Structural Engineering 1

(ENGR2842 and ENGR8862)

Semester 2, 2020
Lecture 3 – Composite Bending

Dr Aliakbar Gholampour
 Lecture plan
• Content to cover in this session:
– Review of Bending
• Bending stresses
• Second Moment of Area
• Parallel Axis Theorem
• Unsymmetric sections
– Composite beams
– Reinforced concrete beams

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 Beams - Bending
Positive moment Negative moment

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 Beams - Bending
Example of a
loaded beam

Deflected
Shape

Curvature
Axial T C T C T C T
stresses C T C T C T C
Type of Negative Positive Negative Positive Negative Positive Negative
Bending bending bending bending bending bending bending bending

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 Uniform & Non-Uniform Bending
• Uniform bending – Beam contains a constant region of
bending moment.
• Non-uniform bending – Bending moment varies along the
length of the beam.
• Uniform bending is preferred for standard testing.
• Non-uniform bending typically occurs frequently in design of
realistic structures.

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Non-Uniform bending Uniform bending

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 4 point bending

Examples of uniform bending, typically used for ‘standard’ tests

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 4 point bending
• The benefits of 4 point bending
– Constant value of bending moment
– No shear forces
– Pure bending so the beam only experiences a profile of
stress from axial compression to tension along its height.
No disruption to material behaviour due to shear/axial
loading.

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 Bending Assumptions
• For bending analysis we assume:
– Member cross-section remains constant along its length
– Bending occurs uniformly to form a circular arc
– Length of compression region decreases, length of tension region increases
– A neutral axis (sometimes referred to as neutral surface) exists that is parallel
to the upper and lower surfaces for which the length does not change. This
indicates zero stress and zero strain
– Compressive stresses are negative and tensile stresses are positive

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 Axial stress due to bending
• For a linear elastic material ,
y y
 = E = E max =  max
c c
• For static equilibrium,
y
Fx = 0 =   x dA =   max dA
c
• Also, for static equilibrium My
 I
=
y 
M =  ( y x dA) =  ( y )  max dA = max I
c  c

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 Axial stress due to bending
• Max normal stress due to bending,
Mc M
 max = =
I S
I = second moment of area
I
S= = sectional modulus
c
• A beam section with a larger section modulus will have lower
internal normal stresses

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 Axial stress due to bending
Consider a rectangular beam cross section,
1 3
bh
I 12 1 1
S= = = bh 2 = Ah
c h2 6 6
Between two beams with the same cross sectional area,
the beam with the greater depth (h) will be more
effective in resisting bending.

Structural steel beams are designed to have a large

section modulus but low amount of material. I beams are
a typical example of this efficient design.

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 Second Moment of Area
• 2nd moments of area about x and y axis
I xx = y 2 dA I yy = x2 dA
A A

Physical meaning: Distribution of area related to the corresponding axes

• For a typical beam with rectangular cross-section
I xx = y dA = − y 2 bdy
h/2
2 L
A h/2 x
M M
h/2
 by 3  bh 3 bh 3 bh 3
=  = + = h x b
 3  −h / 2 24 24 12

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 Parallel-axis Theorem
• The values of 2nd moment of area depend on the selection of the
reference axes. Parallel-axis theorem allows us to calculate the 2nd
moment of area of a section with respect to all coordinate systems
parallel to it.

Which can be simplified to :

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15
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 Example 1
• Determine the second moment of area about the x axis and y axis.
8 mm

20 mm
x

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 Example 1
• About x axis: 8 mm

bh 3 8  20 3
= = 5,333mm 4 y
12 12
20 mm
• About y axis: x
bh 3 20  83
= = 853mm 4
12 12

Be careful with b and h, it’s easy to get these confused

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 Example 2

• Determine axial stress

at A and B due to
applied moment

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 Example 2
80  120 3 40  80 3
Ix = − = 9,813,333mm4
12 12
My A 15  10 6  40
A = = = 61.1MPa (Compression)
I 9.8  10 6

My B 15  10 6  60
B = = = 91.7 MPa (Tension)
I 9.8  10 6

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 Example 3
• What is the required sectional modulus (S) for a steel beam
subjected to a moment of 4.6 kNm if the maximum allowable
stress is 160 MPa?

Mc M
remember  max = =
I S

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 Example 3
Mc M
 max = =
I S

M 4.6  106
So, S= = = 28.8  103 mm3
 160

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 Unsymmetric sections
• For cross-sections that are not symmetric the parallel axis
theorem must be used to determine I.
• Two steps are required for this stage:

– Determine the location of the section centroid

– Determine the moment of inertia

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 Example 4
100 mm

• Determine the maximum tensile 20 mm

and compressive stresses when
the following cross-section is
subjected to a positive bending 90 mm

moment of 3 kNm

30 mm

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 Example 4
***Solution best explained by hand***

See lecture video for explanation

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 Composite beams
• Composite = more than one material
My
• The equation  = no longer holds true as it assumes
I
a constant value of E.
• To overcome this we create a “transformed cross-
section” and treat this cross-section as though it is
made of 1 material. Then  = My can be used.
I

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 Composite beams
Consider the composite cross-section on the
left, an equivalent transformed cross-section
E1 can be created.

E2
E2 where, n =
E1

After the cross-section is transformed the

typical equation  = My can be used
I

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 Composite beams
• When applying the bending stress equation to the transformed cross-
section be sure to use My
=
IT
where IT is the moment of inertia for the transformed cross-section with
respect to the neutral axis of the transformed cross-section

• The stresses in material 1 are estimated directly using the above formula.
However, the stresses in material 2 of the original beam are different from
those of the transformed cross-section. To account for this the stresses of
material 2 must be multiplied by the ratio n My
2 = n
IT

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 Composite beams
• Quick summary
– STEP 1. Transform the cross-section of a composite beam into
an equivalent “imaginary” beam of only 1 material.
– STEP 2. Analyse the imaginary beam as though it is 1 material.
– STEP 3. Convert the stresses in the imaginary beam into those
of the original beam.  = My  =n
My
1 2
IT IT

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 Example 5
15 mm
A steel beam, with Es = 200 GPa, is strengthened by
adding brass segments, with Eb = 100 GPa.
1. Create an equivalent transformed cross-section
made entirely of brass.
Brass

Brass
Steel

75 mm
2. Determine the maximum axial stress in each
material if the composite beam is subjected to a
positive moment of 5 kN.m

35 mm

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 Example 5
***Solution best explained by hand***

See lecture video for explanation

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 Reinforced Concrete Beams
• Concrete is very weak in tension, so concrete beams subjected
to bending are reinforced with steel in their tension regions.
• The steel reinforcement resist the tensile stresses below the
neutral axis.
• Transformed cross-sections for reinforced concrete beams
require extra attention for 2 reasons:
– Concrete does not resist tensile loads (i.e., consider cracking)
– Assumptions are required to determine I in a neat manner

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 Reinforced Concrete Beams
• Under very small loads, where the concrete has not yet cracked in tension,
the value Igross can be used.
• Under regular loads, the concrete will crack in tension and the value Icracked
needs to be used.

bh 3 NA bh 3
h I gross = I cracked 
12 12

Cross-section with no cracking Cross-section with cracking

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Reinforced Concrete Beams
How to visualise Reinforced Concrete Beam Analyses

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Reinforced Concrete Beams
• In the transformed cross-section the area of
the reinforcing steel bars, As, is replaced by nAs,
where n = Es/Ec
• x = the depth to the neutral axis. It is
determined by equating the first moment of
area, i.e., Qc = Qs, where Q = Ai*y̅i
Qc = Qs
(bx ) x = nAs (d − x)
2
1 2
bx + nAs x − nAs d = 0
2
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Reinforced Concrete Beams
• The normal stress in the concrete and
steel can now be determined by

My My
c = s = n
IT IT

• Take note that care is required when

determining I !

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 Reinforced Concrete Beams
bh 3 bh 3
• Determining I I= + Ad +
2
+ Ad 2
12 12
Concrete Steel
However, the first term for steel is insignificant compared
to remaining 3 terms so it can be ignored.
Also, both terms for concrete can be simplified as follows:
2
bx 3  x
= + (bx) 
12 2
bx 3 bx 3 So we can use the following:
= +
12 4 bx 3
I= + nAs (d − x )
2
3
bx
= 3
3

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 Example 6
A reinforced concrete beam, with 140 mm
height and 300 mm width, is reinforced with 2
steel bars placed 40 mm from the bottom.
M The modulus of elasticity is 200 GPa for the
steel and 25 GPa for the concrete. If a
16 mm diameters
moment of 5.5 kNm is applied, determine the
maximum stress in the concrete and steel.

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 Example 6
***Solution best explained by hand***

See lecture video for explanation

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 Take home message (1 of 2)
My
• = assumes a single value of E. It can not be used for 2
I
combined materials (composite) unless the section is
transformed into a material with a single E
• Values of transformed I is important to determine. Select values
of b and h carefully.
bh 3
• For rectangular sections I = + Ad 2
12 bh 3
• If the NA aligns with the centroid (symmetric) then d = 0 and I = +
12

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 Take home message (2 of 2)
• Reinforced concrete beams require some care when applying
parallel axis theorem.

bx 3
I= + nAs (d − x )
2

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