Theory of Bending Stress

EAT103 – Applied Mechanics
Dr Nida Naveed
Theory of bending stress
Aims
To understand the theory of bending

stresses and its application.
Theory of bending stress
• A beam is generally a member that carries loads

transverse to its axis.
• Such loads produce bending moments in the beam
which result in bending stresses.
• Bending stresses are direct stresses (normal to the
plane ), i.e. tensile or compressive, and are
calculated using what is commonly known as the
'theory of bending'.
Pure bending
Calculate the reactions and produce a shear force and bending moment
diagram.
2 kN 2 kN
A B
3m 5m 3m
Pure bending
2 2
SFD
2 2
BMD
6 6
Pure bending
• A beam is said to be in a state of pure bending if,

along its length, the bending moment is constant and
the shear force is zero
➢ It can be seen that the

shear force is zero between
the supports and also the
bending moment is
constant between the same
points.
Bending stresses
Neutral axis
• The inner edge is in compression and the outer edge is in tension.
• Hence there will be an intermediate surface (NN) at which the stress is zero.
• This surface of zero stress is known as the neutral surface and it cuts any cross-
section in the neutral axis.
• The neutral axis is half way down the cross-section for homogeneous,
symmetrical sections.
• The neutral axis passes through the centroid if the material is homogeneous.
Bending Theory
• We must remember that
when a beam sags the top
fibres are in compression
and the bottom fibres are
in tension.
• The maximum tensile
stress will equal maximum
compressive stress only if
the section of the beam is
symmetrical about the
neutral axis.
Assumptions: Pure Bending
In developing the formula associated with the theory of bending the following
assumptions are made:
• The material is homogeneous and isotropic, and has the same value for
modulus of elasticity in tension and compression.
• The beam is initially straight and all longitudinal fibres bend into circular
arcs with a common centre of curvature.
• Transverse cross-sections remain plane and perpendicular to the neutral
axis after bending.
• The radius of curvature is large compared with the dimensions of the
cross-section.
• The stress is purely longitudinal.
➢ Isotropic means that physical properties are independent of direction.

➢ Homogeneous means that physical properties are constant throughout the
material.
Bending Theory Equation
• The complete bending theory equation (Flexure Equation) is as follows:
𝑴 𝝈 𝑬
= =
𝑰 𝒚 𝑹
• M = bending moment at section concerned (N m)
• σ = stress (N m–2) at any layer of material, distance y (m) from the neutral
axis. Usually we need to know maximum stress values, in which case: σ =
maximum stress when
• y = maximum distance from neutral axis to extreme edge of section
• (extreme fibre distance)
• E = modulus of elasticity for material of beam (N m-2)
• I = second moment of area of section about neutral axis (m4)
• R = radius of curvature of bent beam (m)
I = second moment of area of section about neutral axis (m4)
• The second moment of area is a geometrical property of a cross-section.
• The second moment of area for a rectangular section of breadth b and
depth d is
𝒃𝒅𝟑
• 𝑰=
𝟏𝟐
R = radius of curvature of bent beam (m)

Example 1
A bending moment of 720 N m is applied to a timber beam of rectangular
section shown below. Assume the top fibres are in compression and
determine:
1. The maximum stress in the beam due to bending
2. The radius of curvature of the beam.
Modulus of elasticity for timber = 10 GN m–2.
Solution
𝑴 𝝈 𝑬
= =
𝑰 𝒚 𝑹
Solution 1
𝑴 𝝈 𝑴 𝒃𝒅𝟑
= 𝝈= 𝒚 𝑰=
𝑰 𝒚 𝑰 𝟏𝟐
I = (50 x 1503)/12 = 14,062,500 mm4 or 1.4 x 10-5 m4

Y = 75 mm or 0.075 m
M= 720 Nm
𝝈 = (720) x (0.075)/ (1.4 x 10-5 ) = 3.84 x 106 N/m2
𝝈 = 3.84 x 106 N/m2

Solution 1
2. The radius of curvature of the beam
𝑴 𝑬 𝑰
𝑰
=
𝑹
𝑅= 𝑬
𝑴
E (Modulus of elasticity for timber) = 10 GN m–2 or 10 x 109 N m–2

I = 1.4 x 10-5 m4
M= 720 Nm
𝑅 = (1.4 x 10-5 ) x (10 x 109 ) / 720
R = 194.5 m
Example 2
• A beam of rectangular section is shown below. The beam is simply
supported at its ends and carries a load of 35kN at mid-span. Calculate
the Maximum Bending Stress in the beam. Dimensions are in millimetres.
Solution 2
R1 + R2 = 35kN
Bending moment @ A = 0
Therefore (35kN X 0.8m) – (1.6 X R2) = 0
1.6R2 = 28
R2 = 17.5kN and R1 = 17.5kN
Bending moment @ B = (R2 X 0.8) = 17.5kN X 0.8 = 14kNm
So M = 14,000 Nm.
I = bd3/12 = (0.075x0.053)/12 = 7.81x10-7 m4

y = 0.025 m
Stress (σ) = My/I = (14,000 X 0.025)/7.81x10-7 = 448,143,405Pa = 448MPa

Example 3
A bending moment of 698 N m is applied to a timber beam of rectangular
section shown below. Assume the top fibres are in compression and
determine:
2. The radius of curvature of the beam.
Modulus of elasticity for timber = 9.8 GN m–2.
Solution
𝑴 𝝈 𝑬
= =
𝑰 𝒚 𝑹

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EAT103 – Applied Mechanics

To understand the theory of bending

• A beam is generally a member that carries loads

• A beam is said to be in a state of pure bending if,

➢ It can be seen that the

• The inner edge is in compression and the outer edge is in tension.

➢ Isotropic means that physical properties are independent of direction.

R = radius of curvature of bent beam (m)

I = (50 x 1503)/12 = 14,062,500 mm4 or 1.4 x 10-5 m4

𝝈 = 3.84 x 106 N/m2

E (Modulus of elasticity for timber) = 10 GN m–2 or 10 x 109 N m–2

I = bd3/12 = (0.075x0.053)/12 = 7.81x10-7 m4

Stress (σ) = My/I = (14,000 X 0.025)/7.81x10-7 = 448,143,405Pa = 448MPa

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