Seat No.: _____ Enrolment No.

______

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Subject code: 130405 Subject Name: Thermodynamics

Q.1 (a) Define and explain the reversible process. Describe reversible expansion 07
of a gas and reversible chemical reaction with necessary diagrams.
(b) Explain PVT behaviour of pure substances with the help of PT and PV 07
diagrams.

Q.2 (a) Handbook values for the latent heat of vapourization in J/g are given in 07
the table for benzene at Tn, the normal boiling point.
lυ lυ Pc
Component ∆H at Tn ∆H at
o
Tn (K) Tc (K)
(J/g) 25 C (J/g) (bar)
Benzene 393.9 433.3 353.2 48.98 562.2
Calculate:
i) the value of the latent heat at Tn by Watson method, given the value
at 25oC.
ii) the value of the latent heat at Tn by Riedel equation.
By what percentages do these values differ from the one listed in the
table?
(b) A steel casting [Cp = 0.5 kJ kg-1 K-1] weighing 40 kg and at a 07
temperature of 450°C is quenched in 150 kg of oil [Cp = 2.5 kJ kg-1 K-1]
at 25°C. If there are no heat losses, what is the change in entropy of i)
the casting ii) the oil, and iii) both considered together?
OR
(b) A gas is confined in a 0.47 m diameter cylinder by a piston, on which 07
rests a weight. The mass of the piston and weight together is 150 kg.
The local acceleration of gravity is 9.813 m/s2 and the atmospheric
pressure is 101.57 kPa. Determine:
i) What is the force in newtons exerted on the gas by the atmosphere,
the piston and the weight, assuming no friction between the piston
and cylinder?
ii) What is the pressure of the gas in kPa?
iii) If the gas in the cylinder is heated, it expands, pushing the piston
and weight upward. If the piston and weight are raised 0.83 m,
what is the work done by the gas in kJ? What is the change in
potential energy of the piston and weight?

1
Q.3 (a) If the heat capacity of a substance is correctly represented by an equation 05
of the form Cp = A + BT + DT-2 then
show that the error resulting when <Cp>H is assumed equal to Cp
evaluated at the arithmetic mean of the initial and final temperatures is:
2
D  T2 - T1 
-  
T1T2  T2 + T1 
(b) Explain the term ‘temperature’. Mention different units of temperature 05
and relations among various temperature scales with diagrams.
(c) For steady flow in a heat exchanger at approximately atmospheric 04
pressure, what is the amount of heat required when 12 moles of propane
is heated from 250oC to 1200oC? Heat capacity of propane is given by:
Cpig/R = 1.213 + 28.785 x 10-3T – 8.824 x 10-6T2 J/(mol. K) , T is in K
OR
Q.3 (a) Derive a mathematical expression of the first law of thermodynamics for 07
a steady state steady-flow process between a single entrance and a single
exit.
(b) For the system ethyl ethanoate (1)/ n-heptane (2) at 343.15 K, 07
ln γ1 = 0.95x22 ln γ2 = 0.95x12
P1sat = 79.80 kPa P2sat = 40.50 kPa
Assuming the validity of modified Raoult’s law,
i) Calculate P and y1 for T = 343.15 K and x1 = 0.35
ii) Calculate P and x1 for T = 343.15 K and y1 = 0.75

Q.4 (a) With special reference to mathematical statement of the second law of 07
thermodynamics, justify that “All isentropic processes are adiabatic, but
all adiabatic processes are not isentropic.”
(b) Reported values for the virial coefficient of isopropanol vapor at 200oC 07
are:
B = -388 cm3 mol-1 C = -26,000 cm6 mol-2
Calculate V and Z for isopropanol vapor at 200oC and 10 bar by:
PV B C
i) The ideal-gas equation ii) Z = =1+ + 2
RT V V
OR
Q.4 (a) Derive from the first principle ∆G° = -RT ln K. 07
(b) A refrigeration system requires 1.5 kW of power for a refrigeration rate 07
of 4 kJ/s.
i) What is the coefficient of performance?
ii) How much heat is rejected in the condenser?
iii) If heat rejection is at 40°C, what is the lowest temperature the system
can possibly maintain?

ig
∆S
= ∫ CP
Q.5 (a)
T dT P 05
For an ideal gas prove that − ln .
R To R T Po
(b) For and ideal gas with constant heat capacities undergoing a reversible 05
adiabatic (and therefore isentropic) process, prove that:
γ −1
T2  P2  γ
= 
T1  P1 

2
 (c) Derive the following Maxwell’s equation from the first principle: 04
 ∂T   ∂V 
  = 
 ∂P  S  ∂S  P
OR
Q.5 (a) An instrument to measure the acceleration of gravity on Mars is 05
constructed of a spring from which is suspended a mass of 0.40 kg. At a
place on earth where the local acceleration of gravity is 9.81 m/s2, the
spring extends 1.08 cm. When the instrument package is landed on
Mars, it radios the information that the spring is extended 0.40 cm.
What is the Martian acceleration of gravity?
(b) Water at 368 K is pumped from a storage tank at the rate of 25 m3/h. 06
The motor for the pump supplies work at the rate of 2 hp. The water
passes through a heat exchanger, where it gives up heat at the rate of
42000 kJ/min and is delivered to a second storage tank at an elevation of
20 m above the first tank. What is the temperature of the water delivered
to the second storage tank? Assume that the enthalpy of water is zero at
273 K and the specific heat of water is constant at 4.2 kJ / kg K.
(c) Derive the following thermodynamic relationship: 03
  ∂V  
dH = CP dT + V − T    dP
  ∂T  P 

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