INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING

LESSON 1
ENE151
Engr. ELIZABETH EDAN M. ALBIENTO
 What is Surveying?
It is the art and science of determining
the relative positions of various points or
stations on the surface of the earth by
measuring the horizontal and vertical
distances, angles and taking the details of
these points and by preparing a map or
plan to any suitable scale.

1
 Classification of Land Surveying
1. Plane Surveying
 It is a type of surveying in which the earth is considered to be
a flat surface, and where distances and areas involved are of
limited extent that the exact shape of the earth is disregarded.

2
 Classification of Land Surveying
2. Geodetic Surveying
 They are surveys of wide extent which take into account the
spheroidal shape of the earth.

3
 Types of Survey
1. Cadastral Surveys
2. City Surveys
3. Construction Surveys
4. Forestry Surveys
5. Hydrographic Surveys
6. Industrial Surveys
7. Mine Surveys
8. Photogrammetric Surveys
9. Route Surveys
10. Topographic Surveys

4
 Types of Survey
1. Cadastral Surveys
– are usually closed surveys which are undertaken
in urban and rural locations for the purpose of
determining and defining property lines and
boundaries, corners and areas. These surveys are
also made to fix the boundaries of municipalities,
towns, and provincial jurisdictions.

5
 Types of Survey
2. City Surveys
– are surveys of the areas in and near a city for the
purpose of planning expansions or
improvements, locating property lines, fixing
reference monuments, determining the physical
featured and configuration of the land, and
preparing maps.

6
CLUP
 Types of Survey
3. Construction Surveys
– these are surveys which are undertaken at a
construction site to provide data regarding
grades, reference lines, dimensions, ground
configuration, and the location and elevation of
structures which are of concern to engineers,
architects and builders.

7
 Types of Survey
4. Forestry Surveys
– a type of survey executed in connection with
forest management and mensuration, and the
production and conservation of forest lands.

8
 Types of Survey
5. Hydrographic/ Bathymetric Surveys
– the survey of bodies of water made for the
purpose of navigation, water supply, or sub-
aqueous construction.

9
 Types of Survey
6. Industrial Surveys
– sometimes known as optical tooling. It refers to
the use of surveying techniques in ship building,
construction and assembly of aircraft, layout and
installation of heavy and complex machinery, and
in other industries where very accurate
dimensional layouts are required.

10
 Types of Survey
7. Mine Surveys
– are surveys which are performed to determine
the position of all underground excavations and
surface mine structures, to fix surface boundaries
of mining claims, determine geological
formations, to calculate excavated volumes, and
establish lines and grades for other related
mining work.

11
Geological Map
 Types of Survey
8. Photogrammetric Surveys
– a type of surveys which makes use of
photographs taken with specially designed
cameras either from airplanes or ground stations.
Measurements are obtained from the
photographs which are used in conjunction with
limited ground surveys.

12
 Types of Survey
9. Route Surveys
– involve the determination of alignment, grades,
earthwork quantities, location of natural and
artificial objects in connection with the planning
design, and construction of highways, railroads,
pipelines, canals, transmission lines, and other
linear projects.

13
 Types of Survey
10. Topographic Surveys
– are those surveys made for determining the
shape of the ground, and the location and
elevation of natural and artificial features upon it.
The features shown include such natural objects
as hills, mountains, rivers, lakes, relief of the
ground surface, etc., and works of man, such as
roads, buildings, ports, towns, municipalities and
bridges.

14
Topographical Map
 Common Equipment used in Surveying
1. Measuring Tape
 It is a common tool used in
measuring distances.
2. Transit or Theodolite
 Primary function is the Measuring tape
accurate measurement or
layout of horizontal and
vertical angles.
 Use in determining
horizontal and vertical
distances by stadia,
extending straight lines,
and differential leveling Theodolite Transit
15
 Common Equipment used in Surveying
3. Level
 Use in determining the elevation
of points and difference in
elevation.
4. Handheld GPS (Global
Positioning System) Level ( stadia principle )
 It is an accurate navigation
system using signals from
satellites to determine a location
on the Earth’s surface.
 It provides a latitude and
longitude position directly
without the need to measure
angles and distances between
points. Handheld GPS

16
 Common Equipment used in Surveying
5. Total Station
 It is an electronic/optical
instrument used in modern
surveying and building
construction.
 It is an electronic theodolite
(transit) integrated with an
electronic distance meter
(EDM) to read slope distances
from the instrument to a
particular point.
 It can be used to measure
Total station
horizontal and vertical angles
as well as sloping distance of
object to the instrument.

17
 Common Equipment used in Surveying
6. Survey-Grade GNSS Receivers
 typically produce cm
accurate positions.
 GNSS (Global Navigation
Satellite System) is the name
for receivers which can track
satellites from not only the
GPS system, but also
Glonass, Galileo and Beidou
 can be used to
position survey markers,
buildings, and road
construction
18
END