Profibus DP Terminology v020

Profibus DP Terminology & Operation Basics
Profibus DP
Terminology & Operation

Basics
Slide 1
Profibus DP Terminology.ppt
www.konecranes.com Ismo Ylenius Sep 18, 2022
Contents
 High frequency (HF)  Waves and reflections
communication  Termination
 Transmission line principle
 Terminators
 Differential signal
 Baud rate
 RS 485 and fiber optics (FO)
 Fiber optic (FO) converters  Stub line
 DB9 connectors
 Topology
 Masters and slaves
 Master and slave operation
basics
 Segment
 Repeaters
Slide 2
High frequency (HF) communication

 High frequency communication:
– The transferring of signals by using voltage driven electromagnetic
waves with short wave lengths and high frequencies
 A wave depends on both time and place:
100 m 100 m
840 ns
840 ns
840 ns
420 ns
0n s
0 ns
420 ns
0 ns
420 ns
Slide 3
Transmission line principle

 Classic circuit model assumes that voltages and currents are same
all around the circuit.
 With long bus lines and high signal frequencies this assumption is
incorrect.
– A transmission line is used to model long circuits with high signal
frequencies.
– Profibus is a transmission line.
CIRCUIT MODEL TRANSMISSION LINE MODEL
100 m
1m
Slide 4
Differential signal
 A differential signal and Profibus:
– There is a 180º phase difference between line B Differential signal:
and A voltages.
– When line B voltage is positive, voltage in line A
is negative.
– The actual differential signal is the subtraction
A-B.
– The amplitude of this differential signal is about A
5 V. B
 A differential signal can tolerate high amounts

of electromagnetic interference (EMI). A-B 5V
– Usually interference is coupled with both signal
conductors in the same way and therefore the
effect will be cancelled out in the differential
signal.
Slide 5
RS 485 and fiber optics (FO)

 RS 485 and fiber optics define two different
ways of transferring signals on the bus. Twisted pair:
– RS 485 uses a twisted pair of copper wires. EM
interference couples with both twisted wires
equally  effect is cancelled out in differential
signal.
– Fiber optics uses a fiber optic cable.
 In fiber optic cables the signal is transferred in Fiber optic:

the form of light (= electromagnetic wave).
LIGHT
– The signal is transformed from voltage to light
and vice versa with a fiber optic coupler.
– A fiber optic cable is immune to outside EM
interference  fiber optic bus lines can be long
and communication speed high.
Slide 6
Fiber optic (FO) converters

 A fiber optic converter converts RS 485
voltage signal into optic signal and vice versa.
 The most common fiber optic converters used
in cranes are:
– PSI-MOS PROFIB/FO –T Or –E (Phoenix
Contact)
– PSM-EG-PROFIB/FO-T/G (Phoenix Contact,
old model)
 Setup of the converters can be done with DIP PSI-MOS PSI-MOS
switches. (T) (E)
 The usual optical wave length is 850 nm,
which allows maximum 3300 m fiber lengths
between devices using multimode glass fibers.
– With different PSI-MOS models it is also
possible to use 660 nm wave length.
PSM-EG Slide 7
DB9 connectors
 DB9 connectors are used to connect RS 485 Siemens Simatic
bus cables into bus devices. Busconnector:
 The two main connector models used in cranes

are:
– Siemens Simatic Busconnector
– Phoenix Contact
SUBCON-PLUS-PROFIB/AX/SC
Phoenix Contact
SUBCON-PLUS:
Slide 8
Topology
 Topology means the pattern of interconnection between devices on
a communication network.
 Profibus uses a line structure for interconnection via RS-485 copper
wire.
– All devices on the network are connected parallel to the 2 signal wires.
 With fiber optics there are several possible topologies.
– Line
– Star
– Ring
LINE STAR RING
Slide 9
Masters and slaves

 Master:
– Manages and commands the information exchange with slaves on the
bus.
– At least one master is always required.
– If several masters are connected to the bus only one master at a time
can communicate with slaves (token ring network).
– Typically cranes have only one master (PLC).
– Examples: PLC, laptop
 Slave:
– A device connected to Profibus which is controlled by a master.
– Sends data on the bus only after a master has requested it.
– Examples: Inverter, absolute encoder
Slide 10
Master and slave operation basics 1/2

 Each master and slave has a bus address which MASTER
identifies the device on the bus. (address 2)
 Master commands a slave or requests diagnostic

information first. 1) COMMAND
 The slave must respond within a certain time frame.

– No response from the slave -> Master will retry. 2) RESPONSE
– The number of retries the master sends can be set by
the programmer. SLAVE
(address 13)
– When the maximum number of retries has been
exceeded the master will stop communicating with the
slave.
 When the master has communicated with all slaves
MASTER
it sends the token to the next master on the bus.
– If there is only one master on the bus the master will
send the token to itself.
TOKEN
Slide 11
Master and slave operation basics 2/2
MASTER SLAVE X
1) COMMAND COMMUNICATION OK
2) RESPONSE
MASTER SLAVE X
1) COMMAND MAX RETRIES = 2
 FAULT
2) NO RESPONSE
3) 1.RETRY: COMMAND
5) 2.RETRY: COMMAND 4) NO RESPONSE
6) NO RESPONSE Slide 12
Segment
 A bus segment includes: Segment:
– The Profibus cable and connections 5V 5V
MASTER
– Devices (masters, slaves, repeaters etc.)
– Termination
 A segment must always be terminated with SLAVE SLAVE
terminating resistors (both ends of segment). DGND DGND
 Maximum number of devices on a segment is
32. SEGMENT 1
– maximum current load for the RS 485 driver T T
circuits.
FIBER OPTICS
 Segments can be connected with repeaters or
fiber optics.
– Each segment can have 32 devices connected, T T
including the repeaters and fiber optic converters.
– Note: Programming tool (PG, PC) is one device
SEGMENT 2 Slide 13
Repeaters
 A repeater amplifies data signals between bus
segments and provides electrical isolation.
 A repeater is needed in following situations:
– More than 32 devices need to be connected to the
bus (no fiber optics used)
– Electrical isolation between segments is needed
– Long cable lengths are needed SIEMENS RS 485-
REPEATER
 Because repeaters will usually change segment
layout, terminating resistors settings must be
checked after installing repeaters. SEGMENT 1
 A repeater is also a load for the RS 485 driver

circuits (on both sides of the isolation, segments ISOLATION &
AMPLIFICATION
1 and 2). Therefore it must be included in the
calculation of devices/segment on both sides.
SEGMENT 2
Slide 14
Waves and reflections 1/2

 The Profibus signal is a wave.
– The amplitude of this wave depends on both place and time.
 Like light waves reflecting from a mirror, the Profibus signal voltage
waves can be reflected.
– Reflections occur when there is a cable change, high capacitance on the
bus or at the ends of the bus line.
– Reflections distort the actual bus signal and are therefore unwanted.
LINE B CABLE 1 CABLE 2
LINE A
REFLECTIONS
Slide 15
Waves and reflections 2/2
CABLE 1 CABLE 2
PROBLEM BOUNDARY
Slide 16
Termination
 All bus segments must be terminated with correct 5V 5V
terminating resistors on both ends.
SEGMENT
– Terminating resistors are used to match the Profibus
line with both ends of the bus line.
– Matching eliminates reflections formed when Profibus
signal meets the terminating load. DGND DGND
 The termination consists of 3 resistors.

– One 220 Ω and two 390 Ω resistors Active termination:
5V
 Active termination:
– 5 V voltage is always maintained over the 3 resistors 390 Ω
with a power supply (i.e. a slave/master with LINE B
termination must have power on all the time). 220 Ω
– The power supply takes care of a valid logic level LINE A
when there is no communication on the bus. 390 Ω
DGND
Slide 17
Terminators
 A terminator is used to provide active termination for
a Profibus segment.
– 5V Voltage over the termination will be active
whenever 24 V voltage is supplied to the terminator
device.
– Terminating resistors inside the terminator cannot be
switched OFF. SIEMENS PROFIBUS
TERMINATOR
5V
390 Ω
B1/LINE B
220 Ω
A1/LINE A
390 Ω
DGND
Slide 18
Baud rate
 Baud rate is the transmission speed which is used in bus
communication.
 Normal baud rates used in cranes are 1500 kbit/s and 500 kbit/s
 High baud rate makes the bus communication vulnerable to
electromagnetic interference and cabling problems.
– With a low baud rate one bit is wide compared to changes in the voltage.
500 kbit/s
1,5 Mbit/s
12 Mbit/s
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Tbit (ns) = 1 / baud rate
Slide 19
Stub line 1/2

 An extra bus line connected in parallel with the PROFIBUS LINE
Profibus cable is called a stub line.
 Stub lines have large capacitances that cause STUB
LINE
reflections.
 Stub lines can be connected to Profibus for DEVICE
example with:
– T-splices
– Junction boxes
– 9-pin DB9 connectors PROFIBUS LINE
 Maximum length of stub lines on a bus segment L1 L3
L2
depends on the transmission rate:
– At 1500 kbits/s maximum length is 6,6 m
– At 500 kbits/s maximum length is 20 m
LSTUBS = L1+L2+L3
Slide 20
Stub line 2/2

 Also a laptop connection to PLC can
form a stub line:
– Length of the cable must be added to
the existing stub lines on the Profibus. STUB LINE
– If maximum stub line length is exceeded
communication problems can arise.
PC/PG
STUB LINE
Slide 21
Example: segments & termination

SEGMENT 1
T (T)
REPEATER
SEGMENT 2
T
FIBER OPTICS
SEGMENT 3
T T=BUS TERMINATION ON
T
Slide 22

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Profibus DP Terminology & Operation Basics

Terminology & Operation

High frequency (HF) communication

Transmission line principle

CIRCUIT MODEL TRANSMISSION LINE MODEL

 A differential signal can tolerate high amounts

RS 485 and fiber optics (FO)

 In fiber optic cables the signal is transferred in Fiber optic:

Fiber optic (FO) converters

 The two main connector models used in cranes

LINE STAR RING

Masters and slaves

Master and slave operation basics 1/2

 Master commands a slave or requests diagnostic

 The slave must respond within a certain time frame.

Master and slave operation basics 2/2

5) 2.RETRY: COMMAND 4) NO RESPONSE

 A repeater is also a load for the RS 485 driver

Waves and reflections 1/2

LINE B CABLE 1 CABLE 2

Waves and reflections 2/2

 The termination consists of 3 resistors.

Stub line 1/2

Stub line 2/2

Example: segments & termination

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