang
maraming mga yan ng tao eh. gumagastos sa
sumali sa aming Ako as a citizen I sariling
grupo na hindi can see it, not pera…”
naman kasali sa
aming partido.” only as mayor.” “I dared him.
Sinabi ko sa
“Ako, unang-una, “Yesss, because I
knaya nun,
Jessica, I think ito have to pay taxes,
ilabas niya
nga ‘yung kapag may natira
kung mayron.
pinakamabisang kampanya dahil
At ako I’m
paraan, ah na iba yan naman ay
honest ano,
‘yung nagso-solicit, pooled account,
alam ko yung
iba ‘yung nagka- pooled money–
sarili ko…”
crowd fund– ah, iba’t-ibang tao we
nagka-crowdsource, have to declare “Yes! Alam
iba din ‘yung tapos pag yan ay mo maraming
gumagastos ng uhm na sayo na ay mali dun sa
funds na nalikom. kailangan mong sinulat ni
magbayad ng Alfred Mccoy.
buwis, which is Nilahat niya
yun ang ginawa yung aming
ko.” buong klase
ano, yung
class 71. Ako
po
naggraduate
ng 1971, so,
1972
nagdeklara ng
martial law…”
The KBP “Salamat po sa “Ako Ed, ang “In the first two “ So, I would 34
Presidential oportunidad na talagang gagawin ko, years we will rather put
Candidates makaharap ko ito yung mga ic- build seventeen them in a legal
Forum kayo at ang certified kong world class manner or
publiko, ang urgent. Ako, ang regional hospitals under the
sambayanang pinakauna uhm, i- similar to what we authority or
pilipino na nais require yung did for Bagong under
nating Disclosure ah, sa Ospital ng supervision of
pagsilbihan. lahat ng government Maynila and the state.”
offices and PhilHealth will be
instrumentalities. better managed by
Kahit wala pa batas financial experts.
Barangay health
“Ako talaga sa'kin
centers will be
Ed, meron akong
updated, salary as
ilang points para ma-
well as security
improve yung ating–
tenure of medical
ma-strengethen yung
personnel
political parties, ma-
ensured. Mental
improve yung
health issues will
political dito sa atin,
be adequately
uhm, kwinento ko
addressed.”
naman to several
times, author ako ng “Three, we must

anti-dynasty law, acquire
tingin ko panahon na technology
para ipasa yun, uhm, through data
kailangan meron na analytics para we
rin tayong batas ok should be ahead
premature of anything na
campaigning kasi mangyayari sa
naa-abuso 'yon, ah, kalamidad no?”
kontra tayo sa
“ I would rather
substitution kasi
put them in a
naaabuso rin ito, ah,
legal manner or
yung electoral
under the
finance,”
authority or under
supervision of the
state.”
2. The reply is addressed to the other people
1. Another interviewee politician(s)that appear(s) on the show in the studio
2. Decision-makers
Table 18. Summary of the speakers’ replies that AREaddressed to the Decision Makers drawn from the Interviews
Interview Sample of the speakers’ replies that is addressed to the Decision Makers Per Tota
Candidate and Total Occurrences l
Manny Leni Robredo Francisco Domagoso Panfilo Lacson
Pacquiao
The 2022 Delikado po Kasi 2020, ano Philippine Skills 64
Presidentia talaga yan ‘yung natutunan government to invest matching,
l one-on- kaya natin? ‘Yung in our human Philhealth,
one kailangan natutunan natin resources, scientist, bakit NBI
interview talaga nang noong 2020, ‘yung doctors to create our director ang
with Boy pag-supervise mayroon talagang own agency to find nadiyan, bakit
Abunda ng ating mga pillars para cure and medicine of retired military?
gobyerno na sugpuin mo ‘yon. our own.
uh tignan Ano ‘yung mga I don’t mind, I

mabuti, ito pillars? ‘Yung I dunno– I don’t don’t care kung
ba’y dapat testing, tracing, ‘di know yong (ah) maiwanan sa
may Open Pit ba? Saka…saka intricacy– yong (ah) gobyerno 500
Mining dito? ‘yung management OWWA, POEA and thousand but
Kasi kung ng disease. Doon pa so and so forth but yung 500
crowded area lang nagkulang na the thing is ito. Ang thousand hindi
na yan tayo. pinaka mabisang yung mga
parang… tulong natin sa nagmamanicure
Dapat sinasabayan OFW(ha) yung polo, , hindi yung
Nakita ko ang niya ‘yung demands we should put hindi nag-
korupsyon sa of the time pero ang professional people aatend sa mga

ating klaro dapat sa isip in our embassy dumudulog sa
gobyerno, ng mga legislators abroad– oo, mga complaint
kung wala at na ang pinaka- nila. Ito dapat
hindi yun primary purpose is yung uh panuto
mabago ang the protection of the natin yung mga
korupsyon people especially honest at saka
diyan, hindi children. yung talagang
masuglo yan nagtratrabaho.
walang
mangyayari
sa bansa natin
The Jessica “Ay talagang “Ako number one “ Ang PhilHealth ay “ Ako, I’ve 13
Soho parusahan po kasi, leadership. Uh isang financial always been
Presidentia yung mga kaya nagkaganito institution, I will put consistent ano,
l Interview manufacturers ‘yung Philhealth financial person ang tama ay
ng illegal dahil sa leadership hindi yan para sa ipaglaban: ang
drugs. na hindi na-manage mga doktor o kung mali ay labanan
Talagang ng maayos ‘yung sino-sino lang ia- ano…”
yung mga opisina. Ako para appoint. We will

“...Ang
illegal drugs sa akin, kailangan appoint the right
problema,
na ginagawa ‘yung mamuno ng person in that
inuuna
nila lalo na Philhealth ay isang particular agency or
pa,halimbawa,
dito sa bansa health economist na GEOCC. Para
sa ayuda, ano.
natin naiintindihan– saka lumago ulit yung
Dapat nga, di
kailangan actuarial scientist salapi ng PhilHealth
maparusahan na naiintindihan na pera naman ng ba dapat, i-
talaga sila kung papaano tao.” ramp up ng
kasi kung papa… gobyerno yung
hindi sila papagulungin ‘yung paggastos. Ang
maparusahan pondo ng problema,
ay kawawa Philhealth.” anong inuna?
yung mga hindi ba yung
maliliit na tao Bureaucracy.
kapag sila ang pagkatapos
naparusahan hindi
at yung mga nakakarating,
manufacturer, tas may
yung mga corruption
mayayaman pa…”
na yan ay
“...Natutok ang
hindi sila
administration
napaparusaha
na ito sa law
n kaya
enforcement.
kailangan
Nakalimutan
talagang
yung
magpakita ng
prevention at
pangil ang
tsaka yung
ating
rehabilitation.
gobyerno…”
Dapat holistic
at tsaka (pro)
comprehensive
ang approach,
ano…”
The KBP “Hindi po. “Ang approach “we will continue “Trabaho po ng 17
Presidentia Ah, wala pa talaga natin i- whatever they have NBI at saka ng
l pong modernized at started already in Law
Candidates eleksyon, suportahan ang regard of Enforcement ng
Forum hindi pa po agricultural sector Build,Build,Build. PNP na
ako uh under para bumaba ang Itutuloy natin ang maghanap ng
sa batas at uh gastusin nila sa lahat ng may mga
kaya po pagsasaka. Kaya Build,Build,Build. warrant of
sinasamantala hindi tayo Tapos ang atin arrest. Ako
ko habang nakakapag-compete naman, itutuloy ko wala akong
wala pa. kasi napakataas ng naman ang true– viniolate kasi
Ngayon, ating cost of prod— build more hospitals, nga merong
panahon na kapag nagawa natin more school, more juries prudence,
ng magka- ito tataas ang kita housing to create yung Tulyaw
campaign nila, mae-enganyo more jobs at the case. Kung
period na ay sila magsaka at same manner: itong nabasa niyo na
tigil na po magiging sapat ang problema natin sa po yun, eh tama
yung pagkain na po- kuryente, tubig, yung sinasabi
pamimigay produce sa transportasyon dyan doon na
natin. At Pilipinas.” sa Mindanao. In fact primary sa
susunod po even in the northern rights ng

tayo sa Luzon, no?? individual na,
kautusan ng yung ah, ka-
COMELEC at excercise niya
ng uh ating dahil sinasabi
gobyerno. sa juries
Hindi po ako prudence maski
uh lumalabag hindi ka
sa batas.” magpasa-ilalim
sa legal, ah,
“alakasin po
physical
natin yung
custody eh
PCGG. At uh
pwedeng pa
kailangan ang
ring umandar
para sa
yung kaso.
gobyerno ay
sa gobyerno,
at uh kung
yan ang
desisyon ng
Supreme
Court. May
desisyon na
may ninakaw
ka, ibalik mo.
Eh kasi kaya
naghihirap
ang bansa
natin dahil sa
mga
magnanakaw
diyan sa
gobyerno
kaya
kailangan
talaga
sugpuin yan.”
3. Voters in general
Table 19 Summary of the speakers’ replies that are addressed to the Voters in General drawn from the Interviews
Interview Sample of the speakers’ replies that are addressed to the Voters in General Per Total
Domagoso
Presidential Inalam ko kung ano yung uh dapat nating gawin sa ating bansa. Yung problema ng
one-on-one ating bansa at kung paano resolbahin yung problema sa ating bansa. Kaya nag-
interview desisyon ako na tumakbo.
with Boy
Abunda
Panfilo Lacson -
Eto na nga yun, Boy ang aking sasabihin siguro panahon na para maging mas
discerning ang ating mga botante
The Jessica “...Yun nga po uh “Sa a–sa akin, may “Kung anong “Kasi alam ko, 12
Soho na-highlight lang tatlong ginawa namin base sa aking
Presidential po yung mahahalagang sa Maynila, na experience,
Interview pamimigay ko ng bagay para pairalin mga bata may executive at
pera, ayuda sa ‘yan. ‘Yung tablet, ang legislative, ano…
mga kababayan number one, mga bata may ah marami na
natin dahil sa transparency. bandwidth o akong nagawa at
pulitiko ako at Sisiguraduhin ko internet every ito na yung huling
kumakandidato na lahat na month. Ang hura, sinasabi ko
ako. Pero kung government mga teacher sa aking ah
babalikan po natin processes and merong laptop serbisyo sa aking
since 2002 and transactions, may buhay, ano. ah
2005 ay talagang transparent. ‘Yung bandwidth will Ayoko na sana
ginagawa ko na po pangalawa, do the same sa magpatuloy, ano,
yan, mina- accountability, entire country. pero nakita ko
maximize ko lang ‘yung pagsiguro Isu-survived yung
po ngayon bago na lahat ng public natin ang pag napakalalaking
mag-start ang officials aaral– problema ng ating
campaign period accountable sa ayokong isang bansa. Sa akin
which is on ginagawa nila. henerasyon tinitignan ko

February 8, hindi Pero ‘yung nagkaroon ng ‘tong presidency
na po tayo pangatlo na as bakante sa as a sacrifice…”
mamimigay diyan important is edukasyon.”
dahil susunod po people
tayo sa patakaran empowerment.”
ng COMELEC at
patakaran ng
gobyerno.”
The KBP “Ito ang aking ““Angat Buhay sa N/A “Sa aking mga 15
Presidential mga plataporma, Hanapbuhay.” kapwa Pilipino,
Candidates stop corruption, Ibabalik natin ang isa sa mga
Forum employment, ibabalik natin ang natutunan ko sa
healthcare, tiwala sa loob ng
internet signal gobyerno. Kapag kalahating siglo
improvement, at may kumpiyansa ng serbisyong
renewable energy sa sistema ang tao, publiko bilang
development. Ang papasok ang sundalo, pulis, at
limang priyoridad puhunan, lalago mambabatas ay
ko 22 rounds ang negosyo, at ang kasabihang
agenda, mula sa dadami ang “Huwag sasabak
22 agenda na ito trabaho.” sa giyera ng hindi
ay nabuo po ang handa.” Bilang

““Angat Buhay sa
“Health of the kandidato niyo sa
Pabahay.” Ire-
Nation”.” pagka-pangulo,
relocate natin ang
mga nakatira sa maliwanag sa
danger zones para aking isipan ang
hindi na ulit sila ating mga
malalagay sa kalaban.
panganib sa Pandemya,
tuwing may kahirapan,
sakuna.” kawalan ng
trabaho,
napakalaking
utang, gutom,
hamon, sa
edukasyon at ang
pinakamasakit
ang talamak na
pagnanakaw o
pag-aksaya ng
pera ng bayan…”
4. Specific prefecture - N/A
5. The public in general

Table 20. Summary of the speakers’ replies that are addressed to the The Public in General drawn from the
Interviews
Interview Sample of the speakers’ replies that are addressed to the The Public in GeneralPer Total
Pacquiao Domagoso
The 2022 Gusto ko lang Saka i- “...who will Bakit hindi pa rin natin 84
Presidentia po i-explain empower violate, no matter nasawata, uh ano.
l one-on- sa inyo na talaga sila. how big they are, Nagkakasya tayo dun
one yung mining Pag sinabi they need to be sa nagrereact na lang
interview kasi ah hindi kong i- shutdown and tayo kung ano ang
with Boy naman po empower sila, those who comply mangyayari. So,
Abunda ipinagbabawa kailangan (ah) (eh) sinasabi na, walang
l talaga yan sa bago sila tutulungan ng kaso sa Pilipinas, good
mata ng ating nagdedesisyo pamahalaan para walang kaso. Pero may
Panginoon. n lalo silang ginawa ba tayo para
Even before sisiguraduhin yumabong.” talagang hindi
sabi nga ng natin na magkaroon ng kaso o

Indigenous
Panginoon ay naiintindihan hindi makapasok?...
people– ihire
I give you uh nila. Marami tayong
natin, sila
I brought you pagkakamali, hindi na
‘Yung sa’kin, pagtanimin natin
to the land tayo natuto sa ating
hindi control they know better
that you can mga pagkakamali.”
pero ginagawa than anybody else
uh dig copper
mo silang on how to plant
up of it, so it “Kasi nagkaroon tayo
accountable trees.
means there is
na dapat sila
responsible, ay sinisiguro ng doll-out mentality.”
kailangan wag nila na yung
mo sirain ang mga lalabas sa
kalikasan kanilang
because ang social media
kalikasan platform ay
bahaging ng ang makaka-
ating buhay. access noon
‘yung mga tao
Ang issue po na tama na
na yan ay yung mga
matagal na po mental saka
at uhm psychological.
humingi po
ako ng sorry
sa kanila,
kung naka-
offend ako sa
kanila eh uh
hindi naman
tayo perpekto
dito sa
mundo, lahat
tayo
makasalanan.
And ahm at
higit sa lahat,
mataas pa rin
ang respeto
ko sa mga uh
LGBTQ at uh
hanggang
ngayon uh
marami po
akong mga uh
supporters na
mga LGBTQ.
The Jessica “Unang-una “Ako number “Well, O respect “Ang isang kamalian 35
Soho ang problema one, hindi everybody's nating mga Pilipino—
Presidentia natin ay tayo natuto sa opinyon their tumigil tayo sa…na
l Interview minsan mistakes in entitled to that but mangarap ano. We
matigas rin the past. And what matter most have become
ang ulo natin ‘yung to is the result (no) dreamless, hopeless
at hindi tayo prognosis nito basta tayo- at the and helpless… helpless
uh sumusunod kailangan end of the day noh. Ang…ang dapat
sa batas. At talagang ma- there is a goal and dito baguhin yung
ang solusyon embed na siya there must be a attitude ng ating mga
dito ay sa ating result and results kababayan sa ating
sumunod tayo educational matter. Yun ang gobyerno…”
sa system para importante,

kinauukulan, bata pa lang kapakinabangan
sa ating naiintindihan ba ng tao. “…First six months,

gobyerno at niya na kung Napapakinabanga napadisiplinado ng mga
magtulungan ano ‘yung n ba ng tao? tao. Alam mo Jessica,
tayo at mali at ano Nararamdaman ba nagkawala maski
magkaisa. ‘yung tama, ng tao? Yoong stambay. Ang
Ang para hindi mga pagbabago o dumarating sa aming
kailangan dito natin paulit- mga programa, mga complaints noon,
ay uh nag- ulit na tumatama ba sa away kapitbahay, yun
uusap, nagagawa ulit kapakinabangan ang pinakamalala, but
nagkakaisa ‘yung mga ng tao. Yun ang over time after six
para maling mahalaga sakin months pumasok na
resolbahin nangyari in more than naming yung abuso, pumasok
ang anumanh the past. things what a na yung greed…”
problema ng ‘Yung number person is doing.
ating two, uhm, It’s about the
bansa…” ‘yung values result, the result
system.” matters.”
“Marami
pong salamat “Ako, there is “Lahat ng may
at sa ngayon always the kasalanan,
ay nagka- first time. papapanagutin. So
intindihan na Yung- yung kung may
po kaming sa akin tingin nabubuhay pa jan
lahat. At uh ko nga baka- na nagkakasala
iyong baka fresh dapat pinapanagot

paniniwala ko start ito para na nila sa panahon
po ay sa bansa natin. nila.”
nananatili po Na yung-
yun, ang yung uupo na
aking presidente ay
paniniwala sa presidente
Panginoon. At hindi lang
yung uh nanggaling sa
pagkalinga sa isang partido
kanila, pero
pagtutulungan presidenteng
sa kanila bukas sa kahit
nandiyan pa anong
rin po para sa partido.”
mga LGBTQ
at mas
marami pong
LGBTQ na
sumusuporta
sa atin at
naniniwala…
The KBP “Unang-una “Hindi na “fiber optics at the “Naging kultura na 19
Presidentia po diyan is talaga tayo same time from yung kultura ng

l housing, kasi pwedeng time-to-time we palakasan, yun ang
Candidates naranasan ko magbulag- can access satellite ating ihihinto. Kaya
Forum po ang bulagan sa but the thing is in nga kailangan iba
matulog sa salot ng fake the likes of Elon lamang ang standard na
kalye, news at trolly Musk creating susundin, at magagawa
naranasan ko na laganap sa (uhm) this low mo lamang yun kung
po na walang social media, orbiter meron kang leadership
tahanan, at kailangan tayo communication by example kasi pagka
kaya naman magkaisa at through internet, iba yung trato mo sa
po yang tumindig no? pag ito naging kaalyado, kaibigan,
pagbibigay laban sa matagumpay we kamag-anak, at iba ang
natin ng organisado at as Philippines as a trato mo sa hindi
pabahay mula malawakang– country must kaalyado at kalaban sa
pa po nung ” acquire this pulitika hindi tayo
2002. services for magtatagumpay. So isa
Inumpisahan purpose of lamang hindi pwedeng
natin yan communication double standard.
nung 2005, because during Kailangan isa lamang
nagbigay na disaster time’ ang standard sa
po tayo ng uh communication is pamamalakad.”
libong a key’.”
“To Filipino people,
pabahay sa
when the dust settled in
ating mga
the war zone and all
kababayan, sa
programs and platforms
abot ng aking
are heard, I sincerely
makakaya hope that I was able to
gamit po ang present myself as the
aking leader we need:
pinaghirapan competent, qualified,
na pera. and with wealth of
Kailangan po experience. “
na magkaroon
ng sariling
tahanan kasi
ako po ay
naniniwala na
sa malinis at
maayos na
tahanan
nagsisimula
ang uh
magandang
pangarap ng
isang tao.”
6. Economic and industrial circles

Table 21. Summary of the speakers’ replies that are addressed to the Economic and Industrial Circles
drawn from the Interviews

Interview Sample oof the speakers’ replies that are addressed to the Economic and Industrial Total
Circles Per Candidate and Total Occurrences
Pacquiao Domagoso
The 2022 So, ang deficit Unang-una, “we need to Kulang ang ayuda 33
Presidential nun ay utangin kailangan generate more talaga ng
one-on-one natin, managing pinapalakas FDIs– Foreign gobyerno, para sa-
interview a country para natin 'yung Direct Investments. para mapromote
with Boy kang nagma- ating defense. More investments, yung ating uh
Abunda manage nang by Pinapalakas more jobs, more local na mga
simplify ko na natin 'yung source of income,” indutriya,
lang para kang ating defense, manufacturing

“Well kung yung
nagma-manage naglalaan tayo MSMEs, ano.99.5
mina na
nang isanf ng pera para ng uh kabuoan ng
pinanggalingan ay
bahay na kung siguraduhin na mga industries
hindi iligal [...] at
gumagastos ang 'yung natin.
legal at
bahay ng kinakailangan
makatwiran yung
ganitong halaga natin para
pagnenegosyo
dapat hindi ka depensahan
nila– responsable
gagastos nang 'yung sarili
yung
mas mataas pa natin ay kaya
pagnenegosyo,
dun. natin.
why not? “
The Jessica Leni Robredo - 4

Soho
Presidential
“Ang pinaka kailangan talaga, trabaho. Makaka-create lang tayo, Jessica, ng trabaho
Interview
dito uh pag inayos natin ‘yung ating governance at pag inayos natin ‘yung ating
ekonomiya. Noong nakaraang buwan, naglatag na ako ng aking Hanapbuhay Para
sa Lahat na platform.”
“Nakatanggap na ako kasi ang ginawa natin yung mga dating tindahan doon sa
Ilaya, Santo Cristo, Carmen Planas (ahhh) Asuncion, yun nakakapag tinda pa rin
sila. Simple because itong mga kalyeng nilinis ko ay daanan ng mga tao na
sumasakay ng pampasaherong sasakyan na nape perwisyo.”
The KBP “Alam niyo po N/A “Second alam, “I will. Kasi 14
Presidential dapat napapanahon importante yung,
Candidates maunawaan ng naman na dapat ah, isang essence
Forum taong-bayan na gumawa tayo ng ng tourism
ang ating imprastraktura industry bigyan
gobyerno ay whether pabahay o natin ng
hindi lamang po mga gusaling– wag pagkakataon yung
sa Tax Revenue naman maging talagang, talagang
Income magre- basang sisiw yung yung tourism area,
rely bilang ating mga magkaroon tayo
source of kababayan, lalo na ng parang, ah,
income. taon-taon namang tourism estate, ah,
Mayron po may bagyo alam mentality na kung

tayong naman natin sila saan makapag-
tinatawag na mapeperwisyo attract at ah ma-
Non-tax dapat yung develop talaga
Revenue gobyerno nakatuon yung tourism. Ah
Income dapat na don sa particular especially, yung
yung non-tax heograpiya ng Boracay ano
revenue income ating bansa na kinikilala sa buong
ay palakasin laging sinasalanta mundo at dahil
natin para hindi ng mga may pandemya
lamang din sa kalamidad.” pwedeng ring ah
tax revenue mag-shift sa

“Three, we must
income magre- domestic tourism
acquire technology
rely ang ating kasi pinupuntahan
through data
bansa. Kaya rin ng ating mga
analytics para we
lamang po ang kababayan ang
should be ahead of
nangyayari eh Boracay, so
anything na
yung nai-ambag pipirmahan ko
mangyayari sa
na ng non-tax yung, ah yung
kalamidad no?”
revenue income batas na tungkol
dito sa ating uh sa Boracay.”
gobyerno ay
nasa mga 6%
lamang po
annually ang
nai-ambag sa
source of
income ng non-
tax revenue.
Kailangan po
baliktad dapat
ang ating
gobyerno ay
mag-rely doon
sa non-tax
revenue
income, para
hindi po tayo
magtaas nang
magtaas ng
taxes na
resulting to
mahala
masyado yung
mga bilihin.”
7. Others
Table 22. Summary of the speakers’ replies that are addressed to Others drawn from the Interviews
Interview Sample of the speakers’ replies that are addressed to Others Per Total
The 2022 Presidential one- Leni Robredo - 5
on-one interview with Boy Number one, sinungaling. Pangalawa, in the difficult moments,
Abunda hindi siya nagpapakita.
Ito malungkot ito, Boy, pero ‘yung kabutihan ng loob kasi sa atin
hindi sapat.
Panfilo Lacson-
Yes, basta’t hindi illegal at saka yung nagva-violate ng batas at
meron kang issue dun sa mag-uh… ginawa natin-namin to, Boy
uh. Hindi lahat ng donations tinatanggap namin.
The Jessica Soho Presidential Interview N/A
The KBP Presidential Candidates Forum N/A
Table 17 - 22 summarizes the Receiver to whom the interviewees’ responses
seem to be addressed. In broadcast news interviews, there are multiple receivers. Thus,
when an interviewee responds to a question, it is not always clear whether the intended
receiver is the interviewer or some other party, such as the general public, a particular
segment of the public, or another politician or group of politicians. These other parties
can be referred to as the “overhearing audience”.
The tables represents the speakers’ replies in to whom they are being addressed.
Eliciting relevant information for the overhearing audience. It conveys that the three
interviews indistinguishably addressed mainly directly the interviewers and
succeedingly, the public in general.
3. Content - how clear is the message in terms of what is being said?
1. Straightforward, easy to understand, only one interpretation is possible

Table 23. Summary of the speakers’ replies that are Straightforward, easy to understand, only one
interpretation is possible drawn from the Interviews
Interview Sample of the speakers’ replies that are Straightforward, easy to understand, only Total
one interpretation is possible Per Candidate and Total Occurrences
Domagoso
The 2022 Eh di nga, Boy Ako naniniwala “What we have “unang-una ang 102
Presidential ang sinasabi ko ako, Boy, sa done in Manila bottom line is
one-on-one na kailangan sustainable is to really responsible mining,
interview talaga ng mining. Pero confront CoVid- ano. Bastat’t uh
with Boy Responsible para sa’kin kasi 19 and prepare tumutugon dun sa
Abunda Mining. Kung ‘yung for any worst uh mga issues mga
nakakasira yan, sustainability scenario.” challenges sa
bakit mo ma-aattain lang environment. Uh
papayagan? natin ‘yun pag “you always talk ang mining industry
Kung meron tayong to your children hindi naman
nakakaapekto sa maayos na and be pwedeng patayin
community na mekanismo para reasonable to kasi major industry
nasasakupan, ‘yung mga them and try to ito ng Plipinas.”
doon nakatira doon, explain to them Of course it should

makakaapekto sa ‘yung mga the gravity of the be evidence based
kanila. Bat mo taong situation… hindi pupuwedeng
papayagan? mangangalaga (uhm) especially say-so, mag-aakto
ay binibigyan kung menor de yung uh gobyerno.
natin ng boses. edad no, that is Kailangan talaga uh
the job of being sabi ko nga kanina
a parent to your lagi tayong dapat
children.? babalik sa data-
driven.
The Jessica “...Yun nga po “Ako number “Hindi– pagka- “Ang isang 48
Soho uh na-highlight one, hindi tayo fake ang kamalian nating
Presidential lang po yung natuto sa pagkatao hindi mga Pilipino—
Interview pamimigay ko ng mistakes in the naman siya ang tumigil tayo sa…na
pera, ayuda sa past. And ‘yung tinatawag ko eh. mangarap ano. We
mga kababayan prognosis nito Basta fake ang have become

natin dahil sa kailangan pagkatao, fake dreamless, hopeless
pulitiko ako at talagang ma- na tao. Kahit na and helpless…”
kumakandidato embed na siya anong gawin mo

“Kasi nahinto kami
ako. Pero kung sa ating pa, fake ka pa
sa konsepto. Ang
babalikan po educational rin. Mag Palit-
pinakamadaling
natin since 2002 system para palit ka pa ng
pag-usapan yung
and 2005 ay bata pa lang kulay, fake ka pa
konsepto, yung
talagang naiintindihan rin. Kasi
theory.ako kasi iba
ginagawa ko na niya na kung nakikita,
yung aking
po yan, mina- ano ‘yung mali nararamdaman
pananaw dito.
maximize ko at ano ‘yung yan ng tao eh.
Gusto ko merong
lang po ngayon tama, para hindi Ako as a citizen
kongreto, merong
bago mag-start natin paulit-ulit I can see it, not
closure sapag-
ang campaign na nagagawa only as mayor.”
uusapan. Kaya ako
period which is ulit ‘yung mga
“ Lahat ng may nag propose ng
on February 8, maling nangyari
kasalanan, isang kongkretong
hindi na po tayo in the past.
papapanagutin. solusyon o
mamimigay ‘Yung number
So kung may approach para
diyan dahil two, uhm, ‘yung
nabubuhay pa magkaisa ang
susunod po tayo values system.”
jan na opposition or non-
sa patakaran ng
nagkakasala administration…”
COMELEC at
dapat
patakaran ng
pinapanagot na
gobyerno.”
nila sa panahon
nila.”
The KBP “Ito ang laban “Kasama, hindi “In the first two “I will. Kasi 47
Presidential ko, laban ng kasama, years we will importante yung,
Candidates bawat pilipino, kalaban, build seventeen ah, isang essence ng
Forum handa na po ako. kakampi wala world class tourism industry
Ito ang aking tayong regional bigyan natin ng
mga plataporma, kikilingan. Kasi hospitals similar pagkakataon yung
stop corruption, oras na may to what we did talagang, talagang
employment, kinilingan tayo for Bagong yung tourism area,
healthcare, magiging failure Ospital ng magkaroon tayo ng
internet signal na lahat. Pag Maynila and parang, ah, tourism
improvement, at may pinaburan PhilHealth will estate, ah, mentality
renewable energy tayong isang be better na kung saan
development. grupo, magiging managed by makapag-attract at
Ang limang failure na rin financial experts. ah ma-develop
priyoridad ko 22 lahat ng Barangay health talaga yung
rounds agenda, gagawin natin. centers will be tourism. Ah
mula sa 22 Dito updated, salary especially, yung
agenda na ito ay nakasalalay as well as Boracay ano
nabuo po ang yung tiwala ng security tenure kinikilala sa buong
“Health of the taumbayan, oras of medical mundo at dahil may
Nation”.” na makita ng personnel pandemya pwedeng
taumbayan na ensured. Mental ring ah mag-shift sa
health issues will domestic tourism

iba yung–” be adequately kasi pinupuntahan
addressed.” rin ng ating mga
kababayan ang
“Then smart
Boracay, so
governance, we
pipirmahan ko
must– we must
yung, ah yung batas
make public data
na tungkol sa
open. Freely
Boracay.“
available and
downloadable in
user-friendly and
digestible
format.”
2. Totally vague, impossible to understand, no meaning at all
1. Consists of long complex sentences that are difficult to follow

Table 24 Summary of the speakers’ replies that Consists of long complex sentences that are difficult to follow
Interview Sample of the speakers’ replies that Consists of long complex sentences that are Total
difficult to follow Per Candidate and Total Occurrences

Manny Pacquiao Leni Robredo Francisco Domagoso Panfilo
Lacson
The 2022 Alam mo, Boy Yes. Kaya nga abused You have to generate N/A 42
Presidential kaya ako balik siya kasi dapat sana, more FDIs, if you
one-on-one nang balik sa di ba dapat sana yung create more foreign
interview korupsyon kasi social media uhm, direct investment then
with Boy gusto ko malaman maganda ‘yung it will generate more
Abunda ng taong bayan na naidulot niya sa atin opportunities I think
kaya nagkaka- kasi bigla na lang that we are going four
ganuto ang ating the world has become billion dollars, yung
bansa, kaya so small na mga neighboring
nagkaka-ganuto everything is, is ah, in countries natin na
ang sitwasyon ng our grasp pero dapat thirteen billion dollars,
pilipino, kasi inaayos natin thirty billion dollars,
sitwasyon ng ‘yung accountability, why? napakamahal ng
ating bansa accountability ng mga gasalina natin,
because of tao, saka mga napakamahal ng
corruption. Kung organisasyon, saka kuryente natin. So
wala yang mga negosyo na hindi nagpupuntahan
korupsyon na yan, merong control sa satin yung mga
ang layo na nang content na nilalabas pabrika, yung mga
narating ng bansa nila. industriya— doon
natin. Hindi tayo lahat sila nag i-invest
kulelat at tayo pa ang rules natin hindi
siguro ang
number 1 sa certain.
buong Asia,
totoong-totoo that's why I made a

yang sinasabi ko commitment to the
diyan ko na- general public, I’ll cut
diskunre sa isang it into fifty percent
dekada o mahigit yung taxes. So that we
kong pagse- can be more
serbisyo sa competitive, there's so
gobyerno. Wala many things then
akong uh interes perceptions is very
dito na pang-sarili important.
ko, kundi ang best
interest ko dito ay
para ang tao
matulungan mo
yung mga kasama
ko sa kung saan
ako nanggaling.
Isang kahig, isang
tuka hindi pa
makakain, gusto
ko naman
guminhawa ang
bubay nila. Gusto

ko yung mga
susunod na
henerasyon, hindi
nila maranasan
yung naranasan
ko.
The Jessica “Na-correct ko na “Actually, Jessica, “first things first, food N/A 11
Soho po yung mga mas symbolic sya. security, yung mga
Presidential bagay na yan. Yung–yung lugaw mangingisda natin
Interview Nung araw po mas symbolic sya in sisiguraduhin kong
absent po ako the sense na kaya lang nakaka pangisda kayo
palagi nung naman yun na jan yan ang katiyakan.
congressman pa parang.. nadikit sa Second, hindi na
po ako dahil uh akin, kasi nung 2016 lalawak pa kung ano
busy po ako sa na kumakandidato man yung mga nakuha
pagpapagawa ng ako wala rin ako nila. Habang binabawi
mga bahay, yung resources. Yung mga natin (ah) yuong mga
housing ko sa volunteers namin, ito nakuha na nila, hindi
Sarangani kaya yung ginawang na sila makalalawak at
palagi po ako dun fundraising activities. third, I will make sure
sa Sarangani, sa And yung mga there is presence of our
distrito ko. Ito volunteers ngayon na armed forces in that
pong senador na 2022, yun din yung archipelagic area.”
ako, hindi po uh ang na-associate nila
kailangan magsa akin. So yun yung

absent dahil paraan nila para
importante uh ipakita yung
ginagampanan mo pakikiisa. Yun yung
yung trabaho mo paraan nila para
at talagang ipakita sa tao na kaisa
tutulungan mo nyo kami sa laban na
yung mga tao. ito.”
Kaya pinakita ko
sa taong-bayan na
disiplinado akong
tao kaya nakita
niyo po na perfect
yung attendance
ko…”
The KBP “Ang pagbaba po “Ako kailangan kasi “Kaya kailangan N/A 7
Presidential ng corporate tax Dan may, may natin– kung talagang
Candidates ay hindi po yan mechanism–gustong naghahanap tayo ng
Forum biglaan, gradual sabihin ng mechanism pambayad ng utang,
po yan dahil uh kailangan yung kita at trabaho
magsa-suffer rin pagpili pa lang ng kailangan natin itong
po ang revenue representatives ng ipush through because
income ng ating people's council this is a new source of
gobyerno. maayos na natin. Ah, income without giving
Palakasin nga po yung proseso sa pag- burden s ating mga

natin yung non- discussion hindi taxpayers. New source
tax revenue naman pwedeng of possible income for
income para open-ended, pero everyone but at the
maibaba natin yung other end nito, same manner we must
yung uh corporate halimabawa ngayon, obey follow all
tax income sa meron nang mga regulation with regards
bansa natin dahil requirements for to protecting our
ang concern po national projects na environment and
talaga ng ating kailangan may free environmental effect
bansa ay yung informed bio–pa of this reclamation in
revenue income minsan yung mga their irrespective
annually. Kaya po consultation geography”
ang kagandahan ginagawa lang na
lang po diyan na parang stamping pan,
ibaba natin yung magkonsuktang one
corporate tax time, hindi na. So
income, marami kai–ang simbaka nito
pong papasok na napakaimportante,
mga foreign napakaimportante
investment dito sa nito kasi yung
Pilipinas dahil uh pagdesisyon talaga
bibigyan po sila galing sa baba. Hindi
ng incentives. siya trickle down.
Yun po ang Lagi tayong bottom-
gagawin natin up kasi palagay natin

para ma- yung mga best
engganyo sila at policies, ang kasama,
uh mag-invest at kabahagi sa pag-
makapagbigay ng discuss nito yung mga
trabaho sa stake holders mismo.
milyon-milyong So while mahalaga
pilipino. Hindi ang boses nila yung
lamang po yan, proseso yung
hindi lang po yan magsasabi kung
ang pokus natin hanggang saan yung
kundi yung mga konsultasyon para
micro-small hindi naman
medium mabinbin yung mga
enterprises eh programa ng
palalakasin po pamahalaan.”
natin para
makapagbigay
talaga sa uh ating
mga kababayan
ng trabaho. Ang
magiging resulta
po nun ay ang
trabaho ang
maghanap sa tao
hindi ang tao ang

maghanap sa
trabaho. So, yun
po ang importante
sa ngayon dahil
hanapbuhay ang
kailangan ng
taong-bayan.”
2. There is run-around, double talk

Table 25. Summary of the speakers’ replies that is run-around, double talk drawn from the Interviews
Interview Sample of the speakers’ replies that is run-around, double talk Per Candidate and Total
Total Occurrences
Pacquiao Domagoso
The 2022 Dialogue. Ang Saka ito kasi, Tito Well kung yung Now, yung 91
Presidential problema kasi Boy, na… mina na pantawid
one-on-one hindi ma-resolba naaabuso. Alam pinanggalingan ay balikan ko,
interview yan sa isang mo merong hindi iligal [...] at gawin nating
with Boy dialogue o requirement sa legal at pang-ahon.
Abunda dalawang batas na makatwiran yung Meaning,
dialogue lang. konsultasyon. Pero pagnenegosyo bigyan mo sila
Sa ganitong ‘yung konsultasyon nila– responsable ng tulong para

usapin, kadalasan na yung sila’y umangat
maraming ginagawa– ito pagnenegosyo, sa buhay,
dialogue at least reklamo ‘to ng mga why not? bigyan mo sila
minimun of 10 tao on the ground ng mga i-
or 8 dialogues. na lagi nating We always think of capacitate,
nakakausap. Ang– worst scenario and ano. Kasama
Importante yan ang kanilang am fortunate, yun dapat sa
dahil importante reklamo ay parang thanks to British programa,
na alam mo masyadong government I was hindi lamang
kung pano i- superficial ‘yung sent to (uhm) yung doll-out
manage ang consultation na December (uhm) na pang-kain,
bansa. Alam mo ginagawa at hindi no, february of kung hindi
kung ano yung natin ‘to ipapayag. two-thousand pang-uh pang-
gagawin mo at twenty I spoke harness ng
uh yun po ang Ah, actually ang with cobra, I got kanilang skills.
sinasabi ko na ayuda, Boy, is dole the plan of British
wag tahakin ang out. Pero ito kasi government, Boy, nagawa
isang landas na crisis situation ito. kinopy ko, ko na, noong
hindi mo alam Parang halimbawa, implement ko chief PNP ako
yung gagawin binagyo ‘yung except for the talagang yung
mo. lugar na ‘to. weather because kotong ineli-
Walang kuryente, we don’t have niliminate ko.
Kahit rape. May walang tubig… winter. Ngayong
part ka rin diyan, senador ako,

‘Yun na nga. I
may part ka rin naga-ginagawa
mean dahil hindi
diyan sa uh bata mo pwede i- ko pa rin
na nabuo. Hindi delineate, hindi mo
naman mabubuo pwedeng alisan ng Well,

yan kung sa pagkakataon ‘yung kailangan wala
lalaki lang eh, mgagtapos dahil ring uh
mayroon ka rin walang-wala. hindi attendant na
diyan. nakapa corruption,
kasi talagang
sa, ako babalik
at babalik tayo
sa usaping
corruption kasi
yan talaga
yung mula’t sa
pul.
The Jessica “Marami pong “Hindi ako umalis “Sana matigil na N/A 36
Soho salamat at sa ng Liberal Party talaga yung pasa-
Presidential ngayon ay Jessica, Hindi ako pasa ng politika sa
Interview nagka-intindihan umalis ng Liberal mga kanilang mga
na po kaming party pero- kaya kamag-anak para
lahat. At uh ako nagkandidato magkaroon naman
iyong as independent kasi ng opportunity
paniniwala ko gusto namin hindi yung ibang tao na
po ay nananatili ilimita sa partido makapamili (no) sa

po yun, ang namin yung mga lider ng ating
aking makakasama sa kanya-kanyang
paniniwala sa labang ito.” komunidad and
Panginoon. At particularly sa
“Ako aaminin ko
yung uh bansa kasi yung
sayo Jessica
pagkalinga sa mangyayari for the
frustrated ako nung
kanila, past forty years,
hindi nangyari.
pagtutulungan sa ang nag aaway
Frustrated ako kasi
kanila nandiyan dalawang pamilya
iniisip ko ito sana
pa rin po para sa lang isang parang
yung best chance
mga LGBTQ at (uhm) (ah) tungkol
for us to unite
mas marami lagi sa kanilang
under one
pong LGBTQ na buhay-buhay at
candidate. Pero
sumusuporta sa buhay lamang nila
nung hindi sya
atin at at higantihan lang
nangyari at
naniniwala…” ang nangyayari.”
ultimately
“...Yun pong uh kumandidato ako,
na-misquote ang daming
lang po talaga nangyari after that
ako. Uh mali na maraming mga
lang po yung sumali sa aming
pagka-intindi sa grupo na hindi
akin, mahabo po naman kasali sa
yung aming partido.”
explanation ko
dun sa
paliwanag ko na
yun.”
The KBP “Ito pong 22 “Ako Ed, ang N/A “Trabaho po 22
Presidential rounds na nabuo talagang gagawin ng NBI at saka
Candidates ko po ay ko, ito yung mga ng Law
Forum talagang ito po ic-certified kong Enforcement
ang magpap- urgent. Ako, ang ng PNP na
unlad sa ating pinakauna uhm, i- maghanap ng
bansa. Dito po require yung may mga
sa loob ng 22 Disclosure ah, sa warrant of
rounds priority lahat ng arrest. Ako
agenda na government offices wala akong
nagawa po natin, and viniolate kasi
bumuo po tayo instrumentalities. nga merong
ng health of the Kahit wala pa juries
nation. Which is batas. Kasi kahit prudence, yung
housing, wala pang batas, Tulyaw case.
education, pwede akong Kung nabasa
agriculture, gumawa ng niyo na po
livelihood, executive order, yun, eh tama
transportation para meron nang yung sinasabi
utilities and ganun na demand doon na
health. Yun po from all primary sa

ang priority government offices rights ng
natin palagi at –ang pinapasok individual na,
uh hindi lamang kailangan yung ah, ka-
po yan yung uh, isapubliko natin– excercise niya
sustainable even with the out dahil sinasabi
livelihood rin lead of request. sa juries
po, importante Ayun talaga yung prudence
yan. Dahil sa pinaka-essence sa maski hindi ka
bawat pamilya Full Disclosure. magpasa-ilalim
kailangan ito Mas maganda Ed, sa legal, ah,
para may kung may batas physical
makain sila sa dahil kahit hindi na custody eh
araw-araw.” ako pangulo, tuloy- pwedeng pa
tuloy, ring umandar

“Hindi po. Ah,
institutionalize yung kaso.
wala pa pong
yung requirement Yun po yung
eleksyon, hindi
na yun. Pero aking ginawa
pa po ako uh
habang wala pang kasi yung
under sa batas at
batas ay mag- abogado ko na-
uh kaya po
gagawa na tayo ng tiyempong
sinasamantala
executive order, the alam niya yung
ko habang wala
same with FOI. “ batas so wala
pa. Ngayon,
po akong
panahon na ng “Hindi na talaga
viniolate na
magka- tayo pwedeng
bat–na batas
campaign period magbulag-bulagan
na ay tigil na po sa salot ng fake doon. Malinaw
yung pamimigay news at trolly na po sa juries
natin. At laganap sa social prudence na
susunod po tayo media, kailangan andiyan po.
sa kautusan ng tayo magkaisa at Kung
COMELEC at tumindig laban sa babasahin po
ng uh ating organisado at natin ng
gobyerno. Hindi malawakang– “ masinsinan at
po ako uh maayos yung
lumalabag sa batas,
batas.” malalaman
niyo wala
akong
viniolate.”
“ Well yun
talagang may
provity tapos
objective
hindi, hindi
dapat yun ah,
nanggaling sa
political rin
ano–”
3. Includes difficult terms, or professional jargon

Table 26. Summary of the speakers’ replies that Includes difficult terms, or professional jargon
Interview Sample of the speakers’ replies that Includes difficult terms, or Total
professional jargon Per Candidate and Total Occurrences
OTHER Panfilo Lacson
CANDIDATES
The 2022 N/A Kulang ang ayuda talaga ng gobyerno, para sa-para 1
Presidential one-on- mapromote yung ating uh local na mga indutriya,
one interview with manufacturing MSMEs, ano.99.5 ng uh kabuoan ng
Boy Abunda mga industries natin.
The Jessica Soho N/A “Nakasigurado na po yun, nakagarantya na dun sa 1
Presidential batas mismo. Katakot takot po ang safeguards niyan
Interview sa anti-terror law. Nilamon lang kami, nilunod lang
kami ng black propaganda nung mga kontra dito…”
The KBP N/A
Presidential
Candidates Forum
4. Consists of multiple arguments

Table 27. Summary of the speakers’ replies that are Consists of multiple arguments drawn from the Interviews
Interview Sample f the speakers’ replies that are Consists of multiple arguments Per Candidate Tota
and Total Occurrences l
The 2022 Tama po yan, Ipapawalang-bisa ko. Confront– means Ang problema 38
Presidenti kasama yan sa Para sa’kin, Boy, lived with it… rinkasi, yung
al one-on- ating napakahalaga pagdating lived with it, as bureaucracy,
one programa. sa usapin ng long as we build ano.nandiyan
interview Yung environment na more hospital, the na yung issue
with Boy pagbibigay ng binibigyan at way we build ng corruption.
Abunda housing, ineempower ‘yung mga bagong ospital ng Kapag
libreng maapektuhan. Maynila, we naglagay o
pabahay at Pangalawa, doon sa mga build like for kaya
saka libreng lugar na ipapayag ‘yung example; Manila nakiusap, at
hanapbuhay, mining dahil uhm, CoVid-19 field malapit yun
bibigyan natin nakasaad sa Land Use hospital in Luneta ang
ng hanapbuhay uhm, Act na pwede para yung may napagbibigyan
para may ‘yung gawin mga mga sakit na in spite of so
pangkabuhaya mineral sites, walang many
n, araw-araw sisiguraduhin natin na kakayahang mag violations. So,
may pambili ‘yung mga isolate meron dapat isa lang
sila ng pagkain makikinabang ‘yung silang pag yung standard,
nang mabuhay locality. Ah hindi lalagakan, noh. Uh pa

sila kasi negosyante, hindi… mapanatag ang maning man
naranasan ko hindi uhm…hindi pamilya nila, at mapa-ibang…
ang walang Pilipino, ah pero ‘yung ang pamilya tuloy
pagkain sa makikinabang lalo na sa paghanap
isang araw, ‘yung mga indigenous buhay.
naranasan ko peoples, dapat sila ‘yung
na walang makinabang, dapat pag leadership is all

matulugan, papayagan ito, Tito Boy, about protecting
naranasan ko sisiguraduhin natin na your people.
na magutom, ‘yung boses noong mga Proteksyunan mo
tubig lang maaapektuhan ay mamamayan mo,
nang tubig, pinapakinggan unahin mo tao,
Boy ang yung
nakapag- nasasakupan mo.
survive sa That’s how you
amin. Hindi ko define yourself,
maalis sa uh there are things
sarili ko na what you called
hindi ako na mandalas mo
maging- kong marinig dito
emosyonal ‘maasim man ang
masyado dahil suka kailangan
pagdating sa mong inumin’.
mga mahirap
kasi dumanas
kami ng hirap,
nagutom kami,
tubig lang
inumin namin
para maka-
survive kami
sa isang araw.
Yan yung
desire ko uh
puso ko gusto
kong tulungan
ang mga
mahihirap na
tao dahil
dumanas ako
na walang
pagkain sa
isang araw.
The “Unang-una “Ako depende sa kung “Well, O respect “Yun ang 30
Jessica ang problema papaano mo dine-define everybody's aking
Soho natin ay ang kamay na bakal. Uh opinyon their pananaw.
Presidenti minsan unang-una noong ako ay entitled to that Color blind sa
al matigas rin uhm tinanggal bilang– but what matter politics—
Interview ang ulo natin bilang HUDCC most to is the hindi dapat
at hindi tayo chairman, pinagpatuloy result (no) basta kung dilaw ka

uh sumusunod ko yung adbokasiya. tayo- at the end kailangan
sa batas. At Kung katapangan lang of the day there lahat ng
ang solusyon naman yung pag- is a goal and sasabihin mo
dito ay uusapan, Jessica, in there must be a makadilaw at
sumunod tayo many stages of my life, result and results kung ikaw
sa pinakita ko ito. Nawalan matter. Yun ang makaDDS
kinauukulan, ako ng asawa, lumaban importante, lahat ng
sa ating ako. Ah noong kapakinabangan sasabihin mo
gobyerno at kumandidato ako bilang ba ng tao. makaDDS.
magtulungan congresswoman, kalaban Napapakinabanga Hindi ako
tayo at ko isa sa n ba ng tao? ganun. Ako
magkaisa. Ang pinakamatinding Nararamdaman lagi ang
kailangan dito political dynasties sa ba ng tao? Yoong tinitgnan ko,
ay uh nag- lugar namin pero mga pagbabago o ano yung
uusap, lumaban ako. Ah noong mga programa, tama, ano
nagkakaisa lumaban ako bilang Vice tumatama ba sa yung na-
para resolbahin President, baguhan ako, kapakinabangan makakabuti sa
ang anumanh kalaban ko lahat uhm ng tao. Yun ang ating mga
problema ng senador na nakaupo, mahalaga sakin kababayan.
ating bansa…” lahat lalaki, ako lang more than I’ve always
yung babae pero naming things been
nagtagumpay ako.” what a person is consistent
doing. It’s about aaah
the result, the Jessica…”

result matters.”
The KBP “Ay, yan po “Lahat ng mga “ fiber optics at “Unang-una 16
Presidenti ang programang nakapasa the same time po meron na
al palalakasin na, itutuloy natin basta from time-to-time tayong, ah,
Candidate natin yung wala itong problema. we can access National ID
s Forum non-tax Pero pagdating satellite but the System Act.
revenue infrastructure malinaw thing is in the May batas na,
income natin na layunin at likes of Elon pag ito'y pina-
because po estratehiyang tutugon sa Musk creating fully
bukod sa mga hamon ng panahon. (uhm) this low implement.
corruption, Yung pagtutok sa Rural orbiter Kasi sa
nawawala po development, number communication ngayon, nasa
yung revenue one yun sa atin, pagtutok through internet, mga 50 plus
income ng sa water resources no? pag ito Million pa
ating gobyerno management, pagtutok naging lamang ang
kaya po nagsa- sa public transport, matagumpay we naco-cover. I
suffer po pagtutok sa mga as Philippines as hope–ako po
talaga ang reconstruction housing a country must yung author,
ating bansa. project para sa mga acquire this may akda at
Mas malaki lugar na tinamaan ng services for saka yung
yung kalamidad, yun yung purpose of sponsor nito,
ginagastos ng ating mga priority sa communication kaya
bansa natin Build Build Build. Ipa- because during napakamabisa

taon-taon prioritize din natin yung disaster time’ po ito hindi
kaysa kinikita connectivity at shift sa communication is lamang dun sa
ng bansa natin. teknolo-technology- a key’.” pagtugon ng
So, ang based resources. Ah, mga, ah,
concern natin pagsasabatas ng open tutulungan ng,
yung revenue access in data ah, ng ating
income ng transmission para national
ating bansa. maging suporta nito. government sa
Dalawa kasi Pero yung satin klaro, ayuda, pero
ang source of talagang may priority ito rin yung
income ng yung pagdala ng rural magbibigay sa
ating bansa, development dahil yung atin ng ah ng
yung tax progress ng ating bansa ngipin, ng
revenue ay nakasalalay sa kung lakas sa ating
income at non- maayos ang ekonomiya law
tax revenue sa mga kalayunan.” enforcement
income. Ang para yung, ah,
problema po ating
dahil sa seguridad ano
corruption, ang at pati yung ah
ating gobyerno nahahagip ng
ay nagre-rely ah cyber ah
lamang po tax crimes ay
revenue madaling
income. Ang mahuhuli.

nai-ambag Kasi nga lahat
lamang po ng tayo pag-aari
non-tax ng ah
revenue National–
income ay 6% Philsys, ano,
lamang po sa number na
income ng tinatawag. Ah
ating gobyerno sana madaliin
taon-taon. ng ah PSA ng
Kaya Philippine
kailangan Statistics
mag-focus Authority ang
tayo doon para pag-
ang tap hindi implement
mahirapan at nito para
kahit dito sa maisakatupara
ating bansa ay n na yung, ah,
magkaroon sila batas. Sayang
ng ginhawa, yung batas
pagdaring sa naipasa, kung
pagbu- hindi ma-
business.” implement ng
maayos.”
Table 23 - 27 summarizes the speakers’ replies that were assessed whether the
message were clear (straightforward, easy to understand, only one interpretation is
possible) as answers by implication (in that the interviewee makes his/her views clear
without explicitly stating what those views are), or as vague, impossible to understand
or no meaning at all.
Thus, the summary presented in Table 23 show specifically the messages of the
interviewees that were coded and evaluated in the first degree of equivocation with the
highest frequency in all the three interviews.
Bavelas et al. (1988, 1990) are highly critical of the notion that politicians are
intrinsically evasive; instead, they propose that it is the nature of the political interview
itself that creates intent pressures for equivocation. An alternative point of view is that
such pressures are an inherent part of the political process: For example, electorates
are frequently divided on controversial issues, hence interviewers who challenge
politicians on such topics are simply doing their job. But whatever the reasons for
equivocation, it is widely believed to be a prime characteristic of politicians in news
interviews.
In situations where politicians have to respond to conflictual questions they also
have additional techniques like being vague and ambiguous or certain and confident
(Holly 1994; Simon-Vandenbergen 1996; Becker 2005; Johansson 2006). Table 25
shows the frequency of which the interviewees’ responses have run-around, double talk
(circutious talk). Needless to say, there were also reponses that consists of multiple
arguments.
4. Context - what extent is this direct answer to the question?
1. Direct answer to the question asked

Table 28. Summary of the speakers’ replies that are Direct answer to the questions asked drawn from the Interviews
Interview Sample of the speakers’ replies that are Direct answer to the questions asked Per Total
Pacquiao Domagoso
The 2022 Talagang uh Saka ito kasi, Tito So, those who Well, tama lang 123
Presidential amiyendahan ng Boy, na…naaabuso. will violate, no na ilift ang ban
one-on-one uh saligang Alam mo merong matter how big kasimatagal na
interview batas natin dahil requirement sa they are, they ring uh kung
with Boy hindi na uh batas na need to be merong mga
Abunda naaayon doon sa konsultasyon. Pero shutdown and new permits na
bagong ‘yung konsultasyon those who i-issue,basta’t sa
henerasyon kadalasan na comply (ah) (eh) aking ang
ngayon. Yung ginagawa– ito tutulungan ng bottom line is,
mga eh reklamo ‘to ng mga pamahalaan para kailangan
especially yung tao on the ground lalo silang responsible
technology eh na lagi nating yumabong. mining at kung
high-tech na uh nakakausap. Ang– merong mga
yung batas na ang kanilang What we have violations along
ginawa natin reklamo ay parang done in Manila is the way, walang
wala pang masyadong patumangga na

technology nung superficial ‘yung to really confront dapat ipatupad.
araw. consultation na CoVid-19 and
ginagawa at hindi prepare for any Yes! Kita
Importante yan natin ‘to ipapayag. worst scenario. naman natin
dahil importante Kaya nga ang resulta eh. Ako,
na alam mo sinasabi ko ang So– yesss it’s laging output
kung pano i- pinakamahalaga true– kapag ang tinitignan
manage ang ‘yung mekanismo, talagang may ko. I’m always
bansa. Alam mo hindi pwede na magnanakaw output driven,
kung ano yung basta ka lang gobyerno,
gagawin mo at nagpa-meeting ay makakati ang Unang-una ang

uh yun po ang ‘yun na. kamay, kawawa bottom line dito,
sinasabi ko na Sisiguraduhin natin ang tao. ang problema,
wag tahakin ang na ‘yung tunay na
corruption.
isang landas na boses ng mga
hindi mo alam mamamayan,
yung gagawin pinapakinggan.
mo.
Saka i-empower
Doable po. talaga sila. Pag
Nagagawa po sa sinabi kong i-
ibang bansa yan, empower sila,
bakit sa atin kailangan bago sila
Hindi? nagdedesisyon
sisiguraduhin natin
na naiintindihan
May tome lang nila.
kami na pwede
kayong gumamit
ng Social Media.
The Jessica “Opo, at “Ako number one, N/A “Ang isang 29
Soho kailangan po na hindi tayo natuto sa kamalian nating
Presidential sumunod tayo sa mistakes in the mga Pilipino—
Interview batas trapiko, past. And ‘yung tumigil tayo
batas ng ating prognosis nito sa…na
gobyerno dahil kailangan talagang mangarap ano.
kung hindi po ma-embed na siya We have
tayo susunod ay sa ating educational become
ganito po ang system para bata pa dreamless,
mangyayari sa lang naiintindihan hopeless and
atin. Maghihirap niya na kung ano helpless…”
po tayo…” ‘yung mali at ano

“Meron, kasi—
‘yung tama, para
“Hindi ko dapat hindi tayo
hindi natin paulit-
naman masabi mawalan ng
ulit na nagagawa
na ni minsan, pag-asa. Ako
ulit ‘yung mga
minsan po ay I’m always
maling nangyari in
nagvi-violate inspired by my
the past. ‘Yung
ako dahil bilang supporters. Lalo
number two, uhm,
uh tawag ng na yung mga
aking trabaho ay ‘yung values under own ano,
importante kaya system.” walang pag-
minsan nagvi- iimbot, at

“Hindi ako umalis
violate ako pero talagang
ng Liberal Party
ito po ay may gumagastos sa
Jessica, Hindi ako
dahilan…” sariling
umalis ng Liberal
pera….”
party pero- kaya
ako nagkandidato
as independent kasi
gusto namin hindi
ilimita sa partido
namin yung
makakasama sa
labang ito.”
The KBP “Ito ang laban “Ako dapat talaga “In the first two “On my–on the 47
Presidential ko, laban ng ginagawa yan, years we will first day of my
Candidates bawat pilipino, dapat talaga build seventeen office no,
Forum handa na po ako. ginagawa yung world class waiver of my
Ito ang aking background check. regional rights under the
mga plataporma, Hindi lang sa mga hospitals similar Bank Secrecy
stop corruption, aspirants pero lahat to what we did Act at ini-
employment, na public officials for Bagong encourage ko
healthcare, kasi yung, ang Ospital ng lahat ng ah

internet signal public office sa Maynila and deploys ng
improvement, at public trust.” PhilHealth will gobyerno,
renewable be better officials and

“Hindi pa. Hindi pa
energy managed by employees to do
tayo ready mag-
development. financial experts. the same. I
move on kasi
Ang limang Barangay health cannot mandate
marami pang mga
priyoridad ko 22 centers will be it but I will
kaso ang wala pang
rounds agenda, updated, salary encourage
resolusyon. Ah, in
mula sa 22 as well as because these
fact, meron nga
agenda na ito ay security tenure of are individual
yung mga
nabuo po ang medical rights but I'm
kumakandidato, ah,
“Health of the personnel going to set the
not just sa national
Nation”.” ensured. Mental tone of my
pero pati na rin sa
health issues will presidency to
local na na-involve
be adequately establish a clean
dito sa issue ng
addressed.” government.
PDAF, and, and sa
Leadership by
akin talaga “Six,
example ang
kailangan we get to infrastructure,
tawag namin
the bottom of this.” Build, Build,
dun. Maraming
Build will
salamat.”
continue but PPP
being revived
especially in the
height of
expected higher
loan interest rate
and higher debt.”
2. Totally unrelated to the question
1. Intentionally ignores the question

Table 29. Summary of the speakers’ replies that Intentionally ignores the questions drawn from the Interviews
Presidential one-on- Hindi yung uh hindi naman ako sarado sa sa Open Pit Mining kasi hindi
one interview with naman talaga yan delikado, alalahanin lang natin na ang kalikasan ay bahagi
Boy Abunda ng ating buhay, dyan tayo galing. Hindi tayo ginawa ng Panginoon by uh
words.
ang logic ko jan is– is like (uhm) mayroon kang trangkaso , meron tayong
ubo kung baga as long as nababawasan mo yung mortality rate because you
have medicine, you have vaccine, you have medicine, you have oxygen,
you have (uhm) (ah) antiviral (uhm) (ah) drugs and of course (uhm)
machineries in our public hospitals. The way we did to…

The Jessica Soho Manny Pacquiao - 4
Presidential “...Yun pong uh na-misquote lang po talaga ako. Uh mali lang po yung
Interview pagka-intindi sa akin, mahabo po yung explanation ko dun sa paliwanag ko
na yun.”
Leni Robredo -
“Ako aaminin ko sayo Jessica frustrated ako nung hindi nangyari.
Frustrated ako kasi iniisip ko ito sana yung best chance for us to unite under
one candidate. Pero nung hindi sya nangyari at ultimately kumandidato ako,
ang daming nangyari after that na maraming mga sumali sa aming grupo na
hindi naman kasali sa aming partido.”
“Ang unang-una kong binalik sa mga taga-Maynila ay dignidad, nagkaroon
sila ng masisilungan, panatag ang buhay nila, kapagka ang tao binigay– ang
mahirap binigyan mo ng pabahay tumataas agad ang kalidad ng buhay ng
pamumuhay. Binigyan mo ng maayos na hospital pag nagkasakit ang mga
magulang may matatakbuhan silang maayos at disenteng ospital. Pinag
aaral mo ng maayos yung mga anak, may pasilidad na maganda. I think
basically this basic services– basic needs- addressing basic needs will
alleviate yung katatayuan ng buhay ng isang mahirap na pamilya.”
The KBP N/A
Presidential
Candidates Forum
2. Acknowledges the question without answering it

Table 30. Summary of the speakers’ replies that Acknowledges the question without answering it drawn from
the Interviews
Interview Sample of the speakers’ replies that Acknowledges the question without answering Total
it Per Candidate and Total Occurrences
Manny Pacquiao Leni Robredo Francisco Domagoso Panfilo
Lacson
The 2022 Alam mo Boy, isa Ang gusto ko It's not good, that’s unang-una ang 40
Presidential yan sa mga sabihin, it is by excessive. So tignan bottom line is
one-on-one isinusulong choice, and not mo ngayon yung responsible
interview namin ang pagka- by necessity. efficiency, ito na mining, ano.
with Boy sugpo nang Ang problema yung pumasok yung Bastat’t uh
Abunda ganyang kasi ngayon, administrative tumutugon
pornograpiya. kahit ayaw management ng isang dun sa uh mga
Dapat kontrolin naman nilang tao, on what is issues mga
ng ating gobyerno iwan ‘yung efficient and what is challenges sa
yung signal natin, mga pamilya productive and how environment.
yung internet nila, wala to define this things– Uh ang mining
signal natin. silang choice well siguro sa industry hindi
Yung kung lahat kasi walang experience ng isang– naman

ng technology available na isang administrador… pwedeng
baga control ng trabaho dito. So patayin kasi
gobyerno para papaano ‘yan major industry
hindi maabuso, mangyayari? ito ng
ngayon naaabuso Kailangan Plipinas.
uh pati yung mga ayusin natin
bata ‘yung economy
nakakapanood, natin para yung
dapat hindi mga kababayan
makapanood ang natin na umalis,
mga bata. nalulungkot na
sa mga pamilya
Eh ah pinilit ka. nila, gustong
Pero ang ibig bumalik, may
kong sabihin babalikan. Kasi
pwede pang mag- minsan gusto
hilom, pag naman nilang
masugaran tayo bumalik, hindi
diba maghihilom naman sila
naman, makabalik kasi
gumagaling. wala silang
babalikan.
The Jessica “Ako po kasi “Hindi ‘yun “Well, O respect N/A 24
Soho gusto kong ‘yung primary everybody's opinyon
Presidential pagkaisahin ang motivation pero their entitled to that

Interview sambayanang that is one of but what matter most
pilipino kasi sa the factors that to is the result (no)
pamamagitan ng helped me basta tayo- at the end
pakikipaglaban decide ,uhm, to of the day there is a
ko sa ring ay run, pero ito goal and there must
nagkakaisa ang kasi naaalala be a result and results
bawat pilipino. naman natin matter. Yun ang
Ang ayaw ko lang merong importante,
po ay yung 1Sambayan, kapakinabangan ba
masama lalo na merong isang ng tao.
yung korupsyon multi-sectoral Napapakinabangan ba
na nagpapahirap na pagkakaisa ng tao?
sa ating mga ng mga iba’t Nararamdaman ba ng
kababayan, yung ibang grupo na tao? Yoong mga
mga masasamang ito sumailalim pagbabago o mga
gawain, tino- tayo sa proseso programa, tumatama
tolerate yung and ‘yung ba sa kapakinabangan
batas eh dapat commitment ko ng tao. Yun ang
pairalin yung doon na kung mahalaga sakin more
batas. Mayaman ako ‘yung than naming things
ka man o napili ay what a person is
mahirap…” kakandidato doing. It’s about the
ako.” result, the result
matters.”
“Ako sa ’kin,
Jessica, ‘yung
abi– sa’kin kasi
‘yung solusyon
ng lahat na
problema ng
ating bansa,
hindi siya
nakasalalay sa
isang tao, pero
nakasalalay
siya sa lahat na
Pilipino. At ang
tingin ko ‘yung
dapat na
maging
susunod na
Pangulo, ‘yung
Pangulo na
merong
capacity and
ability to
inspire. To
inspire other
Filipinos to
own the
problem.”
The KBP Francisco Domagoso - 7
Presidential “unang-una pagka sila pumasok dito may mga bagay na pwede tayong kopyahin
Candidates nakapag nag invest ang foreigner dito, bibigyan natin sila ng particular (uhm)
Forum prescribed time to sustain their investment but what matter most to me; pag nag
invest ang mga banyaga dito sa ating bansa may maibigay tayong trabaho kasi ang
importante ngayon– pandemya.
Panfilo Lacson -
“Unang-una po meron na tayong, ah, National ID System Act. May batas na, pag
ito'y pina-fully implement. Kasi sa ngayon, nasa mga 50 plus Million pa lamang ang
naco-cover. I hope–ako po yung author, may akda at saka yung sponsor nito, kaya
napakamabisa po ito hindi lamang dun sa pagtugon ng mga, ah, tutulungan ng, ah,
ng ating national government sa ayuda, pero ito rin yung magbibigay sa atin ng ah
ng ngipin, ng lakas sa ating law enforcement para yung, ah, ating seguridad ano at
pati yung ah nahahagip ng ah cyber ah crimes ay madaling mahuhuli. Kasi nga lahat
tayo pag-aari ng ah National–Philsys, ano, number na tinatawag. Ah sana madaliin
ng ah PSA ng Philippine Statistics Authority ang pag-implement nito para
maisakatuparan na yung, ah, batas. Sayang yung batas naipasa, kung hindi ma-
implement ng maayos.”
3. Questions the question

Table 31. Summary of the speakers’ replies that Questions the question drawn from the Interviews
Interview Sample of the speakers’ replies that Questions the question Per Total
The 2022 Presidential Manny Pacquiao - 4
one-on-one interview Paano ako makatulong sa mga magulang ko? Pano ako makatulong sa
with Boy Abunda pamilya ko? Anong kinabukasan ko?
Yung maging abortion ay?
If there is therapeutic abortion that are exisiting thenlet’s have a
therapeutic way of dealing and helping the mother with an unwanted
children. Diba?
Panfilo Lacson -
Bakit hindi pa rin natin nasawata, uh ano. Nagkakasya tayo dun sa
nagrereact na lang tayo kung ano ang mangyayari. So, sinasabi na,
walang kaso sa Pilipinas, good walang kaso. Pero may ginawa ba tayo
para talagang hindi magkaroon ng kaso o hindi makapasok?
The Jessica Soho
Presidential Interview N/A
-
The KBP Presidential
Candidates Forum N/A
4. Attacks the question

Table 32. Summary of the speakers’replies that Attacks the question drawn from the Interviews
Interview Sample of the speakers’ replies that Attacks the question Per Candidate and Total
Total Occurrences
Presidential one- Unang-una uh papayagan natin. Pero, unang-una gusto nating uh respetuhin
on-one interview din yung desisyon ng Pangulo kasi that’s his prerogative as uh executive, as
with Boy Abunda a leader. At uh papayagan natin sila dito na mag uh investigate dito sa atin,
at uh ahm basta hindi lang maabuso yung sovereignty natin na meron
tayong sovereignty. Na hindi maapakan yung uh ating mga kababayang
pilipino na uh maipaglaban natin yung ma-depensahan ang ating mga
kababayan.
Well kung yung mina na pinanggalingan ay hindi iligal [...] at legal at
makatwiran yung pagnenegosyo nila– responsable yung pagnenegosyo, why
not?
Well, you keep claiming its yours but as far as we’re concern, historically
it’s ours and technically speaking under the existing number of rules and
laws and agreement, it’s ours. Favorably binigyan tayo ng pabor doon sa
desisyon…
Presidential “...Yun nga po uh na-highlight lang po yung pamimigay ko ng pera, ayuda

Interview sa mga kababayan natin dahil sa pulitiko ako at kumakandidato ako. Pero
kung babalikan po natin since 2002 and 2005 ay talagang ginagawa ko na
po yan, mina-maximize ko lang po ngayon bago mag-start ang campaign
period which is on February 8, hindi na po tayo mamimigay diyan dahil
susunod po tayo sa patakaran ng COMELEC at patakaran ng gobyerno.”
Panfilo Lacson -
“Well, let’s put it this way ano, three months pa para mag-a talagng
selection. If yung a election will held today at saka kung accurate lahat yung
Pulse survey na ginagawa malinaw na merong isang klarong mananalo.
Pero, it’s so happens na, hindi pa naman ngayon ang election, hindi pa sa
araw na ito, tatlong buwan pa at pwedeng marami pang mangyari…”
The KBP Panfilo Lacson - 1
Presidential “Trabaho po ng NBI at saka ng Law Enforcement ng PNP na maghanap ng

Candidates Forum may mga warrant of arrest. Ako wala akong viniolate kasi nga merong
juries prudence, yung Tulyaw case. Kung nabasa niyo na po yun, eh tama
yung sinasabi doon na primary sa rights ng individual na, yung ah, ka-
excercise niya dahil sinasabi sa juries prudence maski hindi ka magpasa-
ilalim sa legal, ah, physical custody eh pwedeng pa ring umandar yung
kaso. Yun po yung aking ginawa kasi yung abogado ko na-tiyempong alam
niya yung batas so wala po akong viniolate na bat–na batas doon. Malinaw
po sa juries prudence na andiyan po. Kung babasahin po natin ng
masinsinan at maayos yung batas, malalaman niyo wala akong viniolate.”
5. Attacks the interviewer

Table 33. Summary of the speakers’ replies that Attacks the interviewer drawn from the Interviews
Interview Sample of the speakers’ replies that Attacks the interviewer Per Total
Presidential one-on- Eh di nga, Boy ang sinasabi ko na kailangan talaga ng Responsible

one interview with Mining.
Boy Abunda
Tama naman yun pero diba? Yun yung buhay natin. Hindi ko gustong
maging basurero, hindi ko gustong kumain ng tira ng tao but iyon ang
ipinagkaloob sa akin ng tadhana. Ipinilit kong masigasig, ipinilit kong
ibangon ang sarili ko , pinilit kong pagbutihin ang sarili ko ng makilala
ako ng lipunan ng maayos na tao.
The Jessica Soho Panfilo Lacson - 1

Presidential
Interview “Hindi po ako nag break ng law. Meron hong jurisprudence na
pinapayagang magfile ng pleadings ang isang nasasakdal maski meron ng
warrant of arrest. Noon po ako’y umalis, wala pa akong warrant of arrest
wala akong vinaloate, kasi wala akong hold departure order…”
The KBP
Presidential N/A
Candidates Forum
6. Declines to answer a question

Table 34. Summary of the speakers’ replies that Declines to answer a question drawn from the Interviews
Interview Sample of the speakers’ replies that Declines to answer a question Per Total
The 2022 N/A
Presidential one-on-
one interview with
Boy Abunda
Presidential “Magandang tanong po yan, at uh talagang may mga tao po na gustong

Interview buwahin ang partidong PDP. Pero ako pinipihilan ko po na hindi mabuwag
dahil ang PDP po ang adbokasiya ng PDP ay para sa kapakanan ng
sambayanang pilipino. Gusto ko pong magkaisa at wag po nating gamitin
para sa ating best interest kailangan sa interes ng mga pilipino…”
The KBP N/A
Presidential
Candidates Forum
7. Makes a political point

Table 35. Summary of the speakers’ replies that Makes a political points drawn from the Interviews
Interview Sample of the speakers’ replies that Makes a political point Per Candidate and Total
Total Occurrences
Manny Pacquiao -
The 2022 From the beginning, Boy, ito yung announcement ko sabi ko okay mag-focus tayo 53
Presidential dun sa procurement ng vaccines. Pagdating nang ano uh habang wala pa yung
one-on-one vaccines, lockdown na mu na tayo. Tapos habang lockdown, mag-vaccinate tayo
interview lahat tapos pag marami na ang vaccinated na tao at saka tayo mag-open, hindi na
with Boy kailangan na mag-lockdown na ulit. Vaccinated na yung mga tao lalo na yung mga
Abunda nagta-trabaho.
May mga programa nga na nakaabang diyan kung baga sa ano sinasabi ko talaga
dito sa ating bansa, Boy na mag-karoon tayo nang long-term concrete plan. Kasama
kahat yan sa yung mga sakuna na dumarating sa ating bansa, kasama sa plano yung
pag-develop ng ating infrastructure, yung mga economic development natin, yung
economiya natin na palakasin para makapag-bigay nang trabaho sa sa milyong
milyong pilipino.
Leni Robredo -
I was given the opportunity to be ICAD Co-Chair. Uhm, yung ICAD yung inter-
agency task force, for 18 days. Pero those 18 days gave me a enough, enough
opportunity to assess what was wrong with the Anti-Drug Program. Yung number 2,
‘pag tinignan mo talaga ‘yung ating datos, hindi siya kumpleto. In fact, when I was in
ICAD ongoing palang yung survey kung ilan ba talaga yung mga drug users.
Alam mo marami nang panukalang batas na finile sa Congress over the years, kahit
noong nasa 16th Congress ako, na iba-iba ‘yung mga pananaw kung paano siya
aayusin. Pero ako it’s high time that we assemble, uhm all those who are proposing.
“we need to generate more FDIs– Foreign Direct Investments. More investments,
more jobs, more source of income, we cannot keep on taxing our people based – para
mapatakbo natin ang ating gobyerno.”
“I mean paanong bagong bayani pag dumating kawawang-kawawa, six thousand
pesos nagbabayad– that’s why we offer Manila Covid Field Hospital for free for
OFW and the very least that we can do. So, iba yung kyaw-kyaw, iba yung lip
service.”
Panfilo Lacson -
“Alam ng DOH, alam ng authorities ito na silang dalawa uh afflicted ano, uh ng
Covid. Tinanong naming sa aming Senate hearing, nagawa niyo na ba yung contact
tracing, kilala naman niyo yung mga pasahero, kung kayang kontakin. Alam mo sagot
sa’min, 17% lamang yung kanilang nacontact. Doon nagsimulang kumalat yung Covid
Soho “Na-correct ko na po yung mga bagay na yan. Nung araw po absent po ako palagi
Presidential nung congressman pa po ako dahil uh busy po ako sa pagpapagawa ng mga bahay,
Interview yung housing ko sa Sarangani kaya palagi po ako dun sa Sarangani, sa distrito ko.
Ito pong senador na ako, hindi po uh kailangan mag-absent dahil importante uh
ginagampanan mo yung trabaho mo at talagang tutulungan mo yung mga tao. Kaya
pinakita ko sa taong-bayan na disiplinado akong tao kaya nakita niyo po na perfect
yung attendance ko…”
“Alam niyo po sa mahigit isang dekado kong pagse-serbisyo sa ating gobyerno.
Nakita ko ang problema kaya po ako talaga uh lumaban dahil ang laban ko na ito ay
laban ng bawat pilipino dahil nakita ko ang problema at ang mga pang-aapi sa ating
mga kababayan, kaya ipaglalaban ko at panahon na para ang mahihirap naman ang
manalo sa labang ito…”
“Nag focus kami on how to save lives as many as possible, as soon as possible kaya
kung bakit– kung makikita ninyo ang Maynila ang takbuhan ng mga gamot, bakuna
atsaka mga testing kits or swab testing because we’ve been preparing for this. Gusto
namin laging ahead of whatever (ah) yung mga hindi natin inaasahan na paglago ng
CoVid nineteen which so far sa awa ng Diyos nagagamit kami ngayon ng ating mga
kababayan sa Metro Manila sa ibang bahagi ng probinsya sa– sa– sa central Luzon,
sa southern Luzon.”
Panfilo Lacson -
”Kasi nahinto kami sa konsepto. Ang pinakamadaling pag-usapan yung konsepto,
yung theory.ako kasi iba yung aking pananaw dito. Gusto ko merong kongreto,
merong closure sapag-uusapan. Kaya ako nag propose ng isang kongkretong
solusyon o approach para magkaisa ang opposition or non-administration…”
“At karapatan ng tao na yun na maging scars kasi hindi naman siya lumalabag kasi
merong existing na jurisprudence in that regard. So, kasi kung ah yung dating ah
jurisprudence ang susundin…”
The KBP “Ito pong 22 rounds “Ako, ang “akin para “Ah 33
Presidential na nabuo ko po ay pinakauna uhm, i- hindi na tayo magsisimula
Candidates talagang ito po ang require yung mag dagdag ng ako sa Internal
Forum magpap-unlad sa Disclosure ah, sa gastusin wag Cleansing,
ating bansa. Dito po lahat ng na tayong nagawa ko na
sa loob ng 22 rounds government magdagdag ng ito nung Chief
priority agenda na offices and Bureau na PNP ako,
nagawa po natin, instrumentalities. meron namang tinanong din

bumuo po tayo ng Kahit wala pa nag eexist ako kung
health of the nation. batas. Kasi kahit ngayon na anong
Which is housing, wala pang batas, sapat, epektibo pangunahing
education, pwede akong at mga lokal na problema ng
agriculture, gumawa ng pamahalaang PNP, eh, agad
livelihood, executive order, nakikinabang na sagot ko
transportation utilities para meron nang sa ekonomiya, yung PNP at
and health. Yun po ganun na demand trabaho, ang sagot PNP
ang priority natin from all hanapbuhay at rin. So
palagi at uh hindi government negosyo sa nireporma ko
lamang po yan yung offices –ang lugar na yun. yung PNP
uh, sustainable pinapasok Kung baga, nawala yung
livelihood rin po, kailangan wag na nating kotong culture
importante yan. Dahil isapubliko natin– let’s not fix at, ah, mula
sa bawat pamilya even with the out what is not baba
kailangan ito para lead of request.” destroyed. hanggang taas
may makain sila sa Hindi naman nawala din

“Ang approach
araw-araw.” sira kailangan yung
talaga natin i-
pa ba nating corruption.
“Alam niyo po, modernized at
ayusin.In Fact, Ganun din ang
strikto po ako suportahan ang
it’s other way i-apply, scale
pagdating sa agricultural sector
around, up lang natin
pamumuno. para bumaba ang
national na national
Maglagay po tayo ng gastusin nila sa
government government,
tao sa bawat ahensiya pagsasaka. Kaya
should support internal
ng ating gobyerno na hindi tayo
uh nakakapag- local cleansing…”
mapagkakatiwalaan, compete kasi government in
honest at tapat sa napakataas ng that area”
pagse-serbisyo at may ating cost of prod

“That is why
kakayahan.” —kapag nagawa
kung maalala
natin ito tataas ang
ninyo,
kita nila, mae-
palalakasin ko
enganyo sila
yung navy
magsaka at
(ohhh) naalala
magiging sapat
niyo yun para
ang pagkain na
sa WPS o (ah)
po-produce sa
para sa ating
Pilipinas.”
(ah) mga
mangingisda,
same thing
para sa mga
smuggler at
nagpapasok ng
droga kasi it
seems na
nawawala nga
production ng
dorga dito pero
bulto-bulto
dumadating
dito. So there
must be a
problem in our
entry or port of
entry.”
8. Incomplete answer
Table 36. Summary of the speakers’ replies that are Incomplete answer drawn from the Interviews
Interview Sample of the speakers’ replies that are Incomplete answer Per Candidate Total
and Total Occurrences
The 2022 Presidential Manny Pacquiao - 11
one-on-one interview “Delikado po talaga yan kaya kailangan talaga nang pag-supervise ng
with Boy Abunda ating gobyerno na uh tignan mabuti, ito ba’y dapat may Open Pit Mining
dito? Kasi kung crowded area na yan parang…”
Leni Robredo -
Yes. Actually ‘yung trabaho both short and long term. Pero ‘yung ngayon,
‘yung mga hindi nakakapasok, hindi nakakapasok kasi nagkasakit. Hindi
nakakapasok kasi ah nagsara yung opisina…
What we have done in Manila is to really confront CoVid-19 and prepare

for any worst scenario.
That is inequality, that is grave injustice lalo na sa mahirap.
Presidential “Unang-una ang problema natin ay minsan matigas rin ang ulo natin at
Interview hindi tayo uh sumusunod sa batas. At ang solusyon dito ay sumunod tayo
sa kinauukulan, sa ating gobyerno at magtulungan tayo at magkaisa. Ang
kailangan dito ay uh nag-uusap, nagkakaisa para resolbahin ang anumanh
problema ng ating bansa…”
Panfilo Lacson -
“Pag nawala o nabawasan ng malaki ang katiwalian sa gobyerno, aasenso
yung ating mga mahihirap, ano. Alam mo yung equitable distribution ng
ah-ng …wealth, ng resources ng country…”
The KBP Leni Robredo - 2
Presidential “Hindi na talaga tayo pwedeng magbulag-bulagan sa salot ng fake news at

Candidates Forum trolly na laganap sa social media, kailangan tayo magkaisa at tumindig
laban sa organisado at malawakang– “
9. Repeats answer to previous question

Table 37. Summary of the speakers’ replies that Repeats answer to previous question drawn from the Interviews
Interview Sample of the speakers’ replies that Repeats answer to previous question Total
Per Candidate and Total Occurrences
Presidential one- “Yung counseling kasi uh Boy, hindi lamang sa word of God. Yung isha-
on-one interview share mo at ipapakita mo na ito pa yung kinabukasan mo na haharapin, ito
with Boy Abunda yung kinabukasan nitong uhm bata baka iyang bata pa nga na ipapanganak
mo ay yan pa nga ang isa sa mga magiging inspirasyon sa lahat ng mga tao
pagdating ng panahon.”
Leni Robredo -
‘Yung sa’kin, hindi control pero ginagawa mo silang accountable na dapat
sila ay sinisiguro nila na yung mga lalabas sa kanilang social media
platform ay ang makaka-access noon ‘yung mga tao na tama na yung mga
mental saka psychological.”
“Yung normal na tayo, yung ganyan ganyan na lang na kahit (uhm) pag
ubo, nilalagnat ka gusto mo mag isolate, mag isolate ka, gusto mong
magtrabaho , magtrabaho ka yun…. “
“Hindi na kayo aalis. Now, yun ang option– the value of income abroad, the
value of income in the country plus with your family these without your
family and that’s (ha) how you address the social cause of going abroad.”
Panfilo Lacson -
“Again, babalik ako dun sa sinabi ko nung una. Kailangan isang lang ang
standard. Hindi pupwedeng pagmalapit sa administration, medyo malambot.
“Yes, ginawa ko sa PNP yan, Boy. ganyan ang ginawa ko eh, ilan yung
napadismiss ko? 4 months lang nacorrect ko yung PNP”
The Jessica Soho N/A
Presidential -
Interview
Presidential “Babalik ako dun sa pinakabasic na guidelines ko na sinusunod ano,

Candidates Forum paggawa ng policy desisyon o maski anong desisyon. Dapat science-based
at data-driven. Itong pinaka-importante kasi hindi lahat–hindi ito, ah, parang
pwede mong i-apply sa isang kapuluan. May mga areas na baka kailangan
talaga nilang mag-reclaim. Pero again, dapat naka-base ito sa siyensya at
saka sa mga datos, kailangan ba talaga, at ito ba’y makakasama sa
environment. Sa ibang lugar naman talaga hindi po pwede so napaka-basic
ang aking panuntunan. Science-based and data-driven, yun lang po. At
consultation pati, kasama sa data-driven yung makipag-konsulto ka sa mga
maaapektuhan na mga taga-roon sa lugar ng mga, ah, magkakaron ng
reclamation projects. Salamat.”

10. States or implies that the question has already been answered
Table 38. Summary of the speakers’ replies that States or implies that the question has already been answered
Interview Sample of the speakers’ replies that States or implies that the question has Total
already been answered Per Candidate and Total Occurrences
The 2022 Leni Robredo - 4
Presidential one- Ito nga, Boy, ito ‘yung first part ng sagot, di ba, kasi ito yung mas long term
on-one interview eh, gagawan mo talaga ng programa. Pero ‘yung retraining, skills training,
with Boy Abunda pwede na natin ‘yun gawin ngayon. Pero ‘yung pangatlo, sa Naga meron na
kaming sinimulan na migrant resource office. Ito, ang attempt nito ay
mabawasan ‘yung social cost. Ahm, meaning to say, ahm, merong, merong
pagkakataon na binibigay sa mga families na naiiwan, na pinapaintindi sa
kanila anong klase ng trabaho, ‘yung anytime na gusto nilang ma-contact
‘yung kanilang mga pamilya, ‘yung perang ipapadala sa kanila merong mga
financial literacy uhm, program. So, ano siya, buong programa.
And that’s why yung mga kaninang sagot ko sayo, we need to encourage
foreign direct investments and for us to be competitive we have to cut some
corners in term of laws to generate and attract– kailangan natin talaga eh–
kailangan nating ibalik yung– yung sigla ng pagpupuhunan sa bansa ng
banyaga…
Panfilo Lacson -
And that’s why yung mga kaninang sagot ko sayo, we need to encourage
foreign direct investments and for us to be competitive we have to cut some
corners in term of laws to generate and attract– kailangan natin talaga eh–
kailangan nating ibalik yung– yung sigla ng pagpupuhunan sa bansa ng
banyaga…
Presidential “Wala pong katotohanan yan, nagba-base lang po sila sa socila media po
Interview pero kumpleto naman po tayo ng mga papeles diyan. At uh hintayin na lang
po natin yung uh magiging resulta ng desisyon ng ating gobyerno, ng ating
korte at mga abogado ko na po ang nag-aasikaso niyan. Yan po ay tapos na,
nung araw pa, nagkaroon naman ng favor sa akin at dahil kumpleto naman
ako sa lahat ng mga papeles…”
Leni Robredo -
“Ako sinabi ko na kanina, Jessica, na ‘yung sa’kin ‘yung transparency
‘yung number one. Transparency, accountability, and people empowerment.
Pero ‘yung transparency, ‘yung una kong gagawin ay ‘yung Full Disclosure
Policy.”
“Katulad ng nabanggit ko sa tanong mo kanina (ah) kasi baka
nakakalimutan natin na for the past forty years, ang magkaaway lang ay
dalawang pamilya sa pulitika. Yung mga partido lang nila– and where are
we now as a country? Where are we– naasan na tayo bilang mga tao, ganon
pa rin, same kwento.”
Presidential “ Ito tama yung sinasabi niyo kaya nga sinasabi ko kanina na dapat talaga
Candidates Forum meron na tayong mga tertiary hospitals atleast, ah, per region and per
province. Para yung mga nagkakasakit na kailangan talaga ng health care na
maayos hindi na sila kailangan pumunta sa Manila. Ito yung may
kakayahang pumunta sa Maynila, pero ito, ah, pag walang kakayahan
pumunta sa Manila ito yung nangyayari, namamatay na lang.”
11. Apologies - N/A
Generally, interviewees are not able to shift from one topic to another. However,
there are instances where interviewees can challenge the normative question-and-
answer format of the interview in order to control the discourse. One way to
accomplish this is to talk about something else prior to answering an interviewer's
question. Greatbatch (1986:443) calls this practice "pre-answer agenda shifting"
Another practice, called "post-answer agenda shifts" (Greatbatch 1986:443), allows
interviewees to change the topic after answering an interviewer’s question.
In Table 28 which summarizes the direct answer to the questions that were posed
to the interviewees: from the three interviews that were coded and analyzed, it clearly
shows that most of the questions that were asked were directly answered by the
politicians. This result of the study provides an empirical evidence in oppose of the
popular view that politicians do not reply to a large proportion of questions in political
interviews. This study shows that politicians in the 20th century in the Philippines have
mastered the art of capturing the hearts of the Filipino voters or the general public in
all-out, by boldly answering each and if possibly all the questions throw at them
without damaging their self-face or the party they are representing.
Moreover, interviewees can also control the topic of their talk by ignoring the
focus
that has been established by a previous question, meaning they do not produce an
answer büt talk about something else (Greatbatch 1986). Generally, instances where
interviewees take a turn that is not a response to interviewers' questions represent a
violation of the normative question-and-answer sequence of interviews (Haworth
2006).
Table 35 shows the summary of the assessed responses in which the interviewees
answers were totally unrelated to the questions asked, rather they make a political
point to avoid answering the question. In certain circumstances it may be perfectly
reasonable for a politician not to reply to a question (for example, if the question is ill-
informed, unreasonable, or based on a false or highly contentious presupposition), Bull
and Mayer called this as “non-replies” (either only a part or none of the information is
given). The coding system consists of 12 categories of non-reply. Making a political
point (table 35) is the way the interviewees indirectly answered the questions followed
by acknowledging the questions without actually answering them (table 30). Declining
an answer occurred only once in the The Jessica Soho Presidential Interview by
Presidential candidate Manny Pacquioa.
Greatbatch (1986b) has also studied how, in the event of a prior question not
having been answered, interviewers may use supplementary questions to pursue
information that an interviewee has declined to produce. In addition, supplementary
questions may be used to probe or counter the statements made by an interviewee.
There has also been considerable debate on the reasons for equivocation.
Bavelas, Black, Bryson, and Mullett (1988) and Bavelas, Black, Chovil, and Mullett
(1990) argue that politicians are frequently placed in what they call avoidance-
avoidance conflicts, where all of the possible replies to a question may have negative
consequences, but nevertheless a reply is still expected. For example, these researchers
point out that there are many controversial issues on which there is a divided
electorate: Hence politicians often seek to avoid direct replies supporting or criticising
either position, which would offend a substantial number of voters.
The 2022 Presidential one-on-one interview with Boy Abunda and The KBP
Presidential Candidates Forum are unequivocal in terms of content and a direct answer
to the questions on the context dimension. However, the The Jessica Soho Presidential
Interview is unequivocal in terms of content but equivocal in terms of answering the
questions on the context dimension.

3. Subject of Enquiry/Response
1. What is the main content of the question?
1. Knowledge, or lack of knowledge of a certain topic or a fact

Table 39. Summary of the main content asked by the interviewer/s drawn from the Interviews
Interview Sample of the main content asked by the interviewer/s Per Candidate and Total
Total Occurrences
The 2022 No data
Presidential one-
on-one interview
with Boy Abunda
Presidential “Anong tingin ninyo sa mga drug addict?...”

Interview “Ano kaya ang solusyon sa illegal drugs?...”
“Binggit niyo na may kumikita ng one hundred fifty million a month sa
pagpapatakbo ng mga illegal sidewalk vendors sa Maynila at sinabi niyo

pa na may nagtangkang suhulan kayo. Sa ngayon may mga lugar na
pinayagan ng muli ng city hall ang mga sidewalk vendor; katulad ng ilang
bahagi ng Divisoria, Quiapo at iba pang mga lugar Maynila at meron pong
nakakapuslit na illegal sidewalk vendors doon aah, ang ibig sabihin ho ba
nito eh, nagkakabaran po ulit? Alam niyo ho ba ito?”
Panfilo Lacson -
“Are you honest? Kung magsabi ka ng ‘yes’ sasagutin kita next program.
May ipakita ako. “ yun ho ang sabi ni Pres. Duterte. Alam niyo ho ba kung
ano ang pinatutungkulan ng Pangulo at ano ang sagot niyo dun sa kanyang
tanong na, Are you honest?” / KNOWLEDGE OF A CERTAIN TOPIC
Presidential “Oh Sir eto po, ika-kambiyo ko lang ng kaunti. Nung nakaraang taon,
Candidates Forum namimigay kayo ng pera at uh sabi nga ninyo, ayuda yan hindi pa yan
illegal dahil hindi pa naman campaign period. Pero hindi ho ba itong mga
binibigay niyong ayuda ay hindi naman yan dumadaan sa programa yan po
ay nakapila lamang. So, what makes it different from vote buying na
illegal?”
2. Human affairs/significant others

Table 40 Summary of the main content asked by the interviewer/s drawn from the Interviews
Interview Sample Summary of the main content asked by the interviewer/s Per Total
The 2022 No data
Presidential one-
on-one interview
with Boy Abunda
Presidential “May pagkakaiba ba ang pamimigay ninyo ng pera sa pinupuna ninyong

Interview ginagawa ng inyong kalaban?...”
“Ano ang sagot ninyo sa mga paratang na kulang ang binayad ninyong
buwis?...”
“Ano ang reaksyon ninyo sa mga nagsasabing baka kulang pa kayo sa
karunungan, karanasan at kakayahan para sa pinakamataas na posisyon sa
gobyerno?...”
Leni Robredo -
“At this point po ba impossible nang magkaroon pa ng unification among all
the other candidates?”/HUMAN RELATIONSHIP
“From the numbers or the ratings sa survey, makikita na kapag nagsama-
sama kayong ibang presidential aspirant, mas may laban kontra sa
nangunguna. Sa inyo pong palagay sa puntong ito, posible pa ang unification
among Lacson, Pacquiao, Robredo and yourself?” / HUMAN

RELATIONSHIP
Panfilo Lacson -
“Sinabi niyo sa twitter na “Unification could have succeeded if it was the
ultimate objective. It failed because it was a scheme.” Quote po yun sa inyo,
sinabi niyo rin na walang meeting of minds. Pakilinaw niyo nga ho ito kung
bakit sa inyong palagay ay hindi nagkaisa sina VP Robredo, Sen. Pacquiao,
Mayor Isko Moreno at kayo po.” / HUMAN AFFAIRS RELATIONSHIP
Presidential
“...What about you iba-ban niyo ba yung mga cabinet members
Candidates Forum
at ending the senate investigation if ever kayo maging
presidente?”
“...So how do you reconcile you're going into hiding with you're
being a Senator and a former Law Enforcer. Isang taon po halos
yun.”
3. Political and social institutions

Table 41 Summary of the main content asked by the interviewer/s drawn from the Interviews
Interview Sample Summary of the main content asked by the interviewer/s Per Total
The 2022 No data
Presidential one-
on-one interview
with Boy Abunda
Presidential “Ano ang masasabi ninyo sa pahayag ng COMELEC na mali ang

Interview pamimigay ng pera?...”
“Question number 1: Panghuli ang Pilipinas sa 53 o limampu’t tatlong mga
bansa sa COVID-19 resilience ranking ng Bloomberg News Agency mula
September to November 2021 dahil daw po ito sa mabagal na COVID
response at vaccination. Sabi naman ng Malacañang, kulang sa context ang
pag-aaral ng Bloomberg at kamakailan ay umakyat na ang Pilipinas sa 50th
place. Ano po sa palagay nyo ang magandang ginawa ng adminsitrasyon sa
pandemyang ito na gusto mong ipagpatuloy at ano naman ang gusto mong
itama o ituwid?...”
Leni Robredo -
“pero ngayon hindi po ba para hong inabandona ninyo ang Liberal Party
when you declared yourself as an independent candidate sa pagtakbo sa
Mayo?”/VIEWS
“Paano niyo sinisigurong lehitimo ang inyong mga donor?”/OPINION

“ibat-ibang panig ng ating bansa, ang tanong sainyo, paano naman ang mga
taga-Maynila lalo’t ngayon meron pa rin ho tayong pandemya, hindi niyo ho
ba sila napapabayan?” /HUMAN RELATIONSHIP.
Panfilo Lacson -
“ano ba ang inyong paninindigan tungkol kay Pangulong Duterte at sa
kanyang administrasyon. Maituturing po ba kayong parte ng opposition?” /
IDEAS WITHUN POLITICAL PARTY
Presidential "Anong posisyon niyo sa Anti-turncoatism Bill sa pagre-reporma ng

Candidates Forum political parties, ah, at lahat po yan na gustong gawin, na matagal na, pero di
napaandar kahit nung panahon ng liberal party?"
"Hindi po pa gawain yung local government para magkaroon ng
consultation at dalin pataas?"
4. Political Process
Total Occurrences
The 2022 No data
Presidential one-
on-one interview
with Boy Abunda
Presidential “Ano ang inyong diagnosis o sa tingin ninyo ay sakit nating nga pilipino at
Interview ng ating bansa at ano naman po sa inyong palagay ang gamot dito o
prognosis for recovery?...”
Leni Robredo -
“Napaka-polarized ng ating lipunan. Hati-hati, hindi magkaisa, noon
hanggang ngayon. Paano ho kaya ‘yun pag kayo ang nanalong Pangulo.
Paano niyo pagiisahin ang Pilipinas? Paano niyo pagbubuklurin ang mga
Pilipino kahit pa ‘yung mga hindi sumuporta sa inyo? ‘Yung mga pro-
Marcos?”/DESICION MAKING
“Noong twenty-thirteen iniwan niyo po si Mayor Lim, ang kinampihan niyo
naman si (ah) Mayor Erap Estrada at nanalo rin po kayong vice mayor niya
pero noong twenty-nineteen, iniwan niyo si Erap at kinalaban niyo si Erap at
kayo ang naging mayor. So kung ang pagbabasehan daw po ay ito– itong
track record niyo na ito, nasaan daw po ang inyong loyalty?” /

INVOLVING PROCEDURES OF DECISION -MAKINGAND
COURSE OF ACTION IN THE GOVERNMENT.
Panfilo Lacson -
“ The same law that you have vowed to defend and uphold. You also made a
mockery of. Anong masasabi niyo ho doon?” / BUREAUCRACY
Presidential “Dahil nga po sa pandemiya, lumubo na po sa 11 trillion pesos ang utang

Candidates Forum natin sa loob at sa labas ng bansa. Milyon-milyon na rin po ang walang
trabaho, mahirap na pong mangutang parang kalulitan namang magtaas ng
buwis. Maganda po ang mga plano niyo pero kung hindi po pwedeng
mangutang, hindi pwedeng magtaas nang buwis.aan po pupulutin ng inyong
gobyerno. Saan po pupulutin ang pera para ma-pondohan ang lahat ng plano
niyo?”
Leni Robredo -
“Ah, so it was the time ah, that the LP had more than half of congress in its
ano, in its ranks, so what could make it different now? How can you push
transparency, Full Disclosure, FOI, all these bills that are close to your heart,
pero...di naman nat–di naman napapasa sa kongreso, what could make it
different now?”
5. Political commitment
Total Occurrences
The 2022 No data
Presidential one-
on-one interview
with Boy Abunda
Presidential “Handa na ho ba kayong maging lider ng ating bansa? …”

Interview “Ano ang mga pangakong tinitiyak mong 100% na hindi mapapako?...”
Panfilo Lacson -
“Nasangkot po kayo sa ibat-ibang mga kaso katulad ng Dacer-Corbito
double murder case at Kuratong-Baleleng. Pero in-fairness po sa inyo yung
mga nag-accuse sa inyo nag-recant at nabusara ang mga kaso kalaunan.
Deretsahang tanong lang po, can you look people in the eye, at masasabi
niyo ho bang wala kayong nilabag na batas at karapatang pantao?” /
PUBLIC OBLIGATION
Presidential “Senator Manny, balikan po yung isang interview nung 2021. Ang sabi po
Candidates Forum ninyo, “housing for 1.9 million informal settlers”. Wala po kayong specifics
pero sinabi niyo po last year. Ang tanong ko po sa inyo, san niyo po
kukunin yung pera? Kasi po madali pong ipangako ang paggastos pero
mahirap hanapin ang panggastos.”
6. Issues
Total Occurrences
The 2022 No data
Presidential one-
on-one interview
with Boy Abunda
Presidential “Isa sa mga pinaka-controbersyal niyong pahayag nung sinabi niyo na ‘mas
Interview masahol pa sa hayop ang nakikipag-relasyon sa kapwa nila kasarian’. Nag-
sorry na ho kayo pero nauungkat pa rin ito, nagsisisi ho ba kayo na nasabi
niyo yun? At nagbago na ba inyong pananaw tungkol sa LGBT? Ano po ba
ang sabi ng bibliya tungkol dito?...” LGBTQ
Leni Robredo -
“Sa kasaysayan wala pa pong independent candidate na nanalo for President.
Sa tingin po ninyo mababago po ninyo ito?”/INDEPENDENT
CANDIDACY
“Ikaw lang ang wala sa posisyong nasyonal kundi lokal na posisyon ang
iyong hawak at nasabi mong kaya ka tumatakbo sa pagkapangulo ay gusto
mong ulitin yung ginawa mo sa Maynila– sa buong Pilipinas pero sa totoo
lang, yorme? Sapat na ba iyong karanasan? Hinog ka na ba para sa
pinakamataas na pwesto sa gobyerno o baka naman daw. hinog lang sa
pilit?”/ VIEWS ON POLICY ISSUES
Panfilo Lacson -
“Sa isang tweet nung September 2019, sinabi niyo na “Martial law declared
for many good reasons. I saw it firsthand during the first 6 months, at least
from the peace and order perspective. Everything that followed was wrong.
Greed and abuse took over. Ang tanong ho sa inyo ngayon, may ginawa ho
ba kayo para mapigilan ang mga mali at pang-aabuso?” / MARTIAL LAW
Presidential "Ah, ang sabi ng Pangulong Duterte, in due time, ay ah devulb niya yung
Candidates Forum mga Presidential Candidates na sangkot sa corruption, no less than the PNP
Chief, General Carlos says, declared na they are investigating itong mga
Presidential Aspirants ano, background check. What's your take on that
Madam?" /CORRUPTION
"Satisfied ho ba kayo that justice has been served sa PDAF? Ready na po ba
kayo mag-move on sa PDAF?" /PDAF

Table 39- 44
2. What is the main content of the response about?
1. Knowledge, or lack of knowledge of a certain topic or a fact

Table 45. Summary of the main content of interviewees responses drawn from the Interviews
The 2022
Presidential one-
on-one interview
with Boy Abunda
The Jessica Soho Manny Pacquiao -

Presidential “Pagdating po ng panahon ay kailangan kontrolin natin ang lahat ng mga
Interview iyan. Malaya ang mga tao na gumamit ng social media, facebook, like that.
Pero kailangan huwag naman abusuhin na gagamitin para gumawa ng trolls,
and everything. And then also, yung palakasin din natin yung internet signal
dito sa ating bansa at mayroon na rin tayong kinakausap na makakatulong sa
pagpapalakas ng koneksyob ng internet signal dito sa ating bansa at
magpapalawak pa…” / LACK OF KNOWLEDGE
Panfilo Lacson -
“ I dared him. Sinabi ko sa knaya nun, ilabas niya kung mayron. At ako I’m
honest ano, alam ko yung sarili ko. Dapat-napakatagal ng panahon nag-a
nag-a silbi ako sa gobyerno. I know myself ano, “
The KBP Manny Pacquiao -

Presidential “Ano po yung pamimigay ko ng pera mula pa po yan noong 2002 pa. At uh
Candidates Forum hanggang ngayon.”
“Hindi po. Ah, wala pa pong eleksyon, hindi pa po ako uh under sa batas at
uh kaya po sinasamantala ko habang wala pa. Ngayon, panahon na ng
magka-campaign period na ay tigil na po yung pamimigay natin. At susunod
po tayo sa kautusan ng COMELEC at ng uh ating gobyerno. Hindi po ako
uh lumalabag sa batas.”
“Four, health– is a dismal state– is in a dismal state as it is shown by
problems we encounter by the pandemic, even if we move forward and treat
CoVid as an endemic.:”
2. Human affairs/significant others

The 2022
Presidential one-
on-one interview
with Boy Abunda

Presidential “Unang-una po ay ipaglaban natin yung karapatan natin, hindi naman tayo
Interview pwede na magpa-bully kailangan din pag-usapan kung ano yung mga
problema kasi hindi po nare-resolba ang problem sa isa o dalawang pag-
uusap lalong lalo na pagdating sa usaping ito ng West Philippine Sea. At
kailangan maraming dialogues, maraming pag-uusap para magkaintindihan
kasi matagal na yang problema na yan eh at hindi natib mareso-resolba kasi
wala pong pag-uusap…” / HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Leni Robredo -
“Kung katapangan lang naman yung pag-uusapan, Jessica, in many stages of
my life, pinakita ko ito. Nawalan ako ng asawa, lumaban ako. Ah noong
kumandidato ako bilang congresswoman, kalaban ko isa sa pinakamatinding
political dynasties sa lugar namin pero lumaban ako. Ah noong lumaban ako
bilang Vice President, baguhan ako, kalaban ko lahat uhm senador na
nakaupo, lahat lalaki, ako lang yung babae pero nagtagumpay ako.” /
EVALUATION OF THEIR ABILITY
“I’ve been working in the government for twenty-three years, half of my life
is dedicated to public service atsaka binuno ko yun. In fact (ah) (uhm)
ma’am nung araw nga hindi ako nakapag aral, totoo naman dala ng
kahirapan pero pinunan ko pa rin yung kakulangan ko and I’ve been– I’ve
worked with the national government as a being undersecretary of
DSWD.” / EVALUATION OF THEIR ACTIVITIES
Panfilo Lacson -
“Ako, I’ve always been consistent ano, ang tama ay ipaglaban: ang mali ay
labanan ano. Krinicriticize ko si Pangulong Duterte maski nung una pa,
nung nag-chair ako ng committee on public order and illegal drugs
nagkricritisize ako.in fact I called him out several times…” / HUMAN
RELATIONSHIP
The KBP Leni Robredo -

Presidential “So kai–ang simbaka nito napakaimportante, napakaimportante nito kasi
Candidates Forum yung pagdesisyon talaga galing sa baba. Hindi siya trickle down. Lagi
tayong bottom-up kasi palagay natin yung mga best policies, ang kasama,
kabahagi sa pag-discuss nito yung mga stake holders mismo. So while
mahalaga ang boses nila yung proseso yung magsasabi kung hanggang saan
yung konsultasyon para hindi naman mabinbin yung mga programa ng
pamahalaan.”
“Noong pumasok ako sa Maynila, walang kapera-pera halos, zero literally

pero through good governance, through effective, efficiency governance
nakaahon kami tapos may pandemaya, lahat ng pinangako naming imposible
sa mga taga-Maynila nangyari– yung sampung taong pangako– nangyari sa
dalawang taon na sa loob pa ng pandemya. So, hindi siya imposible bombo
Elmar atsaka ang pangungutang kailangan binabayaran. Importanteng
nagbabayad tayo ng utang.”
3. Political and social institutions

The 2022
Presidential one-
on-one interview
with Boy Abunda

Presidential “Alam niyo po ito ang pinaka-unang batas na naipasa natin ito ay iyong
Interview ‘Handbook for OFW’ dahil importante po sila na protektahan natin at
pangalagaan natin dahil malaki po ang naiambag nila sa ating bayan. At
higit sa lahat yung handbook po na iyan ay kailangan lang na ma-implement
dahil magkakaroon po sila ng tinatawag natin na pwedeng kontakin kapag
magkaroon sila ng problema hindi lamang isa o dalawa kung hindi

marami…” / IDEAS WITHIN POLITICAL PARTIES
Leni Robredo -
“Hindi ako umalis ng Liberal Party Jessica, Hindi ako umalis ng Liberal
party pero- kaya ako nagkandidato as independent kasi gusto namin hindi
ilimita sa partido namin yung makakasama sa labang ito.”/WITHIN OR
BETWEEN POLITICAL PARTY
“Pinupuri natin yung mabuti. Yung maganda ginagaya, dinadala sa
kasalukuyan para sa kinabukasan. Yung mali hindi natin kakalimutan, so we
will not do the same mistake in the future. That’s why I want to move on,
we will make those people liable, who committed corruption, crimes or
even violation of human rights. Ang may kasalanan papanagutin pero we
must move forward, we must work together, build together for a better
future.” / IDEAS WITHIN POLITICAL PARTIES

Presidential “Uhm, hindi po ako tutol diyan sa Reclamation. Per case lang po, kailangan
Candidates Forum magkaroon ng assessments, tanungin natin yung LGU, kung gusto nila o
hindi at kailangan hindi naman masira ang ating kalikasan dahil ang
kalikasan bahagi po ng ating buhay. At magkakaroon po tayo ng
consultation sa ating local para sila po ang nakakaalam sa kanilang lugar
kaya yun po ang magiging bases natin bago mag-reclaim. Sa isang lugar,
ang tao ang tatanungin kung gusto nila o kung makatulong sa kanila o hindi.
Meron naman po tayong agency diyan, to assess para suriing mabuti kung
ang lugar ay dapat ba i-reclaim o hindi.”
Leni Robredo -
“Hindi na talaga tayo pwedeng magbulag-bulagan sa salot ng fake news at
trolly na laganap sa social media, kailangan tayo magkaisa at tumindig
laban sa organisado at malawakang– “
“ (Ahh) unang-una pagka sila pumasok dito may mga bagay na pwede
tayong kopyahin nakapag nag invest ang foreigner dito, bibigyan natin sila
ng particular (uhm) prescribed time to sustain their investment but what
matter most to me; pag nag invest ang mga banyaga dito sa ating bansa may
maibigay tayong trabaho kasi ang importante ngayon– pandemya.”
4. Political Process
The 2022
Presidential one-
on-one interview
with Boy Abunda

Presidential “Alam niyo po pag-start nitong virus na to na lumaganap dito sa ating bansa
Interview ang sinasabi ko na po noon ay mass vaccination para hindi po tayo mag-
lockdown nang mag-lockdown. At dahil po sa lockdown maraming
businesses ang nagsarado at maraming nawalan ng trabaho, pero from the
beginning kung ang focus natin ay to vaccinate the filipino people hindi tayo
magkakaroon ng lockdown nang lockdown at mag-resulta na magsara ang
businesses at mawalan ng trabaho ang mga kababayan natin. Ngayon
marami ang nagugutom at masasabi ko na talagang uh yun po ang
pagkakamali nila na dapat ang pondo nila ay inalot ng pag-procure sa
vaccine…” / COURSE OF ACTION IN THE GOVERNMENT
Leni Robredo -
“Mas mahirap ngayon na nakapag-file na kami kasi invested na ‘yung lahat.
Marami nang supporters na invested pero hindi imposible.”/WITHIN OR
BETWEEN POLITICAL PARTIES
“Hindi ‘yun ‘yung primary motivation pero that is one of the factors that
helped me decide ,uhm, to run, pero ito kasi naaalala naman natin merong
1Sambayan, merong isang multi-sectoral na pagkakaisa ng mga iba’t ibang
grupo na ito sumailalim tayo sa proseso and ‘yung commitment ko doon na
kung ako ‘yung napili ay kakandidato ako.”/DECISION MAKING

Panfilo Lacson -
“Nakasigurado na po yun, nakagarantya na dun sa batas mismo. Katakot
takot po ang safeguards niyan sa anti-terror law. Nilamon lang kami, nilunod
lang kami ng black propaganda nung mga kontra dito.” /DECISION
MAKING

Presidential “Ito ang aking mga plataporma, stop corruption, employment, healthcare,
Candidates Forum internet signal improvement, at renewable energy development. Ang limang
priyoridad ko 22 rounds agenda, mula sa 22 agenda na ito ay nabuo po ang
“Health of the Nation”. Unang-una po diyan is housing, kasi naranasan ko
po ang matulog sa kalye, naranasan ko po na walang tahanan, at kaya naman
po yang pagbibigay natin ng pabahay mula pa po nung 2002. Pangalawa po
ay yung uh tinatawag po natin na uh education, kailangan po na uh
palakasain natin yung education, suportahan natin ang mga kabataan at yung
uh ALS. ngalawa po yung agriculture, palakasin po natin yung agrikultura,
yung mga farmers po natin kailangan po natin suportahan at uh hindi po tayo
kailangan mag-import nang mag-import ng bigas at pinapatay po natin ang
ating mga farmers. Kailangan po nang transportation ng ating bansa
especially sa Metro Manila, improve po natin pati yung mga utilities,
technology, yung uh internet signal natin mahinang-mahina kaya po
kailangan na lumakas ang internet signal dito sa ating bansa.”
Leni Robredo -
“Ako, ang pinakauna uhm, i-require yung Disclosure ah, sa lahat ng
government offices and instrumentalities. Kahit wala pa batas. Kasi kahit
wala pang batas, pwede akong gumawa ng executive order, para meron nang
ganun na demand from all government offices –ang pinapasok kailangan
isapubliko natin–even with the out lead of request.”
“Kahit na kapartido mo pa yan, kapag talipandas yan, kapag yan ay walang
hiya o kaya iyan ay nag aabuso o kaya wala na sa direksyon ang pag
serbisyo sa tao yung partidong kinabibilangan– (eh) bakit ka naman
magiging tapat don, bat ka naman mananatili don. What matter most to me is
taong bayan, mamamayan. At the end of the day this is public office, we do
public office at ang tao ang dapat makikinabang– mamamayan ang dapat
makikinabang sa mga polisiya at programa na iyong gagawin”
5. Political commitment
The 2022
Presidential one-
on-one interview
with Boy Abunda


Presidential “...Yan po ang kadahilanan kung bakit tayo tumakbo bilang Pangulo ng
Interview Pilipinas dahil ang dami pong nangangako sa tuwing eleksyon. At
dumadami po ang naghihirap na pilipino kaya ang sinasabi ko sa kanila ay
ipapakulong ko ang lahat ng mga kawayan at magbibigay ng trabaho at
libreng pabahay sa ating milyon-milyong pilipino. At aayusin po natin yung
ekonomiya natin, palakasin po natin yung ekonomiya po natin.”
“Nag focus kami on how to save lives as many as possible, as soon as
possible kaya kung bakit– kung makikita ninyo ang Maynila ang takbuhan
ng mga gamot, bakuna atsaka mga testing kits or swab testing because we’ve
been preparing for this. Gusto namin laging ahead of whatever (ah) yung
mga hindi natin inaasahan na paglago ng CoVid nineteen which so far sa
awa ng Diyos nagagamit kami ngayon ng ating mga kababayan sa Metro
Manila sa ibang bahagi ng probinsya sa– sa– sa central Luzon, sa southern
Luzon.” /PUBLIC OBLIGATION
Panfilo Lacson -
“Hindi! Tapos na yung trabaho ko, Jessica. Ang mandate ko mag-craft ng
comprehensive rehabilitation and recovery plan. Ginawa namin yun in a
record time of six ah six months ano.” / PUBLIC OBLIGATION

Presidential “Palakasin po natin yung PCGG. At uh kailangan ang para sa gobyerno ay sa
Candidates Forum gobyerno, at uh kung yan ang desisyon ng Supreme Court. May desisyon na
may ninakaw ka, ibalik mo. Eh kasi kaya naghihirap ang bansa natin dahil sa
mga magnanakaw diyan sa gobyerno kaya kailangan talaga sugpuin yan. The
only way na magkaroon tayo ng magandang kinabukasan ay kung sugpuin
natin yang korupsyon. Kawawa ang ating mga kababayan, walang
magandang kinabukasan na hinaharap kung nandiyan palagi ang korupsyon.
Kaya nga in my time, pagdating ng panahon, in God-willing lahat ng mga
kawatan sa gobyerno ay magsasama-sana sa kulungan. Hindi ako nagsasalita
in a politician way, nagsasalita ako in a filipino citizen, a simple citizen
katulad ng mga mahihirap na tao.”
Leni Robredo -
““Angat Buhay sa Hanapbuhay.” Ibabalik natin ang ibabalik natin ang tiwala
sa gobyerno. Kapag may kumpiyansa sa sistema ang tao, papasok ang
puhunan, lalago ang negosyo, at dadami ang trabaho.”
““Angat Buhay sa Pagkain.”Pagtutuunan natin pansin ang first 1000 days ng
bawat bata para pigilan ang stunting. Ang goal nito, abot kaya ang
masustansyang pagkain para matugunan ang malnutrisyon.”
“ In the first two years we will build seventeen world class regional hospitals
similar to what we did for Bagong Ospital ng Maynila and PhilHealth will
be better managed by financial experts. Barangay health centers will be
updated, salary as well as security tenure of medical personnel ensured.

Mental health issues will be adequately addressed. Tourism and creative
industry, hardest hit by the pandemic, our solution we have to revived
tourism and our target visitor’s arrival around eight point two million in two-
thousand-nineteen (~) in two-thousand-twenty-one should be sixteen million
tourist by two-thousand-twenty. We also need to focus for creative industry.
Filipinos are talented and creative people and this should be promoted all
over the world”
6. Issues
The 2022
Presidential one-
on-one interview
with Boy Abunda

Presidential “Marami pong salamat at sa ngayon ay nagka-intindihan na po kaming lahat.
Interview At uh iyong paniniwala ko po ay nananatili po yun, ang aking paniniwala sa
Panginoon. At yung uh pagkalinga sa kanila, pagtutulungan sa kanila
nandiyan pa rin po para sa mga LGBTQ at mas marami pong LGBTQ na

sumusuporta sa atin at naniniwala…” / LGBTQ
“Wala pong katotohanan yan, nagba-base lang po sila sa socila media po
pero kumpleto naman po tayo ng mga papeles diyan. At uh hintayin na lang
po natin yung uh magiging resulta ng desisyon ng ating gobyerno, ng ating
korte at mga abogado ko na po ang nag-aasikaso niyan. Yan po ay tapos na,
nung araw pa, nagkaroon naman ng favor sa akin at dahil kumpleto naman
ako sa lahat ng mga papeles…” / TAX ISSUES
Leni Robredo -
“Unang-una, hindi ako kabahagi noon. Pangalawa, uhm noong ginagawa na
nila ‘yun, uh talagang sinabi namin sa kanila ‘yung mga bawal. And in fact,
tiningnan namin ‘yung parang ano ‘to, parang social media account kung
saan ginagawa ‘yung uh fundraising.” /FUNDRAISING
“‘Yung sa’kin, tayong mga hindi naniniwala sa pagbibili ng boto, ano ‘yung
gagawin natin? Sasabihin natin na kahit– kahit kayo tumanggap ay dapat
gamitin niyo pa din ‘yung konsensiya niyo. Pero sa’kin, Jessica, ‘yung
realities on the ground, nangyayari siya eh.”/ VOTE BUYING
“Well, O respect everybody's opinyon their entitled to that but what matter
most to is the result (no) basta tayo- at the end of the day there is a goal and
there must be a result and results matter. Yun ang importante,
kapakinabangan ba ng tao. Napapakinabangan ba ng tao? Nararamdaman ba
ng tao? Yoong mga pagbabago o mga programa, tumatama ba sa
kapakinabangan ng tao. Yun ang mahalaga sakin more than naming things
what a person is doing. It’s about the result, the result matters.” / STANCE
AND VIEWS ON POLICY ISSUES
Panfilo Lacson -
“Meron, kasi—dapat hindi tayo mawalan ng pag-asa. Ako I’m always
inspired by my supporters. Lalo na yung mga under own ano, walang pag-
iimbot, at talagang gumagastos sa sariling pera…” / CAMPAIGN
The KBP Leni Robredo -

Presidential “Yung, yung ekonomiko, should never, should never come at the cause of ,
Candidates Forum of uhm, yung, yung environment saka yung mga social cause. Ah, parating
kino-consider ano ba yung epekto nito sa mga taong kumokontra? ano ba
yung epekto nito sa environment? So para sa'kin, mahalaga talaga yung
mekanismo, yung mekanismo na pinapakinggan yung experts, yung people's
council na from day one, meron nang platform para yung boses nila
napapakinggan.” -RECLAMATION
“Kaya kailangan natin– kung talagang naghahanap tayo ng pambayad ng
utang, kita at trabaho kailangan natin itong ipush through because this is a
new source of income without giving burden s ating mga taxpayers. New
source of possible income for everyone but at the same manner we must
obey follow all regulation with regards to protecting our environment and
environmental effect of this reclamation in their irrespective geography “

Table 45 - 50
4. The Setting of the Interview
1. The nature of the television program in which the interview takes place:
a. The nature of the interview is a nationwide program which was aired on
youtube.
b. The program is a special interview program which is during the national
election campaign period.
c. The viewing rate of the three (3) programs varies: The Boy Abunda Talk
Channel which where the The 2022 Presidential one-on-one Interviews
with Boy Abunda has 1.49 million subscribers; GMA Public Affairs which
where the The Jessica Soho Presidential Interview aired has 18.3 million
subscribers; and the ANC 24/7 which where the Panata sa Bayan: The KBP
Presidential Forum aired has 900 thousand subscribers.
2. The interview’s format:
Out of the three (3) interviews two out of the three have one-on-one interviews
which have a single interviewer and interviewee setting. On the other hand, the
KBP Presidential Forum has questions asked by the interviewers and other
interviewees who are invited to present questions and participate in the
discussion.
3. The broadcast time and the length of the interview:
a. The interviews were broadcasted in the night hours in the country.
b. The 2022 Presidential one-on-one Interviews with Boy Abunda
lasted differently depending on the speaker:
The duration of the interview of Manny Pacquioa and Leni Robredo ran on for
about one hour thirteen minutes and twenty four seconds (1:24:13).
The duration of the interview of Francisco Domagoso ran on for about one
hour twelve minutes and ten seconds (1:12:10).
The duration of the interview of Panfilo Lacson ran on for about one hour nine
minutes and forty five seconds (1:09:45).
The Jessica Soho Presidential Interview lasted for two hours, twenty
five minutes and twenty seconds (2:25:20).
Panata sa Bayan: The KBP Presidential Forum lasted for two hours
forty minutes and seventeen seconds (2:40:17).
4. Who asks the interview’s questions? (What are their social and political
orientations?)
5. Who are the interviewees? (What are their ranks, in government, for example?)
The interviewees or the presidential candidates are all politicians. Out of the
four (4) candidates/interviewees, three of them are national politicians: Vice
President Leni Robredo, Senator Manny Pacquioa, Senator Panfilo Lacson. On
the other hand, the only local politician candidate/interviewee is Mayor Francisco
Domagoso.
6. The Political Culture and Media Organization
a. The interviews were taken in a free democratic society since the Philippines is
a democratic and republican State. Sovereignty resides in the people and all
government authority emanates from them.
b. The media system was organized through televised broadcasting and online
platforms. The media is owned and controlled by private sectors. These major
broadcasting companies have also adapted into online portals. This strategy
was strongly considered due to the growing number of Filipinos who use social
media instead of television in watching the news through snippets or short
video clips.

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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES 1

Language is used as a medium of communication where people used it as a tool to

"Communication is a social activity that needs the cooperation of two or more

share information with one another.

successful conversation, it must include mutually interesting connections between the

speakers or knowledge shared by the speakers. Conversation is a critical political medium.

(CA). According to Schiffrin (1994) “CA is similar to interactional sociolinguistics in that it

Conversation analysis is a method for studying social interaction and talk-in-

examining both individual instances of naturalistic interaction (unscripted, non-elicited, etc.)

the stable practices and underlying normative organizations of interaction. In contrast to

subconscious meanings of narrators or the reflexive intro-sections of researchers. Instead,

conversation analysts understand individuals to be members of a community that shares

interactional competencies. A common understanding among members is that unscripted

their assumed possibility of a shared intersubjectivity.

orientations, and to evaluate the various political alternatives.

interviews. These events always take the form of question-and-answer exchanges.

(Bell, P., & van Leeuwen, T. (1994).

It is critical to analyze broadcast political interviews for a variety of reasons. First, it

interactions between journalists (interviewers) and public officials or experts (interviewees).

participants' motivations for conveying particular ideologies.

Background of the study

Sandova (2010) claims political interviews as a subgenre of political discourse in

political interviews from a variety of linguistic perspectives. As an example, Chilton (2004)

demonstrated how nominalization, agentless passives, and ambiguous antecedent pronouns

culture-specific dispositions for explicating, negotiating, and contextualizing challenges.

Sandova (2010), Political interviews are regarded as a genre whose primary

that a political interview is a dialogical genre in which institutional actors contribute

comments on a particular subject and their conversation is moderated by media experts

politician and the media professional, a relationship of mutual convenience and

maximizing his or her favorable public exposure".

interviewee have a continual discussion on how to achieve these standards. (Blum-Kulka,

1983; as cited in Bramley, 2001).

interviewer's role is to address audience-related questions, 2) the respondent's role in

structured in an argumentative manner. They take the form of question-and-answer. In all

exposed and seen publicly.

which political interviews occur. They defined a political interview as a communicative

demonstrated in Greatbatch's (1986) study, in which he examined the agenda shifting

covert agenda shifting in order to alter the interviewer's proposed agenda.

series of studies he conducted in Japan during 2000, 2010~2011, and 2012~13 (Feldman,

interaction between interviewers and interviewees, their communicative style when

Conversation Analysis is used to analyze questions and responses in televised

political interviews. Conversation Analysis is a method of analyzing talk as a social

phenomenon; it is used to analyze talk-in-interaction, which considers language primarily as

a form of social interaction, as opposed to other methods of analyzing talk. Conversation

by the participants through their conversation.

The paradigm to examine televised political interviews consists of four distinct

designed to decode the information by trained coders.

The four elements are:

1. (1) The Interviewers’ questions;

2. (2) The interviewees’ replies;

3. (3) The questions/replies sequences; and

4. (4) The setting or background to the interviews’ sessions.

and distinguish them from other utterances:

“Questions” are regarded as utterances made by interviewers in order to elicit

In televised political interviews, some questions, usually asked at the beginning of an

work. Such questions should be excluded from analysis.

Hereupon are the four segments that should be coded:

questions asked during televised political interviews.

There are six ways to classify or identify these questions: