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    Hess Law

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    FortNite KID
    1. The experiment found that the sum of x1 and x3 equaled x2, with 0% percent difference, showing the energy values added as predicted. 2. If 4.00g of NaOH were used, x1 would increase to 4.4308 kJ, proportionally to the increased mass. 3. Hess's law, which states the total energy change equals the sum of each step's energy change, was illustrated as the experiment showed adding the individual reaction energies equaled the total reaction energy.

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    Hess Law

    Uploaded by

    FortNite KID
    30 views2 pages
    1. The experiment found that the sum of x1 and x3 equaled x2, with 0% percent difference, showing the energy values added as predicted. 2. If 4.00g of NaOH were used, x1 would increase to 4.4308 kJ, proportionally to the increased mass. 3. Hess's law, which states the total energy change equals the sum of each step's energy change, was illustrated as the experiment showed adding the individual reaction energies equaled the total reaction energy.

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    1. The experiment found that the sum of x1 and x3 equaled x2, with 0% percent difference, showing the energy values added as predicted. 2. If 4.00g of NaOH were used, x1 would increase to 4.4308 kJ, proportionally to the increased mass. 3. Hess's law, which states the total energy change equals the sum of each step's energy change, was illustrated as the experiment showed adding the individual reaction energies equaled the total reaction energy.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    30 views2 pages

    Hess Law

    Uploaded by

    FortNite KID
    1. The experiment found that the sum of x1 and x3 equaled x2, with 0% percent difference, showing the energy values added as predicted. 2. If 4.00g of NaOH were used, x1 would increase to 4.4308 kJ, proportionally to the increased mass. 3. Hess's law, which states the total energy change equals the sum of each step's energy change, was illustrated as the experiment showed adding the individual reaction energies equaled the total reaction energy.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    1. Find the difference between the value of x2 and the sum of x1 plus x3.

    Account for
    any similarity or difference.

    (- 1.1077 - 1.4003) = - 2.508 which is x2 (2.508 kJ)

    2. Calculate the percent difference between x2 and the sum of x1 and x3 . (Assume
    x2 to be correct.)

    (2.508 - 2.508)/2.508 x 100% = 0% difference

    3. Suppose you had used 4.00 grams of NaOH (s) in Reaction 1. What would have
    been the number of Joules released in the reaction? What effect would this have on
    the value of x1?

    x1 would multiply by 4 and become 4.4308 kJ since the energy formula is m x c x T

    4. Provide an explanation of the results collected above.

    Adding the equation for Reaction 1 and 2 after removing all spectator ions except Cl -
    gives the thermochemical equation for Reaction 2. Hence the addition of x1 and x3
    gave x2.

    5. Look up Hess' Law and discuss how this experiment is an illustration.

    Hess's law states that no matter the multiple steps or intermediates in a reaction, the
    total enthalpy change is equal to the sum of each individual reaction which this
    experiment backs up since Reaction 1 and 3 were steps that lead to reaction 2, hence
    by adding their enthalpies we can figure out the enthalpy for Reaction 2

    6. If you were to repeat this experiment in the "real world", what are some of the
    major sources of error that could occur?

    • Not all heat transferred to water


    • Loss of heat from water to surroundings
    • Mass and specific heat capacities of thermometer, stirrer and beaker etc. also need
    to be taken into account
    • Incorrect recording of mass of substance burned due to evaporation since the
    graduated cylinder wasn’t closed with a lid
    7. Safety Measures regarding handling the chemicals from MSDS

    NaOH

    Do not breathe mist or vapour. Wash thoroughly after handling. Wear eye protection/
    face protection. Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face
    protection.

    If swallowed: Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. If on skin ( or hair ): Take off
    immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with water/shower. If inhaled:
    Remove person to fresh air and keep comfortable for breathing. If in eyes: Rinse
    cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to
    do. Continue rinsing. Immediately call a poison center/doctor. Wash contaminated
    clothing before reuse.

    Store the Sodium Hydroxide locked up. Disposal of contents/container in accordance


    with local/regional/national/international regulations

    HCL

    Precautions for safe handling: Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist. Avoid contact with
    eyes and skin. Natural rubber, neoprene, nitrile, nitrile/polyvinyl chloride, or Viton
    type gloves for hand protection. Safety glasses with side shields and face shield, or
    vented goggles, or full face-piece respirator for eye protection. If necessary, wear full
    protective impervious clothing. An eyewash fountain and quick drench facility should
    be in an area where personnel may be exposed

    Contain the spill. Neutralize the spill with soda ash, sodium bicarbonate, or lime. Clean
    up and collect neutralized material for proper disposal. Prevent run-off from entering
    storm sewers and ditches which lead to natural waterways.

    Conditions for safe storage: Store in a cool, dry place. Keep container tightly closed in
    a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully
    resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Do not store in metal containers. Do not
    store in the vicinity of flammable or oxidizing substances (e.g. nitric acid or chlorates)
    or near metals and metal hydrides that may be attacked by the acid. Electrical
    equipment should be protected against corrosive action.

    For disposal, safely dilute or neutralise it before flushing it away. Neutralize


    hydrochloric acid with an alkali (base), such as sodium bicarbonate (baking soda).
    Before getting rid of hydrochloric acid, check your state's rules for disposal. Some
    states allow you to dilute and flush hydrochloric acid while others require
    neutralization before dilution and disposal. Hydrochloric acid is highly corrosive and
    can be dangerous, so dispose of it with great care.

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