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3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The shaping of Project Papillon would not have been possible without the support of a few individuals, and it is a privilege
to thank them all. We would like to begin by thanking the almighty for imparting us with the will, courage and confidence.
Moving further we would like to express our gratitude towards the National Space Society and NASA for providing us with
this platform. This wonderful journey has unmasked many-many branches of knowledge and ways of learning for every
one of us. The making of this project would also not have been possible if it weren’t for our parent’s and guardian’s support.
All in all, this acknowledgement is to show our eternal gratitude towards this opportunity, to those who enabled us to receive
it in the first place and to those who supported throughout the journey.
Thank you one and all.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
We as humans have come a long way since the first man on the moon. It would be unfair to mankind to not say that the
best, is yet to achieve. With that in mind, many inventions, however bizarre they may seem, are only an idea away. These
space settlement projects are a huge leap in the field of science. They will enable us to explore the outer space in a much
significant manner through which we can unlock the gateways for better understanding the vast universe. All of this is to
say that Papillon is a step forward in the quest to decipher the true nature of the cosmos and here is how it will be done.
To Provide a settlement that is uniquely designed, exceptionally functional and financially feasible using
available or makeable resources/technology in a remarkably appreciable amount of time. While presenting this project, we
have used a simple language and focus more on topics that need attention.
We have chosen the Martian orbit i.e., the Areosynchronous equatorial orbit
as it is a stable and stationary orbit. It will enable us to easily access the resources from mars, its moons and the asteroids
nearby and will help in providing data for the future colonization of mars. The asteroids that we will mine are 1943
ANTEROS and 2629 RUDRA. Among them, the 1943 ANTEROS will be mined at location (ISRU) using a specifically
designed vehicle called the AMV whereas the 2629 RUDRA will be brought to the Martian surface and mined there. The
two asteroids will bring a good amount of resources and with that an approximate profit of USD 1.25 trillion and USD 7.32
trillion respectively. This profit can be used to recover the cost used for this project and fund several amenities.
The entire design is done with keeping purpose in mind. Every design decision is intricately studied and
verified before finalization. With this design, we found that the torii with different radii had different simulated gravity and
we used it to our advantage by using the places with less gravity for operations with heavy machinery. All the materials
used, have a good balance between strength and density. This helps us in providing extreme protection with a manageable
mass and cost. The interior will also have a purpose-based design where the homes that the citizens live-in will provide
luxuries also with an emergency evacuation plan programmed right into it. These homes will be called cocoons and can be
used to evacuate in case of an emergency.
Among the existing ones, the most significant threat in space is the exposure to radiation.
Human beings and even some materials cannot withstand exposure to radiation for an extended period. To provide
protection, usually spacecrafts are added with a layer that shields the other layers and interior, but eventually this layer too
wears-off. To provide a permanent solution to the radiation problem, we added a huge electromagnet (SR2S Super-
Conductor) that does not allow the radiation to penetrate but pushes it around and over the settlement by forming a man-
made magnetosphere replicating the function of earth’s natural magnet. This Super-conductor will coil around the layers
which will generate a shield with a range of 5m from the settlement.
Food, water and air are most important amongst all the essentials we need to survive and here is how
it will be provided in Papillon. Plant based foods will be grown through Hydroponics and Aeroponics. Animal products
will be cultivated by rearing a variety of selected animals which also keeps diversity amongst the limited livestock in space.
Required amount of Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide and various other gases will be transported from earth for the journey and
some amount will be stored as backup and majority of the air that is required for station-keeping will be generated at location
using processes of electrolysis and distillation (using SOEC [Solar Oxide Electrolyser Cell] and a scaled-up MOXIE
process). These produced gases will be purified and filtered using HEPA and HEGA filters, Bry air ethylene scrubbers and
UV disinfection. When it comes to water, it is obviously heavier than air and as a reason it would not be logical to transport
huge amounts of it. Required amount of water for the journey will be transported from earth and our moon however most
of it will be extracted from the Korolev crater and the Martian poles through the forward osmosis process. A well-designed
hybrid ECLSS filtration system will make up to 95% of the water in the settlement reusable.

4
 The functioning of the settlement consists of many aspects. Communication, Electricity, Waste
management, Economy, Internal Transportation and Recreation are just a few among many others. External Communication
will be done using the newly designed Papillonian satellites named as Euros that will transmit data at the speed of light.
Internal communication will be done with drones, transponders and receivers/transmitters set up within the settlement
powered using electricity generated from the solar panels. The solar panels used are equipped with Quantum Dot Solar cells
which accomplishes an efficiency of at least 86% and can be particularly useful in space where the main source of energy
is the sun. The produced electricity will be stored in the form of a modified SMES(Superconducting Magnetic Energy
Storage) storage system where the SR2S superconductive layer used for creating a magnetosphere against radiation will be
multipurposed to also store electricity. This will enable the storing of high amounts of energy with the highest possible
efficiency. Energy produced will circulate through this layer of super-conduction and it will replicate the mechanism of an
electric grid. Mini-Grids will be set-up in each torus to draw the necessary amount of current from the SR2S layer and this
will be transmitted to each location within the settlement through inductive coupling of coils covered by insulated tubes. In
the case of internal transportation, a Hybrid Gyro sphere designed by the Papillon team and automated sidewalks will be
used the most within each torus. When it comes to moving from one level to another, specific elevators will be available.
Recreation being an important part in one’s day to day routine, Papillon will possess state of the art recreational centers that
include Space Sports, Space Trips, Space Walks, and even Zero-G activities as a special attraction.
External transportation for recreation, space tourism and transportation of goods, will be
done using a spacecraft similar to the residential cocoon. Most of the traveling done to and from mars will be achieved
using an electromagnet equipped with a retracting space elevator attached to one of Mars’s moons, namely Phobos. This is
a uniquely designed elevator in which the arms retract up with an attached spacecraft to the electromagnetic end, all the
way up to Phobos, where the gravity is low enough for easy transportation without the need of a rocket launch. Although
the space elevator can be expensive, it would be a one-time investment which will save fuel and time. This is important as
there will be multiple research labs set up in specific locations on Mars and will require frequent transportation between the
settlement and Mars.
Every stride in the field of science is a victory to the entire human race. Although there are several bases on which we are
divided, science is the one that unites us together. We end this summary with an impeccable quote, by a renowned scientist,
which binds us humans through its core meaning.
“Science knows no country, because knowledge belongs to humanity, and is the torch which illuminated the world”
-Louis Pasteur

5
 CH-1 INTRODUCTION
Choosing an apt location for a settlement is as important as any of its structural implications. Therefore putting a few think
tanks together, we have decided The Areosynchronous Equatorial Orbit (also known as Areostationary orbit) around Mars
to be the final location of our Papillon.
Although we will be using multiple locations for different stages, for the first stage that is the construction and assembly of
the basic hull of Papillon will be done in the Medium Earth Orbit (MEO). The final construction and stage 1 testing will
happen in the Geostationary orbit.
During the stay at the geostationary orbit, it will be easier to access resources on both moon and earth and hence, this orbit
was chosen as an intermediate orbit during the travel.
Meanwhile the transfer orbits like the geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) and the Hohmann transfer orbit will be used to
reach mars with minimal thrust usage.
Papillon will finally be put into the areosynchronous equatorial orbit (AEO) which is remarkably similar to the
geosynchronous orbit over earth. This is a very stable orbit which gives easy access to the resources on Mars and its natural
satellites Phobos and Deimos. On this orbit, the gravitational forces of Phobos and Deimos are negligible, being at distances
of 9376km from Phobos and 23463km from Deimos. This location unlocks new possibilities of resource collection and
space exploration.
The areosynchronous orbit does not intertwine with the orbits of Phobos and Deimos and also helps in dealing with
communication blackouts with earth. At the same time it provides feasible access to Mars’s moons. Hence, this location
was chosen over the others such as the Quasi-Synchronous orbit.
As said earlier, being remarkably like earth’s geostationary orbit, even the areosynchronous orbit has 2 stable longitudes
which are 17.92o W and 167.83o E. We have chosen the 17.92o W longitude because of many reasons such as it being closer
to the Endeavour and Santa maria craters and it being nearer to the longitudinal center (0o) which makes it easier to access
the poles.
Now the question which arises is why we chose this location although having an asteroid belt nearby. It is so explained that
Mars’s orbit is a stable location with a lot of resources nearby. Mars has a variety of minerals and substances which are
necessary to harvest life on the settlement and some of these mainly being CO2, sodium, potassium, chlorides, etc.
But the main lifesaving essentials are water and oxygen. These substances may not be found on mars directly but can be
obtained from various processes of the raw substances.
Research suggests that Martian poles have ice. These glaciers are mainly composed of CO2 but a part of it also is water in
its frozen form beneath the top surface.
Due to all these leads and abundance of resources from multiple sources, we have selected this to be an apt location for the
settlement. This location helps the future Mars Settlement programs and will help the settlement to become an independent
free-floating entity just extracting resources and mining mars and not based on any planet or moon as suggested by the rules
of the contest. It opens space exploration opportunities and makes a gateway for future space settlements near Jupiter and
its moons.

“ ”
The word ‘Papillon’ means butterfly in the French language. Our settlement is a beautiful mega structure being built in
stages just as the beautiful butterfly evolves stage by stage into a meaningful creature with lots of purposes, visions and
goals to achieve. Similarly, the settlement grows bigger in size and significance to mankind. It swiftly flies through space
just as the butterfly does, exploring new flowers like mars.

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 CH-2 STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
When it comes to building a structure that will be traveling in outer space for a long time, there can be no compromises
made. Every design decision should be made with purpose and with excellent precision.
The first design decision will be to make a structure that can simulate gravity. The easiest way to do this is by making it
cylindrical, spherical or the most common, a torus shape. Now, a torus can be modified to suit one’s usage. Papillon will
be built using a hybrid torus where the outer faces meet inward at an angle. This shape can be used to our advantage by
using it to store goods and even for wiring. It can also be used to provide some structural integrity to the interior.

Image 2.1

Once the shape is chosen, the design should be crafted according to one’s purpose and vision, keeping in mind the logic
and reasoning. One main aspect that plays a huge role in the functioning of the settlement is its symmetry. It must be
maintained to create equal gravitational force across the structure.

Image 2.2

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Once the symmetry is perfected, the design is basically ready and the final structure should look like the below images.

Image 2.3

The Optimum location for the following need to follow the criteria of weather, resource accessibility and topography.
Another aspect to be kept in mind is that the location of construction and the launch are not to be very distant from each
other so as to save transportation expenses and even save time. Our settlement and every one of its sub-projects will be built
and launched in various parts. One single launch pad or even two cannot sustain and support our schedule. Therefore, the
launch of these parts will be done across the world at specific times which will save time, money and also build a sense of
unity. Below given data briefs our plan of execution.
The Construction of the components of the space settlement will be done in the countries of China, India, The Soviet
Union, Japan, and The United States.
The Testing of our space crafts will be done in Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre – China, Dr. Abdul Kalam Island – India,
Sary Shagan - Soviet Union, Akita rocket range – Japan and Keweenaw - United states.
The Final launch centers for our settlement will be Xinchang satellite launch center – china, Satish Dhawan Space Centre
– India, Baikonur Cosmodrome - Soviet Union, Tanegashima Space Centre – Japan, Cape carnival air force - United states
and the Kennedy space center - United states.

Key Notes:
• The Utility Hub is a combination of the recreational area and working hub. This is done so that it is equidistant
from both the residential tori.
• There is a separate torus for heavy machinery at the center of the structure that experiences less gravitational pull
making it easier for heavy machinery to operate.
• The life support systems torus contains all the data and controls to the life support systems within the settlement.
• The Control Hub is responsible for all the actions including the rotation and movement of the settlement. This hub
also controls when and how much thrusters are to be used. Most of it is computerized but there are a few tasks that
requires a human interface.
• The research and development unit will conduct regular studies and research to gain the most data out of this voyage.

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Component Major Radius Minor Height (m) Surface Area (m2) Down Volume
(R) (m) Radius (r) Surface Area (m3)
(m) (m2)

1 500 300 - 5.92 * 106 2.96 * 106 8.88 * 108

2 500 300 - 5.92 * 106 2.96 * 106 8.88 * 108
3 500 250 - 4.93 * 106 2.465 * 106 6.17 * 108
4 500 250 - 4.93 * 106 2.465 * 106 6.17 * 108
5 400 200 - 3.16 * 106 1.58 *106 3.16 * 108
6 400 200 - 3.16 * 106 1.58 *106 3.16 * 108
7 150 100 - 5.92 * 105 2.96 * 105 2.96 * 107

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 8 150 100 - 5.92 * 105 2.96 * 105 2.96 * 107
9 150 100 - 5.92 * 105 2.96 * 105 2.96 * 107
10 60 40 - 9.46 * 104 4.73*104 1.89 * 106
11 60 40 - 9.46 * 104 4.73*104 1.89 * 106
12 60 40 - 9.46 * 104 4.73*104 1.89 * 106
13 10 - 4000 2.52 * 105 - 1.26 * 106
14 3 - 200 3826.46 - 5654.87
15 3 - 200 3826.46 - 5654.87
16 3 - 200 3826.46 - 5654.87
17 3 - 50 999.03 - 1413.72
18 3 - 20 433.54 - 565.49
19 3 - - 113.1 56.55 113.1
20 9 - 10 1074.42 - 2544.69
21 9 - 30 2205.4 - 7634.07
22 7 - 20 1187.52 - 3078.76
23 5 - 20 785.4 - 1570.8

Note:
1. Residential Torus A
2. Residential Torus B
3. Agriculture and Animal Husbandry
4. Industries
5. Utility Hub A
6. Utility Hub B
7. Research and Development Centre
8. Main Control Hub
9. Medical and Storage Facility
10. Life Support Systems
11. Heavy Machinery Industry
12. Zero-G Recreation
13. Main Elevator Shaft
14. Side Elevator Shaft A (x8)
15. Side Elevator Shaft B (x8)
16. Side Elevator Shaft C (x8)
17. Side Elevator Shaft D (x12)
18. Side Elevator Shaft E (x12)
19. Mover of retractable thrusters (x34)
20. Docking Port (x8)
21. Docking Chamber (x8)
22. Pressure Stabilizing Chamber (x8)
23. Decontamination Chamber. (x8)

10
1. The First step in the sequence of the assembly will be to set up the central elevator shaft. This will be first in the
process as everything will be built around it. The shaft itself is 4000m tall and will be used as a point of reference
for further explanation. It will be constructed in 2 parts which will come together during the assembly.
2. Once the shaft is complete, the second step will be to build the docking stations which will be the topmost and
bottommost components of the settlement. They will be located at 1900**. These stations too will be originally
constructed in 2 parts (x2) and joined after.
3. Next, the 3 smallest tori A, B and C with a radius of 100m each, will be assembled at +860, 0 and

11
 -860* respectively. Their volume is manageable; therefore, they will be initially built into 2 parts (x3) and later
joined together.
4. The fourth step in this process will be to assemble the other 3 torii with a radius of 250m each, that will be located
at the same height as the smallest torii. Their construction will be done in 2 parts (x2)
5. The next step in this assembly is to step up the 2 fairly larger torii with a radius of 600m each, which will be located
at 285**. The two torii will initially be constructed into 4 parts (x2) and joined together during assembly
6. Then the two torii with the second largest radius of 700m each, having been divided into 6 parts (x2) will be
assembled at 760**.
7. The seventh step in this process is to assemble the residential tori which will be vertically located right next to the
docking stations. These tori have the largest radius of 800m each and due to their massive volume, they will be
originally constructed in 8 parts (x2) and assembled later at 1500**.
8. The last step of assembly is to attach the solar panels to both the residential tori’s outer surface and also onto a
protrusion from both the tori with 700m as their radius.
Note:
1. ‘*’ indicates height is with respect to the central shaft, keeping the shaft’s height as the y- axis and the point at its exact
half to be the origin, meaning the topmost point of the shaft will be +2000 and bottommost point will be -2000m
2. ‘**’ indicates that the mentioned part is located both at the positive axis and the negative axis with the same magnitude.
For example, if one is at +200, then the other is at -200.`1
After this 8-step process of assembly, there will be final checkups and once everything is tested and finalized, Papillon will
look like the image below (Image 2.4).

Image 2.4

• Polystyrene: This material is a hydrocarbon polymer made from a monomer known as styrene. It can be made into
a solid or even foam. Its solid form is light, clear and hard. Although light, it provides incredibly good resistance
against sound and heat.
• Nanocellulose: This material is obtained from the cellulose of plants and vegetable fibers. It is extremely stiff and
light. It does not corrode and has a self-healing property which can be greatly beneficial in space crafts.
• WE43 Magnesium: This grade of magnesium alloy along with its usual constituents, contains an extra percentage
of carbon and chromium which increases its rigidity and tensile strength. This alloy also has a low density which
will be beneficial in the mass management of the structure. Therefore, this material will be used as an important
aspect in building the main framework.
• Metallic Micro-lattice: This material is one of the lightest metals known to science. It’s low density and strong
molecular structure can be used in supporting the framework of the space craft.
• Aerogel: This material is 50-99% air, making it extremely porous and light. It can sustain a lot of weight and is a
particularly good insulator against heat.

12
 • Kevlar-149: Kevlar is an extraordinarily strong fabric that is mainly used in shielding tanks and vests in the army.
This is because it is extremely hard to break and can absorb most of any incoming force.
• 7068 Aluminum: This aluminum alloy has a good balance between lightness and rigidity. This material will be
used for the standoffs in between layers.
• Mu Metal: This material is made up of nickel, iron, copper, chromium, and molybdenum. Research has proven that
this material is very efficient in shielding things against magnetic fields. It is heat and sound resistant too.
• Grade 4 Titanium: This grade of titanium is greater than the other grades in tensile strength and stiffness. A single
sheet of this alloy provides good protection against microparticles in space.
Along with these, Other materials such as copper, iron, magnesium, palladium glass, tungsten and a range of fibers will be
used for the interior of Papillon.

Most of these materials are alloys, therefore they will be manufactured in factories and labs. Here are the countries that
provide the most of a particular material.
• Tungsten: Kiangsi, Hunan, and Kwangtung from China.
• Bauxite: Vietnam, Guinea, Saudi Arabia, and southern America.
• Kevlar: The United States, Northern Ireland, Japan.
• Stainless Steel: United Kingdom, Indonesia, Sweden, and Italy
• Titanium: China, Japan, and Russia
• Carbon Nanotubes: United States, China, and Japan
Other materials such as Lead, Tantalum, Recycled Plastic, Polyethylene, Copper, etc. will be obtained from the countries
of the United States, India, China, Japan, and Russia.

These selected materials would experience no effect in their initial days and for a long time. It would take several years for
the materials to show any kind of effect. Although a long time, eventually these materials will show signs of aging,
indicating the time for a replacement. The reason being that any material however durable, naturally ages and this ageing
process is accelerated with the increase in radiation in outer space. Some of the common effects that the materials will
experience in space are:
• Cracking and Embrittlement
• Loss of seal materials
• Reduction in strength
• Decrease in deformity
To tackle these effects, Papillon will be built using the most adaptive materials and those that are highly resistant against
radiation that will ensure long-term sustainability and life support. Once the materials start to show the above signs, they
will be replaced following a proper structured procedure which will give way to Papillon’s future scope.

All these materials have to be arranged in a specific order to attain maximum efficiency. Our structure will be having a
total of 3 sets of layers which will be divided by 2 separate standoffs each of 2 cm.
The reason behind adding standoffs in between layers is to prevent penetration of tiny space particles that could cause
destruction if left unprotected. It also helps in decreasing the force of impact in cases of collision with extraterritorial bodies.
These layers divided by the standoffs will be attached with shock absorbers to decrease the force of impact even more.
These shock absorbers will be made of high-grade stainless steel which will ensure protection against any external threat.

13
 Image 2.5

The combined layer will be coated with a product of isocyanate and synthetic resin blend called Polyurea. This substance
has an extremely high tensile strength and temperature resistance. This can be greatly beneficial in providing protection
from micro-asteroids and other minute interstellar bodies. Another point to be noted is that this layer needs a minimum to
none maintenance and as a reason can be used for several years into the future.

Radiation Protection Layer:

As mentioned above, the most imminent threat to the people in the structure and to the structure itself is radiation. There
are mainly two types of radiation, namely galactic cosmic rays and the solar particles emitted during solar flares. If one is
subjected to these radiations for a long period of time, it can cause serious health problems. As the plan of the settlement is
to sustain the large number of humans for an extended amount of time, protection against radiation would be extremely
essential.
SR2S Super Conductor: Studies have shown that a magnetic field of sorts can prevent most of the space radiation. This
magnetic force field can be generated with the help of an electromagnet. What this field does is it creates a sort of shield
around, for example, a spacecraft which does not allow the radiation to penetrate, instead it directs radiation around and
above the spacecraft. This electromagnet will be made up of 4 constituents and built into the form of a coil. These 4 materials

Image 2.6

14
are copper, aluminum, titanium, and magnesium dioxide. Once it is shaped into a coil and wrapped accordingly, electricity
will pass through it causing it to form a magnetic field with a range of 5m. This electromagnet is different from ordinary
ones varying in power, range, and durability.
Although this electromagnet will protect against radiation, it can also affect the magnetic objects within the settlement and
long-term exposure can also affect human beings. The solution to this challenge will be to have a magnetic shield before
the interior of the settlement.

Image 2.7

After the completion of combining these layers, the wall separating the inside of the settlement and the outer vacuum will
have a total thickness of 11cm (0.11 m).

All these layers will go through rigorous environments and must be combined in a way that it can sustain any. To do so,
these layers will go through 2 main processes, Riveting and Gluing.
• Riveting: It is a process used to join 2 parts using a metal part called a rivet. This metal piece joins two adjacent
faces by the ends forming over the connection. This joins the 2 components securely.
• Gluing: In this process, the 2 layers will be glued together using one of the strongest adhesives known to man. Low-
Outgassing Epoxy Adhesives have a tensile strength of 10,000 psi and with only 1 coating, it is capable of lifting
an SUV.
These processes combined, can create an extraordinarily strong bond, strong enough for these layers to survive for years on
years.

Transportation in space can only be done using thrusters to exert force. Motored vehicles with wheels would not be helpful
as there is no surface to push forward from and no atmosphere for aerodynamics. These thrusters can mainly be used to two
things, maneuvering and rotating.
There will be a total of 3 sets of thrusters divided based on power and usage. More details on the different types of engines
used are given in another topic. Every one of these thrusters will be multi-functional and highly sustainable.

15
The total number of thrusters will be 34 in which, there will be 10 Main Thrusters, 8 Semi-Thrusters A and 16 Semi-
Thrusters B.

Image 2.8

Their multi-functionality is brought about with the help of rotary motion. These thrusters will be built onto a rotating
mechanism that will allow it to rotate vertically as well horizontally. They will move about a track programmed into the
mover and as the thrusters increase in power, their mobility decreases. This is because the size of the mover is constant and
the surface area for said movement is lost with an increase in thruster size.
Another feature of these thrusters is that they retract when not in use. This design is beneficial in maintenance, security and
even in saving fuel. For the thrusters to retract, a certain opening must be availed, but this will cause the loss of pressure
and air. The solution to this problem will be to build this mechanism into an airtight chamber at the opening. This will allow
the settlement to maintain its optimum level of pressure and air volume. The following images depict the process of
retracting a thruster.

Image 2.9

Throughout the course of the plan, various engines will be required for various purposes. The chosen engines will be
explained with their purpose below.
VASIMR: VASIMR is an advanced next gen plasma engine best suitable for space travel. These engines are expected to
be ready for implementation very shortly. In our course VASIMR engines will be used to power thrusters for space travel
and orbital rotation. These engines with the help of other powerful engines which will help for lift off.

16
SEP: Solar Electric Propulsions are the new phase of space travel. These engines produce lower thrust but are highly fuel
efficient and hence will be used for delivery of packages like the asteroid extracted resources which have no urgency of
being delivered nor do they carry any humans. These engines are light weighted too.
MERLIN 1D: These engines have lately taken over the baton for being the most powerful engines but they consume high
amounts of fuel and hence will be majorly used only for lift-off of the settlement from earth to the orbit.
RAPTOR: Raptor is an under-development engine currently being built by SpaceX. These engines use resources like
liquid oxygen and methane for fuel which are available on mars helping Papillon’s further expansion and unlikely lift-offs
from Mars.

In outer space, the pressure is almost non-existent. When a space settlement is built, it must maintain the optimum pressure
level as that of earth for humans to live without harmful effects. Therefore, it is crucial that there must be no unnecessary
openings in the structure of the settlement. Entering and Exiting the settlement will be done through docking stations. These
docking stations will have pressurizing chambers that will match the pressure of the chamber to that of the settlement and
only then allow for a body to enter. Only in times of emergency will the structure open in multiple locations and allow for
smooth evacuation. There will be a total of 2 docking stations, 1 on the top and 1 on the bottom of the settlement.

Image 2.10

Each docking station will consist of 4 Docking Units, 4 Decontamination chambers and 4 Pressure stabilizing chambers
which each have their own purposes.
Although space is well studied, there are still many things unknown. We never know what sort of harm might be lurking
there. Therefore, the decontamination chamber will scan for foreign particles that might cause harm to people and make
sure that it does not enter the settlement causing harm to the people and the equipment within.

17
The most important part of the docking station is the pressure stabilizing chamber. These chambers as mentioned above
will maintain the pressure throughout the settlement. The barometers indicate the pressure within the chamber and once the
pressure is matched with that of the settlement, the chamber is opened to the settlement.

Image 2.11

The Docking Unit is divided into the docking port where a space craft will actually attach and a docking chamber where
the people or goods within the space craft will get unloaded.

Image 2.12

The Docking port shown above contains 5 sensors, Docking pins and a locking mechanism. Once a vehicle is aligned
perfectly to the docking pins using the sensors, the locking mechanism latches onto the vehicle. Once the vehicle is docked,
the door can be opened, and one can go through.
Even the slightest issue can be disastrous in space, therefore whatever entering must go through all these strides and no
compromise will be made.

18
Communication in space is mainly done through radio waves. These signals travel near the speed of light at 186,000 miles
per hour. With that speed a message takes approximately 3 minutes to travel from earth to near mars. This traveling of a
message will be facilitated by numerous satellites.

Image 2.13

Each of these satellites will have a Power system, a Propulsion system, a Docking system, a Computing system and 2
Transponders.

The Power system will be responsible for powering the satellites which will be done with the help of solar panels. The
power system will also have a backup battery in case the sun’s rays are blocked.
The Propulsion system will help the satellite to move around in space. It will be used for “Station Keeping” and “Attitude
Control” which means to maintain the satellite’s position and the corrections made by it using the thrusters, respectively.
The Docking system will be used to dock the satellite to the settlement in times of maintenance and refueling. The satellite’s
systems will be configured to automatically move back to the settlement and position another substitute. Although this may
cause a slight momentary delay in communication, the chips will be programmed to map the communication line
automatically.
Speaking of chips, the computing system is the most important part of these satellites. They will be responsible for fast
processing of data from Earth which will be done using powerful processing units and fast memory devices. This will enable
the people of Papillon to stay connected to the people on Earth and also access the internet.
The 2 Transponders are integrated receivers and transmitters of data through radio waves. The reason for these satellites to
have 2 of these transponders is to decrease lag in communication. This routine of one transponder receiving a message and
another sending it will be programmed into the chip that computes the satellites. These transponders will be held up using
a hydraulic system giving it mobility and rigidity.

Image 2.14

19
 CH-3 CALCULATIONS
As told previously, to generate a force that acts like gravity through centripetal and centrifugal forces, we need to spin or
rotate the torus. The apt gravity for normal human health and functioning would be anything above 9ms-2 and within earth’s
gravity of 9.8 ms-2. To generate earth like gravity we would be considering generating 9.8ms-2 force.
The torii in Papillon would be of 5 different sizes each of a radius of 0.8km, 0.7km, 0.6km, 0.25km and 0.1km and as people
will spend most of their time in the residential tori, the simulated gravity will be created using its radius.
The relation between acceleration (the force acting as artificial gravity) [a], rad/sec [ ω] and the radius of the torus[r] is as
such
a = (ω2) (r)
For the residential torii
9.8 ms-2 = (ω2) (0.8km)
= 9.8ms-2 = (ω2) (800m)
= 9.8/800 = ω2
= 0.01225 = ω2
= ω = 0.11067 rad/s or 1.057 RPM
Hence to create gravity of 9.8 ms-2 on the torus of 0.8km radius we will be spinning the settlement at 1.057 rotations per
minute. This rotation will also influence other tori.
Depending on the size there will be different intensities of forces generated on these tori. Following the same calculations,
we obtain
x ms-2= (0.11067^2)0.7km
x ms-2= (0.11067^2) (700m)
x ms-2= (0.01225) (700)
x ms-2= 8.575
an 8.575 ms-2 of force on the torii of radius 0.7km
x ms-2= (0.11067^2)0.6km
x ms-2= (0.11067^2) (600m)
x ms-2= (0.01225) (600)
x ms-2= 7.35
a 7.35 ms-2 of force on the torii of radius 0.6km
x ms-2= (0.11067^2)0.25km
x ms-2= (0.11067^2) (250m)
x ms-2= (0.01225) (250)
x ms-2= 3.0625
a 3.06 ms-2 of force on the torii of radius 0.25km
x ms-2= (0.11067^2)0.1km
x ms-2= (0.11067^2) (100m)
x ms-2= (0.01225) (100)
x ms-2= 1.225
and a 1.2 ms-2 of force on the torii of radius 0.1km
At the exact center of the rotational axis, the force experienced will be equivalent to µg
These places with very less or microgravity conditions will be used for research, control hub, construction, recreation
centers and many other important activities. These conditions permit for various experiments which would not be possible
elsewhere.

20
These different intensities of pseudo gravity forces will help us use heavy equipment-oriented compartments in the smaller
torii where it would be easier to move around because of the weightlessness. Also due to comparatively lesser gravity in
the agricultural sector, the plants would grow faster according to research.

ITEM MASS
(KG)
FRAMEWORK
HABITATIONAL TORII A & B 625,955,936
AGRICULTURAL TORUS 257,578,747
INDUSTRIAL TORUS 257,578,747
UTILITY TORII A & B 372,898,328
R & D TORUS 31,297,796
MAIN CONTROL HUB 31,297,796
MEDICAL AND STORAGE FACILITY TORUS 31,297,796
LIFE SUPPORTING ESSENTIALS HUB 3,565,503
HEAVY MACHINERY INDUSTRY TORUS 3,565,503
µg RECREATION TORUS 3,565,503
MAIN ELEVATOR SHAFT 13,322,710
SIDE ELEVATOR SHAFTS 6,091,050
DOCKING STATIONS 2,221,611
ENGINES AND THRUSTERS 285,600
STAND-OFF MATERIAL 15.5
TOTAL 1,64,05,22,641.5
SR2S RADIATION PROTECTION SHEILD 7,482,513

√(𝐆)(𝐌)
The formula to find the speed (v) of any object orbiting around a celestial body is where G is the gravitational
√𝑹
-11
constant valuing 6.67 x 10 universally, M is the mass of the celestial body and R is the radius of the orbit.
𝑴.𝒗𝟐
This formula is derived by equating the relational formulae of net centripetal force Fnet = 𝑹
and the formula of gravitational
𝑮𝑴𝟏 𝑴𝟐
force F = . Here mass of the orbiting body is cancelled out giving us the formula above.
𝑹𝟐

By using the formula, we get

v = √6.67 × 10−11 . 6.4171 × 1023 / √20428000
Here 6.4171 × 1023 is the mass of Mars and 20428000m is the radius of areosynchronous orbit.
By solving we obtain 1447.92 m/s as or 1.448 km/s as the orbiting speed of Papillon in the synchronized orbit with Mars.
[NOTE: Values mentioned above are approximate and actual values might slightly vary.]

Here v = √6.67 × 10−11 . 5.972 × 1024 / √42164000 because radius of geostationary orbit is 42164000m and mass of
earth is 5.972 × 1024
Hence the speed of orbiting in this stage (Geostationary orbit) would be 3073.59 m/s or 3.07359 km/s

21
[NOTE: Values mentioned above are approximate and actual values might slightly vary.]

Here v = √6.67 × 10−11 . 5.972 × 1024 / √23000000 because radius of medium earth orbit at which we will be placing
Papillon for initial construction is 23000000m and mass of earth is 5.972 × 1024
Hence the speed of orbiting in this stage (Medium earth orbit) would be 4161.61 m/s or 4.16161 km/s
[NOTE: Values mentioned above are approximate and actual values might slightly vary.]

As Papillon plans to move in a synchronized orbit of mars, the time will be equivalent to one Sol (one Martian day) or 24hrs
and 37mins
Hence one revolution of Papillon around Mars would take 24hrs and 37 mins.

Papillon orbits in the Areosynchronous orbit which is of radius 20428km. As it is a circular orbit, we can find the distance
covered in one orbit with the circumference formula C = 2πr
Thus, distance covered in one orbit is 2 (22/7) (20428) km which is equal to 1,28,404.571 km
Papillon will be orbiting at approximately 17032km above the surface of Martian equator.

22
 CH-4 EXTERNAL OPERATIONS
As a part of Papillons R&D and Resource extraction plan, we will be constructing 2 Land Bases on the Martian soil. These
land bases will function for different purposes in different locations. The locations for these bases are as follows:
• Endeavour crater (2.28o S, 5.23o W) & Santa Maria crater (2.172o S, 5.445o W)
• Korolev crater (73o N, 165o E) And the north polar ice cap
The Endeavour and the Santa maria craters will be our primary Martian base locations. These craters lie within the Meridiani
Planum extra-terrestrial plain in the MC-19 region. The endeavor crater is a huge crater with a massive 22km diameter
which provides ample space for extension of the base for times to come. All the primary R&D along with Water and Air
generation labs and resource extraction from the soil will take place in the Endeavour crater. Recreation centers too will be
established in the endeavor crater.
Santa Maria crater with a small diameter of 90 meters will be used as a landing site and for transportation facilities helping
us get on the space elevator. These craters were chosen as the primary set up due to their closeness to the stable longitude
17.92 W where Papillon orbits, which will enable easy transportation and feasible communication. This location allows us
to excavate and conduct research on various craters nearby.

Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Cornell/ASU

Santa Maria Crater
Image 4.2

Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Malin Space station systems/WUSTL

Image 4.1

Now the Korolev crater or so as we call it, the Life Saving Icy crater near the geographic north pole of Mars, is an ice filled
impact crater in the Mare Boreum quadrangle of mars. This is a huge 81.4 km diameter crater. Research suggests that this
crater contains 2,200 cubic kilometers of water ice in its solid form and there might be more. Hence, although it being far,
it was considered a location for our Secondary base. In this base the main function would be water extraction from the
glaciers. Due to its vicinity to the North polar ice caps, water extraction will also take place at the polar ice caps. A small
R&D facility will also be present here. For the transportation of extracted water, this base will have an independent aqueduct
transportation system.

Image credit: NASA/JPL/Arizona state university

Korolev Crater
Image 4.3

The making and resource gathering for a super structure such as Papillon is not an easy task to do. Hence to help the
assembling of Papillon while in the geostationary orbit, to reduce exploitation of the already scarce water on earth and to
explore the lunar soil and its geographical south pole we will be building a lunar base in the Shackleton Crater (89.9o S,
0.0o E) near the geographical southern pole of the moon.
This lunar base will also help in oxygen generation along with serving as a refueling station and a major attraction for space
travel.

23
The Shackleton crater is a 21km diameter crater. In ISROs mission chandrayan-1 it was proved of Shackleton having water
in its solid state. This crater will be used for extraction of water for Papillon. In the process of phased construction of
Papillon, many heavy components will be stationed here waiting to be assembled. The people of earth can avail Space trip
offers to this crater after the Papillon leaves for its Voyage. Oxygen extraction from the lunar regolith will also take place
here through the process of electro-deoxidation process and an abundant amount of oxygen can be retrieved as lunar regolith
is majorly based on oxygen compounds. The alloys of other metals for the structure can also be availed from here. A launch
base too will be setup on the Shackleton crater.
This would begin a new era in lunar exploration. It will be a wonderful journey from a time when people only saw the moon
in the sky to here, when they could visit its surface.

Image Credit- JeanLucMargot

Image 4.4

ASTEROID TYPE SPEED VALUE GROUP e a(AU) ORBIT

1943 L 5.44 5.57 AMO 0.256 1.430
ANTEROS km/s Trillion
(1973 EC) USD

2629 B 9.67 90.46 MCA 0.229 1.740

RUDRA km/s Trillion
(1980 RB1) USD
Image credit: www.asterank.com

Papillon has chosen the asteroids 1943 Anteros (1973 EC) and 2629 Rudra (1980 RB1) to mine primarily and recover all
the deficit and gain an economic upper hand. These asteroids have an orbit extremely near to that of Mars making it more
accessible. We expect to gain a profit of around 1.25 trillion USD and 7.32 trillion USD by mining the asteroids, respectively.
Although to mine them, there are 2 completely distinct plans.

Anteros plan involves in-situ mining of the asteroid 1943 Anteros for resources to build the super structure and indirect
monetary benefits. Anteros is a comparatively slower moving asteroid with a velocity of 5.44 km/s. Anteros has a diameter
of 2.3km which is manageable for in-situ extraction. Mining rovers with robotic arms will be remotely controlled. Plan
Anteros will commence a little after the start of construction of Papillon i.e., in year 5. It will be in progress all through
until Papillon reaches its orbit around Mars. During all these years, mined resources will be transported in regular intervals
i.e., once every year. Highest possible amounts of resources will be mined during this period from Anteros.

The plan to mine the asteroid 2629 Rudra has been named Plan Rudra. Plan Rudra will commence after the Anteros plan
ends and after Papillon has begun to function. Plan Rudra is not an in-situ resource utilization plan. Here we plan to pull
down the asteroid on to the Martian surface and mine it there. This way the mining process can be done for longer and more
effectively at lower costs. Rudra has an immensely high velocity of 9.67 km/s which makes it exceedingly difficult to land
on. It has bigger diameter of 4.8 km/s which makes the mission longer for in-situ utilization and hence becoming more
difficult.

24
We plan to bring down the asteroid using merlin engines and thrusters, titanium sheet, Kevlar covering, and carbon
nanotubes. The plan involves a massive net made up of 25cm thick Carbon nanotube tethers covered with Kevlar and a
layer of titanium so that the impact doesn’t blow off loose resources on the top and to mainly prevent burning up of the
rock upon atmospheric entry. Firstly, an Asteroid Maneuvering Vehicle (AMV) flies near the asteroid where the nets open
to cover the entire asteroid using mini thrusters which close in together after covering the asteroid. The nets and the shuttle
initially move along with the asteroid on its surface but slowly the connected engines and thrusters start firing, gradually
slowing down the rock. Once slowed down and near to mars (as it will be synchronized), the engines will have control of
the asteroid’s movement. The AMV consists of a main thruster to the farther end of the asteroid and smaller thrusters
towards the other end of the asteroid. The AMV then drives the asteroid towards mars. After atmospheric entry, the reverse
thrusters on the AMV will slow the asteroid down as much as possible. The asteroid is made to impact not far from the
Martian land base. Only later the net will be brought down, the shuttle will be boarded down and the asteroid can be easily
rested and mined over the Martian surface. Although this mission is expensive, it brings back immense resources and profits
which not only recovers the spent money on this mission but also recovers all the money ever spent on the super-structure.
The structure and working of the AMV is shown below:

Image 4.6
Image 4.5

Rovers will be used to mine minerals both on mars and asteroids (primarily its function would be asteroid mining). These
rovers will be equipped with surface and shaft mining components along with magnetic rakes. They will also be capable of
performing the Mond process. These components are chosen because of the metallic resources available mainly magnesium
silicate, aluminum, and iron silicate. The asteroid mining rovers will be charged through solar energy and with a mini SMES
storage battery. These rovers will be controlled from papillon and monitored continuously. Mini extractors will be deployed
for mining and these smaller bots will carry the resources to their mother rovers where they will be insulated and stored in
highly efficient storage tanks which will protect the resource from radiation or any other kind of threats. These tanks will
be made of 3 layers. The first layer will be titanium and the next layer will be the radiation protection layer same as used
on Papillon and lastly carbon nanotubes will be used. Their main goal would be extracting almost all possible resources
from the asteroid which could take a considerate amount of time.
Once the resource extraction is complete the rovers will assemble back into the landers on which they arrived and will fly
back to the docking ports of Papillon.
After finishing the 3rd test sequence of Papillon in the year 18, the soonest windows for the launch of rovers onto the asteroid
will be selected and plan Rudra will commence.
Further choices for future commercialized mining will be
o 3288 Seleucus (1982 DV)
o 25330 (1999 KV4)
o 1386 Storeria (1935 PA)
o 1580 Betulia (1950 KA)

25
Traveling from mars to the settlement and vice versa will be a regular affair. Launching and landing every time comes at
an expense of a lot of fuel which would not be sensible to use up. Hence, we plan on modifying the space elevator concept.
In project Papillon a retracting tube will extend from Mars’s nearest moon Phobos into the Martian atmosphere until about
60 km above surface. A Shuttle flies exactly below the tip of the elevator and synchronizes the speed to 0.77 km/s. This is
the velocity of the space elevator at the tip about 60km above surface. Powerful electromagnetically paired disks will be
present on the tip of the elevator and on top of the shuttle and once nearby electromagnets are charged, the elevator holds
the shuttle. Now the shuttle powers down and the retractor slowly retracts into a kilometer-long coil above the surface of
Phobos where the gravitational force is extremely low. Now the electromagnet is released or de-charged and the shuttle
engines fire up to go to the desired location, may it be Phobos itself or Papillon’s super structure.
The electromagnet used is made up of the SR2S superconductor. To shield the interior and fuels from the magnetic field,
highly permeable shielding alloys such as the MU metal will be used. Most of the substances will be non-magnetic but the
fuel will need to be shielded by the magnetic fields. MU metal is made up of copper, aluminum, titanium and magnesium
boride.
The electromagnetic way of docking saves us from using aerodynamic breakings used in normal dockings which burn up
huge amounts of fuel. We would be saving millions of dollars per launch because of this mechanism. Several such elevators
will be built in future for more ease of access.

Image 4.7

The same structure used for residential cocoons will be used for space tourism. With a few modifications the Cocoon will
accommodate one family of 4-6 people. These tourism cocoons are completely reusable and will be used for space tourism
from Papillon to the Lunar base and back. These Tourism Cocoons will be powered using solar panels and will be using
the VASIMR Engine. Each one-way trip would take only 35-40 days because of this plasma engine. The structure of the
tourism cocoon is the same as the residential cocoons/evacuation pods as present aboard Papillon [as demonstrated in the

26
topic 6.8 (pg.no 39)] . Hence each tourism package will extend through to approximately 100 days including all the traveling
and visiting. The final look of the cocoon is displayed below:

Image 4.8

We as a part of space exploration and expansion also plan to build high speed hyperloops on the Martian surface between
various Martian bases and the main base in the Endeavour crater. This will help in ease of transportation and resource
transportation to the main base and further to Papillon. Water transportation from the Korolev crater to the Endeavour
crater is an example where hyperloops will be used due to their far distances.

Extra-terrestrial experimental/ exploration labs of Papillon refer to the research labs set-up on different foreign surfaces for
further space exploration. These advanced learnings and missions will help humans to reach farther than ever before. We
plan to build different remotely controlled research domes aboard Papillon and fly them to different planets, moons and
galaxies, and not only mars and its moons. Our initial exploration program named Explora-1 includes flying one lab each
to the clouds of Venus, the darker side of Earth’s moon and Jupiter’s moons Europa and Titan. These labs harvest rovers
for examining different surfaces and have pressurized life supporting cabins for future human missions.
Such exploration labs will act as an experiment and show effect on materials in different conditions. It also will help us
view many more breath-taking images of our solar system and beyond.
It will take our quest of finding new life beyond expectations and setting up these labs will be a lot easier to build and fly
from Papillon rather than earth.

27
 CH-5 LIFE SUPPORTING ESSENTIALS
Gravity although a lot of times is given lesser preference as a life saver, it is much more important. This force holding us
down to a plane is the main reason for survival in the long term.
Without gravity the first major effect is weightlessness. Studying the effects on astronaut’s weightlessness, it causes long
term loss of bone and muscle mass. This degeneration happens rapidly. Bones soon become brittle and cause symptoms
same as that of osteoporosis. The pumping of blood is also harshly affected in a few cases.
To avoid all these adverse effects, we need to create artificial gravity in the settlement. Among the various laboratory
methods, one involving a centripetal and centrifugal force by spinning a donut shaped structure to create enough gravity on
the inner wall is most suitable. Hence the structure of the settlement designed is mostly the compilation of donut shaped
structures called torii.
In this process a centripetal force is directed towards the center by rotating the torus which creates a centrifugal force (allows
gravity like force) acting outwards and thus allowing humans to experience earth like gravity standing on the walls of the
torii.
The amount of rotation and the way it works is already shown in the topic “Rotation” under the chapter Calculations in
pg.no 20

Pressure in most parts of Papillon would be 1atm to create an earth like environment and make it best suitable for humans.
However, for longer preservation, storage areas would be unpressurised and would require spacesuits to enter. Docking
ports would also be de-pressurized so as to match the docked spacecraft’s pressure before opening airlocks.

Air is mainly composed of 5 gases, nitrogen, oxygen, argon (and other inert gases), hydrogen and CO2. Although few exist
in minimal quantities, they are very essential for different functions. Firstly, let us talk about the generation/extraction of
these gases.
CO2, Nitrogen, and argon are present in the Martian atmosphere at 95.32%, 2.6% and 1.9% respectively. Due to such
amounts, we can easily extract these gases through fractional distillation of Martian air. In this process, the air is liquified
under pressure and then vaporized according to the different boiling points of different gases. As discovered by the Curiosity
rover sent by NASA, nitrogenous compounds are also present in the Martian soil and due to the lower gravitational force,
these compounds can also be extracted easily through in-line neutralization with a concentrated buffer. By extraction of
ammonia, we can also obtain hydrogen which a major form of fuel.
Hydrogen production through electrolysis of water will also be used but in very minimal quantities and mainly for obtaining
hydrogen and not oxygen.
The most difficult part of extraction is to obtain oxygen near mars. Oxygen is not available in its free form on or near mars.
Like our competitors we could also plan to extract oxygen from water but as we know water is a scarce resource and thus
to avoid exploitation, electrolytic reduction of water will not be our primary plan for oxygen generation. Although this will
be used as a backup plan for hydrogen and oxygen generation in case something goes wrong.
The primary method of Oxygen extraction used by Papillon would be Solid Oxide Electrolysis of CO 2 using solar oxide
electrolyser cells (SOEC). This method already exists on-board the Perseverance mission and is in its experimental stages
known as MOXIE (Mars Oxygen ISRU Experiment).
The SOEC cells use Solid oxide, regenerative cells, electrolytes, and ceramics such as Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ).
Oxygen generators running on SOEC cells split CO2 molecules into CO and O2. Initially after splitting, an O atom is
produced. The YSZ is placed between 2 electrolytes. CO2 is passed through this and hence diffused. Through thermal
disassociation and electro-catalysis, the oxygen atom liberated gains charge forming O-2 ion. This ion is disseminated to the
electrolyte anode where the charge is transferred into the anode, bonding 2 oxygen atoms to form O2.
(Note: This is a method devised by MIT collaborated with other institutes to make a prototype for NASA.)
The chemical reaction taking place is 2CO2 → 2CO + O2.

28
This technology will be used by Papillon with a few modifications for large scale production. Papillon will be using the
universally attainable solar energy to power the Oxygen generators. The electricity will charge up the electrolytes and
pressure pumps for the processes and transportation, respectively. This scaled up model provides all the necessary amounts
of pure oxygen for the settlement. In an attempt to create an earth like environment for the residents of Papillon, we will
be adjusting the composition of air in Papillon similar to that on earth. Whereas for plants to grow well and faster, more
amounts of CO2 will be present in the agricultural tori.

As shown in the above pie charts, the air in the agricultural torus will be composed of 0.4% of CO2 to help in accelerating
and amplifying the process of photosynthesis.
Purification of air is also as important as its generation because Papillon is a closed environment, unlike the earth where
most of the air is automatically purified. Air will be generally purified using electrostatic air filters. CO2 waste produced by
respiration will be separated to produce Oxygen through Solid Oxide Electrolysis. Oxygen will also be produced in high
amounts in the agricultural torus which will be used to replenish the oxygen level within the settlement.
Pre-Filters, HEPA Filters and HEGA Filters
The combination of these 3 filters will be used for the filtration of air in Papillon. Pre-Filters using a silver nano particle
filter increases the life of the HEPA and HEGA filters by removing significantly bigger particles of size 16-20 µm. HEPA
filters eliminate all particles above the size of 0.3µm. Further when the air is passed through HEGA filters, the gaseous
contaminants and odor is eliminated by activated carbon adsorbers giving completely purified air. The HEGA filters are
more useful in the industrial sector.
Germicidal UV Disinfection
The air after filtration is subjected to UV rays to kill all the harmful pathogens, viruses and bacteria to make the air safe. In
this way the air is completely sanitized. After this process, the air is released back into the settlement accordingly.
The useless and excess CO2 produced will be scrubbed through solar oxide electrolysis to reproduce oxygen.
Bry Air Ethylene Scrubber (BES)
Growing plants and fruits produce Ethylene. While in a closed environment it proves to be harmful to humans and cause
rapid decay of grown products. By using BES Systems in Papillon, ethylene is adsorbed below the floor as Ethylene
molecules are heavier than air and it stays near the floors. Then it is purified and neutralized using KMnO4, resulting in the
production of clean air, CO2 and water. This saves lives and helps in storage of food grown for a significantly longer period
without any preservatives.

RELATING TO THE RECENT CIRCUMSTANCES

We have all been traumatized by the recent pandemic situation due to the covid-19 virus. What would happen if such a
pandemic ever occurs aboard a space settlement is that we would have to shut down all the central air filtration systems to
prevent the risk of spread. For such situations and many more reasons, every residential pod aboard Papillon has been
equipped with its own air generation/filtration system which can work independently.

29
A huge amount of water [2200 Cubic Kilometers] is present on mars in the Korolev crater along with the geographic poles.
These waters could harvest generations to come without even recycling. But these waterbodies according to various research
have a high chance of being in a solid and an impure state. On our Martian base in Korolev, microwave blast beams will be
used to obtain liquid water or the alternate way would be to just use energy to heat it up and melt the ice. Firstly, the
seasonally occurring CO2 layer on the top will be drilled through a bore driller. Now, the microwave beam will be blasted
onto the solid water. This will not warm up the water rather it will warm up the rocks beneath and on the edges. Or the
powered heaters would just melt the ice. This will melt down the water and finally through the Chlorinated Polyvinyl
Chloride [CPVC] thermoplastic built Solar pumps, the water will be extracted into purification tanks. The CPVCs are used
to avoid metal corrosion due to the saline and impure nature of water.
In the purification tank, a process called Forward Osmosis will take place. In this process a semi-permeable membrane is
used, where a bioengineered oil is used to pull out the water molecules leaving behind the slug and the salts. On exposing
this solution to optimum heat, the oil floats giving out pure water. This process is highly efficient with very less energy
requirements. Water on mars would also be extracted from the poles and sub-surfaces through the same process if required.
Similarly, on the Lunar base on the Shackleton Crater, the lunar regolith will be shot with microwaves which would draw
up water vapors to the surface due to the lunar conditions. Depending on the tests done by Dr. Kaukler and Dr. Ed Etheridge
on lunar regolith simulant, about 95% of the water could be extracted. In our modified plan we will be shooting microwaves
into the unpressurised lunar base and once enough water vapor is extracted, the base will be pressurized to normal habitable
conditions. Then in the purifying tanks a similar method as shown above of Forward Osmosis will be done to purify the
water into potable conditions.
Recycling the used water is as important as the extraction process. A similar water recovery system will be used on Papillon
as used on the ISS (ECLSS Water Recycling System). Almost all liquids including the urine, liquid waste and humid air
will be absorbed back into the purifiers. But a small advancement/modification in the technology here will be using the
Forward Osmosis process. This is the same process used while the extracting water as mentioned above. This will enable
up to 93% percent of water being reused in the appropriate conditions.
These water extraction and recycling programs will provide enough water for millenniums to come and along with these,
new techniques of making water chemically will also be stated in the future scope of Papillon.

Aboard Papillon we will be thriving our best for an independent existence and for this to happen, growing our own supplies
is an essential aspect. To achieve this goal, we will be using the Aeroponics system of farming.
AEROPONICS
Aeroponics system does not add up too much weight unlike regular soil or any growth medium simulant which puts on too
much mass. The aeroponics system although costly will save a lot of water and help in growing big crops.
In the aeroponics system, the roots will be pressurized and all the essential nutrients for that specific plant will be dispersed
in the form of mist directly to the roots ensuring minimum water wastage and efficient growth. It does not involve any
growth medium and is held by a small sponge above the aeroponic dispenser. Roots being in continuous mist will not face
water shortage.
Although as a precautionary measure, if the aeroponics systems fail, Papillon will be equipped with a hydroponics system
which involves a medium based growth and enough depository food to sustain the population for 2+ harvests.
Along with all the crops, fruits will also be grown through the aeroponics system. Plants will be provided with nutrients
according to their growth stage. Monitoring chips will also be equipped on every plant to increase their efficiency.
In order to grow seed bearing fruits and crops, pollination is a very essential process which most of the projects miss out.
Unlike earth, Papillon would not have any insect or wind to help pollinate. Hence tiny robotic insect like pollinators will
be deployed in the agricultural tori. These Pollinators will have tiny suction which will take in the pollen seeds and release
it elsewhere on other flowers to complete the process of pollination. Honey bees will also ally in make happening the
pollination process.
Wheat, Maize, Corn, Potatoes, Rice, Fodder crops and Peas are very essential to survive for both humans and other animals,
therefore will be grown always in excess quantity and stored for emergencies. Else all other fruit bearing crops, oil seed
crops and spices will be in regular circulation.
Animal Husbandry is also a vital part of human consumption of food and agriculture
4 categories of animals reared aboard Papillon will be

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 • Cow (Friesian) and Buffaloes (Murrah)
These Cattle are famous for their milk yielding capacity. They will occupy a separate section of the Animal Husbandry
torus. Each of these cattle will require 20-30l of water daily and will mainly consume wheat, barley, millets, dry hay, and
other fodder crops. Initially 75 cows and 25 of their male counterparts will be taken aboard Papillon along with 75 buffaloes
and 25 their male counterparts. This will produce us enough milk for more than daily consumption and excess diary
production. Due to their heavy weight only a few of such cattle will be reared and hence cattle meat consumption will not
be encouraged.
• Sheeps (Dorset & Merino) and Goats (Boer)
Dorset sheep and Boer Goat will be reared for their food as they are known to produce the best quality meat. Merino sheeps
will be primarily reared for their wool and although synthetic clothing will be mainly used, to give a taste of natural clothing
material, wool will also be produced. 100 Dorset sheeps, 50 Merino sheeps and 150 Boer goats will be reared initially
aboard papillon.
• Poultry (Hens, Chickens, Ducks. Etc.)
These will be reared in 20-25°C temperatures and mainly for their meat and eggs. At this temp they will provide the best
quality and quantity of the requirements. 500 poultry birds will initially be transported.
• Apiculture
This section will have maintained temperatures of around 30°C. Here a variety of species of honeybees will be reared for
honey along-side a variety of flowering plants being stationed. This is mainly done to bring diversity and variety to the
species aboard Papillon. 200 bee colonies of all selected species will be carried along with selective choosing of at least 50
queen bees of each species. This will ensure thriving of the bee population.
With respect to all animals aboard, natural reproduction will be encouraged but in case of massive population fall and
scarcity, laboratory methods of reproduction will be necessary.
Cultured meat:
Cultured meat is a form of meat produced by invitro cell culture of animal cells (without slaughtering any animal). It is also
labeled as clean meat and is categorized into cellular agriculture. The meat conceived will have same texture and all the
constituents of a normal meat from livestock. The exposure of meat to bacteria and diseases is reduced due to rigid
environmental controls and tissue monitoring. Additionally, it also prevents infections from normal meat cultures. By
applying biotechnological advances, this meat can be made healthier than the meat produced for livestock as it includes
enhanced nutrients and individually customized cellular and molecular composition. Papillon will also be cultivating such
meat to meet the demands of the population and gradually dilute and attempt to stop the animal killing.
All the produced plants and animals will be stored in the storage areas with specific conditions and will be distributed with
special implementations explained in the “Storage & Distribution of Food” topic.

Aboard Papillon every produce of food goes directly to the storage facilities. Equal amounts will be removed from the
previously stored food and distributed. Inside the storage facility different pressures will be generate for different food. For
most of the food, they will be stored in 0 pressure and freezing temperatures. All the facilities will be airtight. At any given
time supplies worth of 2 years will be stored for every residential cocoon so as to successfully get back to earth in case of
any catastrophe.
For the initial years, the food sector will not be commercialized. It would be free of cost. During this period and any
emergency times, food will be directly delivered to the doorsteps for each person weekly through robots. According to the
health monitoring bands, all the required nutrient rich foods will be delivered along with one dish of the persons choice. In
normal conditions raw materials for cooking will be available at every residential torus at the marketplace.

Conditions in outer space usually consists of extreme temperatures. But for survival in outer space, we require a habitat
which maintains a constant temperature in its environment. This temperature regulation system does exactly that. This is
done to satisfy the comfort level and for proper functioning within the habitat. To achieve these, two systems are used,
namely the active control system and the passive control system.
Active control system:
The objective of this system is to eliminate excess heat or waste heat generated from the equipment’s and to generate
optimum heat for habitat management.

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Firstly, thermostat equipped heaters will be used in various parts of the settlement to generate warmth amidst the freezing
space temperatures. The most used heaters in spacecrafts are the patch heaters where it consists electrically resistant
elements placed between two sheets of flexible insulating material (Kapton). The other type and the main type of heater
being used is a radioisotope heater unit (RHU). These do not require any electrical power from the spaceship and it provides
direct heat where and when it is needed. These are radioactive materials which decay to provide the heat (plutonium dioxide
is the most common material used). RHU’s provide a lot of flexibility and are highly rugged which enable them to keep
working without leaks even during accidents. The compactness and multi-layered security have made it a default choice.
The excess heat or the waste heat generated are eliminated through radiators. These can be flat-plate radiators mounted on
the sides or the panels that can be deployed later when the spaceship is in its orbit. These radiators reject the infrared
radiation, and the radiant heat loads from the environment. Louvers are used to control heat transfer between internal
spacecraft surfaces. The excessive heat or the waste heat are transferred to the radiators with the help of fluid loops or the
heat pipes.
Passive control system:
The objective of this system is to maintain a constant temperature in the habitat and to prevent excessive cooling or heating
and this objective is to be fulfilled with the use of multilayered insulation (MLI). This prevents heat loss in the environment
along with preventing excessive heating. These blankets are ideal for operating and maintaining a constant temperature.
The commonly used material for the interior layer is the mylar (aluminized on both sides) which has low emittance, and the
exterior layer could be of PTFE Teflon or PVF reinforced with Nomex bonded with polyester adhesive or eve FEP Teflon.
(Similar materials or alternatives that have been mentioned in “2.0-Structural Engineering” will serve the same purpose.)
Lighting aboard Papillon will be completely artificial and controllable according to our needs. From morning to dawn and
the night, lights will be brightened up and shades would be added with variation according to the seasons. It would vary
from the bright sunlight to the calm moonlight and these lights will not be unidirectional.
During the time of sunrise, pleasant light with orange and yellow shades will fill the settlement and as the day passes lights
will be brightened and at last evening dims back into the darkness with a beautiful sunset lighting. However, a few sets of
foot lamps and streetlamps will be placed everywhere on every torus.
The agricultural tori will have a separate lighting technique to help plants grow faster and better. The lights in the
agricultural tori will be set to a wavelength of 425nm-450nm and 600nm-700nm which lies in the blue-light and red-light
spectrum, respectively. According to researches, this helps in faster absorption of light and hence improved efficiency in
photosynthesis. Relative humidity of 50-70% will be varied in the agricultural tori with temperatures set differently
according to plant needs.
Seasoning concept has been brought in papillon to provide the closest feeling to our natural home, earth. A 12-month period
will be divided into 4 seasons namely summer, rainy, winter, spring. In the summer season, bright lights will be brought in
earlier in the day with temperatures ranging from 30-35oC with relative humidity set up to about 45% to 60%. In the rainy
season, lights would be dimmer, occasional rain will be replicated through ceiling pores present in the tori. These pores
would be opened when necessary to sprinkle water to make the artificial raining possible and also can be used during fire
emergencies. The water would completely be soaked back up through the water recycling systems. Temperatures in this
season will be varied from 22-27oC and the relative humidity would be 72%-80%. In the winters, cool temperatures followed
by dim lighting and humidity of about 60%-65%. At last, in the spring pleasant bright lights with temperatures of 23-27oC
will be opted. Humidity will be of about 50%.

Papillon looks forward to the betterment of a citizen’s access to information and communication. Hence a separate database
with cloud storage system will be set up on Papillon providing the citizens uninterrupted data look up and transfer within
the settlement and to the Martian land base. Mini telecom towers and free Wi-Fi will be enabled within the settlement. We
look forward to making space internet a reality.
The Internal Communication is also done by linking the satellites together by doing which we can create a break free
connection to the residence’s living in the settlement. This also allows high speed connection to the consumer and helps in
tracking the location of residents in cases of emergencies and in times of security. All the devices given to the people in the
settlement will be having their communication fulfilled the same way it is done on Earth.
As we have numerous satellites linked to our settlement, it is particularly important to make sure we use it for the betterment
of the settlement. Now as we spoke of Earth, don’t we need to communicate with them? and the answer is yes, we do. As
we are independent now, we should not disconnect contact from our origin. As the distance between our settlement and
Earth is 100.85 million km (approx.), we need powerful satellites to send and receive data and to make this process faster

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we will be linking 60% of the satellites together to gain a collaborated connection. As we are near Mars, the research on it
will be going on for a future Martian Colony. This will be done by using human resources on board Papillon and on Earth.
Out of the numerous satellites, most of them will be used for communication and a few for navigation and reconnaissance.
We will also take the help of the satellites previously placed in the Mars orbit to help in faster development of establishment.
The Reconnaissance Obiter, 2001 Mars Odyssey, Maven, Mars Express, ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter and Mars Orbiter
Mission (Mangalyaan) and other satellites which will be in the orbit during the time of construction. Our main satellite will
be Eurus designed by Papillon that will ensure maximum efficiency with minimum maintenance. This satellite can send
signals near the speed of light as it uses radio-waves to transport data. Adding to which a continuous connection will
decrease the lag in communication to a bare minimum.
For this we will take the help of different space agencies and with their clearance we will proceed further. After all, for such
huge missions we cannot work isolated and this will be an international collaborative effort between multiple countries. We
will also take the help of the active private space agencies in the world. A tenure will be formulated to all this in order to
avoid conflict between the countries.
Communication blackouts are a huge challenge to tackle, as the makers and investors in this project will be extremely
concerned about the condition and whereabouts of this superstructure. Papillon will be using 4-8 solar orbiting satellites to
tackle communication blackouts with the earth. These satellites will receive transmissions from papillon and transmit it to
earth and vice-versa and will only be used during blackouts.

Quantum dot solar cell is the future of solar energy. With infinite junctions we can accomplish an efficiency of more than
86% which is more than double of most of the extensively used solar cells. The solar panels will be installed on 4 tori in
total. 2 tori of 0.8km radius and 2 of 0.6km radius. In total 15390000 sq. meters of the area will be equipped with solar
panels. Sunlight will be received 30% of the time of every day due to the farther area and shadow time behind Mars, Papillon
will be producing 3970620 KW of electricity every day.

A modified SMES (Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage) storage system will be used aboard Papillon. Unlike the
regular SMES system involving any circular loop, we will multipurpose the superconductive layer used for creating a
magnetosphere for radiation protection. This as usual will store high amounts of the energy with highest possible efficiency.
Energy produced will circulate through this layer of superconductor and it will replicate the mechanism of an electric grid.

Electricity will be transmitted from the superconductor to a mini grid in each torus and further on will be passed through
inductive coupling of coils through insulated tubes and thus the old technology of wires would not be used anymore. This
method is non radiative and reduces wastage.
In case of emergency escape situations, each residential cocoon will be equipped with individual solar panels and high-
capacity batteries such as XeF2 crystals. Additionally, the life support systems will have additional separate energy sources
backed up with hydrogen fuel to ensure the thriving of all life and vegetation even in case of catastrophes.

Mars has frequent storms and strong winds which will be used in creating electricity for the Martian land bases by setting
up Martian windmills. This might turn out to be a huge energy production hub for all the upcoming projects on the surface
of the red planet.
The satellites made along with papillon and the Land bases on the moon and on mars will also be powered using the QDSC
Solar cells, but the energy storage method will be different. On the land bases they will be stored in huge electricity grids
and then standardly distributed according to need. Satellites, as we know will have highly efficient batteries to store energy.

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 Electricity
consumptio
n/day KW
Residential Tori 50000
(A&B)
Industrial Section 1400000
Agricultural 80000
Section
Life support 1000000
System
Lighting & 100000
Temperature
Water generation 100000
R&D 100000
Transportation 800
Even after allotting surplus energy to all the sectors, hundreds of thousands of KW of energy will be left over which will
be used for backup battery charging and SEPs.

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 CH-6 FUNCTIONING & OTHER INFRASTRUCTURES
Industries are a vital facet of any independent colony. We would have to manufacture, build, and innovate stuff all aboard
the super structure. Most of these industries will be in the Industrial hybrid tori. Heavy industries would be built separately
in locations with minimal gravity for easy relocation and would be requiring special equipment. Otherwise, all other
industries will have enough gravity to function with regular equipment. The Asteroid industry has its special place on the
Martian surface, the industry will be minimally up and running well before human settlement to make an easier living. Here
we present the structure of industrial torii along with the list of basic industries aboard. The torus shown below will be
completely dedicated to industries. It would not only boost up jobs for the citizens but also bring in monetary support to the
super-structure.
The list of industries aboard Papillon are:
INDUSTRY IMPLICATION

1. AGRO-BASED INDUSTRY Processing of the agricultural and animal husbandry produce.

2. AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY Hybrid Vehicles and spaceships for internal and external transportation.
3. TEXTILE INDUSTRY Clothing’s to Kevlar, all the fabrics will be processed and synthesized.
4. CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Synthesizes and produces all the necessary raw chemicals for any other
industry. Products such as soaps will also be manufactured
5. RAW MATERIAL All the basic needs including Carbon-Nanotubes, Plastics, Glasses,
PROCESSING INDUSTRY Ceramics to the basic most ones such as Toilet papers, manufactured here
6. PHARMA INDUSTRY Medicines, Vaccinations, Pharma-grade equipment’s. etc. lie under this
category.
7. FURNITURE & STATIONARY Sofas, recliners & Cushions, Tables and all the stationaries will be
INDUSTRY produced and supplied from this very section.
8. IT INDUSTRY Information and tech advancements including all the software section of
working comes under this.
9. GADGET INDUSTRY This industry is dedicated to produce every used gadget from basic
earphone to huge super-computers will be made in here.
10. ARTIFICIAL INFORMATION As A.I is an integral part of the plan, it is extremely important to allot a
INDUSTRY section of industries for their production and maintenance. This industry
plays that role of building robots and their technologies.
11. HEAVY MACHINERY Machinery with heavy load have a separate place in a smaller torus where
INDUSTRY the gravity is lesser comparatively and this industry will be placed there.
12. METAL AND ALLOY To expand the settlement and its maintenance high amounts of different
INDUSTRY metals and alloys will be required which will all be manufactured here.
This Industry deals in production of mining rovers, Asteroid Maneuvering
Vehicle’s, and processing of the minerals and resources obtained This
13. ASTEROID INDUSTRY industry is specially placed near the Martian surface base in the Endeavour
crater to avoid radiation threat of the asteroid to the settlement.

For the management of corpse, we will be making 2 methods available. The choice of cremation will be a decision to be
opted by the deceased before the demise or by the family later.

Corpse management in this method is an essential process at Papillon as we are using various methods to reuse the possible
nutrients available in the corpse such as vitamins, minerals and other chemical substances which are present in human
bodies even after their death when the person won’t be needing it anymore.

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Making better use of the corpse can turn it completely into a useful substance by minimizing wastes and by obtaining some
useful components which can be reused for other purposes. This will turn into a major boon as it contributes largely to
Papillon`s resources where its availability is limited.
At first, when a person dies the ritualistic practices and prayers are done. Later the bodies are surrendered and are transported
to the corpse management hub where a certain number of healthy organs are taken out and donated to medical institutions
for medical preferences.
Now the corpse utility process will unfold in stages:
Stage 1: After the removal of healthy organs, bones and other fat-soluble tissues are surgically removed [before the inner
microbes start their action]. Now these parts will be put into use to obtain some vitamins, minerals, and a few essential
substances.
BONE EXTRACTION:
Proteins such as collagen and apatite along with minerals from bones will be obtained. In this process a chemical named
ethylenediamine is used. From this, minerals such as calcium, magnesium and phosphorous are extracted through strong
acidic buffer while proteins are extracted from weak acidic buffer. This process is achieved using Soxhlet apparatus and
anhydrous ethylenediamine. The Ethylenediamine solubilizes the organic portion, fats, and proteins with minor physical or
chemical alteration in the mineral phase. Later the sample is washed with cold water to eliminate the solvent.
VITAMIN EXTRACTION:
In this process, vitamins are extracted from the fat soluble. Since it contains vitamin A, D, E and K, vitamin extraction can
be done through a method known as liquid-liquid extraction. In this the fat-soluble vitamins are extracted from the human
serum present in the tissues. N-hexane and dichloromethane are used to purify the soluble. And then extraction is done by
adding hexane and diethyl ether to extract the vitamins.
STAGE 2: Now the other remnants of the body and the bones are sent for the composting process. Firstly, the bodies are
kept in isolation tanks. Then, Microbes such as bacteria, fungi, molds, protozoa and actinomycetes are added to ensure
faster decomposition. During the decomposition process, gases such as methane (CH4), hydrogen sulphide(H2S), Carbon
dioxide (CO2) and nitrogenous gases are released in the tank. Here these gases can be used for other purposes like fuel from
methane, hydrogen extraction from H2S and many more. To trap these gases, vents are created at the top of the tanks which
leads to different gas containers where these gases are stored. This will be done when gases get crowded in the tanks and
since these gases have different air densities, distillation will be done where different gas layers will be formed wherein,
we can create minor passages to collect the gases in different containers.
After the composting process, the compost prepared is later stored in a separate container. And this compost mainly consists
of ammonia and other phosphoric chemicals.
Uses of extracted substances:
1. Vitamins: Making of multivitamin capsules and medicines.
2. Minerals: It can be used in the medical field and in other commercial industries depending on requirement.
3. Methane: Fuel, hydrogen extraction etc.
4. Hydrogen sulphide: To be used to create various inorganic sulphides which is further used in making of pesticides
and other materials.
5. Carbon dioxide: It will be used for oxygen generation, plant growth and many other purposes.
6. Nitrogenous compounds: Acts as a major raw material is fertilizer production
7. Compost: Manures, Methane generation, fuel
In this way resource generation is done along with clean and useful disposal of the dead.

This method will be a lot easier to execute and is comparatively cost efficient. Here we will be following the NASA
proposed “Body Back” plan. Although here we will not be generating any resource, it respects the sentiments of the family
of the deceased.
Here the dead body will initially be placed in body bags with air vents. Then they will be attached outside airlocks and
exposed to sub-zero temperatures until the body is cold and hard enough to brittle. The moisture would be released into
space.
Then the dehydrated mass will be vibrated by a robotic arm to turn into fine dust (Space funeral). This dust will be packed
into tiny cubes and returned to the family.
Even in a situation where all the chemicals necessary for executing method 1, method 2 would come handy.

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Waste management is also an important process in our spaceship since processing things will generate some amount of
waste. Our intention in Papillon is to maximize the usage of reusables which is essential as there is a limit to how much
we can use. In doing so, we can also eliminate the completely useless materials and do it in a systematic fashion.
Generally, there will be 4 forms of waste generated, they are
1. Solid form
2. Semi-solid form
3. Liquid form
4. Gaseous form
These wastes will be generated from different sectors such as the industrial sector, commercial sector, residential sector,
and human waste.

This form of waste is mainly generated by industrial (such as scrap metals, dirt, granules, etc.) and commercial (such as
plastic, glass and other materials) sector. And some even from the residential sector (food materials, plastic and glass
disposables, bulky items, and e-waste) also.
Now most of the solid wastes are recyclable, (plastic, glass, metals and many more)
Recycling of plastic and glass:
Firstly, these materials must be crushed and shredded into smaller pieces (for faster and effective progress). Later, we must
sort and heat these materials (in suitable melting point) and then it would be re-casted to its previous form or another form.
Recycling of metals:
After gathering all sorts of solid metal waste, it is sorted according to its type. Later these are compressed and shredded into
smaller pieces to make sure these do not occupy more space in the conveyer belt and doing so also utilizes less energy in
the melting process. Now, these are heated in specific furnaces according to their melting point and later they undergo the
purification process by electrolysis or any other method according to the metal type. Later these are moved to the cooling
chambers where chemicals will be added to acquire its previous state and properties.
E-waste or electronic waste is also a kind of waste which contains many usable components in them. To obtain them, we
have to separate and segregate the parts of it. And later these parts must be sorted and should be sent for the recycling
process according to their material.

In these forms of waste, it mainly would-be contaminated water sources released by various sectors which also include
human waste such as urine and urea (organic matter). In the liquid form there are 2 types of waste,
1. Hazardous wastewater
2. Non-hazardous wastewater
Hazardous wastewater treatment:
Hazardous wastewater treatment can be done with various methods with or without the use of chemicals. In Papillon
different methods will be used for this water treatment.
1. Centrifugation: This method is used to remove solid masses and other impurities from the water.
2. Electrode ionization: This method is done by utilizing electricity to dissociate impure ions (metal ions) and other
compounds from water.
Later, zeolites (ion exchangers) are used to remove heavy metals and other radioactive elements.
3. Oxidation-reduction method: This method is used to convert hazardous contaminants to fewer toxic compounds by
using oxidizing and reducing agents.
4. Neutralization method: This method is used to balance the pH level of water by neutralizing excess acidity or
alkalinity in water.
5. Later this water source is sent for filtration before sending it to the main water supply system.
Non-hazardous wastewater treatment:
Non-hazardous wastewater includes various kinds of organic matter including human waste (such as urea and urine).
Treatment of non-hazardous wastewater will be done by a stepwise process.

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Step 1: Removal of solid masses
Firstly, all the wastewater will be drained into a separate tank. Then the water is sent through a pressurized pipe to a screen
which consists of rotating rakes. This enables the removal of fine solid masses from the water. Later, the water is moved to
oxygen ditches where the aeration process takes place and spinning brushes are added to maintain the water flow. Here the
microorganisms can feed on the organic matter. Later the water is sent to sedimentation tanks where the sludges settle out
of water. Now the sludges are sent to separate tanks. Later aluminum sulphate is added which aids in the removal of
phosphorous. At last, the denitrification process helps in the removal of the most non-settleable solids in water. This also
reduces turbidity, color, and odor.
Aeration process: It is a process in which it brings air and water in close contact to remove dissolved gases (like CO2) and
oxidizes the dissolved metals such as iron and other volatile organic chemicals.
Step 2: Forward Osmosis
The water further will go through forward osmosis process as mentioned in the topic of ‘Water generation and recycling”
to provide potable water.

This form of waste mainly includes human wastes in the form of sludge along with other anatomical waste and
biodegradable materials such as food leftovers and many more.
Treatment of semi-solid and biodegradable waste will also be done in a step-wise process,
Step 1: The biodegradable materials will be added to the sludges, and later it will be exposed to the vacuum of space where
the semi-solid texture dries out and gets converted into its solid state.
Step 2: This solid matter is then crushed to obtain powdered manure.
Step 3: Later this powdered manure will be sent to the digestion tanks where the different microbial activity will be
facilitated. From this we generate carbon dioxide and methane (used as biofuel) and will be stored in different tanks.

This form of waste consists of many industrial gases like carbon dioxide, toxic sulfurized gases, hydrogen, and other nitrous
compounds. Before separating these gases, they must be purified and this is can be done mechanically by precipitating the
foreign particles through the use of centrifugal force (or) filtration through fibrous or porous materials (or) by scrubbing
the gases with water or other liquids. Later the gases will be separated by using the following methods,
1. Zeolite screening: This is a method in which CO2 gas and water vapors are separated by passing the gases through
zeolite screens.
2. Vacuum pressure swing adsorption: This is a method used to separate carbon dioxide from a stream of natural gas
to obtain fuel graded methane.
3. Cryogenic air separation: It is a method used for separating oxygen, nitrogen, and argon by internal compression
and further through the rectification process.
4. Hydrogen separation by using palladium: This is a pressure cycling method to obtain hydrogen from its mixtures
by using palladium sponge as an absorbent.
Sulphur dioxide can be separated from other waste gases by contacting the waste gas with tertiary amine (having greater
basic strength) where Sulphur dioxide is collected as a coordinate covalent complex which is stable enough to be removed
from the other waste gases.
The separated gases will be stored in separate tanks and it will be further utilized for various processes.

– ‘ ’
Artificial Intelligence usually abbreviated as “AI” is the simulation of human intelligence put into machines which in turn
help our human race to move further in understanding the universe much better. They will be able to exhibit traits of a
human mind such as learning, problem solving, reasoning and perception at a new level.
AI can be the game changer of this era, if it is directed in the right way without any harsh effects on people’s lives. For
example, no human is perfect, they tend to make mistakes and sometimes it can cost lives too and for preventing this we
can use AI and modify our plans to make it more efficient. Complete control would not be lent to AI because, as we know
complex algorithms frame a strong AI and tiny flaws in those can be extremely consequential. This makes a bond between
the AI and the user and thus helps the user to develop in their field with the help of AI rather than it doing all the work.

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An AI assistance named “Fiore” will be present in the settlement with its main CPU in the control hub. Fiore is a word in
Italian language meaning flower and as a flower holds the ultimate treasure for the butterfly as nectar, and is particularly
important to it, we consider Fiore to be as important and a guiding force to Papillon. This will be monitoring the whole
settlement for any damages/required maintenance, storage, fuel levels, life support systems and any external collusion
courses. It will also maintain Papillon in the orbit and do the minimal required changes on its own. It will guide the
assembling sequence and the path to our future destination, the Areosynchronous orbit. The temperature and lighting
controls will be pre-fed to Fiore and will perform the functions at regular intervals. It will also navigate the ships which are
to dock in the docking stations and perform a self-decontamination process. Fiore is the mother of all AI aboard papillon.
As these are the times where electronics are majorly used, they can also be used in an off-beam direction where AI can be
misused. To avoid such mishaps Papillon has extremely tight security features and a kill switch which works even after the
compromise of the main CPU. The citizens, the agricultural tori (making sure that the environment is friendly and aeroponic
systems are running as required) and the animal husbandry sections will be monitored with their implanted biochips. Fiore
will also identify any imminent threats such as fires, pressure loss, etc. and do the needful until further assistance is required.
All in all, A.I aboard Papillon is built to help the citizens in every possible field
Holographic Systems are a photographic technique that records the light scattered from an object, and then presents it in a
way that appears three-dimensional. It is mainly powered by lasers or displayed using a special display know as a volumetric
display. This is preferred more than 3D as it only works when we have the equipment on and do not work during other
times, also holograms can be touch sensitive allowing one to control the projection.
This system will provide a face to the A.I used in Papillon.
Holographic Systems will be initially used in small scale inside the control hub, recreation centers and martial land bases.
Later as the technology develops it will feature as a permanent venture of the AI system “Fiore” within the settlement.
During emergency evacuations, the holographic systems will be activated inside every Cocoon to guide the residents to
safety and to keep their morale high. Once the emergency protocol starts and all the residents are inside their Cocoons,
Fiore will detach the Cocoons from the settlement after checking the food and fuel storage, and the Cocoons will be directed
to the nearest habitable place (most preferably Earth).

Papillon provides civilians with fascinating recreational facilities. It not only refreshes minds but also increases the
efficiency of work and improves their mental health which is equally important.
Firstly, sports are encouraged in the settlement, sports keep a person fit and healthy, and Papillon stands in the best interest
of its people. Hence, the settlement provides all the required and next-gen facilities. Every person can indulge themselves
in sports and co-curricular activities. Grounds, stadiums and pools are provided in the recreational needs of the settlement.
zero-gravity sports would soon takeover becoming the new trend.
Frequent competitions between the 2 habitational tori will be arranged along with a huge audience to bring in the spirit of
competitiveness. Art and craft exhibitions will also be arranged annually.
Moving forward, people would love to enjoy and spend their time with their loved ones, and they are rightfully allowed to
do so.
Shopping malls are built so that people can spend time with their people, enjoying and they can also buy things for their
day-to-day needs.
Movie theatres are built so that people can enjoy their weekend or on their free time. These will be equipped with high
level holographic systems. So, it tells people, welcome to the new generation of cinemas. “The holographic age”
Apart from these, even amusement and adventure parks equipped with microgravity conditions in the smaller tori would
bring people a lot of things to cherish upon. All these recreational areas are created to make this a fun trip nothing away
from home.
Meditation centers and religious prayer halls for all communities of people will be setup in each utility torii.
µg activities are situated only in the smaller recreational torus of the settlement, whereas all the other activities will be
available in the Utility torii.
Like this, Papillon wishes all the civilians to be happy, healthy, fit and prosper within the settlement and also balances its
economic interests.

Space tourism is an integral part of recreation on Papillon, but this as known, would be out of the recreational torus. Space
tourism packages for the people would mainly be to the Martian bases down on the Endeavour and Santa maria craters.
These Martian bases would provide a huge amount of knowledge through exhibits of Martian research to the learners and

39
the joy of exploring the red surface, along with low gravity recreational facilities to the rest. About 32 craters including
Arandas, Cray, Darwin, Kapora, Kuba, Sibu and many more near the 17.92o W longitude will be made available for visiting
with various activities later into the future. Once it is completely established and all resources are extracted, a handy number
of craters will be commercialized to Space hotels and Private recreation centers with a fixed royalty to Papillon.
Space tourism would also be available to the people on earth to the lunar bases built on the course of making Papillon. The
ones who can afford can also travel to the Martian bases and Papillon from earth for a limited amount of time after the
construction of Papillon is completely done and vice-versa i.e., from Papillon to lunar bases and the earth. Space tourism
would largely contribute to recovering the expenditure spent on building Papillon in due time. In this way Papillon plans to
turn space travel into an unlimited amount of income.
Space walks will also be made available inside the radiation protected areas to get a breath-taking view of the vast,
challenging, and beautiful space around Papillon.

The population which will be carried for initial colonization is mainly determined by the space available to live because the
energy produced, and the crop harvested is far more than the settlement can carry. The considered initial population is
10,056 people. This is expandable up to 20,112 with the initial infrastructure built. Meanwhile, twice the number of
residential facilities will be built. 838 reserved vacant Cocoons cum evacuation pods will be ready for occupation. Families
of 4 will be taken along as familiar people help with colonizing the settlement early on.
The fertility of every person and their physical capabilities will be checked and considered before selection. For a variation
to be viable all gene types and people from every part of the world will be considered. To tackle any case of catastrophe,
embryos will be carried along which will be reared in artificial fetuses to rebloom the population.
Occupations the citizens are suitable for and the levels they pass during the test run on earth will also be assessed. Only the
finally selected population will be taken. Mental stability and capability will also be assessed during the medical tests.

We all have our own places we call home on Earth and so do we have it here in space and it is within the settlement. As the
settlement is a long-term project, we need to do the same in space and the solution to this are “COCOONS”, a home for the
colonist people living in our settlement. The design is inspired from the cocoon of a butterfly. Each family living in our
settlement will be given a Cocoon which will be their Residential Pod or known as a home to them.
As the design is inspired from a cocoon, naturally, it will be named so. The Cocoon will have a shape of an elongated sphere
which will be having an area of 628 square feet (approx.) with a diameter of 6 meters (approx.). It will consist of four rooms
and one main living area. Out of four rooms three of them will be of 90 square feet and another one will be having 130
square feet. The living area has an area of 250 square feet, this part of the cocoon is also the control hub of the Cocoon.
The reason why we have placed a control hub in every one of our residential pods is that these pods are detachable in case
of emergencies or unexpected events which can cause the settlement to malfunction and lead unhabitable situations. Then
the cocoons will act like an independent spaceship which will help the residents get back to earth or mars as we have our
Martian base which can act as the home for the time being. As these are incidents which happen in an extremely rare
situation, the connection between the cocoon and the respected mother torus will be done through a cylinder like gateway.
Now the control hub which is placed in the living area will be containing all the details of the specific pod like fuel levels,
oxygen level, carbon dioxide level, pressure, etc., which are needed to maintain a safe livelihood. During the connection
between the mother torus and the pod, all these statistics will also be mirrored to the maintenance room which will be in
the respected tori. This is to maintain stability and to avoid damage during any malfunction and thus the required steps will
be taken to make sure everything is running depending on the gravity of the situation. There will be a storage cell in these
pods which will have sufficient supplies required to survive in these cases of emergencies. The design’s hull component is
the elongated sphere, and the rest are for the life supporting system.
Constructions:
These Cocoons will be made with the same material as the exterior walls of our settlement, making the pods as safe as the
settlement itself. We will also be using eco-friendly materials as it helps in maintaining cost and helps in conserving
minerals too. These are strong enough to handle the conditions in space such as space storms and space radiation by
providing structural support. Also, regular maintenance of the pods will be done by a specialized group of people for
detecting and eliminating any potential risks. Total number of cocoons initially built would be 3,352 among which 2,514
will be occupied. However the total number of cocoons Papillon can ever nurture is 26,816.

40
Features:
As we are in the technological era, the Cocoons will pose a lot of luxurious smart electronics and appliances. Cocoons will
be equipped with next-gen home automation systems. They can even monitor their Cocoons on their communication device
and this device will offer an application that will display all the required details to do so too. There will be heat sensors
which when detects overheating will alert the authorities and the family members and if no one is there in the Cocoon the
oxygen supply which will prevent the fire or the overheated object from spreading. As we have everything in a measured
quantity, conservation and supervision will be done on all the materials that go in and out (water, electricity, other supplies,
etc.). A transparent type of wall will be placed in the living area giving an extraordinary view of space and helps the control
center during the time of emergencies in maneuvering the ship. The residential cocoon will initially hold 4 people each but
is capable of nurturing 6 people. The ship will contain numerous thrusters that will be associated to 3 ends of the pod.
Dimensions:
The Cocoons will have a diameter of 6.0 meters (approx.) and thus the available area of the livelihood area is 628 square
feet. The Living floor and the storage space will be divided by a floor of thickness 0.1 meter and the height of each floor is
2.4m and 0.4m, respectively. The dimensions of the Cocoon are shown in the picture below (Image 6.1).

Image 6.1

The exterior structure and looks of the residential cocoons are shown below (Image 6.2):

Image 6.2

However, precautions we sometimes take, do not work, for that type of incident, we have our Emergency sequence and
Evacuation Procedure. During this time, the main moto is to get everyone in the colony to a safe place as each and every
colonist is important.

41
The easiest way is evacuation through Cocoons as they have the capability to detach from the settlement and can work as
an independent ship. There are also other types of sequences that we can do here, for example, we can assemble all the
people in one torus of the settlement and then we can get disconnected from the settlement. We can use the Cocoon’s
thrusters to move the settlement or even a specific torus. This can happen only during emergencies and thus security for
this is very essential. To do this the Cocoon’s motors will be synced, and the control will be taken by the maintenance room
of the specific sector.
As we have robots to help us maintain the settlement, sometimes they might malfunction too. For these kinds of problems,
we have different procedures. Sometimes the malfunctioning can become uncontrollable. For that we have a safety measure,
or a control button that slashes the power supply to the robots from their batteries, therefore shutting down all the robots.
After the situation is under control, they are sent to maintenance rooms for servicing. During a time of emergency and
evacuation, all the robots together will work as a team to get people to safety. They can help the trapped people by locating
them using the implanted chip in their bod3y. This process starts as soon as the emergency alarm is triggered.
In case of a pressure leakage in the settlement, we will use valve doors to maintain pressure and robots will be on the go,
to help the residents inside each of these sealed valve doors. Then later, robots and technicians will repair the damaged part
from both the outside and the inside.
In case of failure in one part of the settlement that affects the other parts and that cannot be repaired or fixed, we will be
forced to leave the part behind and continue our journey forward.
As there might be technical disturbances like system shut downs, malfunctioning of life support systems, etc. we will have
mechanical control over each of these systems individually, which will come in handy when the automatic systems are not
functioning well, where we can take over manually.

Either on earth or Papillon, human beings are always prone to illness and are in need of assistance at some stage in life. In
a few cases, due to some unfortunate circumstances, they get injured and damage their body. To treat and help people in
such cases, we require medical centers.
Health centers:
After every 2 km, a medical center will be available in the habitation tori to help those who require immediate assistance.
2 health centers will also be present in each of the other tori. A help button will be installed in all of the tori at a mere
interval of 25 meters each, to increase the helping speeds and efficiency.
These centers are also used to treat people with major health issues. Here the surgeries and other health treatments will be
undertaken by medical experts(doctors) with the assistance of nurses & mechanical robots. Maximum hygiene will be
maintained in these medical centers by using mini-Bots. Surfaces built in the parts of the centers will be made of Super
Hema phobic titanium which is repellent to the blood which making it easier to clean and disinfect surfaces immediately.
There are special wards built for patients who require frequent medical assistance and a separate diagnostic chamber for
undertaking tests of blood samples. X ray and other radiology services and laboratory services will also be available.
These medical centers as a whole can initially accommodate 10000 people at once and as the population booms, capacity
will be also increased. In an unlikely event if the number of patients is more than what the medical centers can accommodate,
patients will be treated inside their own residential cocoons with the help of Medical assistance robots. Such a mechanism
and a capacity are designed for the medical centers to tackle Pandemics such as the one we all have gone through recently.
Medical assistance robots:
These robots are programmed in such a way that they will put in maximum efforts to treat people with small health issues.
Avoiding the need of visiting the medical center frequently will be the primary objective here.
Firstly, when a person gets sick, he/she can immediately call for medical assistance. Later, these medical assistance robots
or a nurse (if a bot is not available) will be sent to the patient’s residence for a check-up. Then these bots will provide
medical assistance to the patients and if the situation gets worse, the bots will right away notify the health centers for
immediate backup. Then the patient will be transported to the nearest medical center through an ambulance and for any
diagnostic tests, the bots will collect the samples and will move it to the center for sample testing.
Monthly medical tests of every resident will also be done to keep Papillon a healthy habitat.

42
 "Education is not filling a pail but the lighting of a fire"
- William Butler Yeats
Education is the basic steppingstone for the future of the Papillon civilization. Hence, the settlement provides all the
facilities for a student to accomplish his/her goals and ambitions
Primarily the education and learning would be about Papillon itself. Basic universities would include all the education
necessary for the works to be continued at the settlement i.e., engineering, medical assistance but all the other learnings will
also be available for a student to avail if interested. Practicality based education along with fun and learning about the
marvelous wonders of science, the settlement being one of them, will be encouraged. Recreational activities and educational
tours to the Martian surface will also be included in the annual chart of the educational organization. A.I education will also
be promoted along with Training and drills for emergency procedures.
Basic manner and behavior enhancement programs will also be included to produce a well-educated decent civilization
which respects and takes care of each other considering everyone a part of their family, namely the “Vasudeva kutumbakam”
meaning the whole world is one’s family
The teachers and professors could be real humans or A.I humanoids depending on availability. Each Utility torii will have
its own educational institution and annual competitions and events will take place between them.
Digital education from the homes would not be facilitated as the pandemic has taught us the need for socializing and
absorbing of the practical knowledge for a kid along with basic education. Keeping that in mind, digital learning will be
encouraged to an extent where a student can use tablets or laptops instead wasting paper through the use of books.
The main moto for these institutions is to work productively and prove to be a beneficial part in the future of this civilization,
making every graduate here numerous times more knowledgeable than any other grad. The aim would be making the learner
capable of handling the toughest of conditions effectively. This kind of education when perfectly implemented, the journey
of life becomes a paradise.

Image 6.3

Special hybrid vehicles for internal transportation designed by Papillon, named as HYBRID GYROSPHERES are portrayed
above (Image 6.3). These will turn family road trips into a wonderful adventure. The two glass semi circles will act as the
moving wheels. While moving, they will use subordinate wheels to maintain balance. The smaller support wheels move
due to friction, hence causing kinetic energy causing movement. This will also be used to generate electricity and charge
the vehicle itself as the moving wheels act as turbines. These are electrically run vehicles, controlled by a yoke instead of a
steering wheel. They speed up one side more than the other to turn in a specific direction. The special charging pods inside
the cocoons will be used to charge these vehicles and are hard and durable enough to withstand space climates. Every
residential cocoon is equipped with 2 such vehicles and will be used to travel around the settlement. The transparent balls
will be made up of Cubic Silicon Nitride and the cabin where passengers sit will be made of the same materials as the walls
of the massive superstructure.
Even during evacuation these will stay along with the residential cocoon/evacuation pods. Fiore, the A.I technology will
also be programmed into these vehicles.

Walkways although slow, are remarkably effective for small distances, elderly people, and the transportation of heavy
objects within Papillon. These will be motorized and sensor automated, making them run only when required.

43
 Automated Walkways
Greenery amidst

Streets to move around

Partially Visible
Residential cocoon

Image 6.4

44
 CH-7 FINANCES & LONG-TERM PLANS

COST OF COST OF TOTAL

MANUFACTURING RAW COST
ITEM (in USD) MATERIAL (in USD)
(in USD)
FRAMEWORK
HABITATIONAL TORII A & B 1,251,911,8720 10,015,294,976 22,53,44,13,696
AGRICULTURAL TORUS 5,151,574,940 4,121,259,952 9,27,28,34,892
INDUSTRIAL TORUS 5,151,574,940 4,121,259,952 9,27,28,34,892
UTILITY TORII A & B 7,457,966,560 5,966,373,248 13,42,43,39,808
R & D TORUS 625,955,935 500,764,748 1,12,67,20,683
MAIN CONTROL HUB 625,955,935 500,764,748 1,12,67,20,683
MEDICAL AND STORAGE FACILITY 625,955,935 500,764,748 1,12,67,20,683
TORUS
LIFE SUPPORTING ESSENTIALS HUB 71,310,060 57,048,048 12,83,58,108
HEAVY MACHINERY INDUSTRY TORUS 71,310,060 57,048,048 12,83,58,108
µg RECREATION TORUS 71,310,060 57,048,048 12,83,58,108
MAIN ELEVATOR SHAFT 266,454,200 213,163,360 47,96,17,560
SIDE ELEVATOR SHAFTS 121,821,003 97,456,803 21,92,77,806
DOCKING STATIONS 44,432,220 35,545,776 7,99,77,996
OVERALL CONSTRUCTION (APPROX.) 15,000,000,000 --- 15,000,000,000
POLY UREA COATING
ENGINES AND THRUSTERS 360,000,000 --- 360,000,000
STAND-OFF MATERIAL --- 350 350
TOTAL 32,804,740,568 41,603,792,805 74,408,533,373

ITEM COST
(in USD)
EXTRATERRESTRIAL OPERATIONS
THE FIRST SPACE ELEVATOR 6,500,000,000
INITIAL EXTRATERRESTRIAL LABS 3,000,000,000
EXTERNAL TRANSPORT VEHICLES 11,08,15,200
HUMAN TRANSPORTATION 1,625,000,000
LUNAR BASE 8,000,000,000
MARTIAN BASE 13,000,000,000
ASTEROID MINING- PLAN ANTEROS 3,600,000,000
ASTEROID MINING- PLAN RUDRA 34,361,250,000
TOTAL 70,197,065,200

INFRASTRUCTURE & OPERATIONS

BASIC RECREATIONAL FACILITIES 1,893,000,000
(INTERNAL & EXTERNAL)
MEDICAL FACILITIES 480,000,000
EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES 250,000,000
RESEARCH LABORATORIES 8,000,000
AI AUTOMATIONS AND HOLOGRAPHIC SYSTEMS 13,40,80,00,000
SETTLEMENT ELEVATORS 16,000,000
INDUSTRIES AND INDUSTRIAL SETUP 10,000,000,000
AGRICULTURAL TORII SETUP 14,159,882
RESIDENTIAL COCOONS 215,717,960

45
 INTERNAL TRANSPORTATION 3,676,000,000
FLOORINGS 2,63,19,82,500
BASIC LIGHTINGS 14,224,544
COMMUNICATIONS AND SATELLITES 161,500,000
STORAGE MECHANISM (INCLUDES WATER STORAGE ON MARS 2,35,47,30,459
AND PAPILLON, FOOD STORAGE. ETC)
SOLAR PANELS 307,800,000
WATER GENERATION & MAINTENANCE 1,157,920,152
AIR GENERATION AND MANAGEMENT 970,022,624
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY 285,755
INTERIOR DESIGNING AND EQUIPMENT 5,019,842,573
SANITATION FUNDS 10,000,000
EMERGENCY BACKUP FUNDS 5,000,000,000
TOTAL 47,589,186,449

SR2S RADIATION PROTECTION SHEILD 112,265,163

LAUNCH SEQUENCE 37,90,41,18,554

Up here in Papillon, the economic control would unfold in different stages and steps.
Firstly, let us talk about the internal currency and economic system. Here currencies cannot be enforced from the first day
of habitation as it would create a high amount of economic distress and difference between people. Their hard-earned money
will all be in their digital account but will not be exchanged into the Papillonian currency and hence cannot be used for a
certain amount of time. For the initial year of habitation all the basic facilities will be provided for free as our primary motto
is to safeguard our people. In this time all the people will be assessed according to their skills and given appropriate
occupation by the management itself so that no one remains unemployed.
In the next phase of Papillon, once all the occupational sectors start blooming and the trading link is established, depending
on the trade, the value of Papillonian currency will be determined. Once this happens all the currencies earned back on earth
will be exchanged to Papillonian currency. Only then the occupations will start paying the employees. From then onwards
the residents can seek for their desired occupations depending on the availability. A digital mode of payment will be
equipped in Papillon and a main server room in the control room will act as a virtual bank.
Now in the third phase the economic activities will unfold inside Papillon, desired recreation facilities can be purchased,
desired food materials, the opportunity for space travel and all such economic activities will begin function and the internal
economic balance in Papillon will be established.
As mentioned in the topic of Recreation Facilities, space tourism would be one of the main sources of income to this colony.
But by thinking more into the future, if everything goes well, then the resource extraction will bring huge economic value
to Papillon. By then people of Papillon would also have achieved economic stability same as the people on earth. Further
the main goal of Papillon would be to turn the deficit caused during the making of Papillon into a profit.
By now, a little amount of economic contribution would have come from the internal economic activities, but we will need
a lot more to achieve the goal. The asteroids 1943 Anteros (1973 EC) and 2629 Rudra (1980 RB1) would also be in the
mining process for resources and through research and monetary reasons, this would be a huge bonus to the economy of
Papillon. All the deficit would be recovered after this process with surplus profits.
In the next step of economic control, Companies and industrial giants will be listed in the commercial sector where few
existing companies will be commercialized and an opportunity for new companies will be approved to be formed. This
would create surplus job opportunities for the growing population of Papillon. Along with this, the craters on the Martian
surface whose rights had been given to Papillon would be leased to private giants after all the resource extraction is complete.
This would create a new private space travel sector and a huge land space and millions of opportunities for upcoming
companies of Papillon. It would also encourage various other economic activities.
In the final leap, a contract based asteroid mining company would be established backed and sponsored by the Papillon.
This sector would mine asteroids on behalf of different organizations either on earth or on Papillon. The resources would

46
be exported to the desired destination and Papillon will be paid for it. In this way Papillon plans to turn all the deficit into
surplus profit alongside it harvesting a new era of human habitation.
As a part of the future scope, Papillon also plans to research and exhibit meteorite rocks that fall into Mars.

Considering a buffer time of 3 years the schedule of the mega structure of Papillon is planned to be completed in 25
years of commencing Project Papillon.

47
Future scope of any colony is the future survival plan and how it will be executed. Although not an immediate topic to start
working on, it is an extremely essential topic to focus on, for the thriving of the space colony for a long time to come. The
plan for expansion of project Papillon into many more such settlements for more and more people is noticeably clear. For
the initial century or so, the plan would be to expand the existing Papillon by adding more tori from the resources collected
through various missions, mining, and from Mars. Once it becomes un-feasible to expand anymore, 2 more such settlements
named as “The Chenille” meaning the caterpillar, implying as one of the first daughter settlements of Papillon and “Zeita”
meaning time, implying the settlement that thrives forever, will be built in the areosynchronous orbit but with newer carbon-
based materials which can be manufactured through the resources on Mars and better technologies developed in various
research labs. The “Chenille” and “Zeita” settlements will be advanced in yet another way, that is they will be capable of
traveling through vast space multiple times just like a normal rocket would. After the “Explora” missions have borne us
fruits, with the available resources on different locations, “Cassiopeia” will be built and placed near Titan and “The
Oenomaus” will be built and placed near Europa. This will enable us to make colonies near surfaces of all the Celestial
bodies with a settlement near them. Humans could expand throughout the vast space and live throughout the solar system.
Not only these but many more such settlement projects will be initiated and with new transportation and communication
technologies established within each other, traveling between them would feel as traveling between cities hear on Earth.
We plan to execute one-of-a kind settlements in the areosynchronous orbit where in the people living would be born through
artificial wombs. This will enable the humans in it to be well programmed before birth in any way desirable. This settlement
could open vast branches of knowledge and pathways to the future. However, these kinds of humans will be isolated in
their own separate settlement named “The Matrix” as we do not know the risks they possess. They will be monitored
regularly, given minimal access and will have an emergency protocols in place.
Papillon is planned to last for millennials to come but one of the only limited resources we are dependent on is water which
although abundant for now but will run out of at some point in the future. To tackle this mega-challenge, we propose to
bring in water generation plants way before we run out of water to generate water chemically. We plan to use the iridium-
based transfer hydrogenation catalyst. This catalyst according to studies conducted by Rauchfuss and Heiden in their JACS
paper (Work funded by U.S Department of Energy) reacts with hydrogen to form hydride and then also reacts with oxygen
to form water through a homogenous non-aqueous solvent. Therefore, by conducting further studies and practical
experiments aboard Papillon, it would become possible to make water through hydrogen and oxygen resources from across
the solar system. By balancing between both the sources of water, we could use the water from mars and at the same time
never exploit it completely.
With growing age, industries can be set up all over the solar system opening portals to a New and Un-Imaginable age of
Space taking mankind further and further where it is more advanced than ever imagined. And finally, the great human
species will no more live as a Type 0.72 civilization but will have evolved into a Type 2 civilization. (The Type 2 is a kind
of civilization where the species are interplanetary and use its host star’s energy to its maximum extent).

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ns.org http://www.spaceref.com/iss 20Any,it's%20inexpensive%
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ART/Non-Hazardous- https://www.sas.com/en_us/i ble.
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nt/articlelanding/2014/cp/c4 https://builtin.com/artificial- itaion+protecting+materials
cp00109e#!divAbstract intelligence

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