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    Topic 3 Thermal Physics - IB Physics

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    This document provides an overview of key concepts in thermal physics: 1) It defines temperature, heat transfer, phases of matter, and absolute zero. Temperature describes how hot or cold objects are and heat transfers from higher to lower temperatures. 2) It explains internal energy as the total kinetic and potential energy of molecules. Specific heat capacity is the energy required to raise 1kg of a substance by 1K. Phase changes alter potential energy while temperature and kinetic energy stay constant. 3) Gas properties like pressure, volume, temperature and moles are discussed. The ideal gas law relates these variables and the kinetic model assumes elastic collisions between spherical molecules. Real gases differ from ideal gases due to intermolecular forces

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    Topic 3 Thermal Physics - IB Physics

    Uploaded by

    FortNite KID
    66 views1 page
    This document provides an overview of key concepts in thermal physics: 1) It defines temperature, heat transfer, phases of matter, and absolute zero. Temperature describes how hot or cold objects are and heat transfers from higher to lower temperatures. 2) It explains internal energy as the total kinetic and potential energy of molecules. Specific heat capacity is the energy required to raise 1kg of a substance by 1K. Phase changes alter potential energy while temperature and kinetic energy stay constant. 3) Gas properties like pressure, volume, temperature and moles are discussed. The ideal gas law relates these variables and the kinetic model assumes elastic collisions between spherical molecules. Real gases differ from ideal gases due to intermolecular forces

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    Topic 3 Thermal physics – IB Physics

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    This document provides an overview of key concepts in thermal physics: 1) It defines temperature, heat transfer, phases of matter, and absolute zero. Temperature describes how hot or cold objects are and heat transfers from higher to lower temperatures. 2) It explains internal energy as the total kinetic and potential energy of molecules. Specific heat capacity is the energy required to raise 1kg of a substance by 1K. Phase changes alter potential energy while temperature and kinetic energy stay constant. 3) Gas properties like pressure, volume, temperature and moles are discussed. The ideal gas law relates these variables and the kinetic model assumes elastic collisions between spherical molecules. Real gases differ from ideal gases due to intermolecular forces

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    66 views1 page

    Topic 3 Thermal Physics - IB Physics

    Uploaded by

    FortNite KID
    This document provides an overview of key concepts in thermal physics: 1) It defines temperature, heat transfer, phases of matter, and absolute zero. Temperature describes how hot or cold objects are and heat transfers from higher to lower temperatures. 2) It explains internal energy as the total kinetic and potential energy of molecules. Specific heat capacity is the energy required to raise 1kg of a substance by 1K. Phase changes alter potential energy while temperature and kinetic energy stay constant. 3) Gas properties like pressure, volume, temperature and moles are discussed. The ideal gas law relates these variables and the kinetic model assumes elastic collisions between spherical molecules. Real gases differ from ideal gases due to intermolecular forces

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    IB PHYSICS

    Topic 3: Thermal physics


    See the guide for this topic.

    3.1 – Thermal concepts

    Molecular theory of solids, liquids and gases

    Molecules are held together by intermolecular forces.

    The fourth state of plasma is not required to be learnt in the current syllabus.

    Temperature and absolute temperature

    Temperatures describe how hot or cold an object is and determines the direction of
    heat flow between two bodies.

    Thermal energy transfers from an object with higher temperature to another object
    with lower temperature. The energy transfer is called heat (the flow of energy due to
    temperature di!erence). Objects which are in thermal equilibrium have the same
    temperature.

    Temperatures in Kelvin can be calculated by deducting the temperatures in Celsius by


    273.15.

    The absolute temperature of a body in the Kelvin scale is directly proportional to the
    average kinetic energy per molecule inside the body.

    Absolute zero is 0K or -273 degrees Celsius.

    Temperatures cannot be lower than absolute zero. It is the temperature where


    particles have zero average kinetic energy (no random motion).

    Internal energy

    Internal energy is the sum of total kinetic energy (total thermal energy) and total
    potential energy.

    Kinetic energy is energy associated with the random/translational rotational motions


    of molecules.

    Potential energy is associated with forces between molecules.

    Specific heat capacity

    The specific heat capacity of a substance is given by

    and is defined by the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of the
    substance by 1K.

    Di!erent substances have di!erent specific heat capacities because of di!erent


    densities and physical properties.

    FYI

    The thermal capacity of an object is given by Q=cθ (or Q=cΔT) and is defined by the
    amount of heat needed to raise an object’s temperature by 1K.

    Phase change

    Change of phase Process Kinetic energy Potential energy

    Solid to liquid Melting Unchanged Increases

    Liquid to solid Freezing Unchanged Decreases

    Liquid to gas Boiling Unchanged Increases

    Gas to liquid Condensation Unchanged Decreases

    During a phase change, temperature and kinetic energy remain constant and potential
    energy changes (which increases as molecules spread out and vice versa).

    FYI

    Boiling: Only occurs at the boiling point (a specific temperature depending on


    substance) and occurs throughout the liquid.

    Evaporation: Can occur at any temperature and only occurs at the surface of the
    liquid. The fastest moving particles evaporate, decreasing the average KE of the
    remaining particles. As a result, temperature drops.

    Specific latent heat

    The specific latent heat of a substance is given by

    Specific latent heat of fusion: The amount of heat required to change 1kg of a
    substance from solid to liquid without any change in temperature.

    Specific latent heat of vaporization: The amount of heat required to change 1kg of a
    substance from liquid to gas without any change in temperature.

    3.2 – Modelling a gas

    Pressure

    Pressure is defined as the normal force per unit area and is given by the equation

    Equation of state for an ideal gas

    where R=8.31(J/mol/K)

    Kinetic model of an ideal gas

    Assumptions:

    The collisions between molecules are perfectly elastic.


    The molecules are identical spheres.
    The volume of molecules is negligible compared to the volume of the gas.
    Molecules do not interact with each other except when they are in constant.

    Implications:

    Absolute temperature is directly proportional to the average KE and average speed of


    the molecules of an ideal gas.

    Mole, molar mass and the Avogadro constant

    Mole:

    Like the word “dozon”, a mole is a unit of quantity. It is used to measure the
    number of atoms or molecules.
    A mole of any material contains 6.022*10^23 atoms or molecules. The value
    6.022*10^23 is called the Avogadro constant.
    The number of moles of a substance can be calculated by dividing the number of
    molecules of that substance by the Avogadro constant.

    Molar Mass:

    The molar mass is the mass of 1 mole of any element or compound.


    Di!erent materials/elements have di!erent molar masses which can be found as
    the Mr in the periodic table.

    Avogadro constant:

    6.022*10^23

    Di!erences between real and ideal gases

    The ideal gas is based on a list of assumptions stated previously. However, in real
    gases, such assumptions may not be true.

    Forces exist between gas molecules in real gases (intermolecular forces).


    The volume of molecules is not negligible compared to the volume of gas in real
    gases.

    Real gases may behave similarly to ideal gases under high temperatures and low
    pressure.

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