Integral calculus

38
Some applications of integration
co-ordinate value needs to be calculated before a
38.1 Introduction sketch of the curve can be produced. When x = 1,
y = −9, showing that the part of the curve between
There are a number of applications of integral calcu- x = 0 and x = 4 is negative. A sketch of
lus in engineering. The determination of areas, mean y = x 3 − 2x 2 − 8x is shown in Fig. 38.2. (Another
and r.m.s. values, volumes, centroids and second method of sketching Fig. 38.2 would have been to
moments of area and radius of gyration are included draw up a table of values).
in this chapter.
Shaded area
! 0 ! 4
= 3 2
(x − 2x − 8x)dx − (x 3 − 2x 2 − 8x)dx
38.2 Areas under and between curves −2 0
" #0 " #4
In Fig. 38.1, x4 2x 3 8x 2x4 2x 3 8x 2
= − − − − −
! ! 4 3 2 −2 4 3 2 0
b c $ % $ %
total shaded area = f (x)dx − f (x)dx 2 2 1
= 6 − −42 = 49 square units
a b
! 3 3 3
d
+ f (x)dx
c

Figure 38.2

Figure 38.1
Problem 2. Determine the area enclosed
between the curves y = x 2 + 1 and y = 7 − x.
Problem 1. Determine the area between the
curve y = x 3 − 2x 2 − 8x and the x-axis.
At the points of intersection the curves are equal.
Thus, equating the y values of each curve gives:
y = x 3 −2x 2 −8x = x(x 2 −2x −8) = x(x +2)(x −4) x2 + 1 = 7 − x
When y = 0, x = 0 or (x + 2) = 0 or (x − 4) = 0, from which, x2 + x − 6 = 0
i.e. when y = 0, x = 0 or −2 or 4, which means that
the curve crosses the x-axis at 0, −2, and 4. Since Factorising gives (x − 2)(x + 3) = 0
the curve is a continuous function, only one other from which x = 2 and x = −3
 SOME APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION 375

By firstly determining the points of intersection the Each of the straight lines are shown sketched in
range of x-values has been found. Tables of values Fig. 38.4.
are produced as shown below.
Shaded area
! 1& ! 3(
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 x' x)
= 3x − dx + (4 − x) − dx
y = x2 + 1 10 5 2 1 2 5 0 3 1 3
" 2 # 1 " #3
3x x2 x2 x2
x −3 0 2 = − + 4x − −
2 6 0 2 6 1
y =7−x 10 7 5 "$ % # "$ %
3 1 9 9
A sketch of the two curves is shown in Fig. 38.3. = − − (0) + 12 − −
2 6 2 6
$ %#
! ! 1 1
2 2 − 4− −
Shaded area = (7 − x)dx − (x 2 + 1)dx 2 6
−3 −3 $ % $ %
! 1 1
2 = 1 + 6−3 = 4 square units
= [(7 − x) − (x 2 + 1)]dx 3 3
−3
! 2
= (6 − x − x 2 )dx
−3
" #2
x2 x3
= 6x − −
2 3 −3
$ % $ %
8 9
= 12 − 2 − − −18 − + 9
3 2
$ % $ %
1 1
= 7 − −13
3 2
5
= 20 square units
6
Figure 38.4
H

Now try the following exercise.

Exercise 148 Further problems on areas

under and between curves

1. Find the area enclosed by the curve

y = 4 cos 3x, the x-axis and ordinates x = 0
π
and x = [1 13 square units]
6
2. Sketch the curves y = x 2 + 3 and y = 7 − 3x
Figure 38.3 and determine the area enclosed by them.
[20 56 square units]

Problem 3. Determine by integration the area 3. Determine the area enclosed by the three
bounded by the three straight lines y = 4 − x, straight lines y = 3x, 2y = x and y + 2x = 5.
y = 3x and 3y = x. [2 21 square units]
 376 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

(b) r.m.s. value

38.3 Mean and r.m.s. values '( ! )
1 π
With reference to Fig. 38.5, = v2 d(ωt)
π−0 0
! b
1 '( ! )
mean value, y = y dx 1 π
b−a a = (100 sin ωt)2 d(ωt)
"% & π 0
# ! b
# 1 '(
and r.m.s. value = $ y2 dx 10000
! π )
b−a a = sin2 ωt d(ωt) ,
π 0
which is not a ‘standard’ integral.

It is shown in Chapter 18 that cos 2A = 1−2 sin2 A

and this formula is used whenever sin2 A needs to
be integrated.
Rearranging cos 2A = 1 − 2 sin2 A gives
1
sin2 A = (1 − cos 2A)
2
'( ! )
10000 π 2
Hence sin ωt d(ωt)
π 0
Figure 38.5
'( ! )
10000 π 1
= (1 − cos 2ωt) d(ωt)
Problem 4. A sinusoidal voltage v = 100 sin ωt π 0 2
volts. Use integration to determine over half a '( * + )
cycle (a) the mean value, and (b) the r.m.s. value. 10000 1 sin 2ωt π
= ωt −
π 2 2 0
(a) Half a cycle means the limits are 0 to π radians. "
! π # 10000 *0 sin 2π
1 
1 #  1
π − 

Mean value, y = v d(ωt) # 
π−0 0 # π 2 2
=# 0 1+
! $  sin 0  
1 π  − 0− 
= 100 sin ωt d(ωt) 2
π 0
'( )
100 10000 1
= [−cos ωt]π0 = [π]
π π 2
100 '(
= [(−cos π) − (−cos 0)] )
π 10000 100
= = √ = 70.71 volts
100 200 2 2
= [(+1) − (−1)] =
π π
= 63.66 volts [Note that for a sine wave,
[Note that for a sine wave, 1
r.m.s. value = √ × maximum value.
2 2
mean value = × maximum value In this case,
π
2 1
In this case, mean value = × 100 = 63.66 V] r.m.s. value = √ × 100 = 70.71 V]
π 2
 SOME APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION 377

If a curve x = f (y) is rotated 360◦ about the y-axis

Now try the following exercise. between the limits y = c and y = d then the volume
generated, V , is given by:
Exercise 149 Further problems on mean & d
and r.m.s. values V= πx2 dy.
c
1. The vertical height h km of a missile varies
with the horizontal distance d km, and is
given by h = 4d − d 2 . Determine the mean Problem 5. The curve y = x 2 + 4 is rotated one
height of the missile from d = 0 to d = 4 km. revolution about the x-axis between the limits
[2 23 km]. x = 1 and x = 4. Determine the volume of solid
2. The distances of points y from the mean value of revolution produced.
of a frequency distribution are related to the
1 Revolving the shaded area shown in Fig. 38.7, 360◦
variate x by the equation y = x + . Deter-
x about the x-axis produces a solid of revolution
mine the standard deviation (i.e. the r.m.s. given by:
value), correct to 4 significant figures for & 4 & 4
values of x from 1 to 2. [2.198] 2
Volume = πy dx = π(x 2 + 4)2 dx
3. A current i = 25 sin 100πt mA flows in an 1 1
electrical circuit. Determine, using integral & 4
calculus, its mean and r.m.s. values each cor- = π(x 4 + 8x 2 + 16) dx
rect to 2 decimal places over the range t = 0 1
to t = 10 ms. [15.92 mA, 17.68 mA] ' (4
4. A wave is defined by the equation: x5 8x 3
=π + + 16x
v = E1 sin ωt + E3 sin 3ωt 5 3
1
where E1 , E3 and ω are constants. = π[(204.8 + 170.67 + 64)
Determine the r.m.s. value of v over the
π − (0.2 + 2.67 + 16)]
interval 0 ≤ t ≤ .
ω #  = 420.6π cubic units
2
E1 + E3 2
 
2
H
38.4 Volumes of solids of revolution
With reference to Fig. 38.6, the volume of revolution,
V , obtained by rotating area A through one revolution
about the x-axis is given by:
& b
V= πy2 dx
a
y

y = f (x)
Figure 38.7

A
Problem 6. Determine the area enclosed by
the two curves y = x 2 and y2 = 8x. If this area
0 x=a x=b x is rotated 360◦ about the x-axis determine the
volume of the solid of revolution produced.
Figure 38.6
378 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

At the points of intersection the co-ordinates of the ! 2 ! 2

curves are equal. Since y = x 2 then y2 = x 4 . Hence i.e. volume = π(8x)dx − π(x 4 )dx
equating the y2 values at the points of intersection: 0
+
0
,2
! 2
4 8x 2 x5
x 4 = 8x = π (8x − x )dx = π −
0 2 5
0
from which, x 4 − 8x = 0 -. $ /
32
and x(x 3 − 8) = 0 = π 16 − − (0)
5
Hence, at the points of intersection, x = 0 and x = 2. = 9.6π cubic units
When x = 0, y = 0 and when x = 2, y = 4. The
points of intersection of the curves y = x 2 and Now try the following exercise.
y2 = 8x are therefore at (0,0) and (2,4).√A sketch is
shown in Fig. 38.8. If y2 = 8x then y = 8x. Exercise 150 Further problems on volumes
1. The curve xy = 3 is revolved one revolution
Shaded area about the x-axis between the limits x = 2 and
! 2 "√ ! $ x = 3. Determine the volume of the solid
# 2 "√ # 1 produced. [1.5π cubic units]
2 2
= 8x − x dx = 8 x2 −x dx
0 0 y
2. The area between 2 = 1 and y + x 2 = 8 is
 2 ) √ √ x
"√ # x 23 3
* rotated 360◦ about the x-axis. Find the vol-
x 8 8 8 ume produced. [170 23 π cubic units]
= 8 3 −  = 3
− − {0}
3 3
2 2
0 3. The curve y = 2x 2 + 3 is rotated about (a) the
x-axis between the limits x = 0 and x = 3,
16 8 8 2 and (b) the y-axis, between the same limits.
= − = = 2 square units Determine the volume generated in each case.
3 3 3 3
[(a) 329.4π (b) 81π]
4. The profile of a rotor blade is bounded by the
lines x = 0.2, y = 2x, y = e−x , x = 1 and the
x-axis. The blade thickness t varies linearly
with x and is given by: t = (1.1 − x)K, where
K is a constant.
(a) Sketch the rotor blade, labelling the
limits.
(b) Determine, using an iterative method, the
value of x, correct to 3 decimal places,
where 2x = e−x
(c) Calculate the cross-sectional area of the
blade, correct to 3 decimal places.
(d) Calculate the volume of the blade in terms
of K, correct to 3 decimal places.
[(b) 0.352 (c) 0.419 square units
(d) 0.222 K]
Figure 38.8

The volume produced by revolving the shaded area

about the x-axis is given by:
38.5 Centroids
{(volume produced by revolving y2 = 8x)
A lamina is a thin flat sheet having uniform thick-
− (volume produced by revolving y = x 2 )} ness. The centre of gravity of a lamina is the point
 SOME APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION 379

! 2 ! 2
where it balances perfectly, i.e. the lamina’s cen- 1 2 1
tre of mass. When dealing with an area (i.e. a y dx (3x 2 )2 dx
2 0 2 0
lamina of negligible thickness and mass) the term y= ! 2
=
centre of area or centroid is used for the point 8
y dx
where the centre of gravity of a lamina of that shape 0
would lie. $ %2
If x and y denote the co-ordinates of the centroid 1
! 2 9 x5
C of area A of Fig. 38.9, then: 9x 4 dx 2 5
2 0 0
= =
! b ! b
8 8
& '
xy dx 1
2 y2 dx 9 32
x = !a b
and y = ! ab 2 5 18
= = = 3.6
y dx y dx 8 5
a a
Hence the centroid lies at (1.5, 3.6)

y Problem 8. Determine the co-ordinates of

the centroid of the area lying between the curve
y = f (x) y = 5x − x 2 and the x-axis.
Area A
C y = 5x − x 2 = x(5 − x). When y = 0, x = 0 or x = 5.
x
y Hence the curve cuts the x-axis at 0 and 5 as shown
in Fig. 38.10. Let the co-ordinates of the centroid be
0 x=a x=b x (x, y) then, by integration,
! 5 ! 5
Figure 38.9
xy dx x(5x − x 2 ) dx
0 0
x= ! 5 = ! 5
Problem 7. Find the position of the centroid y dx (5x − x 2 ) dx
0 0
of the area bounded by the curve y = 3x 2 , the
x-axis and the ordinates x = 0 and x = 2. ! 5
(5x 2 − x 3 ) dx
(
5x 3 x4
)5 H
3 − 4 0
0
= ! 5
=( )5
If (x, y) are co-ordinates of the centroid of the given 5x 2 x3
area then: (5x − x 2 ) dx 2 − 3 0
0
! 2 ! 2
xy dx x(3x 2 ) dx
0 0
x= ! 2
= ! 2
y dx 3x 2 dx
0 0

! #2 "
2 3x 4
3
3x dx
4 0
= !0 2 =
[x 3 ]20
3x 2 dx
0

12
= = 1.5
8 Figure 38.10
380 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

625 625 625 4. Find the co-ordinates of the centroid of the

−
= 3 4 = 12 area which lies between the curve y/x = x−2
125 125 125 and the x-axis. [(1, −0.4)]
− 2
2 3 6 5. Sketch the curve y = 9x between the limits
! "! " x = 0 and x = 4. Determine the position of
625 6 5 the centroid of this area.
= = = 2.5 [(2.4, 0)]
12 125 2
# 5 # 5
1 2 1
y dx (5x − x 2 )2 dx
2 0 2 0 38.6 Theorem of Pappus
y= # 5
= # 5
2
y dx (5x − x ) dx A theorem of Pappus states:
0 0
‘If a plane area is rotated about an axis in its own
# 5
1 plane but not intersecting it, the volume of the solid
(25x 2 − 10x 3 + x 4 ) dx formed is given by the product of the area and the
2 0
= distance moved by the centroid of the area’.
125 With reference to Fig. 38.11, when the curve y = f (x)
6 is rotated one revolution about the x-axis between
$ %5 the limits x = a and x = b, the volume V generated
1 25x 3 10x 4 x5 is given by:
− + V
2 3 4 5 volume V = (A)(2πy), from which, y =
0
= 2πA
125
6
! "
125(125) 6250
− + 625
2 3 4
= = 2.5
125
6
Hence the centroid of the area lies at (2.5, 2.5).
(Note from Fig. 38.10 that the curve is symmetrical
about x = 2.5 and thus x could have been determined Figure 38.11
‘on sight’.)

Problem 9. (a) Calculate the area bounded by

Now try the following exercise.
the curve y = 2x 2 , the x-axis and ordinates x = 0
and x = 3. (b) If this area is revolved (i) about the
Exercise 151 Further problems on x-axis and (ii) about the y-axis, find the volumes
centroids of the solids produced. (c) Locate the position
In Problems 1 and 2, find the position of the cen- of the centroid using (i) integration, and (ii) the
troids of the areas bounded by the given curves, theorem of Pappus.
the x-axis and the given ordinates.
1. y = 3x + 2 x = 0, x = 4 [(2.5, 4.75)] (a) The required area is shown shaded in
2. y = 5x 2 x = 1, x = 4 [(3.036, 24.36)] Fig. 38.12.
# 3 # 3
3. Determine the position of the centroid of a Area = y dx = 2x 2 dx
sheet of metal formed by the curve 0 0
y = 4x − x 2 which lies above the x-axis. & 3 '3
2x
[(2, 1.6)] = = 18 square units
3 0
 SOME APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION 381

! 3 ! 3
1 2 1
y dx (2x 2 )2 dx
2 0 2 0
y= ! 3
=
18
y dx
0
" #3
1
! 3 1 4x 5
4x 4 dx 2 5
2 0 0
= = = 5.4
18 18

Figure 38.12 (ii) using the theorem of Pappus:

(b) (i) When the shaded area of Fig. 38.12 is Volume generated when shaded area is
revolved 360◦ about the x-axis, the volume revolved about OY = (area)(2πx).
generated i.e. 81π = (18)(2πx),
! 3 ! 3
= 2
πy dx = π(2x 2 )2 dx 81π
from which, = 2.25 x=
0 0
" #3 36π
! 3
x5 Volume generated when shaded area is
= 4πx 4 dx = 4π revolved about OX = (area)(2πy).
0 5
$ % 0
243 i.e. 194.4π = (18)(2πy),
= 4π = 194.4πcubic units 194.4π
5 from which, = 5.4
y=
(ii) When the shaded area of Fig. 38.12 is 36π
revolved 360◦ about the y-axis, the volume Hence the centroid of the shaded area in
generated Fig. 38.12 is at (2.25, 5.4).
= (volume generated by x = 3)
− (volume generated by y = 2x 2 ) Problem 10. A metal disc has a radius of 5.0 cm
!
18 ! 18 & ' and is of thickness 2.0 cm.A semicircular groove
2 y of diameter 2.0 cm is machined centrally around
= π(3) dy − π dy
0 0 2 the rim to form a pulley. Determine, using Pap-
pus’ theorem, the volume and mass of metal
! 18 & ( )18 H
y' y2 removed and the volume and mass of the pulley
=π 9−
dy = π 9y − if the density of the metal is 8000 kg m−3 .
0 2 4 0
= 81π cubic units
A side view of the rim of the disc is shown in
(c) If the co-ordinates of the centroid of the shaded Fig. 38.13.
area in Fig. 38.12 are (x, y) then:
(i) by integration,
! 3 ! 3
xy dx x(2x 2 ) dx
x = !0 3 = 0
18
y dx
0
! ( )3
3
3 2x 4
2x dx
0 4 0
= =
18 18
81
= = 2.25
36 Figure 38.13
382 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

When area PQRS is rotated about axis XX the vol- of a metal template in the form of a quadrant
ume generated is that of the pulley. The centroid of of a circle of radius 4 cm. (The equation of a
4r circle, centre 0, radius r is x 2 + y2 = r 2 ).
the semicircular area removed is at a distance of
3π  
from its diameter (see ‘Engineering Mathematics 4th On the centre line, distance
4(1.0)  2.40 cm from the centre, 
edition’, page 471), i.e. , i.e. 0.424 cm from  i.e. at co-ordinates 
3π (1.70, 1.70)
PQ. Thus the distance of the centroid from XX is
5.0 − 0.424, i.e. 4.576 cm.
The distance moved through in one revolution by the 3.(a) Determine the area bounded by the curve
centroid is 2π(4.576) cm. y = 5x 2 , the x-axis and the ordinates
πr 2 π(1.0)2 π x = 0 and x = 3.
Area of semicircle = = = cm2
2 2 2 (b) If this area is revolved 360◦ about (i) the
By the theorem of Pappus, x-axis, and (ii) the y-axis, find the vol-
umes of the solids of revolution produced
volume generated
!π" = area × distance moved by in each case.
centroid = (2π)(4.576).
2
(c) Determine the co-ordinates of the cen-
i.e. volume of metal removed = 45.16 cm3 troid of the area using (i) integral calcu-
lus, and (ii) the theorem of Pappus.
Mass of metal removed = density × volume  
45.16 3 (a) 45 square units
= 8000 kg m−3 × m (b) (i) 1215π cubic units 
106  (ii) 202.5π cubic units
= 0.3613 kg or 361.3 g (c) (2.25, 13.5)
volume of pulley = volume of cylindrical disc
− volume of metal removed 4. A metal disc has a radius of 7.0 cm and is
of thickness 2.5 cm. A semicircular groove of
= π(5.0)2 (2.0) − 45.16 diameter 2.0 cm is machined centrally around
the rim to form a pulley. Determine the vol-
= 111.9 cm3 ume of metal removed using Pappus’theorem
and express this as a percentage of the origi-
Mass of pulley = density × volume nal volume of the disc. Find also the mass of
111.9 3 metal removed if the density of the metal is
= 8000 kg m−3 × m 7800 kg m−3 .
106
[64.90 cm3 , 16.86%, 506.2 g]
= 0.8952 kg or 895.2 g
For more on areas, mean and r.m.s. values, volumes
Now try the following exercise. and centroids, see ‘Engineering Mathematics 4th
edition’, Chapters 54 to 57.
Exercise 152 Further problems on the the-
orem of Pappus
1. A right angled isosceles triangle having a 38.7 Second moments of area of
hypotenuse of 8 cm is revolved one revolution
about one of its equal sides as axis. Deter- regular sections
mine the volume of the solid generated using
Pappus’ theorem. [189.6 cm3 ] The first moment of area about a fixed axis of a
lamina of area A, perpendicular distance y from the
centroid of the lamina is defined as Ay cubic units.
2. Using (a) the theorem of Pappus, and (b) inte- The second moment of area of the same lamina as
gration, determine the position of the centroid above is given by Ay2 , i.e. the perpendicular distance
 SOME APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION 383

from the centroid of the area to the fixed axis is It is a fundamental theorem of integration that
squared. x=l $ l
Second moments of areas are usually denoted by #
2
limit x b δx = x 2 b dx
I and have units of mm4 , cm4 , and so on. δx→0 0
x=0

Radius of gyration Thus the second moment of area of the rectangle

about PP
Several areas, a1 , a2 , a3 , . . . at distances y1 , y2 , y3 , . . . $ l % 3 &l
from a fixed axis, may be replaced by a single area 2 x bl 3
=b x dx = b =
A, where A = a1 + a2 + a! 3 + · · · at distance k from 0 3 0 3
the axis, such that Ak 2 = ay2 .
k is called the radius of gyration Since the total area of the rectangle, A = lb, then
! 2of area A about ' 2(
the given axis. Since Ak 2 = ay = I then the l Al 2
radius of gyration, Ipp = (lb) =
3 3
"
I 2 2 l2
k= . Ipp = Akpp thus kpp =
A 3
The second moment of area is a quantity much used i.e. the radius of gyration about axes PP,
in the theory of bending of beams, in the torsion )
of shafts, and in calculations involving water planes l2 l
kpp = =√
and centres of pressure. 3 3
The procedure to determine the second moment
of area of regular sections about a given axis is (i) to Parallel axis theorem
find the second moment of area of a typical element In Fig. 38.15, axis GG passes through the centroid
and (ii) to sum all such second moments of area by C of area A. Axes DD and GG are in the same plane,
integrating between appropriate limits. are parallel to each other and distance d apart. The
For example, the second moment of area of the parallel axis theorem states:
rectangle shown in Fig. 38.14 about axis PP is found
by initially considering an elemental strip of width IDD = IGG + Ad 2
δx, parallel to and distance x from axis PP. Area of
shaded strip = bδx. Using the parallel axis theorem the second moment
of area of a rectangle about an axis through the

Figure 38.14

Second moment of area of the shaded strip about

PP = (x 2 )(b δx).
The second moment of area of the whole rectan-
gle about PP is obtained by summing all such strips
!
between x = 0 and x = l, i.e. x=l 2
x=0 x bδx. Figure 38.15
384 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

A summary of derive standard results for the second

moment of area and radius of gyration of regular
sections are listed in Table 38.1.

Problem 11. Determine the second moment of

area and the radius of gyration about axes AA,
BB and CC for the rectangle shown in Fig. 38.18.

A
l = 12.0 cm

C C
b= 4.0 cm

B B
Figure 38.16
A

centroid may be determined. In the rectangle shown Figure 38.18

bl3
in Fig. 38.16, Ipp = (from above).
3
From the parallel axis theorem
! "2 From Table 38.1, the second moment of area about
1 axis AA,
Ipp = IGG + (bl)
2
bl 3 bl 3 bl3 (4.0)(12.0)3
i.e. = IGG + IAA = = = 2304 cm4
3 4 3 3
bl3 bl 3 bl 3
from which, IGG = − =
3 4 12 l 12.0
Radius of gyration, kAA = √ = √ = 6.93 cm
Perpendicular axis theorem 3 3
In Fig. 38.17, axes OX, OY and OZ are mutually
perpendicular. If OX and OY lie in the plane of area lb3 (12.0)(4.0)3
A then the perpendicular axis theorem states: Similarly, IBB = = = 256 cm4
3 3
IOZ = IOX + IOY
b 4.0
and kBB = √ = √ = 2.31 cm
3 3

The second moment of area about the centroid of a

bl3
rectangle is when the axis through the centroid
12
is parallel with the breadth b. In this case, the axis
CC is parallel with the length l.

lb3 (12.0)(4.0)3
Hence ICC = = = 64 cm4
12 12

b 4.0
and kCC = √ = √ = 1.15 cm
12 12
Figure 38.17
 SOME APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION 385

Table 38.1 Summary of standard results of the second moments of areas of regular sections
Shape Position of axis Second moment Radius of
of area, I gyration, k
bl 3 l
Rectangle (1) Coinciding with b √
3 3
length l, breadth b
lb3 b
(2) Coinciding with l √
3 3
bl 3 l
(3) Through centroid, parallel to b √
12 12
lb3 b
(4) Through centroid, parallel to l √
12 12
bh3 h
Triangle (1) Coinciding with b √
12 6
Perpendicular height h, bh3 h
base b (2) Through centroid, parallel to base √
36 18
bh3 h
(3) Through vertex, parallel to base √
4 2
πr 4 r
Circle (1) Through centre, perpendicular to √
plane (i.e. polar axis) 2 2
radius r
πr 4 r
(2) Coinciding with diameter
4 2
√
5πr 4 5
(3) About a tangent r
4 2
πr 4 r
Semicircle Coinciding with diameter
8 2
radius r
H

lb3
Problem 12. Find the second moment of area IGG = where 1 = 40.0 mm and b = 15.0 mm
and the radius of gyration about axis PP for the 12
rectangle shown in Fig. 38.19.
(40.0)(15.0)3
40.0 mm Hence IGG = = 11250 mm4
12
G G
15.0 mm
From the parallel axis theorem, IPP = IGG + Ad 2 ,
where A = 40.0 × 15.0 = 600 mm2 and
25.0 mm d = 25.0 + 7.5 = 32.5 mm, the perpendicular
distance between GG and PP. Hence,
P P
IPP = 11 250 + (600)(32.5)2
Figure 38.19
= 645000 mm4
386 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

2 , from which,
IPP = AkPP
Problem 14. Determine the second moment of
! "# $ area and radius of gyration of the circle shown
IPP 645000 in Fig. 38.21 about axis YY .
kPP = = = 32.79 mm
area 600

Problem 13. Determine the second moment of r = 2.0 cm

area and radius of gyration about axis QQ of the
triangle BCD shown in Fig. 38.20. G G

12.0 cm
G G 3.0 cm

Y Y
C D
8.0 cm 6.0 cm
Figure 38.21

Q Q
Figure 38.20 πr 4 π
In Fig. 38.21, IGG = = (2.0)4 = 4π cm4 .
4 4
Using the parallel axis theorem, IYY = IGG + Ad 2 ,
Using the parallel axis theorem: IQQ = IGG + Ad 2 , where d = 3.0 + 2.0 = 5.0 cm.
where IGG is the second moment of area about the
centroid of the triangle, Hence IYY = 4π + [π(2.0)2 ](5.0)2
= 4π + 100π = 104π = 327 cm4 .
bh3 (8.0)(12.0)3 Radius of gyration,
i.e. = = 384 cm4 ,
36 36 ! "# $
IYY 104π √
A is the area of the triangle, kYY = = 2
= 26 = 5.10 cm
area π(2.0)

= 21 bh = 21 (8.0)(12.0) = 48 cm2
Problem 15. Determine the second moment of
and d is the distance between axes GG and QQ, area and radius of gyration for the semicircle
shown in Fig. 38.22 about axis XX.
= 6.0 + 13 (12.0) = 10 cm.
10.0 mm
G G
Hence the second moment of area about axis QQ,
B B
IQQ = 384 + (48)(10)2 = 5184 cm4 .

15.0 mm
Radius of gyration,
! "# $
IQQ 5184
kQQ = = = 10.4 cm X X
area 48
Figure 38.22
 SOME APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION 387

4r πr 4
The centroid of a semicircle lies at from its The polar second moment of area of a circle = .
3π 2
diameter. The polar second moment of area of the shaded
Using the parallel axis theorem: area is given by the polar second moment of area of
IBB = IGG + Ad 2 , the 7.0 cm diameter circle minus the polar second
moment of area of the 6.0 cm diameter circle.
πr 4 Hence the polar second moment of area of the
where IBB = (from Table 38.1) cross-section shown
8
π(10.0)4 #
7.0
$4 #
6.0
$4
= = 3927 mm4 , =
π
−
π
8 2 2 2 2
πr 2 π(10.0)2
A= = = 157.1 mm2 = 235.7 − 127.2 = 108.5 cm4
2 2
4r 4(10.0)
and d= = = 4.244 mm
3π 3π
Hence 3927 = IGG + (157.1)(4.244)2 Problem 17. Determine the second moment of
area and radius of gyration of a rectangular lam-
i.e. 3927 = IGG + 2830, ina of length 40 mm and width 15 mm about an
axis through one corner, perpendicular to the
from which, IGG = 3927 − 2830 = 1097 mm4 plane of the lamina.
Using the parallel axis theorem again:
IXX = IGG + A(15.0 + 4.244)2
The lamina is shown in Fig. 38.24.
i.e. IXX = 1097 + (157.1)(19.244)2
= 1097 + 58 179
= 59276 mm4 or 59280 mm4 ,
correct to 4 significant figures.
! "# $
IXX 59 276
Radius of gyration, kXX = =
area 157.1
= 19.42 mm
Figure 38.24 H

Problem 16. Determine the polar second From the perpendicular axis theorem:
moment of area of the propeller shaft cross- IZZ = IXX + IYY
section shown in Fig. 38.23.
lb3 (40)(15)3
IXX = = = 45000 mm4
3 3
bl3 (15)(40)3
and IYY = = = 320000 mm4
3 3
Hence IZZ = 45 000 + 320 000
6.0 cm

7.0 cm

= 365000 mm4 or 36.5 cm4

Radius of gyration,
! "# $
IZZ 365 000
kZZ = =
area (40)(15)
Figure 38.23 = 24.7 mm or 2.47 cm
388 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Problem 18. Determine correct to 3 significant Problem 19. Determine the second moment of
figures, the second moment of area about axis area and the radius of gyration about axis XX for
XX for the composite area shown in Fig. 38.25. the I-section shown in Fig. 38.26.

cm
0
X 4. X
1.0 cm 1.0 cm

8.0 cm

2.0 cm 2.0 cm

CT
T T
6.0 cm

Figure 38.26

Figure 38.25
The I-section is divided into three rectangles, D, E
and F and their centroids denoted by CD , CE and CF
For the semicircle, respectively.

πr 4 π(4.0)4 For rectangle D:

IXX = = = 100.5 cm4 The second moment of area about CD (an axis
8 8
through CD parallel to XX)
For the rectangle,
bl3 (8.0)(3.0)3
= = = 18 cm4
bl3 (6.0)(8.0)3 12 12
IXX = = = 1024 cm4
3 3 Using the parallel axis theorem:
For the triangle, about axis T T through centroid CT ,
IXX = 18 + Ad 2
bh3 (10)(6.0)3 where A = (8.0)(3.0) = 24 cm2 and d = 12.5 cm
ITT = = = 60 cm4
36 36
Hence IXX = 18 + 24(12.5)2 = 3768 cm4 .
By the parallel axis theorem, the second moment of
area of the triangle about axis XX For rectangle E:
! "! "2 The second moment of area about CE (an axis
= 60 + 21 (10)(6.0) 8.0 + 13 (6.0) = 3060 cm4 . through CE parallel to XX)
Total second moment of area about XX
bl3 (3.0)(7.0)3
= = = 85.75 cm4
= 100.5 + 1024 + 3060 12 12
= 4184.5 Using the parallel axis theorem:
4
= 4180 cm , correct to 3 significant figures
IXX = 85.75 + (7.0)(3.0)(7.5)2 = 1267 cm4 .
 SOME APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION 389

For rectangle F:
bl3 (15.0)(4.0)3
IXX = = = 320 cm4
3 3
Total second moment of area for the I-section
about axis XX,
IXX = 3768 + 1267 + 320 = 5355 cm4
Total area of I-section
Figure 38.28
= (8.0)(3.0) + (3.0)(7.0) + (15.0)(4.0)
= 105 cm2 . 3. For the circle shown in Fig. 38.29, find the
second moment of area and radius of gyra-
Radius of gyration, tion about (a) axis FF and (b) axis HH.
! "# $
IXX 5355 ) *
kXX = = = 7.14 cm (a) 201 cm4 , 2.0 cm
area 105
(b) 1005 cm4 , 4.47 cm
Now try the following exercise.

Exercise 153 Further problems on second

moment of areas of regular sections
1. Determine the second moment of area and
radius of gyration for the rectangle shown in
Fig. 38.27 about (a) axis AA (b) axis BB and
(c) axis CC.
 
(a) 72 cm4 , 1.73 cm
(b) 128 cm4 , 2.31 cm
(c) 512 cm4 , 4.62 cm Figure 38.29
4. For the semicircle shown in Fig. 38.30, find
the second moment of area and radius of H
gyration about axis JJ.
[3927 mm4 , 5.0 mm]

Figure 38.27 Figure 38.30

2. Determine the second moment of area and

radius of gyration for the triangle shown in 5. For each of the areas shown in Fig. 38.31
Fig. 38.28 about (a) axis DD (b) axis EE determine the second moment of area and
and (c) an axis through the centroid of the radius of gyration about axis LL, by using
triangle parallel to axis DD. the parallel axis theorem.
   
(a) 729 cm4 , 3.67 cm (a) 335 cm4 , 4.73 cm
(b) 2187 cm4 , 6.36 cm (b) 22030 cm4 , 14.3 cm
(c) 243 cm4 , 2.12 cm (c) 628 cm4 , 7.07 cm
390 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

in Fig. 38.33. (In Fig. 38.33(b), the circular

area is removed.)  
IAA = 4224 cm4 ,
IBB = 6718 cm4 ,
Icc = 37300 cm4

Figure 38.31

6. Calculate the radius of gyration of a rectan-

gular door 2.0 m high by 1.5 m wide about a
vertical axis through its hinge.
[0.866 m]

7. A circular door of a boiler is hinged so that

it turns about a tangent. If its diameter is
1.0 m, determine its second moment of area
and radius of gyration about the hinge.
[0.245 m4 , 0.559 m]
Figure 38.33
8. A circular cover, centre 0, has a radius of
11. Find the second moment of area and radius
12.0 cm. A hole of radius 4.0 cm and centre
of gyration about the axis XX for the beam
X, where OX = 6.0 cm, is cut in the cover.
section shown in Fig. 38.34. ' (
Determine the second moment of area and
the radius of gyration of the remainder about 1350 cm4 ,
a diameter through 0 perpendicular to OX. 5.67 cm
[14280 cm4 , 5.96 cm]

9. For the sections shown in Fig. 38.32, find

the second moment of area and the radius of
gyration about axis
! XX. "
(a) 12190 mm4 , 10.9 mm
(b) 549.5 cm4 , 4.18 cm

Figure 38.34

Figure 38.32

10. Determine the second moments of areas

about the given axes for the shapes shown