Lelm 404

Activities for
Class X
Lab manual IX (setting on 29-05-09) 1_10.pmd 93 28-May-2019, 2:20 PM

Geometry was always considered more as a discipline of
the mind than any other part of mathematics, for it could
boast closer relations to logic. Genuine deductivity was the
privilege of geometry, whereas the business of algebra was
substitution into and transforming formulae. On the other
hand the pragmatic point of view would require only a few
theorems and not the geometry prescribed by Euclidean
tradition. Some people are prepared to teach more useless
things in mathematics, but object to geometry being a weak
system
– H. Freudenthal.

Activity 1
OBJECTIVE MATERIAL REQUIRED
To find the HCF of two numbers Cardboard sheets, glazed papers of
experimentally based on Euclid different colours, scissors, ruler,
Division Lemma. sketch pen, glue etc.
METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
1. Cut out one strip of length a units, one strip of length b units (b < a), two
strips each of length c units (c < b), one strip of length d units (d < c) and
two strips each of length e units (e < d) from the cardboard.
2. Cover these strips in different colours using glazed papers as shown in
Fig. 1 to Fig. 5:
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3 Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Mathematics 95

3. Stick these strips on the other cardboard sheet as shown in Fig. 6 to Fig. 9.
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8 Fig. 9
DEMONSTRATION
As per Euclid Division Lemma,
Fig. 6 depicts a = b × 1 + c (q = 1, r = c) (1)
Fig. 7 depicts b = c × 2 + d (q = 2, r = d) (2)
Fig.8 depicts c = d × 1 + e (q = 1, r = e) (3)
and Fig. 9 depicts d = e × 2 + 0 (q = 2, r = 0) (4)
96 Laboratory Manual

As per assumptions in Euclid Division Algorithm,
HCF of a and b = HCF of b and c
= HCF of c and d = HCF of d and e
The HCF of d and e is equal to e, from (4) above.
So, HCF of a and b = e.
OBSERVATION
On actual measurement (in mm)
a =......... , b = ......... , c = ......... , d = ......... , e = .........
So, HCF of __________ and __________ = ......................
APPLICATION
The process depicted can be used for finding the HCF of two or more numbers,
which is known as finding HCF of numbers by Division Method.
Mathematics 97

Activity 2
To draw the graph of a quadratic Cardboard, graph paper, ruler,
polynomial and observe: pencil, eraser, pen, adhesive.
(i) The shape of the curve when the
coefficient of x2 is positive.
(ii) The shape of the curve when the
coefficient of x2 is negative.
(iii) Its number of zeroes.
1. Take cardboard of a convenient size and paste a graph paper on it.
2. Consider a quadratic polynomial f (x) = ax2 + bx + c
3. Two cases arise:
Fig. 1

(i) a > 0 (ii) a < 0
4. Find the ordered pairs (x, f (x)) for different values of x.
5. Plot these ordered pairs in the cartesian plane.
Fig. 2
6. Join the plotted points by a free hand curve [Fig. 1, Fig. 2 and Fig. 3].
Fig. 3
Mathematics 99

DEMONSTRATION
1. The shape of the curve obtained in each case is a parabola.
2. Parabola opens upward when coefficient of x2 is positive [see Fig. 2 and
Fig. 3].
3. It opens downward when coefficient of x2 is negative [see Fig. 1].
4. Maximum number of zeroes which a quadratic polynomial can have is 2.
OBSERVATION
1. Parabola in Fig. 1 opens ______
2. Parabola in Fig. 2 opens _______
3. In Fig. 1, parabola intersects x-axis at ______ point(s).
4. Number of zeroes of the given polynomial is ________.
5. Parabola in Fig. 2 intersects x-axis at ______ point(s).
6. Number of zeroes of the given polynomial is ______.
7. Parabola in Fig.3 intersects x-axis at ______ point(s).
8. Number of zeroes of the given polynomial is _______.
9. Maximum number of zeroes which a quadratic polynomial can have is
__________.
APPLICATION
This activity helps in
1. understanding the geometrical
representation of a quadratic NOTE
polynomial
Points on the graph paper should
2. finding the number of zeroes of a be joined by a free hand curve
quadratic polynomial. only.

Activity 3
To verify the conditions of consistency/ Graph papers, pencil, eraser,
inconsistency for a pair of linear cardboard, glue.
equations in two variables by graphical
method.
1. Take a pair of linear equations in two variables of the form
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 (1)
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0, (2)
where a1, b1, a2, b2, c1 and c2 are all real numbers; a1, b1, a2 and b2 are not
simultaneously zero.
There may be three cases :
a1 b1
Case I : ≠
a2 b2
a1 b1 c
Case II: = = 1
a2 b2 c2
a1 b1 c
Case III: = ≠ 1
a2 b2 c2
2. Obtain the ordered pairs satisfying the pair of linear equations (1) and (2)
for each of the above cases.
3. Take a cardboard of a convenient size and paste a graph paper on it. Draw
two perpendicular lines X′OX and YOY′ on the graph paper (see Fig. 1).
Plot the points obtained in Step 2 on different cartesian planes to obtain
different graphs [see Fig. 1, Fig. 2 and Fig.3].
Mathematics 101

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Fig. 3
DEMONSTRATION
Case I: We obtain the graph as shown in Fig. 1. The two lines are intersecting
at one point P. Co-ordinates of the point P (x,y) give the unique solution for the
pair of linear equations (1) and (2).
a1 b1
Therefore, the pair of linear equations with ≠ is consistent and has the
a2 b2
unique solution.
Case II: We obtain the graph as shown in Fig. 2. The two lines are coincident.
Thus, the pair of linear equations has infinitely many solutions.
a1 b1 c
Therefore, the pair of linear equations with = = 1 is also consistent as
a2 b2 c2
well as dependent.
Mathematics 103

Case III: We obtain the graph as shown in Fig. 3. The two lines are parallel to
each other.
This pair of equations has no solution, i.e., the pair of equations with
a1 b1 c
= ≠ 1 is inconsistent.
a2 b2 c2
OBSERVATION
1. a1 = __________, a2 = __________,
b1 = __________, b2 = __________,
c1 = __________, c2 = __________,
a1 b1 c1
SO, a2 = ..................., b2 = ..................., c2 = ...................
Conclusion
a1 b1 c1 Number of Consistent/
Case I, II or III Type of lines
solution inconsistent/
a2 b2 c2
dependent
APPLICATION
Conditions of consistency help to check whether a pair of linear equations have
solution (s) or not.
In case, solutions/solution exist/exists, to find whether the solution is unique
or the solutions are infinitely many.

Activity 4
To obtain the solution of a quadratic Hardboard, glazed papers,
equation (x2 + 4x = 60) by completing adhesive, scissors, marker, white
the square geometrically. chart paper.
1. Take a hardboard of a convenient size and paste a white chart paper on it.
2. Draw a square of side of length x units , on a pink glazed paper and paste it
on the hardboard [see Fig. 1] . Divide it into 36 unit squares with a marker.
3. Alongwith each side of the square (outside) paste rectangles of green glazed
paper of dimensions x × 1, i.e., 6 × 1 and divide each of them into unit
squares with the help of a marker [see Fig. 1].
4. Draw 4 squares each of side 1 unit on a yellow glazed paper, cut them out
and paste each unit square on each corner as shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1 Fig. 2
Mathematics 105

5. Draw another square of dimensions 8 × 8 and arrange the above 64 unit
squares as shown in Fig. 2.
DEMONSTRATION
1. The first square represents total area x2 + 4x + 4.
2. The second square represents a total of 64 (60 + 4) unit squares.
Thus, x2 + 4x + 4 = 64
or (x + 2)2 = (8)2 or (x + 2) = + 8
i.e., x = 6 or x = –10
Since x represents the length of the square, we cannot take x = –10 in this
case, though it is also a solution.
OBSERVATION
Take various quadratic equations and make the squares as described above, solve
them and obtain the solution(s).
APPLICATION
Quadratic equations are useful in understanding parabolic paths of projectiles
projected in the space in any direction.

Activity 5
To identify Arithmetic Progressions Cardboard, white paper, pen/pencil,
in some given lists of numbers scissors, squared paper, glue.
(patterns).
1. Take a cardboard of a convenient size and paste a white paper on it.
2. Take two squared papers (graph paper) of suitable size and paste them on
the cardboard.
Fig. 1 Fig. 2
Mathematics 107

3. Let the lists of numbers be
(i) 1, 2, 5, 9, ....... (ii) 1, 4, 7, 10, ......
4. Make strips of lengths 1, 2, 5, 9 units and strips of lengths 1, 4, 7, 10 units
and breadth of each strip one unit.
5. Paste the strips of lengths 1, 2, 5, 9 units as shown in Fig. 1 and paste the
strips of lengths 1, 4, 7, 10 units as shown in Fig. 2.
DEMONSTRATION
1. In Fig. 1, the difference of heights (lengths) of two consecutive strips is not
same (uniform). So, it is not an AP.
2. In Fig. 2, the difference of heights of two consecutive strips is the same
(uniform) throughout. So, it is an AP.
OBSERVATION
In Fig. 1, the difference of heights of first two strips = _____________
the difference of heights of second and third strips = _____________
the difference of heights of third and fourth strips = _____________
Difference is _____________ (uniform/not uniform)
So, the list of numbers 1, 2, 5, 9 _____________ form an AP. (does/does not)
Write the similar observations for strips of Fig.2.
Difference is _____________ (uniform/not uniform)
So, the list of the numbers 1, 4, 7, 10 _________ form an AP. (does/does not)
APPLICATION NOTE
This activity helps in understanding the Observe that if the left top
concept of arithmetic progression. corners of the strips are joined,
they will be in a straight line in
case of an AP.

Activity 6
To find the sum of first n natural Cardboard, coloured papers, white
numbers. paper, cutter, adhesive.
1. Take a rectangular cardboard of a convenient size and paste a coloured paper
on it. Draw a rectangle ABCD of length 11 units and breadth 10 units.
2. Divide this rectangle into unit squares as shown in Fig. 1.
3. Starting from upper left-most corner, colour one square, 2 squares and so
on as shown in the figure.
DEMONSTRATION
1. The pink colour region looks like a stair case.
2. Length of 1st stair is 1 unit, length of 2nd stair is 2 units, length of 3rd stair
3 units, and so on, length of 10th stair is 10 units.
Fig. 1
Mathematics 109

3. These lengths give a pattern
1, 2, 3, 4, ..., 10,
which is an AP with first term 1 and common difference 1.
4. Sum of first ten terms
= 1 + 2 + 3 + ... +10 = 55 (1)
1
Area of the shaded region = (area of rectangle ABCD)
2
1
= × 10 × 11 , which is same as obtained in (1) above. This shows that the
2
1 1
sum of the first 10 natural numbers is ×10 ×11 = ×10 (10 + 1) .
2 2
This can be generalised to find the sum of first n natural numbers as
1
Sn = n ( n + 1) (2)
2
OBSERVATION
For n = 4, Sn = ..............................
For n = 12, Sn = ..............................
For n = 50, Sn = ..............................
For n = 100, Sn = .............................
APPLICATION
Result (2) may be used to find the sum of first n terms of the list of numbers:
1. 12, 22, 32, ...
2. 13, 23, 33, ...
to be studied in Class XI.

Activity 7
To find the sum of the first n odd Cardboard, thermocol balls, pins,
natural numbers. pencil, ruler, adhesive, white paper.
1. Take a piece of cardboard of a convenient size and paste a white paper on it.
2. Draw a square of suitable size on it (10 cm × 10 cm).
3. Divide this square into unit squares.
4. Fix a thermocol ball in each square with the help of a pin as shown in Fig. 1.
5. Enclose the balls as shown in the figure.
Fig. 1
DEMONSTRATION
Starting from the uppermost right corner, the number of balls in first enclosure
(blue colour) = 1 (=12),
Mathematics 111

the number of balls in first 2 enclosures = 1 + 3 = 4 (=22),
the number of balls in first 3 enclosures = 1 + 3 + 5 = 9 (=32),
the number of balls in first 10 enclosures = 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + 19 = 100 (=102).
This gives the sum of first ten odd natural numbers. This result can be generalised
for the sum of first n odd numbers as:
Sn = 1 + 3 + ......... + (2n – 1) = n2 (1)
OBSERVATION
For n = 4 in (1), Sn = ........................
For n = 5 in (1), Sn = ........................
For n = 50 in (1), Sn = ........................
For n = 100 in (1), Sn= ........................
APPLICATION
The activity is useful in determining formula for the sum of the first n odd
natural numbers.

Activity 8
To find the sum of the first n-even Cardboard, thermocol balls, pins,
natural numbers. pencil, ruler, white paper, chart
paper, adhesive.
1. Take a piece of cardboard of a convenient size and paste a white paper on it.
2. Draw a rectangle of suitable size on it (10 cm × 11 cm).
3. Divide this rectangle into unit squares.
4. Fix a thermocol ball in each square using a pin as shown in the Fig. 1.
5. Enclose the balls as shown in the figure.
Fig. 1
DEMONSTRATION
Starting from the uppermost left corner,
Mathematics 113

the number of balls in first enclosure = 2 ( = 1 ×2),
the number of balls in first two enclosures = 2 + 4 = 6 ( = 2 ×3),
the number of balls in first three enclosures = 2 + 4 + 6 = 12 ( = 3 ×4),

the number of balls in first six enclosures = 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + 12 = 42 (= 6 × 7)
the number of balls in first ten enclosures = 2 +4 + 6 + 8 + ... + 20 = 110 (=10 × 11)
This gives the sum of first ten even natural numbers.
This result can be generalised for the sum of first n even natural numbers as
Sn = 2 + 4 + 6 + ... + 2n = n × (n + 1) (1)
OBSERVATION
For n = 4 in (1), Sn = ........................
For n = 7 in (1), Sn = ........................
For n = 40 in (1), Sn = ........................
For n = 70 in (1), Sn = ........................
For n = 100 in (1), Sn= ........................
APPLICATION
The formula Sn = n (n+1) is useful in finding out the sum of the first n even
numbers.

Activity 9
To establish a formula for the sum of Cardboard, coloured drawing
first n terms of an Arithmetic sheets, white paper, cutter,
Progression. adhesive.
1. Take a rectangular cardboard of a convenient size and paste a white paper on
it. Draw a rectangle ABCD of length (2a+9d) units and breadth 10 units.
2. Make some rectangular strips of equal length a units and breadth one unit and
some strips of length d units and breadth 1 unit, using coloured drawing sheets.
3. Arrange/paste these strips on the rectangle ABCD as shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1
DEMONSTRATION
1. The strips so arranged look like a stair case.
2. The first stair is of length a units, the second stair is of length a+d (units),
third of a+2d units and so on and each is of breadth 1 unit. So, the areas (in
sq. units) of these strips are a, a + d, a + 2d, ....., a+9d, respectively.
Mathematics 115

3. This arrangement of strips gives a pattern a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, ...
which is an AP with first term a and the common difference d.
4. The sum of the areas (in square units) of these strips
= a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + ... + (a + 9d) = 10a + 45d (1)
1
5. Area of the designed formed by the stair case = (area of rectangle ABCD)
2
1
= (10)( 2a + 9d )
2
= (10a + 45d), which is the same as obtained in (1) above.
1
This shows that the sum of first 10 terms of the AP = (10)( 2a + 9d )
2
1
= (10) [2a + (10 – 1) d ]
2
This can be further generalised to find the sum of first n terms of an AP as
n
Sn = [ 2a + ( n – 1) d ]
2
OBSERVATION
On actual measurement:
a = ---------, d = -----------, n = --------- Sn = ------------
n
So, Sn = [ – + ( n – 1) – ] .
2
APPLICATION
This result may be used to find the sum of first n terms of the list of numbers :
1. 12, 22, 32, ... 2. 13, 23, 33, ...
to be studied in Class XI.

Activity 10
To verify the distance formula by Cardboard, chart paper, graph paper,
graphical method. glue, pen/pencil and ruler.
1. Paste a chart paper on a cardboard of a convenient size.
2. Paste the graph paper on the chart paper.
3. Draw the axes X′OX and Y′OY on the graph paper [see Fig. 1].
4. Take two points A(a, b) and B(c,d) on the graph paper and join them to get a
line segment AB [see Fig. 2].
Fig. 1
Mathematics 117

Fig. 2
DEMONSTRATION
1. Calculate the distance AB using distance formula.
2. Measure the distance between the two points A and B using a ruler.
3. The distance calculated by distance formula and distance measured by the
ruler are the same.
OBSERVATION
1. Coordinates of the point A are _______________.
Coordinates of the point B are _______________.
2. Distance AB, using distance formula is ______________.
3. Actual distance AB measured by ruler is ______________.
4. The distance calculated in (2) and actual distance measured in (3) are ____.
APPLICATION
The distance formula is used in proving a number of results in geometry.

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