Basic Blue Print Reading

BASIC BLUEPRINT READING
1
SUBJECTS
 DRAWING BASICS
 ELECTRICAL DRAWINGS
Basic Blueprint Reading
 PNEUMATIC/HYDRAULIC DRAWINGS
 PIPING AND PI&D DRAWINGS
 CIVIL AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS
 MACHINE DRAWINGS
2
DRAWING BASICS
3
Objectives
 Define basic industrial drawing structure
 Define line types
 Define types of drawings
4
Purpose of Drawings
 Drawings are used to convey information about a
wide range items such as:
 Architectural building layouts
 Electrical wiring
 Pneumatic or Hydraulic layouts
 Location of equipment
 How to assemble equipment
 Details of equipment
5
Types of Drawings
 Civil
 Architectural
 Structural
 Mechanical
 Plumbing
 Piping
 Pneumatic/Hydraulic
 Electrical
6
Engineering Drawings
 A general engineering drawing can be divided
into the following five major areas or parts.
– 1. Title block
– 2. Grid system
– 3. Revision block
– 4. Notes and legends
– 5. Engineering drawing (graphic portion)
7
Drawing Sizes
 Drawings come in a alphabetical list of sizes for A to F
with D size being the most typical
A – (letter) A4 (210 x 297) Metric sizes

A3 (297 x 420)
8 ½ by 11inches
A2 (420 x 594)
B - 11 by 17inches
A1 (594 x 841)
C - 17 by 22 inches
A0 (841 x 1189)
D - 22 by 34 inches
E - 34 by 44 inches
F - 28 by 40 inches
8
Title Blocks
 Title blocks are the beginning point of a drawing
information.
XYZ COMPANY
9
Revision Blocks
 The revision block notes any changes made
to a drawing
 Throughout a drawing the revision listed in the

revision block may be indicated by a symbol near the
modified portion of the drawing such as:
A
10
Parts Lists
 Parts Lists are called Bill of Materials. It is a list
of the material that is used to build the item that
is
11
Scales
 Drawing scale is a relationship of the size or
distance of the item on a drawing to the real
item.
 For example a scale of ¼” = 1’ means a

measurement of ¼ inch (the quote symbol “ is a
shorthand for inches) on the drawing equals 1
foot ( the apostrophe symbol ‘ is shorthand for
feet) of the real world item.
12
Grid System
 A drawing grid system allows a specific point
on a drawing to be referenced or found.
1 2 3 4 5 6
C
This point on the drawing is B-3
13
Basic Lines
 Object lines
 Hidden lines
 Cutting plane lines

 Centerlines
 Extension lines
 Dimension lines
 Leaders line
 Phantom lines
Object Line
The object line is a heavy, dark line which identifies

the visible edges of the drawn object or the surface
of an object.
Hidden Line
 The hidden line is used to show features or edges
of an object that is not visible. It is a broken line of
medium thickness.
Center Line
 The center line is used to locate the center of

features. It is usually a fine, broken line made of
alternating short and long dashes.
Dimension Line / Extension Line
 Dimension Lines are used to show the extent of

a dimension.
 Extension Lines are use to extend a point from

an object.
Extension Line
Dimension Line
Phantom
 Phantom lines are used to represents the outline
of an adjacent part.
 The also are used to show an alternate position

of a given part
Phantom
19
Leader
 A leader is a fine line used to define a point or area. It

may have a note, dimension value or a number at the
end of it
1
Grind Surface
Cutting Plane Line
 Cutting plane lines are used to indicate where an imaginary cut is

made through the object. If it is labeled the section may be redrawn
in detail in another part of the drawing.
A A
Break Lines
 Break lines are uses to terminate a view to
 Short Break Line
conserve drawing space and avoid congestion.
 Break lines are also used to separate internal

and external features with broken-out sections
Break Lines Example
The break line is being used to show a part

reduced in length on the drawing to conserve
space.
3”
250 feet
Section Lines
 Section lines are used where a surface is
illustrated as cut.
 It normally is used in a sectional view.
 The lines are normally drawn diagonally.

ORTHOGRAPHIC
PROJECTION
AN
INTRODUCTION
Orthographic Projections
 Orthographic Projections are a collection of

2-D drawings that work together to give an
accurate overall representation of an object.
Defining the
Six Principal
Views or
Orthographic
Views
Which Views to Present?
General Guidelines
 Pick a Front View that is most descriptive of
object
 Normally the longest dimension is chosen as the
width (or depth)
 Most common combination of views is to use:
– Front, Top, and Side View
Glass Box Approach
 Place the object in a glass box

 Freeze the view from each direction (each of the

six sides of the box) and unfold the box
Glass Box Approach

Glass Box Approach

Glass Box Approach

Glass Box Approach

Glass Box Approach

Glass Box Approach

First and Third Angle Projections
Third-angle Projection
First-angle Projection
 First Angle
 Third Angle
Conventional Orthographic Views
Width
Top Depth
View/Plan
Right
Front View Side Height
View
Lines on an engineering drawing signify more than just the geometry of the object and it is
important that the appropriate line type is used.
Line Thickness
For most engineering drawings you will require two thickness', a thick and thin line.
The general recommendation are that thick lines are twice as thick as thin lines.
A thick continuous line is used for visible


edges and outlines.
A thin line is used for hatching, leader
lines, short centre lines, dimensions and
projections.
Line Styles
Other line styles used to clarify important features on drawings are:

Thin chain lines are a common feature on engineering drawings used to

indicate centre lines. Centre lines are used to identify the centre of a circle,
cylindrical features, or a line of symmetry.

Dashed lines are used to show important hidden detail for example wall
thickness and holes..
Precedence of Lines
 Visible lines takes precedence over all other lines
 0.6 mm
Hidden lines and cutting plane lines take
precedence over center lines
 Center lines have lowest precedence

0.3 mm
0.6 mm
For Example:
1. Visible
2. Hidden
3. Center
Dimensioning
A dimensioned drawing should provide all the information necessary for a finished product or
part to be manufactured. An example dimension is shown below.


Dimensions are always drawn using continuous thin lines. Two projection lines indicate
where the dimension starts and finishes. Projection lines do not touch the object and are
drawn perpendicular to the element you are dimensioning.
All dimensions less than 1 should have a leading zero. i.e. .35 should be written as 0.35
Types of Dimensioning
 Parallel Dimensioning
 Parallel dimensioning consists of several
dimensions originating from one projection line.

Superimposed Running Dimensions
Superimposed running dimensioning simplifies parallel

dimensions in order to reduce the space used on a
drawing. The common origin for the dimension lines is

indicated by a small circle at the intersection of the first
dimension and the projection line.
Chain Dimensioning
Combined Dimensions
A combined dimension uses both chain and parallel dimensioning.
Dimensioning of circles
 (a) shows two common methods of dimensioning a circle. One method

dimensions the circle between two lines projected from two diametrically
opposite points. The second method dimensions the circle internally.
 (b) is used when the circle is too small for the dimension to be easily read if
it was placed inside the circle.
Dimensioning Radii
 All radial dimensions are proceeded by the capital R.
(a) shows a radius dimensioned with the centre of the radius located on the drawing.
(b) shows how to dimension radii which do not need their centres locating.
Tolerancing
 It is not possible in practice to manufacture products to the exact figures
displayed on an engineering drawing. The accuracy depends largely on the
manufacturing process. A tolerance value shows the manufacturing
department the maximum permissible variation from the dimension.
 Each dimension on a drawing must include a tolerance value. This can

appear either as:
 a general tolerance value applicable to several dimensions. i.e. a note

specifying that the General Tolerance +/- 0.5 mm.
 or a tolerance specific to that dimension

Drawing layout
All engineering drawings should feature a title block.
The title block should include:
Title:- title of the drawing

Name:- name of the person who produced the drawing
Checked:- before manufacture, drawings are usually checked
Version:- many drawings are amended, each revision must be noted
Date:- the date the drawing was produced or last amended
Notes:- any note relevant to the drawing
Scale:- the scale of the drawing
Company name:- name of the company
Projection:- the projection system used to create the drawing
Dimensioning Systems
 Different systems of dimensioning are generally
used
– Fractional inch
– Decimal inch
– SI Metric
51
Fractional Inch Dimensioning
2 Dia
21/32 Dia
3/16
1/2
1 9/16 Dia
52
Decimal Inch Dimensioning
2.00 Ø
.656 Ø
.19
.50
1.56 Ø
53
Metric Dimensioning
Ø 50
Ø 16.5
5
13
Ø 40
54
Dimensioning Example
Diameter symbol
Typical
Radius
55
Drawing Legends
 Legends are
boxes drawn on
the drawing to
illustrate some of
the common or
uncommon
symbols used.
56
Isometric Drawings
 Isometric drawings are designed to show a three
dimensional view of an object.
57
Perspective
 Perspective is a method of drawing things as the
eye sees them.
Vanishing point
58
Orthographic Drawings
 Orthographic projection shows the drawn object
from different views
Top
view
Left side Right side

Front Rear
Bottom
59
Projection view
Mechanical
 Mechanical drawings are the plans for objects
such as motors, assemblies for equipment, etc.
 There are many types of drawings associated

with mechanical drawings such as:
– Exploded view
– Detail
– Assembly
60
Example Mechanical Detail
61
Example Assembly Drawing
62
63
An Exploded View
MACHINE DRAWINGS
64
Objectives
 Define Tolerances
 Define Basic Features of Machine Drawings
65
Machine Drawings
 In learning to read machine drawings, we must
first become familiar with the common terms,
symbols, and conventions defined and
discussed in the following slides.
66
Tolerances
 Obtaining Absolute accuracy is impossible and therefore
variations must be allowed.
 This allowance is known as tolerance and represents the total
amount the dimension may vary.
 It is stated on a drawing as (plus or minus) a certain amount,
either by a fraction or decimal.

 Limits are the maximum and/or minimum values for a specific
dimension.
 Tolerances may be shown on drawings by several different
methods; the following slide shows three examples.
– The unilateral method is used when variation from the design
size is permissible in one direction only.
– The bilateral method a dimension figure shows the plus or
minus variation that is acceptable.
– In the limit dimensioning method the maximum and minimum
measurements are both stated
67
Tolerance Examples
Unilateral Method Bilateral Method
.498 DIA
+ .000
- .002
30° ± 1°
.875
± .005
7± 1
8 64
2.250 + .010
.500 DIA
- .005
+ .002
- .000
.498 DIA
.496
Limit Method
.500 DIA
68 .502
Tolerance Symbols
Flatness & Roundness
Straightness
Symmetry
Angularity
Perpendicularity (MMC) Maximum

M
Material Condition
Parallelism (RFS) Regardless S
of Feature size
Concentricity
Datum Identifying -A-
True Position symbol
Feature Control Tolerance

A .001
Symbol
69 Datum
Symbol
Class Exercise
 Do Class Exercise Tolerances
70
Fillets and Rounds
 Fillets are concave metal corner (inside)
surfaces.
 Rounds or radii are edges or outside corners that

have been rounded to prevent chipping and to
avoid sharp cutting edges
Fillet Rounds
71
Slots and Slides
 Slots and slides mate two specially shaped
pieces of material and securely hold them
together, yet allow them to move or slide.
Tee Slot Slide Dovetail Slide
72 Tee Slot Dovetail Slot

Keys, Keyseats, Keyways
 A key is a small wedge or rectangular piece of
metal inserted in a slot or groove between a
shaft and a hub to prevent slippage
Flat Bottom
Round Bottom
Keyseat and Keyway
Square
73
Screw Threads
 Draftsmen use different methods to show thread
on drawings
Without Thread Relief
With Thread Relief

74
Simplified Method of Thread Representation
Gears
 When gears are drawn on machine drawings
usually only enough gear teeth are drawn to
identify the dimensions.
Working Depth Dedendum

Whole Depth Addendum
Clearance
Root Dia.
Pitch Dia.
75 Outside Dia.
Springs
 There are three
classifications of helical
springs: compression,
extension, and torsion.
Drawings seldom show a

true presentation of the
helical shape; instead,
they usually show springs
Common Types of Helical Springs
with straight lines
Symbol Representation of Springs
76
Finish Marks
 Many metal surfaces must be finished with machine tools for
various reasons.
 A modified symbol (check mark) with a number or numbers above it
is used to show these surfaces and to specify the degree of finish.
x
x 02 3½ X MIN.
60° 60°
77 Example of Use
Welding
 Welding is a process of joining metals by fusion
or heating into a single joined mass.
 Symbols will define the type of weld required.
Square Weld Fillet Weld
78 Symbol Symbol
Weld Drawing Symbols
 A welding symbol consists of seven basic elements
1. Reference Line 4. Dimensions = weld is 2 inches

long with leg length of ½ inch
7. Tail – will have
information 2. Arrow – connects
about the reference line to joint
process. OAW is OAW
a type of welding
½ 2
G
here. It is left off
if no info needed. 5. Supplementary symbols –
this illustrates a convex weld
3. Weld symbol – this
indicates a fillet weld 6. Finish symbol – g = grinding, c =
chipped, m = machined.
79
80
Example Drawing
Summary
 Review Objectives
 Question and Answer Session
 RETURN TO MAIN MENU
81

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BASIC BLUEPRINT READING

 Define types of drawings

A – (letter) A4 (210 x 297) Metric sizes

 Throughout a drawing the revision listed in the

 For example a scale of ¼” = 1’ means a

 Cutting plane lines

The object line is a heavy, dark line which identifies

 The center line is used to locate the center of

 Dimension Lines are used to show the extent of

 Extension Lines are use to extend a point from

 The also are used to show an alternate position

 A leader is a fine line used to define a point or area. It

 Cutting plane lines are used to indicate where an imaginary cut is

 Break lines are also used to separate internal

The break line is being used to show a part

 The lines are normally drawn diagonally.

 Orthographic Projections are a collection of

 Place the object in a glass box

 Freeze the view from each direction (each of the

Glass Box Approach

Glass Box Approach

Glass Box Approach

Glass Box Approach

Glass Box Approach

Glass Box Approach

A thick continuous line is used for visible

Other line styles used to clarify important features on drawings are:

Thin chain lines are a common feature on engineering drawings used to

 Center lines have lowest precedence

dimensions originating from one projection line.

Superimposed running dimensioning simplifies parallel

drawing. The common origin for the dimension lines is

 (a) shows two common methods of dimensioning a circle. One method

 Each dimension on a drawing must include a tolerance value. This can

 a general tolerance value applicable to several dimensions. i.e. a note

 or a tolerance specific to that dimension

The title block should include:

Title:- title of the drawing

Left side Right side

 There are many types of drawings associated

discussed in the following slides.

either by a fraction or decimal.

Perpendicularity (MMC) Maximum

Feature Control Tolerance

 Rounds or radii are edges or outside corners that

Tee Slot Slide Dovetail Slide

72 Tee Slot Dovetail Slot

Without Thread Relief

With Thread Relief

Working Depth Dedendum

Drawings seldom show a

Symbol Representation of Springs

 Symbols will define the type of weld required.

Square Weld Fillet Weld

1. Reference Line 4. Dimensions = weld is 2 inches

 RETURN TO MAIN MENU

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