Senior High School

Disaster Readiness and

Risk Reduction
Quarter 2 - Module 7

Potential Hydrometeorological
Hazards

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

Disaster Risk Reduction Management (DRRM)- Grade 11 and 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 - Module 7: Potential Hydrometeorological Hazards
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education
Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer/s: Stephen Paul C. Pailagao
Editors: Genevieve U. Garcia, PhD and Hash Salic, PhD
Illustrator and Layout Artist: Sheena Marie R. Cascon
Management Team
Chairperson: Dr. Arturo B. Bayocot, CESO III, Regional Director
Dr. Victor G. De Gracia Jr. CESO V, Asst. Regional Director
Mala Epra B. Magnaong, Chief ES, CLMD
Neil A. Improgo, EPS-LRMS
Bienvenido U. Tagolimot, Jr., EPS-ADM
Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, PhD, CESO, Schools Division Superintendent
Rowena H. Paraon, PhD, Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Lorebina C. Carrasco, OIC-CID Chief
Jean Macasero., EPS-Science
Joel D. Potane, Ph.D., LRMS Manager
Gemma P. Pajayon -PDO II
Lanie M. Signo – Librarian II

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Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro City
Office Address: Fr. William F. Masterson Ave Upper Balulang Cagayan de Oro
Telefax: (08822)855-0048
E-mail Address: cagayandeoro.city@deped.gov.ph
 Senior High School

DISASTER RISK
REDUCTION
MANAGEMENT (DRRM)
Quarter 2-Module 7:
Potential Hydrometeorological Hazards

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and

reviewed by educators from public schools. We encourage teachers and
other education stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and
recommendations to the Department of Education at
depeddivofcdo@gmail.com .
We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

FAIR USE AND CONTENT DISCLAIMER: This SLM (Self Learning Module) is for educational purposes only. Borrowed
materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in these modules
are owned by their respective copyright holders. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them. Sincerest appreciation to those who have made significant contributions to these modules.
 Table of Contents

What This Module is About ................................................................................................................... i

What I Need to Know .............................................................................................................................. i

How to Learn from this Module ........................................................................................................... i

Icons of this Module .............................................................................................................................. ii

Lesson 1: Potential Hydrometeorological Hazards

What I Need to Know .................................................................................... 1

What I Know..…………………………………………………………………… . 1

What’s In........................................................................................................ 2

What ‘s New .................................................................................................. 2

What is it …. .................................................................................................. 3

What’s More................................................................................................ 8

What I Know ................................................................................................ 8

What I Have Learned? ................................................................................. 8

Lesson 2: Different Hydrometeorological Hazards

What I Need to Know .................................................................................... 9

What I Know..…………………………………………………………………… 9

What I Have Learned? ................................................................................. 11

Lesson 3: Available Tools for Monitoring Hydro-meteorological Hazards

What I Need to Know .................................................................................... 12

What I Know..…………………………………………………………………… 12

What ‘s New .................................................................................................. 15

What I Have Learned? ................................................................................. 16

Assessment (Posttest) ......................................................................................................... 16

Key to Answers ................................................................................................................... 17

References .......................................................................................................................... 18
What This Module is About

The family starts the preparation on what to do and how to respond in times of
emergency. The importance of being prepared must be known to all families because
natural and man-made disasters surprisingly occur in no particular time. So, what
exactly are the actions to take?
In this module, you will learn community-based Disaster Risk Reduction
Management (DRRM) preparedness for survival kits and materials and at the same
time aware of the policies of DRRM – The Philippine DRRM Law Republic Act 10121.
This module will help you understand how to respond to disasters by making family
prepared and involving community for public information and advocacy.
This module includes these lessons:
• Lesson 1 – Potential Hydrometeorological Hazards
• Lesson 2 – Different Hydrometeorological Hazards
• Lesson 3 – Available Tools for Monitoring Hydro-meteorological Hazards

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, the learner should be able to:

1. Recognize signs of impending hydrometeorological hazards, (Q2 – Week 3,
DRR11/12-IIc-d-33).
2. Interpret different hydrometeorological hazard maps, (Q2 – Week 3, DRR11/12-
IIc-d-35).
3. Use available tools for monitoring hydrometeorological hazards, (Q2 – Week 3,
DRR11/12-IIc-d-36).

How to Learn from This Module

Below, are guide steps for you to attain the learning competencies in going about the
module.
1. Read the lessons and follow the instructions carefully.
2. Take the What I Know to determine how much you know about the content. A
multiple-choice test was provided for you. Be honest.
3. Perform all the activities diligently to help you understand the topic.
4. Take the assessment test (post-test) at the end of every lesson.

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Icons of this Module

Here are the Icons used as your guide in every part of the lesson:

What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that

Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
Knowledge
What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that
of the current one.

What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
to you

What is It These are discussions of the activities as a

way to deepen your discovery and under-
standing of the concept.

What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in-

tended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-

case your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.

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 Lesson
Potential Hydrometeorological
1 Hazards

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, the learners should be able to:

Recognize signs of impending hydrometeorological hazards, (Q2 – Week 3,
DRR11/12-IIc-d-33).

What’s New

There are various programs in several organizations around the world that discuss
different studies on the natural hazards of hydro-meteorological phenomena and how to
minimize their impacts. Floods, tropical cyclones, drought and desertification are among those
threats resulting from natural processes or phenomena of atmospheric, hydrological or
oceanographic nature. Climate change is having a significant effect on the predicted growth
of these natural hazards. With this in mind, questions arises like: Have you experienced hydro-
meteorological phenomena already? If you hear those words, what comes to your mind? In
our lives, what are the repercussions or threats of these phenomena? Can you distinguish one
hazard to another? Before, we proceed to the more hydro-meteorological threat debate. Let
us first find out where the hydro-meteorological terms come from?

Hydro, basically, means water. Meteorological is a phenomenon that are observable

weather events which illuminate and are explained by the science of meteorology.

Meteorology is a branch of science that deals with the study of the atmosphere that
focuses on weather processes and forecasting.

Hydrology is the study of water on the surface of land, in soil and underlying rocks, and
in the atmosphere, particularly with respect to evaporation and precipitation.

Hydrometeorology is the study of atmospheric water especially precipitation, as it

affects agriculture, water supply, food control, power generation, etc. It pertains to the
occurrence, motion, and changes of state of atmospheric water (Disaster Reduction Resource
Manual, 2008).

Before the lesson proper, we will first review and get oriented to the words and
terminologies commonly used related to hydro-meteorological hazard. How do we do this?

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 What is It

Let us Perform Activity 1: Find the WORD

Do It Cross It!

A C O L T N A S
T Y P H O O N T
E C T E L T D O
F L O O D H S R
R O L U O A L M
O N A G L E I P
M E L N I Ň O I

Typhoon Cyclone
Flood Storm
El Niño

What’s More

Hydro-meteorological Phenomena

Cyclone, Typhoon or Hurricane

The most prevailing type of hydro-meteorological hazards in the country is typhoon

and its sequential effects of rain and windstorms, as well as floods. What is typhoon? Have
you heard the word cyclone and hurricane? Are the terms cyclone, typhoon and hurricane
similar?

Photo Credit: Aerial Image of Cyclone (Hurricane Ivan Sept. 2014)

HURRICANE? CYCLONE? TYPHOON? Those three words are similar they are all
tropical cyclone but they just use distinctive terms for a storm in different parts of the world.
A cyclone is an intense low-pressure area which is characterized by strong spiral winds
towards the center, called the “Eye” in a counter-clockwise flow in the northern hemisphere.

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Like tornadoes, typhoons happen when warm air mixes with cold air, creating intense wind,
rain and flooding. Typhoons and hurricanes are the same type of storm, but they happen in
different places. Typhoons occur in the Pacific Ocean around Hawaii and Asia (northwest
Pacific). Hurricanes occur on the eastern seaboard along the United States and Central
America (northeast Pacific)
Study the table below. It shows the Modified Public Storm Warning Signals (PSWS) in the
Philippines. The following below are impending signs:

Source: Philippine Atmospheric, Geological and Astronomical Administration (PAGASA)

As a student and a citizen in the country, you must be aware of the PSWS for you to
be prepared in times typhoon or strong typhoon comes. Each PSWS has its corresponding
wind speed, lead time and the impacts it brings. It is also the basis for the suspension of
classes at different levels. To the area with no storm signal, it is then the discretion of the
Local Government Units personnel to suspend or not to suspend the class. Below are the
automatic suspension guidelines released by the Department of Education on the suspension
of classes per reference to DepEd Order No. 43 series of 2012, stipulated in Executive Order
No 66 series of 2012. One should follow what the Local Government ordered in times of
disaster.

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Hydro-meteorological Hazards

Tropical Cyclone

1. Strong Wind

Photo Credit: Alren Beronio/Agence France-Presse-Getty Images

Strong wind hit the Eastern Samar Province in central

Philippines last May 13, 2020 lots uprooted trees on the
street, as Typhoon Vongfong battered the country. Strong
winds and heavy rain have also battered the island of
Bohol, which was devastated by a 7.2-magnitude
earthquake three weeks ago. More than 270,000 people in
the area are already living under tarpaulins and in makeshift
shelters, and the extreme weather threatens to intensify the
humanitarian emergency last November 2013.
Photo Credit: Alren Beronio/Agence France-Presse-Getty Images.

2. Excessive Rainfall/ Flood

It is important to listen to the news on the radio or TV set to know the impending
signs. As PSWS is issued information regarding typhoons or cyclones, you should be aware
of what is expected and plan the steps you are going to go through. Constant listening to the
latest weather update is highly advised. Color coding is usually uttered by the weather
specialist. For you to have a clear understanding of the color-coded rainfall advisories, study
the color-coded rainfall advisories. Impending signs and warnings for excessive rainfall or
flood.

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 Photo Credit: PAGASA

Kinds of Flooding base on the location and duration.

A. Location

1. River Flooding - when the water normally flowing in the channel overflows its banks and
spreads out onto the surrounding land. This causes major problems for people living close to
the river.

2. Coastal Flooding- occurs when normally dry, low-lying land is flooded by seawater. The
extent of coastal flooding is a function of the elevation inland floodwaters penetrate which is
controlled by the topography of the coastal land exposed to flooding.

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3. Urban Flooding - is the inundation of land or property in a built environment, particularly in
more densely populated areas, caused by rainfall overwhelming the capacity of drainage
systems, such as storm sewers.

Look like what happened to Cagayan de Oro City when there is heavy rain.

B. Duration
1. Flash Flooding - is a rapid flooding of low-lying areas: washes, rivers, dry lakes, and
depressions. It may be caused by heavy rain associated with a severe thunderstorm,
hurricane, tropical storm, or meltwater from ice or snow flowing over ice sheets or snowfields.

2. Sheet Flooding - an expanse of moving water into which the transient streams of arid
regions spread out as they issue from the mountains upon the plains.

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3. Storm Surge in Coastal Areas - a rising of the sea as a result of atmospheric pressure
changes and wind associated with a storm.

4. Landslide - it is the movement of rock, earth or debris down a sloped section of land. It is
caused by rain, earthquakes, volcanoes, or other factors that make the slope unstable.

5. Thunderstorm - is a weather condition that produces lightning and thunder, heavy rainfall
from cumulonimbus clouds and possibly a tornado. It is a violent local atmospheric disturbance
accompanied by lightning, thunder, and heavy rain.

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 Lightning strikes at tress Lightning image

6. La Niña / El Niñ0- La Niña is the abnormal cooling of sea surface temperatures that
cause heavy rainfall while El Niño refers to the abnormal warming of sea surface temperatures
in the Pacific, which causes droughts and below-normal rainfall. It has brought losses to
Philippine agriculture. Approximately, La Nina is the opposite of El Nino. Each El Nino or La
Nina episode usually lasts for several seasons (Disaster Reduction Resource Manual, 2008)

Activity 1

Instruction: Recognize signs of impending hydrometeorological hazards that you had

experienced in your community or within your locality. Fill in the table below by writing at
least there (3) impeding signs corresponding to the types of hydrometeorological hazards.

Types of Hydrometeorological Impending Signs

hazards
1. Cyclone, Typhoon or a.
Hurricane
b.
c.
2. Excessive Rainfall/ Flood a.
b.
c.

Activity 2

Reflection Time!
Instruction: Write a short paragraph on your reflection to the following questions.

1. What can I do to prepare for a disaster in my community?

2. How can I help others affected by disasters?

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 Lesson
Different Hydrometeorological
2 Hazard Maps

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

Interpret different hydrometeorological hazard maps, (Q2 – Week 3,

DRR11/12-IIc-d-35).

What’s New

Have you heard about hazard map? Have you seen one? If not, then it is time for you
to see and locate your place and try to check if you are located in a hazardous area or not. It
is important to know the location where you are living for the safety of your family.

Photo credit: The Geohazard map of the Province of Bukdinon (Landslide and Flood)

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 The map below is a Landslide and Flood Susceptibility Map of Bukidnon Province. For
you to understand the hazard map better, have it enlarged and use the legend. Places
highlighted with YELLOW and WHITE colors mean Low susceptibility to flood and debris flow.
GREEN and VIOLET is MODERATE susceptibility to landslide while RED and BLUE color is
HIGH susceptibility to landslide and flooding and ORANGE and DARK BLUE have a very high
susceptibility to landslide and flooding.

a. A map shown on the next page is a Landslide and Flood Susceptibility Map of Misamis
Oriental where Cagayan de Oro is located and Bukidnon Province. Can you locate
Cagayan de Oro City? For you to understand the hazard map better, have it enlarged
and use the legend.

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 Any site in our place has different kinds of soil. Soil has a vital role to point out the
place were prone to disaster especially the landslide . The next map shown the different type
of soil located to the different places of Bukidnon Province, Misamis Oriental and in Cagayan
de Oro. Look at the figure below and try to identify what kind of soil is the place where your
house is built. Use the legend below the map.

What I Can Do

Activity 3
Using the map above:
1. Study and interpret the hazard maps of Cagayan de Oro City and do the following:
a. locate the landslide-prone area and flood-prone barangays in Cagayan de Oro,
b. list or group the barangays according to the kind of soil.
2. In your journal, write a reflection about the importance of your learnings from this lesson.

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 Lesson
Available Tools for Monitoring
3 Hydro-meteorological Hazards

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, the learner should be able to:

Use available tools for monitoring hydrometeorological hazards,
(Q2 – Week 3, DRR11/12-IIc-d-36).

What’s New

Natural hazards cannot be prevented but its impacts can be reduced and mitigated if
the capacity of the community is increased. One way of increasing the community’s capacity
is by constant monitoring. Hydro-meteorological monitoring can only be done if there are
experts who will do the monitoring and of course with the use of monitoring tools. Now, what
are the available tools used in monitoring hydro-meteorological hazards? That is one of the
roles of the local government to provide a necessary tool for disasters.

Flash Flood Early Warning System (EWS)

1. RAIN GAUGE

Automatic Rain Gauge is an early warning device used in monitoring hydro-meteorological

hazards.

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2. STREAM GAUGE

Water level stream gauge.

3. SIREN

4. INTERNET ACCESS
Aside from these devices, hydrometeorological mentioned monitoring can also be
done by surfing on the internet. Some of these are:
1. asti predict
2. noah.dost.gov.ph

The above internet monitoring tools are the basis for the CDRRMC EVACUATION
PROTOCOLS together with the use of weather websites. The next figures show the warning
protocols, the meaning of alert levels through color-coding. Study each figure for you to be
aware of evacuation protocols. Once you internalize its meaning and application, there is no
need for you to ask somebody when the weather specialist or any authorized personnel
mentions these terms especially when there is a natural hazard.

Alert levels through color-coding have been used by the CDRRMC in giving information
to the public on the updates of the situation in times of hazards. This is to standardize the
system and procedures of alerting at the City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Council (CDRRMC) and the BDRRMC. This is to have uniform systems and procedures in
alerting CDRRMC and the BDRRMC.

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Below are the warning protocols as posted in the FB page of Cagayan de Oro City CDRRM.

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 Photo Credit: FB page of Cagayan de Oro City CDRRMC

What I Can Do

Activity 4

Instruction: In your barangay, identify and discuss the use of the available monitoring tools for
hydrometeorological. Tell the location where the tools are located.

Hydrometeorological Tools Uses

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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SUMMARY
1. Hydrology is the study of water on the surface of land, in soil and underlying rocks, and in
the atmosphere, particularly with respect to evaporation and precipitation.
2. Meteorology is the study of the atmosphere and physical processes of interaction with the
Earth's crust, oceans and outer space. (Disaster Resource Manual, 2008).
3. Hydrometeorology is the study of atmospheric water especially precipitation, as it affects
agriculture, water supply, flood control, power generation, etc. It pertains to the occurrence,
motion, and changes of state of atmospheric water (Disaster Reduction Resource Manual,
2008).
4. Cyclone is an intense low-pressure area that is characterized by strong spiral winds towards
the center, called the “Eye” in a counter-clockwise flow in the northern hemisphere.
5. Like tornadoes, typhoons happen when warm air mixes with cold air, creating intense wind,
rain, and flooding. Typhoons and hurricanes are the same types of storms, but they happen
in different places. Typhoons occur in the Pacific Ocean around Hawaii and Asia.
Hurricanes occur on the eastern seaboard along with the United States and Central
America.
6. Hazards associated with Tropical Cyclones: 1. Strong Wind 2. Excessive Rainfall/Flood 3.
Storm surges in coastal areas 4. Landslide 5. Thunderstorm
7. La Niña is the abnormal cooling of sea surface temperatures that cause heavy rainfall while
El Niño refers to the abnormal warming of sea surface temperatures in the Pacific, which
causes droughts and below-normal rainfall. It has brought losses to Philippine agriculture.
Approximately, La Nina is the opposite of El Nino. Each El Nino or La Nina episode usually
lasts for several seasons (Disaster Reduction Resource Manual, 2008)
8. Natural hazards cannot be prevented but its impacts can be reduced and mitigated if the
capacity of the community is increased. One way of increasing the community’s capacity is
by constant monitoring. Hydro-meteorological monitoring can only be done if there are
experts who will do the monitoring and of course with the use of monitoring tools.
9. The following tools for monitoring the hydro-meteorological hazard:1. Rain Gauge 2. Stream
Gauge.

Assessment (Post Test)

Direction: Read each question carefully and write the letter of the best answer in a separate
sheet of paper.
1. What do you call the inundation of land areas which are not normally covered with water?
A. Canal C. Stream B. Flood D. Overflow
2. What will you do if it has been raining hard for several hours, or steadily raining for several
days?
A. Stay calm and relax. B. Prepare your emergency kit.
C. Be alert to the possibility of a flood.
D. Get your evacuation supply kit and evacuate immediately.
3. When you are in or along stream channels, you must be
A. calm and relaxed for you to enjoy your trip.
B. always bringing the emergency kit with you.
C. aware of distant events
D. go back home and prepare for evacuation
4. It indicates that a hazardous event is occurring or is imminent in about 30 minutes to an
hour.
A. NEWS B. WATCH C. FORECAST D. WARNING
5. What should the persons in authority do for areas prone to flooding?
I. Publish evacuation routes.
II. Periodically inform the community of local public warning systems.
III. Contact the local/national weather service office or emergency management
agency for information on local flood warning system.
A. I only B. II only C. I & II only D. I, II & III

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6. Why is it important for a community to be prepared for all hazards and calamities?
A. To extend support to all the victims
B. To save lives and prevent further damage to property.
C. To help ourselves from all the hazards brought about by any disaster.
D. To take the opportunity of receiving aid and support from the LGUs, NGOs and other
agencies. 44
7. What will you do if you are driving during a flood?
I. Just continue driving.
II. Avoid already flooded areas and areas subject to sudden flooding.
III. Turn around and find another route that will lead you to higher ground
IV. Abandon your vehicle immediately and climb to higher ground if your vehicle
becomes surrounded by water or the engine stalls.
A. I, II &III B. II,III&IV C. I,II,&IV D. I, III & IV
8. Flood-specific supplies should include the following:
I. Television
II. Disaster Supply kit
III. Evacuation Supply Kit
IV. Stockpile emergency building materials
A. I & III B. II, III & IV C. I, II, & III D. I, II, &IV
9. It is the first sign a flood or any calamities may occur, and when it is issued, you should be
aware of potential flood hazards.
A. NEWS B. WATCH C. FORCAST D. WARNING
10. What should be done when a flood or flash flood WATCH is issued?
I. Pay attention to your neighbors.
II. Be alert to signs of flooding. Be ready to evacuate at a moment’s notice.
III. Everyone in a WATCH area should be ready to respond and act quickly.
IV. Listen continuously to a radio or television for updated emergency information.
A. I, II, & IV B. II, III & IV` C. I, III & IV D. III & IV

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ANSWER KEY

PRE-TEST POST-TEST

References

DRRR Knows. “Signs of Hydrometeorological Hazards” accessed Nov 5, 2020,

https://carmelaochea.wordpress.com/2018/01/24/signs-of- hydrometeorological-
hazards/.

Hydro-Meteorological Hazards. “Chapter Exam”, accessed Nov 5, 2020,

https://study.com/academy/exam/topic/hydro-meteorological-hazards.html.

PAGASA. “Modified Public Storm Warning Signal”, accessed Nov 5, 2020,

https://www.google.com/search?q=modified+public+storm+warning+signals+(psws)/.

Roberson, Rachel. “Lesson Plan: When Disaster Strikes”, accessed Nov. 5, 2020 •
https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/10/When-disaster-strikes-
lesson-plan.pdf

UNESCO. Disaster Risk Reduction. “Hydro-meteorological Hazards” accessed Nov 5, 2020,

http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/special-themes/disaster-risk-
reduction/natural-hazards/hydro-meteorological-hazards/#.

Wikipedia, s.v. “flash flood”, accessed Nov. 5, 2020

https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=ALeKk03K4SpnQLZxEBiR9o7NSeUElEIKFA
%3A1592497048051&ei=mJPrXvvbApXWmAWpgLu4DQ&q=flash+flooding&oq=flas
h++flooding

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For inquiries and feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education –Division of Cagayan de Oro City

Fr. William F. Masterson Ave Upper Balulang Cagayan de Oro
Telefax: ((08822)855-0048
E-mail Address: cagayandeoro.city@deped.gov.ph

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